Exodus 10
Berean Study Bible

The Eighth Plague: Locusts

Then the LORD said to Moses,

God continued to direct Moses personally, confirming his authority as Israel’s appointed deliverer.

Exo 6:1 But the LORD said to Moses, “Now you will see what I will do…
Exo 7:1 The LORD answered Moses, “See, I have made you like God…
Exo 11:1 Then the LORD said to Moses, “I will bring upon Pharaoh…”…

“Go to Pharaoh,

Moses was sent again before Egypt’s king, whose claimed divine authority stood in open defiance of the God of Israel.

Exo 8:1 Then the LORD said to Moses, “Go to Pharaoh…
Exo 9:1 Then the LORD said to Moses, “Go to Pharaoh and tell him…”…
Exo 7:15 Go to Pharaoh in the morning as you see him walking out.…

for I have hardened his heart and the hearts of his officials,

God’s judicial hardening confirmed Pharaoh and his court in their rebellion, ensuring that Egypt’s resistance would fully reveal its opposition to His command.

Exo 4:21 The LORD instructed Moses, “When you go back to Egypt, ……
Exo 7:3 But I will harden Pharaoh’s heart, and though I will…
Exo 9:34 When Pharaoh saw that the rain and hail had ceased,…

that I may perform these miraculous signs of Mine among them,

The coming plagues would display God’s power over Egypt, its rulers, and its false gods, while making clear that Israel’s deliverance came by His hand.

Psa 105:27 They performed His miraculous signs among them,…
Psa 135:9 He sent signs and wonders into your midst, O Egypt…
Psa 78:43 He performed His signs in Egypt and His wonders…

and that you may tell your children and grandchildren

Israel was to preserve the account of the exodus within each generation. Parents bore responsibility for teaching their families how the LORD had redeemed them and established them as His people.

Deu 4:9 Only be on your guard and diligently watch yourselves…
Jol 1:3 Tell it to your children; let your children…
Psa 78:4 We will not hide them from their children…

how severely I dealt with the Egyptians

The plagues brought judgment on Pharaoh, Egypt, and its gods. Egypt’s strength and pride could not resist the LORD, who humbled the nation that had enslaved Israel.

Deu 6:22 Before our eyes the LORD inflicted great and devastating…
Psa 105:27-36 They performed His miraculous signs among them,…
Psa 136:10-15 He struck down the firstborn of Egypt…

when I performed miraculous signs among them,

The signs were public acts of divine power, exposing the helplessness of Egypt’s deities and confirming that the LORD ruled over creation, nations, and kings.

Psa 135:9 He sent signs and wonders into your midst, O Egypt…
Exo 7:3 But I will harden Pharaoh’s heart, and though I will…
Neh 9:10 You performed signs and wonders against Pharaoh…

so that all of you may know that I am the LORD.”

God’s deliverance of Israel and judgment of Egypt revealed His unique authority. The events were to give Israel lasting knowledge of the God who had bound Himself to them.

Exo 6:7 I will take you as My own people, and I will be your God.…
Ezk 6:7 The slain will fall among you, and you will know…
Ezk 36:23 I will show the holiness of My great name,…

So Moses and Aaron went to Pharaoh and told him,

Moses and Aaron again stand before Egypt’s ruler as God’s appointed messengers. Their return shows that Pharaoh has been given repeated opportunities to submit before further judgment falls.

Exo 5:1 After that, Moses and Aaron went to Pharaoh and said…
Exo 7:10 So Moses and Aaron went to Pharaoh and did…
Exo 7:15 Go to Pharaoh in the morning as you see him walking out.…

“This is what the LORD, the God of the Hebrews, says:

Israel’s God confronts Pharaoh directly, declaring His authority over the people whom Egypt has enslaved. In a culture where Pharaoh was treated as a divine ruler, the demand exposes the limits of his power before the true God.

Exo 9:1 Then the LORD said to Moses, “Go to Pharaoh and tell him…”…
Exo 7:16 Then say to him, ‘The LORD, the God of the Hebrews,…
Exo 3:18 The elders of Israel will listen to what you say,…

‘How long will you refuse to humble yourself before Me?

Pharaoh’s resistance is rooted in pride and deliberate refusal to acknowledge God’s authority. The coming plague is not arbitrary; it follows his continued rejection of God’s command.

1Ki 21:29 Have you seen how Ahab has humbled himself before Me?…
2Ch 33:12 And in his distress, Manasseh sought the favor of the LORD…
Lev 26:41 and I acted with hostility toward them and brought them…

Let My people go,

Israel belongs to the LORD by covenant, not to Pharaoh by conquest. God demands their release because Egypt has no rightful claim over the people He has chosen.

Exo 8:1 Then the LORD said to Moses, “Go to Pharaoh…
Exo 9:13 Then the LORD said to Moses, “Get up early in the morning…
Lev 25:55 For the Israelites are My servants. They are My servants…

so that they may worship Me.

Their deliverance is intended to restore them to faithful service of God. Freedom from Egyptian bondage would allow Israel to worship the LORD as His people.

Jhn 4:23 But a time is coming and has now come…
Exo 4:23 and I told you to let My son go so that he may worship Me.…
Exo 3:12 “I will surely be with you,” God said, “and this will be…”…

But if you refuse to let My people go,

Pharaoh’s continued refusal to release Israel directly opposed the command of the God who had claimed them as His covenant people. Through Moses, the Lord confronted Egypt’s ruler and exposed the helplessness of Pharaoh and Egypt’s gods before His authority.

