Berean Study Bible The EphodThe costly dyed materials displayed the glory and holiness associated with the Lord’s dwelling place. Blue pointed upward to the God of heaven, purple reflected royal dignity, and scarlet recalled the blood required for atonement. Exo 35:25 Every skilled woman spun with her hands… they made specially woven garments for ministry in the sanctuary, Skilled craftsmen prepared clothing suitable for service before the holy God. Every detail testified that worship and priestly ministry were to be conducted according to God’s appointed order. Exo 35:19 and the woven garments for ministering… as well as the holy garments for Aaron, Aaron’s garments visibly set apart Israel’s high priest as the representative who approached God on behalf of the people. The ephod, breastpiece, robe, tunic, turban, and sash bore witness to his consecrated office and anticipated the perfect priestly mediation of Christ. Exo 28:2 Make holy garments for your brother Aaron,… just as the LORD had commanded Moses. Israel’s craftsmen carried out the instructions given at Sinai without alteration. Their obedience demonstrated that access to God rests upon His gracious provision and must be approached on His terms. Exo 40:16 Moses did everything just as the LORD had commanded him. Bezalel made the ephod Bezalel carried out the work God had appointed to him, using the wisdom and skill granted by the Spirit of God (Exodus 31:1–5). The ephod belonged to the high priest’s sacred garments and marked his representative ministry before the Lord on behalf of Israel. Exo 35:30-34 Then Moses said to the Israelites, “See, the LORD has… of finely spun linen Fine linen contributed to the beauty and holiness of the priestly garments. The high priest entered God’s presence clothed according to God’s command, demonstrating that sinful people could not approach the holy God on their own terms. Exo 28:39 You are to weave the tunic with fine linen,… embroidered with gold, Gold threads were worked into the ephod, displaying the glory and majesty belonging to the Lord whom the priest served. The precious materials of the Tabernacle pointed beyond earthly craftsmanship to the splendor of God’s heavenly dwelling. Exo 28:8 And the skillfully woven waistband of the ephod… and with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn. Blue, purple, and scarlet also adorned the curtains and veil of the Tabernacle, linking the high priest’s ministry with the place of God’s presence. The ephod anticipated Jesus Christ, the perfect High Priest, who unites divine authority, royal kingship, and sacrificial atonement in His ministry for His people. Exo 35:25 Every skilled woman spun with her hands… They hammered out thin sheets of gold Gold from Israel’s offerings was carefully prepared for the priestly garments, reflecting the holiness and beauty required for service before the Lord. The costly metal testified that God deserved the best of what His redeemed people possessed. Exo 25:31 Then you are to make a lampstand of pure, hammered gold.… and cut threads from them Skilled craftsmen formed the gold into fine strips or threads that could be worked into the embroidered fabric. Such detailed labor showed that worship in the tabernacle was not casual, but ordered according to God’s revealed pattern. Exo 28:6 They are to make the ephod of finely spun linen… to interweave with the blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and fine linen— Gold was joined with colors associated with heaven, royalty, sacrifice, and purity. The resulting garments displayed the glory of the God whom the high priest represented before Israel. Their splendor also anticipated the perfect priesthood of Christ, whose divine glory, kingly authority, atoning death, and sinless purity meet in one person. Exo 26:1 You are to construct the tabernacle itself… the work of a skilled craftsman. Bezalel, Oholiab, and the other workers exercised abilities God had given them for this sacred task. Their craftsmanship demonstrates that skill, diligence, and beauty may be offered to God when directed by obedience to His word. Exo 31:3-5 And I have filled him with the Spirit of God… They made shoulder pieces for the ephod, The skilled artisans followed the pattern God had given to Moses for the high priest’s sacred garments. The shoulder pieces supported the onyx stones engraved with the names of Israel’s twelve tribes, declaring that Aaron bore the whole covenant people before the Lord. Exo 28:7 It shall have two shoulder pieces attached.… which were attached at two of its corners, The front and back portions of the ephod were joined at the upper edges to form a secure garment for priestly ministry. Every detail was made according to God’s command, displaying the order, holiness, and care required in approaching Him. Exo 28:23 You are also to make two gold rings and fasten them… so it could be fastened. The completed ephod enabled the high priest to serve without impediment as Israel’s representative. Aaron’s bearing of the tribes on his shoulders anticipated Christ, the true and eternal High Priest, who brings His people before God and preserves them in His care. Lev 8:7 He put the tunic on Aaron, tied the sash around him… And the skillfully woven waistband of the ephod The waistband secured the ephod upon the high priest as he ministered before the LORD. Its careful construction showed that priestly service was not casual but ordered according to God’s holy design. Lev 8:7 He put the tunic on Aaron, tied the sash around him… was of one piece with the ephod, of the same workmanship— The waistband belonged to the