Exo 8:21 But if you will not let My people go, I will send swarms…
Exo 7:16 Then say to him, ‘The LORD, the God of the Hebrews,…
Exo 5:1 After that, Moses and Aaron went to Pharaoh and said…

I will bring locusts into your territory

The threatened invasion would devastate Egypt’s remaining vegetation after the earlier hailstorm. Locusts could strip fields, trees, and gardens in a short time, bringing severe economic loss and the threat of famine. This eighth plague showed that the Lord governed the land of Egypt and could use creation to judge Pharaoh’s defiance.

Psa 105:34-35 He spoke, and the locusts came—young locusts without number.…
Psa 78:46 He gave their crops to the grasshopper…
Jol 1:4 What the devouring locust has left, the swarming locust…

tomorrow.

The fixed time gave Pharaoh a final opportunity to respond while confirming that the coming disaster was under God’s control. The plague would not be a natural accident but a declared judgment carried out exactly as promised.

Exo 9:5-6 The LORD set a time, saying, “Tomorrow the LORD will do this…
Exo 9:18 Behold, at this time tomorrow I will rain down…

They will cover the face of the land

The locusts would arrive in such vast numbers that they would blanket Egypt’s fields and settlements, making their presence impossible to escape.

Psa 105:34 He spoke, and the locusts came—young locusts without number.
Jdg 6:5 For the Midianites came with their livestock and their tents…
Jol 2:2 a day of darkness and gloom, a day of clouds and blackness.…

so that no one can see it.

Their swarms would hide the ground beneath them, displaying the scale of the disaster and Egypt’s helplessness before God’s judgment.

Rev 9:2-3 The star opened the pit of the Abyss, and smoke rose…
Jol 2:10 Before them the earth quakes; the heavens tremble.…
Ezk 38:9 You and all your troops, advancing like a thunderstorm;…

They will devour whatever is left after the hail

The hail had already destroyed much of the growing crops. The locusts would consume every remaining plant, leaving no recovery from the earlier plague.

Psa 78:46-47 He gave their crops to the grasshopper…
Jol 1:4 What the devouring locust has left, the swarming locust…
Jol 2:3 Before them a fire devours, and behind them……

and eat every tree that grows in your fields.

Fruit trees and other vegetation that survived the hail would also be stripped bare. Egypt’s food supply, agricultural wealth, and security would be devastated because Pharaoh continued to resist God’s command.

Deu 28:42 Swarms of locusts will consume all your trees…
Psa 105:35 They devoured every plant in their land…
Jol 1:7 It has laid waste My grapevine and splintered My fig tree.…

They will fill your houses and the houses of all your officials and every Egyptian—

The coming locust swarm would reach every household in Egypt, from Pharaoh’s court to the homes of ordinary people. Its destruction would leave no part of the nation untouched, exposing the helplessness of Egypt’s rulers and gods before the Lord.

Jol 2:9-10 They storm the city; they run along the wall;…
Exo 8:3-4 The Nile will teem with frogs, and they will come…
Psa 105:34-35 He spoke, and the locusts came—young locusts without number.…

something neither your fathers nor your grandfathers have seen since the day they came into this land.’”

Egypt’s long history had known hardship, but nothing like the devastation about to come. The warning made clear that Pharaoh’s refusal would bring an unprecedented judgment upon the land and its people.

Exo 9:18-19 Behold, at this time tomorrow I will rain down…
Jol 2:2 a day of darkness and gloom, a day of clouds and blackness.…
Deu 4:32-34 Indeed, ask now from one end of the heavens to the other…

Then Moses turned and left Pharaoh’s presence.

Having delivered the Lord’s warning, Moses departed without further argument. Pharaoh had been given repeated opportunities to obey, yet his hardened resistance would lead to the next plague.

Exo 11:8 And all these officials of yours will come and bow before me…
Exo 8:29-30 “As soon as I leave you,” Moses said, “I will pray…
Heb 11:27 By faith Moses left Egypt, not fearing the king’s anger;…

Pharaoh’s officials asked him,

Pharaoh’s court officials, likely including senior advisors and other influential servants, had witnessed the mounting devastation across Egypt. Their appeal reveals that resistance to Moses was no longer confined to Pharaoh; the damage from the plagues had become impossible for the leadership to ignore.

1Ki 12:6-7 Then King Rehoboam consulted with the elders…
2Ch 10:6-7 Then King Rehoboam consulted with the elders…
Est 1:13-14 Then the king consulted the wise men who knew the times,…

“How long will this man be a snare to us?

Moses had become the immediate instrument through whom God’s judgments were falling on Egypt. The officials understood that Pharaoh’s refusal to yield was drawing the nation deeper into disaster.

Exo 23:33 They must not remain in your land, lest they cause you…
Jos 23:13 know for sure that the LORD your God will no longer…
Jdg 2:3 So now I tell you that I will not drive out these people…

Let the people go, so that they may worship the LORD their God.

They urged Pharaoh to grant Israel’s request to leave and serve the LORD. Unlike Pharaoh, the officials recognized that Israel’s God had shown power Egypt could not resist.

Exo 9:1 Then the LORD said to Moses, “Go to Pharaoh and tell him…”…
Exo 8:1 Then the LORD said to Moses, “Go to Pharaoh…
Exo 7:16 Then say to him, ‘The LORD, the God of the Hebrews,…

Do you not yet realize that Egypt lies in ruins?”

The land had already suffered severe losses through the plagues, especially its crops, livestock, and stability. Pharaoh’s advisors warned that continued defiance would bring Egypt to complete collapse.

Exo 9:25-26 Throughout the land of Egypt, the hail struck down…
Exo 9:31-32 Now the flax and barley were destroyed…
Exo 12:30-33 During the night Pharaoh got up—he and all his officials…

So Moses and Aaron were brought back to Pharaoh.

Pharaoh summoned them again as the plague devastated Egypt, yet his resistance remained unchanged. Moses and Aaron stood before him as God’s appointed spokesmen, returning to the royal court only when called.

Exo 9:27 Then Pharaoh summoned Moses and Aaron…
Exo 8:8 Pharaoh summoned Moses and Aaron and said, “Pray to the LORD…
Gen 41:14 So Pharaoh sent for Joseph, who was quickly brought out…

“Go, worship the LORD your God,” he said.

Under mounting judgment, Pharaoh appeared willing to permit worship, but his offer was limited and insincere. Israel’s departure was not merely an escape from slavery; it was a call to serve the LORD openly and fully.

Exo 12:31 Then Pharaoh summoned Moses and Aaron by night and said……
Exo 8:25 Then Pharaoh summoned Moses and Aaron and said, “Go…
Exo 3:18 The elders of Israel will listen to what you say,…

“But who exactly will be going?”

Pharaoh sought to control the terms of Israel’s worship by restricting who could leave. His question prepared the way for Moses to insist that the entire nation—men, women, children, and livestock—must go, because God’s command required complete obedience.

Exo 5:3 “The God of the Hebrews has met with us,” they answered.…
Deu 31:12 Assemble the people—men, women, children…
2Ch 20:13 Meanwhile all the men of Judah, with their wives…

“We will go with our young and old,”

Moses insists that the whole nation must leave Egypt. Worship of the LORD was not limited to adult men; children and elders belonged to the covenant people and were to take part in Israel’s obedience.

Deu 31:12-13 Assemble the people—men, women, children…
Jos 8:35 There was not a word of all that Moses had commanded…
Psa 148:12-13 young men and maidens, old and young together.…

Moses replied.

Speaking for Israel under God’s command, Moses rejects Pharaoh’s attempt to control the terms of their departure. Pharaoh would permit only a limited group to go, but the LORD required Israel’s complete release.

Exo 8:10 “Tomorrow,” Pharaoh answered. “May it be as you say,”…
Exo 8:25-26 Then Pharaoh summoned Moses and Aaron and said, “Go…
Exo 8:29 “As soon as I leave you,” Moses said, “I will pray…

“We will go with our sons and daughters,

Families were not to be divided in serving the LORD. Israel’s children were included in the nation’s worship and in the future promised to Abraham’s descendants.

Isa 43:6 I will say to the north, ‘Give them up!’…
2Co 6:18 “I will be a Father to you, and you will be My sons…”…
Act 2:17-18 In the last days, God says, I will pour out My Spirit…

and with our flocks and herds,

Their livestock were necessary for sacrifices and represented their livelihood and wealth. Pharaoh’s desire to keep the animals in Egypt would have left Israel dependent on him and unable to offer the worship God required.

Exo 12:32 Take your flocks and herds as well, just as you have said…
Exo 12:38 And a mixed multitude also went up with them…
2Sa 12:2 The rich man had a great number of sheep and cattle,

for we must hold a feast to the LORD.”

Israel was leaving Egypt to worship the LORD as He had commanded. Moses makes clear that Pharaoh had no authority to decide who could serve God or how that worship would be carried out.

Exo 5:1 After that, Moses and Aaron went to Pharaoh and said…
Deu 16:15 For seven days you shall celebrate a feast to the LORD…
Exo 23:14-17 Three times a year you are to celebrate a feast to Me.…

Then Pharaoh told them,

Pharaoh answered Moses and Aaron with open hostility, refusing the Lord’s command and seeking to retain control over Israel.

Exo 5:2 But Pharaoh replied, “Who is the LORD that I should…
Exo 1:10 Come, let us deal shrewdly with them, or they will increase…

“May the LORD be with you

His words were sarcastic, mocking their appeal to the God of Israel while denying the very command the LORD had given.

Rut 2:4 Just then Boaz arrived from Bethlehem…
Jdg 6:12 And the angel of the LORD appeared to Gideon and said,…
Jos 1:5 No one shall stand against you all the days of your life.…

if I ever let you go with your little ones.

Pharaoh would not permit the families to leave together, knowing that the children’s presence would bind the adults to Egypt and preserve his labor force.

Gen 43:8 And Judah said to his father Israel, “Send the boy with me,…
Num 14:31 But I will bring your children into the land…
Deu 1:39 And the little ones you said would become captives…

Clearly you are bent on evil.

He charged Moses and Aaron with wrongdoing, though they were carrying out God’s command. Pharaoh’s accusation revealed his own resistance to the Lord and his determination to keep Israel in bondage.