ephod as an integral part of the garment, joining its beauty and function. The unified design reflected the integrity required of the high priest, who bore Israel’s names before God and represented the people in the sanctuary. Exo 28:8 And the skillfully woven waistband of the ephod… with gold, with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and with finely spun linen, The same costly materials used throughout the ephod displayed the glory and holiness of the office. Gold spoke of splendor fit for God’s presence; blue recalled the heavenly realm; purple conveyed royal dignity; scarlet pointed to the blood required for atonement; and fine linen represented purity. These features anticipate Jesus Christ, the sinless High Priest and King whose sacrificial blood brings His people near to God. Exo 28:6 They are to make the ephod of finely spun linen… just as the LORD had commanded Moses. Israel’s craftsmen followed the revealed pattern rather than inventing their own form of worship. Their obedience testified that access to the holy God must rest upon His provision and command. Christ fulfilled God’s will perfectly, establishing the true and final way for sinners to come before God. Exo 40:16 Moses did everything just as the LORD had commanded him. They mounted the onyx stones in gold filigree settings, The two stones formed part of the ephod’s shoulder pieces, each bearing six tribal names. Their precious material and gold settings reflected the holiness of the priestly office and the glory of the God before whom the priest ministered. Every detail was made according to the pattern God had given Moses, showing that worship approached on God’s terms. Exo 25:7 onyx stones and gemstones to be mounted on the ephod… engraved like a seal Skilled engraving made the names permanent and distinct, as an official seal identified its owner and carried authorized authority. The stones served as memorial stones before the Lord, declaring that the High Priest did not enter God’s presence for himself alone but as the appointed representative of the covenant people. Exo 28:11 Engrave the names of the sons of Israel on the two stones… with the names of the sons of Israel. The twelve sons of Jacob represented the twelve tribes of Israel, united before God despite their differing histories and territories. Carried upon the High Priest’s shoulders, Israel’s names testified to God’s enduring covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. The priestly ministry anticipated Christ, the perfect High Priest, who bears His people before God and continually intercedes for them. Exo 28:12 Fasten both stones on the shoulder pieces of the ephod… Then they fastened them on the shoulder pieces of the ephod The two onyx stones were set on the ephod’s shoulders, where the high priest visibly bore the names of Israel’s tribes as he ministered before the LORD. Aaron did not approach God merely as an individual; he represented the covenant people entrusted to his care. The placement upon his shoulders pictured strength, responsibility, and intercession. Exo 28:12 Fasten both stones on the shoulder pieces of the ephod… as memorial stones for the sons of Israel, The engraved names kept the twelve tribes continually before the LORD in the priestly ministry. God did not need a reminder, but He ordained this visible memorial to assure Israel that every tribe was known and represented in His presence. The stones also testified to the unity of the people under God’s covenant, despite their distinct tribal identities. Christ fulfills this priestly pattern as the great High Priest who bears His people before the Father and preserves them in perfect remembrance. Exo 28:29 Whenever Aaron enters the Holy Place, he shall bear the names… as the LORD had commanded Moses. The completed ephod reflected careful obedience to God’s revealed design. Israel’s worship was not shaped by human preference or invention, but by the LORD’s command. Such obedience marked the tabernacle’s construction and pointed forward to Jesus Christ, who perfectly fulfilled the Father’s will and established access to God for all who belong to Him. Exo 40:16 Moses did everything just as the LORD had commanded him.
The BreastpieceBezalel and the skilled craftsmen followed the pattern God had given Moses on the mountain. The breastpiece was joined to the ephod and worn over the high priest’s heart, bearing the names of Israel’s twelve tribes before the Lord. It declared that the high priest represented the whole covenant people in his ministry. Its careful construction showed that access to God could not be approached according to human preference but only according to His revealed will. Exo 28:15 You are also to make a breastpiece of judgment… with gold, Gold adorned the tabernacle furnishings and the high priest’s garments because it suited the glory and holiness of the God who dwelt among His people. Its presence in the breastpiece marked the office of the high priest as sacred and divinely appointed. The glory associated with gold also anticipates Christ, the true and eternal High Priest, whose ministry before the Father does not fade or fail. Exo 28:22-25 For the breastpiece, make braided chains… with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, The colors united heavenly glory, royal dignity, and the sacrificial blood required for atonement. Blue recalled the God of heaven, purple reflected kingly majesty, and scarlet pointed to the blood by which sin was covered. Together they displayed the holiness of God and the costly provision required for sinful people to stand before Him. Jesus fulfilled these