Gen 50:20 As for you, what you intended against me for evil,…
Pro 24:8 He who plots evil will be called a schemer.
Mic 2:1 Woe to those who devise iniquity and plot evil on their beds…

No, only the men may go and worship the LORD,

Pharaoh offers a limited concession, permitting only the adult men to leave while retaining the women, children, and livestock in Egypt. By keeping their families and possessions behind, he would hold the Israelites’ return in his power. Moses had asked for the entire nation to go, because all Israel was to worship the LORD.

Exo 23:17 Three times a year all your males are to appear…
Exo 34:23 Three times a year all your males are to appear…
Deu 16:16 Three times a year all your men appear before the LORD…

since that is what you have been requesting.”

Pharaoh deliberately distorts Moses’ demand, reducing it to a request for the men alone. His response reveals his continued resistance to God’s command and his determination to control the terms of Israel’s departure.

Exo 5:3 “The God of the Hebrews has met with us,” they answered.…
Exo 3:18 The elders of Israel will listen to what you say,…
Exo 5:1 After that, Moses and Aaron went to Pharaoh and said…

And Moses and Aaron were driven from Pharaoh’s presence.

Pharaoh ends the audience in anger and has God’s servants expelled. His rejection marks another hardening of his heart and leads directly to further judgment upon Egypt.

Gen 4:14 Behold, this day You have driven me from the earth…
Gen 3:24 So He drove out the man and stationed cherubim…
Gen 4:16 So Cain went out from the presence of the LORD…

Then the LORD said to Moses,

God continued to direct Moses personally, confirming that the coming judgment proceeded by His command. Moses acted as God’s appointed representative before Pharaoh and Egypt.

Exo 16:4 Then the LORD said to Moses, “Behold, I will rain down bread…
Exo 14:1 Then the LORD said to Moses,
Exo 6:1 But the LORD said to Moses, “Now you will see what I will do…

“Stretch out your hand over the land of Egypt,

Moses’ raised hand publicly marked God’s authority over Egypt. The plague would not be an accidental disaster but a deliberate act of judgment.

Exo 9:22 Then the LORD said to Moses, “Stretch out your hand…
Exo 8:5 And the LORD said to Moses, “Tell Aaron, ‘Stretch out…
Exo 7:19 Take your staff and stretch out your hand…

so that the locusts may swarm over it

Vast locust swarms were capable of covering the ground and darkening the sky as they moved across the land. Their arrival would bring destruction on a scale Egypt could not stop.

Psa 105:34-35 He spoke, and the locusts came—young locusts without number.…
Psa 78:46 He gave their crops to the grasshopper…
Jol 1:4 What the devouring locust has left, the swarming locust…

and devour every plant in the land—

Egypt’s remaining crops and vegetation were essential to its food supply, livestock, and economy. The locusts would remove what remained after the hail, leaving the nation increasingly desperate.

2Ch 7:13 If I close the sky so there is no rain, or if I command…
Deu 28:42 Swarms of locusts will consume all your trees…
Jol 1:7 It has laid waste My grapevine and splintered My fig tree.…

everything that the hail has left behind.”

The plague completed the ruin begun by the hail. Each judgment exposed the futility of Pharaoh’s resistance and demonstrated the LORD’s power over Egypt’s land, resources, and future.

Psa 105:32-33 He gave them hail for rain, with lightning…
Psa 78:47-48 He killed their vines with hailstones…
Hag 2:17 I struck you—all the work of your hands—with blight, mildew,…

So Moses stretched out his staff over the land of Egypt,

Moses acted under God’s command, using the staff that had marked earlier signs of divine authority. Egypt’s strength, wealth, and gods could not shield the nation from the judgment God announced through His servant.

Exo 7:19 Take your staff and stretch out your hand…
Exo 9:23 So Moses stretched out his staff toward heaven,…
Exo 14:16 And as for you, lift up your staff and stretch out your hand…

and throughout that day and night the LORD sent an east wind across the land.

The LORD governed the wind continuously, preparing the land for the coming plague. What appeared to be a natural force was directed by God’s purpose and carried out His judgment against Pharaoh’s refusal to obey.

Exo 14:21 Then Moses stretched out his hand over the sea,…
Psa 78:26 He stirred the east wind from the heavens…
Jon 4:8 As the sun was rising, God appointed a scorching east wind,…

By morning the east wind had brought the locusts.

The locusts arrived exactly as God had warned, bringing widespread destruction to a land already weakened by earlier plagues. Their coming exposed the helplessness of Egypt’s rulers and idols and pressed Pharaoh toward the release of Israel.

Psa 105:34-35 He spoke, and the locusts came—young locusts without number.…
Psa 78:46 He gave their crops to the grasshopper…
Jol 1:4 What the devouring locust has left, the swarming locust…

The locusts swarmed across the land

The eighth plague brought a massive invasion that consumed Egypt’s remaining vegetation after the hailstorm. Locust swarms were feared throughout the ancient world because they could strip fields, orchards, and pastureland in a short time, leaving widespread hunger and economic loss.

Psa 105:34-35 He spoke, and the locusts came—young locusts without number.…
Jol 1:4 What the devouring locust has left, the swarming locust…
Rev 9:3 And out of the smoke, locusts descended on the earth,…

and settled over the entire territory of Egypt.

No region escaped the disaster. Egypt’s agriculture, sustained by the Nile and dependent on seasonal crops, was devastated from one end of the land to the other. The plague exposed the helplessness of Pharaoh and Egypt’s gods before the Lord.

Jol 2:3 Before them a fire devours, and behind them……
Psa 78:46 He gave their crops to the grasshopper…
Deu 28:38 You will sow much seed in the field, but harvest little…

Never before had there been so many locusts,

The scale of the swarm set it apart from ordinary natural disasters. Its arrival, timing, and severity followed God’s warning to Pharaoh, demonstrating that the plague was a direct judgment rather than a chance event.

Jol 2:2 a day of darkness and gloom, a day of clouds and blackness.…
Jol 1:2-3 Hear this, O elders; and give ear, all who dwell…
Jer 46:23 They will chop down her forest, declares the LORD,…

and never again will there be.

The locust invasion was a unique act in the judgment of Egypt, remembered as an unparalleled catastrophe. It marked another decisive blow against Pharaoh’s resistance and advanced Israel’s deliverance from slavery.

Mat 24:21 For at that time there will be great tribulation,…
Mrk 13:19 For those will be days of tribulation unseen…
Dan 12:1 At that time Michael, the great prince who stands watch…

They covered the face of all the land until it was black,

The locust swarm was so vast that it darkened the ground and likely dimmed the daylight. Locust invasions were among the most feared disasters in the ancient world because they could strip a region of its food supply within hours. God sent this eighth plague after Pharaoh continued to refuse Israel’s release, displaying His authority over Egypt and its land.

Jol 2:2 a day of darkness and gloom, a day of clouds and blackness.…
Jol 2:10 Before them the earth quakes; the heavens tremble.…
Rev 9:2-3 The star opened the pit of the Abyss, and smoke rose…

and they consumed all the plants on the ground and all the fruit on the trees that the hail had left behind.

The locusts destroyed what remained after the hailstorm had already ruined much of Egypt’s crops. Barley and flax had been damaged earlier, and now the remaining vegetation and fruit were removed. Egypt’s agricultural resources, closely tied to its wealth and security, were brought to ruin as Pharaoh resisted God’s command.

Exo 9:25-26 Throughout the land of Egypt, the hail struck down…
Psa 78:46 He gave their crops to the grasshopper…
Deu 28:42 Swarms of locusts will consume all your trees…

Nothing green was left on any tree or plant in all the land of Egypt.

Egypt was left barren, without crops, fruit, or pasture. The loss brought the threat of hunger and economic hardship throughout the land. The completeness of the devastation showed that no part of Egypt’s prosperity was beyond God’s judgment, while Israel’s deliverance drew nearer.

Psa 105:35 They devoured every plant in their land…
Jol 1:12 The grapevine is dried up, and the fig tree is withered;…
Jol 1:7 It has laid waste My grapevine and splintered My fig tree.…

Pharaoh quickly summoned Moses and Aaron

The locust plague had brought Egypt to the brink of ruin, stripping the land of what remained after the hail. Pharaoh’s haste reveals the depth of the crisis and the collapse of his confidence before the God of Israel.

Exo 12:31 Then Pharaoh summoned Moses and Aaron by night and said……
Gen 41:8 In the morning his spirit was troubled, so he summoned…
Gen 41:14 So Pharaoh sent for Joseph, who was quickly brought out…

and said, “I have sinned against the LORD your God

Pharaoh admitted that his resistance to God had been wrong. Yet he still spoke of the LORD as Moses’ and Aaron’s God rather than humbling himself in wholehearted submission.

Jos 7:20 “It is true,” Achan replied, “I have sinned…
1Sa 15:24 Then Saul said to Samuel, “I have sinned;…
Psa 51:4 Against You, You only, have I sinned…

and against you.

Pharaoh also acknowledged his offense against God’s servants, whose repeated warnings he had rejected. His confession showed fear under judgment, but his later actions proved it was not lasting repentance.

Luk 15:18 I will get up and go back to my father and say to him,…
Mat 18:15 If your brother sins against you, go and confront him…
Luk 17:4 Even if he sins against you seven times in a day,…

Now please forgive my sin once more

Pharaoh again admits his sin under the pressure of judgment, yet his repeated requests for relief do not produce lasting obedience. His pattern is to seek mercy when the plague is severe and harden his heart when the danger passes.

1Sa 15:25 Now therefore, please forgive my sin and return with me…
Exo 32:32 “Yet now, if You would only forgive their sin”…
Num 14:19 Pardon, I pray, the iniquity of this people,…

and appeal to the LORD your God,

Pharaoh asks Moses to intercede because he recognizes that the LORD alone can end the plague. Still, he speaks of the LORD as Moses’ God rather than submitting to Him as his own.

1Ki 13:6 Then the king responded to the man of God…
1Sa 12:19 They pleaded with Samuel, “Pray to the LORD your God…
1Sa 7:8 said to Samuel, “Do not stop crying out to the LORD our God”…

that He may remove this death from me.”

The locust plague had stripped Egypt’s land of what remained after the hail, threatening the nation with famine and ruin. Pharaoh calls it death because its destruction placed Egypt’s survival in jeopardy.