realities as the heavenly Mediator, the promised King, and the sacrifice for sins. Exo 28:5 They shall use gold, along with blue, purple, and… and with finely spun linen. The clean, bright linen matched the purity required in service before the Lord. Priests who bore the names of the tribes before God were themselves called to holiness, because they served in the place where God made His presence known. Fine linen later symbolizes the righteous deeds of the saints, yet such righteousness ultimately rests on the cleansing and intercession provided by Christ. Exo 28:39 You are to weave the tunic with fine linen,… It was square when folded over double, The doubled construction formed a pouch for the Urim and Thummim, by which the high priest sought the Lord’s judgment for Israel. Worn over the heart, the breastpiece bore the names of the twelve tribes on precious stones, declaring that all Israel stood before God through the priestly mediation He appointed. Exo 27:1 You are to build an altar of acacia wood.… a span long and a span wide. Each side measured about nine inches. The precise dimensions display the care required in Israel’s worship and the completeness of God’s provision for approaching Him. The high priest’s ministry anticipated Christ, the true High Priest, who represents His people continually before the Father. Exo 28:16 It must be square when folded over double,… And they mounted on it four rows of gemstones: The breastpiece of judgment bore twelve precious stones, one for each tribe of Israel, arranged with deliberate order before the Lord. Worn over the high priest’s heart, it testified that all Israel was continually remembered in the priestly ministry. Its careful craftsmanship reflected the holiness required in approaching God and the value He placed upon His covenant people. The breastpiece was also associated with the Urim and Thummim, by which God provided guidance for Israel through the high priest. Exo 28:17-20 And mount on it a setting of gemstones, four rows of stones:… The first row had a ruby, a topaz, and an emerald; The first row began the complete display of Israel’s tribal representation before God. The ancient identification of several gemstones remains uncertain, yet their splendor is clear: the Lord commanded that the names of His people be borne upon precious stones rather than ordinary material. The beauty and durability of the stones pointed to God’s enduring covenant faithfulness. The high priest’s ministry anticipated Jesus Christ, the perfect High Priest, who bears His redeemed people before the Father and provides the final atonement for sin. Pro 3:15 She is more precious than rubies; nothing you desire… the second row This phrase refers to the arrangement of stones on the breastpiece of judgment worn by the High Priest. The breastpiece contained twelve stones, each representing one of the twelve tribes of Israel. The second row indicates the order in which the stones were set, emphasizing the meticulous design and divine instruction given to Moses on Mount Sinai (Exodus 28:15-21). Rev 21:19-20 The foundations of the city walls were adorned… had a turquoise, The turquoise represented one of the tribes whose name was engraved upon the breastpiece. Scripture does not identify individual tribes with particular stones, but each stone testified that God knew His people distinctly and bore them before Himself. Ezk 28:13 You were in Eden, the garden of God… a sapphire, The sapphire’s deep blue coloring recalls biblical descriptions of God’s heavenly glory and throne (Exodus 24:10; Ezekiel 1:26). Its place in the breastpiece pointed to the holiness required of the high priest as he represented Israel before the Lord. Job 28:6 Its rocks are the source of sapphires… and a diamond; The diamond completed the second row with a stone valued for strength and brilliance. Whatever precise gem is intended by the ancient term, its inclusion declared the enduring worth of each tribe and the firmness of God’s covenant with His people. Jer 17:1 “The sin of Judah is written with an iron stylus,… the third row had a jacinth, The jacinth, a fiery reddish-orange stone, contributed to the splendor of the breastpiece worn before the Lord. It represented one of the tribes of Israel, likely Gad, reminding the high priest that he bore the covenant people before God in their strength, conflict, and need. Exo 28:19 in the third row a jacinth, an agate, and an amethyst; an agate, The agate’s varied bands and colors displayed the richness of God’s creation and the distinct identity of each tribe. Associated with Asher, the stone recalled the Lord’s promise of blessing and provision for His people. Isa 54:12 I will make your pinnacles of rubies,… and an amethyst; The purple amethyst fittingly reflected dignity and priestly service. Associated with Naphtali, it stood among the stones engraved with Israel’s tribal names, anticipating the perfect priestly mediation of Christ, who bears His people continually before the Father. Jacinth and amethyst also appear among the foundation stones of the New Jerusalem, connecting the worship of Israel’s tabernacle with God’s eternal dwelling among His redeemed people. Rev 21:19-20 The foundations of the city walls were adorned… and the fourth row had a beryl, an onyx, and a jasper. The fourth row completed the twelve stones engraved with the names of Israel’s tribes, which Aaron bore over his heart when he entered the holy place (Ex. 28:21, 29). Later Jewish tradition commonly associates these stones with Dan, Joseph, and Benjamin. Their placement in an ordered breastpiece declared that every tribe stood before the Lord through the ministry of the high priest. Jasper later appears among the precious stones connected with God’s eternal city, reflecting the glory and beauty of His holy presence (Revelation 21:18–19). Exo 28:20 and in the fourth row a beryl, an onyx, and a jasper.