2Sa 24:25 And there he built an altar to the LORD and…
Num 16:48 He stood between the living and the dead…
Exo 12:13 The blood on the houses where you are staying…

So Moses left Pharaoh’s presence

After Pharaoh asked for relief from the locust plague, Moses departed the royal court. Though Pharaoh held absolute power in Egypt and was regarded as divine, he could not control the judgment God had sent.

Exo 9:33 Then Moses departed from Pharaoh, went out of the city,…
Exo 8:30 Then Moses left Pharaoh and prayed to the LORD,

and appealed to the LORD.

Moses brought Pharaoh’s request before God, acting as Israel’s appointed mediator. The plague would cease only by the LORD’s command, showing that Egypt’s king remained subject to God’s authority.

Num 12:13 So Moses cried out to the LORD, “O God, please heal her!”
Num 11:2 And the people cried out to Moses, and he prayed…
Deu 9:26 And I prayed to the LORD and said, “O Lord GOD…

And the LORD changed the wind

God directly intervened to end the plague, demonstrating His authority over the forces of nature.

Psa 78:26 He stirred the east wind from the heavens…
Jon 1:4 Then the LORD hurled a great wind upon the sea,…
Psa 148:8 lightning and hail, snow and clouds, powerful wind…

to a very strong west wind

The wind that had brought devastation was replaced by one that drove it away, reversing the judgment God had sent.

Psa 107:25 For He spoke and raised a tempest that lifted…
Jer 10:13 When He thunders, the waters in the heavens roar;…
Job 37:9 The tempest comes from its chamber, and the cold…

that carried off the locusts

The complete removal of the swarm showed that the plague had come and gone at God’s command.

Isa 17:13 The nations rage like the rush of many waters.…
Psa 1:4 Not so the wicked! For they are like chaff…
Psa 78:46 He gave their crops to the grasshopper…

and blew them into the Red Sea.

The locusts were swept from Egypt into the sea, removing the immediate threat of further destruction to the land and its remaining crops.

Psa 106:9 He rebuked the Red Sea, and it dried up;…
Neh 9:11 You divided the sea before them, and they crossed through it…
Isa 51:10 Was it not You who dried up the sea, the waters…

Not a single locust remained anywhere in Egypt.

God’s judgment was withdrawn completely, leaving Egypt without any lingering swarm.

Jol 1:4 What the devouring locust has left, the swarming locust…
Psa 105:35 They devoured every plant in their land…
Amo 4:9 I struck you with blight and mildew in your growing gardens…

But the LORD hardened Pharaoh’s heart,

God confirmed Pharaoh in his persistent rebellion, using Egypt’s resistance to display His power and to bring Israel’s deliverance according to His covenant purpose. Pharaoh’s pride and refusal to submit brought judgment upon Egypt and its gods.

Exo 9:12 But the LORD hardened Pharaoh’s heart, and he would not…
Exo 7:3 But I will harden Pharaoh’s heart, and though I will…
Exo 4:21 The LORD instructed Moses, “When you go back to Egypt, ……

and he would not let the Israelites go.

Pharaoh continued to hold Israel in slavery despite the devastating plagues. As Egypt’s ruler, he resisted the command of the God of Israel, setting the stage for the final judgment that would compel Egypt to release God’s people.

Exo 9:35 So Pharaoh’s heart was hardened, and he would not let…
Exo 7:14 Then the LORD said to Moses, “Pharaoh’s heart is unyielding;…
Exo 5:2 But Pharaoh replied, “Who is the LORD that I should…

The Ninth Plague: Darkness

Then the LORD said to Moses,

The LORD continued to direct the plagues through Moses, His appointed servant and mediator before Pharaoh.

Exo 9:1 Then the LORD said to Moses, “Go to Pharaoh and tell him…”…
Exo 8:20 Then the LORD said to Moses, “Get up early in the morning…
Exo 7:19 Take your staff and stretch out your hand…

“Stretch out your hand toward heaven,

Moses acted openly in obedience, serving as the instrument through whom God displayed His power.

Exo 9:22 Then the LORD said to Moses, “Stretch out your hand…
Exo 14:16 And as for you, lift up your staff and stretch out your hand…
1Ki 8:22 Then Solomon stood before the altar of the LORD,…

so that darkness may spread over the land of Egypt—

The ninth plague brought judgment upon Egypt and exposed the helplessness of its gods, including those associated with the sun and light.

Psa 105:28 He sent darkness, and it became dark—…
Rev 16:10 And the fifth angel poured out his bowl on the throne…
Isa 60:2 For behold, darkness covers the earth, and thick darkness…

a palpable darkness.”

The darkness was supernatural in its severity, bringing fear and disruption throughout Egypt and preparing the way for the final judgment against Pharaoh’s hardened resistance.

Deu 28:29 and at noon you will grope about like a blind man…
Job 5:14 They encounter darkness by day and grope at noon…
Isa 59:10 Like the blind, we feel our way along the wall…

So Moses stretched out his hand toward heaven,

In obedience to God’s command, Moses acted as the Lord’s appointed representative before Pharaoh. God displayed His power through Moses, confirming that Israel’s deliverance came from Him alone.

Exo 9:22 Then the LORD said to Moses, “Stretch out your hand…
1Ki 8:22 Then Solomon stood before the altar of the LORD,…
2Ch 6:13 Now Solomon had made a bronze platform five cubits long,…

and total darkness covered all the land of Egypt

The darkness was a direct judgment on Egypt and its false gods, especially the worship of the sun. For three days, the Egyptians were powerless before the God they had resisted, while the Lord showed His authority over creation and every Egyptian deity.

Psa 105:28 He sent darkness, and it became dark—…
Isa 60:2 For behold, darkness covers the earth, and thick darkness…
Amo 5:20 Will not the Day of the LORD be darkness and not light…

for three days.

The prolonged darkness intensified the warning before the final plague. It gave Pharaoh further evidence of God’s sovereignty, yet he continued to harden his heart and refuse to release Israel.

2Sa 24:13 So Gad went and said to David, “Do you choose to endure…
Act 9:9 For three days he was without sight, and he did not eat…
Jon 1:17 Now the LORD had appointed a great fish to swallow Jonah…

No one could see anyone else,

The ninth plague brought a darkness so complete that normal life ceased. Egypt, which had resisted the Lord’s command to release Israel, was left in fear and helplessness under His judgment.

Psa 105:28 He sent darkness, and it became dark—…
Isa 59:10 Like the blind, we feel our way along the wall…
Deu 28:29 and at noon you will grope about like a blind man…

and for three days no one left his place.

For three days the Egyptians remained confined, unable to work, travel, or respond to Pharaoh’s leadership. The plague exposed the powerlessness of Egypt’s gods and rulers before the Lord.

Exo 12:22 Take a cluster of hyssop, dip it into the blood in the basin…
Isa 26:20 Go, my people, enter your rooms and shut your doors…
Psa 107:10 Some sat in darkness and in the shadow of death,…

Yet all the Israelites had light in their dwellings.

While Egypt lay in darkness, the Israelites were preserved in Goshen. The contrast marked God’s distinction between His people and Egypt and prepared for the deliverance that would soon bring Israel out of bondage.

Neh 9:12 You led them with a pillar of cloud by day……
Psa 78:14 He led them with a cloud by day and with a light of fire…
Isa 60:1-2 Arise, shine, for your light has come…

Then Pharaoh summoned Moses and said,

After the plague of darkness, Pharaoh again called Moses in desperation. Egypt had been brought low, yet Pharaoh still sought terms that would preserve his control.

Exo 9:27 Then Pharaoh summoned Moses and Aaron…
Exo 12:31 Then Pharaoh summoned Moses and Aaron by night and said……

“Go, worship the LORD.

He now permitted the Israelites to leave for worship, acknowledging that further resistance brought ruin upon his land.

Exo 8:25 Then Pharaoh summoned Moses and Aaron and said, “Go…
Exo 8:28 “I will let you go and sacrifice to the LORD your God”…

Even your little ones may go with you;

Pharaoh’s concession included the entire community, recognizing that Israel’s departure involved families as well as adult men.

2Ch 20:13 Meanwhile all the men of Judah, with their wives…
Exo 12:37 The Israelites journeyed from Rameses to Succoth…

only your flocks and herds must stay behind.”

By demanding their livestock remain in Egypt, Pharaoh attempted to hold a guarantee for Israel’s return and to restrict their ability to offer sacrifices. Moses would reject any arrangement that fell short of complete obedience to the LORD’s command.

Exo 12:32 Take your flocks and herds as well, just as you have said…
Exo 12:38 And a mixed multitude also went up with them…

But Moses replied,

Moses refused Pharaoh’s attempt to release the people while retaining their livestock. Israel would not leave Egypt on terms that limited their obedience to God.

Exo 9:29 Moses said to him, “When I have left the city,…
Exo 11:8 And all these officials of yours will come and bow before me…
Exo 4:1 Then Moses answered, “What if they do not believe me”…

“You must also provide us

Pharaoh, who had oppressed Israel, was required to yield what was needed for their departure and worship.

Exo 3:18 The elders of Israel will listen to what you say,…
Exo 5:3 “The God of the Hebrews has met with us,” they answered.…
Exo 5:1 After that, Moses and Aaron went to Pharaoh and said…

with sacrifices and burnt offerings

The animals were necessary for the worship God required, including offerings expressing atonement, devotion, and thanksgiving.

Deu 12:6 To that place you are to bring your burnt offerings…
Exo 24:5 Then he sent out some young men of Israel,…
Lev 1:3 If his offering is a burnt offering from the herd,…

to present to the LORD our God.

Israel was leaving Egypt to serve the LORD alone, not to continue under Pharaoh’s control or Egyptian religion.

Deu 16:16 Three times a year all your men appear before the LORD…
Exo 23:17 Three times a year all your males are to appear…
1Ch 16:29 Ascribe to the LORD the glory due His name;…

Even our livestock must go with us;

Israel’s animals were part of their households, wealth, and future provision, but they were also required for the sacrifices God would command. Pharaoh’s attempt to retain them would have left Israel dependent on Egypt and unable to obey fully.

Exo 12:32 Take your flocks and herds as well, just as you have said…
Gen 46:6 They also took the livestock and possessions…
Gen 46:32 The men are shepherds; they raise livestock,…

not a hoof will be left behind,

Moses insisted that the departure must be complete. Nothing belonging to Israel would remain under Pharaoh’s control. God was delivering His people, their families, and their possessions from Egypt.

1Sa 30:19 Nothing was missing, young or old, son or daughter,…
1Sa 15:3 Now go and attack the Amalekites and devote…
Jos 11:14 The Israelites took all the plunder and livestock…

for we will need some of them to worship the LORD our God,

Sacrificial worship required animals, and Israel could not decide beforehand which offerings God would require. Their worship would be governed by the LORD’s command rather than Pharaoh’s restrictions.

Exo 8:27 We must make a three-day journey into the wilderness…
Exo 5:3 “The God of the Hebrews has met with us,” they answered.…
Exo 8:26 But Moses replied, “It would not be right to do that,…

and we will not know how we are to worship the LORD until we arrive.”

Israel had received God’s instruction to serve Him in the wilderness, but further directions would be given after their departure. Moses refused to compromise before Pharaoh, trusting God to reveal what was required at the appointed place.

Deu 12:5 Instead, you must seek the place the LORD your God…
Deu 12:11 then the LORD your God will choose a dwelling for His Name.…
Deu 12:14 you must offer them only in the place the LORD will choose…

But the LORD hardened Pharaoh’s heart,

Pharaoh had repeatedly hardened himself against God’s command before the Lord confirmed him in that rebellion. God’s purpose was to display His authority over Egypt, its gods, and its ruler while bringing Israel out as He had promised. Pharaoh’s defiance did not frustrate God’s plan but became the setting in which God’s power and justice were openly shown.

Exo 9:12 But the LORD hardened Pharaoh’s heart, and he would not…
Exo 4:21 The LORD instructed Moses, “When you go back to Egypt, ……
Exo 7:13 Still, Pharaoh’s heart was hardened, and he would…

and he was unwilling to let them go.

Israel’s release would deprive Egypt of a large slave labor force and expose Pharaoh’s inability to resist the God of Israel. His refusal led to the final judgments on Egypt and prepared the way for Israel’s deliverance from bondage.

Exo 5:2 But Pharaoh replied, “Who is the LORD that I should…
Exo 9:35 So Pharaoh’s heart was hardened, and he would not let…
Exo 8:32 But Pharaoh hardened his heart this time as well,…

“Depart from me!”

Pharaoh’s anger reveals the increasing hardness of his heart as he refuses to yield to the God of Israel despite the plagues devastating Egypt.

Mat 7:23 Then I will tell them plainly, ‘I never knew you;…
Luk 13:27 And he will answer, ‘I tell you, I do not know…
Psa 119:115 Depart from me, you evildoers, that I may obey…

Pharaoh said to Moses.

As Egypt’s ruler, Pharaoh considered himself above all earthly authority, yet Moses stood before him as the servant of the true God. Their conflict exposed the emptiness of Egypt’s claimed divine power.

Exo 8:25 Then Pharaoh summoned Moses and Aaron and said, “Go…
Exo 8:28 “I will let you go and sacrifice to the LORD your God”…
Exo 9:28 Pray to the LORD, for there has been enough…

“Make sure you never see my face again,

Pharaoh attempted to end all contact with Moses and reject the Lord’s demands. Denial of access to the royal presence was a serious act of hostility and dismissal.

Gen 44:23 But you said to your servants, ‘Unless your younger brother…
Gen 43:3 But Judah replied, “The man solemnly warned us,…
Gen 43:5 But if you will not send him, we will not go;…

for on the day you see my face,

Pharaoh made his threat personal and final, treating Moses as an enemy rather than acknowledging the warning God had sent through him.

Exo 33:20 But He added, “You cannot see My face, for no one can see…
Est 4:11 “All the royal officials know that one law applies”…
Jdg 13:22 “We are going to die,” he said to his wife, ……

you will die.”

Pharaoh threatened death, though judgment would soon fall on his own household and army. His words show how fully he had set himself against God’s command.

Gen 2:17 but you must not eat from the tree of the knowledge…
Ezk 18:4 Behold, every soul belongs to Me; both father and son…
Ezk 33:8 If I say to the wicked, ‘O wicked man, you will surely die,’…

“As you say,”

Moses accepts Pharaoh’s declaration that their meetings are finished. After repeated warnings and plagues, Pharaoh remains hardened in his refusal to release Israel, bringing Egypt to the brink of God’s final judgment.

Mat 27:11 Meanwhile Jesus stood before the governor…
Mrk 15:2 So Pilate questioned Him, “Are You the King of the Jews?”…
Luk 23:3 So Pilate asked Him, “Are You the King of the Jews?”…

Moses replied,

As God’s appointed spokesman, Moses delivers the Lord’s message with authority and prepares for the final plague that will compel Pharaoh to let Israel go.

Exo 5:22 So Moses returned to the LORD and asked,…
Exo 32:31 So Moses returned to the LORD and said, “Oh, what a great…
Num 14:13 But Moses said to the LORD, “The Egyptians will hear of it,…

“I will never see your face again.”

Moses will not return to Pharaoh for further negotiations. The death of Egypt’s firstborn will end Pharaoh’s resistance and lead to Israel’s departure from Egypt.

Gen 44:23 But you said to your servants, ‘Unless your younger brother…
Gen 43:3 But Judah replied, “The man solemnly warned us,…
2Sa 14:24 But the king added, “He may return to his house,…

This is a draft of the Berean Study Bible. Please send all comments and recommendations to bereanstudybible@aol.com.



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