… These stones were mounted in gold filigree settings. Gold surrounded and secured each tribal stone, fitting the holiness of the sanctuary and the dignity of the priestly office. The careful execution of the design showed Israel’s obedience to the pattern God had given Moses. The breastpiece’s precious materials and exact workmanship testified that access to God required His appointed provision, ultimately fulfilled in Christ, the great High Priest who permanently represents His people before God. Exo 28:11 Engrave the names of the sons of Israel on the two stones… The twelve stones corresponded to the names of the sons of Israel. The breastplate bore the names of the twelve tribes descended from Jacob’s sons, joining the whole covenant nation to the ministry of the high priest. Each distinct stone reflected the particular identity and inheritance of a tribe, yet all were set together in one breastpiece before the Lord. As the high priest entered God’s presence, he carried Israel upon his heart as a people redeemed and called by God. Believers likewise are being built as living stones into a spiritual house through Christ (1 Peter 2:5). Exo 28:17-21 And mount on it a setting of gemstones, four rows of stones:… Each stone was engraved like a seal with the name of one of the twelve tribes. Seal-like engraving marked every tribal name as an enduring identification before God. The tribes were not anonymous members of a nation; each was known, named, and represented in the covenant worship of Israel. The breastplate anticipated the intercession of Jesus Christ, the greater High Priest, who continually represents His people before the Father (Hebrews 7:25). God’s covenant faithfulness to Israel rests upon His own promise and purpose, not upon the changing strength of the tribes themselves. Exo 28:11 Engrave the names of the sons of Israel on the two stones… For the breastpiece The breastpiece was fastened over the ephod and bore the names of Israel’s tribes before the Lord. It held the Urim and Thummim, by which the high priest sought God’s judgment for the nation. Exo 28:15 You are also to make a breastpiece of judgment… they made braided chains Skilled craftsmen formed chains to secure the breastpiece firmly to the priestly garments. Their careful work followed the pattern God had given through Moses. 1Ki 7:17 For the capitals on top of the pillars, he made a network… like cords The twisted chains provided both strength and flexibility, keeping the breastpiece in its appointed place as the priest ministered before God. Exo 28:14 And two chains of pure gold, made of braided cord work;… of pure gold. Gold matched the holiness and glory of the tabernacle furnishings and priestly attire. The costly material pointed to the sacred character of mediation before God, ultimately fulfilled in Christ, the perfect High Priest. Exo 25:11 Overlay it with pure gold both inside and out… They also made two gold filigree settings Gold marked the holy things associated with God’s dwelling, displaying the purity, glory, and value proper to His presence. The finely crafted settings testified that Israel’s worship was governed by God’s revealed pattern and carried out with skillful care. Exo 28:13 Fashion gold filigree settings and two gold rings, The rings provided the means by which the breastpiece would be securely joined to the ephod. The breastpiece bore the names of Israel’s twelve tribes before the Lord and was appointed to receive the Urim and Thummim, linking the high priest’s ministry with intercession and divine guidance. Exo 28:23 You are also to make two gold rings and fasten them… and fastened the two rings to the two corners of the breastpiece. The secure fastening kept the breastpiece in its proper place as Aaron ministered before the Lord. Israel was represented before God through the high priest, anticipating Jesus Christ, the perfect and eternal High Priest who bears His people before the Father. Exo 28:26 Make two more gold rings and attach them… Then they fastened the two gold chains Gold throughout the tabernacle furnishings and priestly garments testified to the holiness and majesty of the God who dwelt among His people. The chains were made according to the pattern revealed to Moses, showing that worship before the Lord required careful obedience rather than human invention. Exo 28:22 For the breastpiece, make braided chains… to the two gold rings The rings and chains joined the breastpiece securely to the ephod, preventing the sacred garment from shifting as the high priest served before the Lord. Israel’s names, engraved on the stones of the breastpiece, were therefore borne continually in God’s presence. The arrangement pictured the priest’s appointed work of representing the covenant people before God. Exo 28:23 You are also to make two gold rings and fasten them… at the corners of the breastpiece, The breastpiece rested over the high priest’s heart and contained the twelve tribal stones, declaring that every tribe was remembered before the Lord. Its secure attachment emphasized the enduring responsibility of intercession. Jesus Christ fulfills this priestly ministry perfectly as the great High Priest who brings His people before God and continually intercedes for them (Hebrews 4:14–16; 7:25). Exo 28:26-27 Make two more gold rings and attach them… and they fastened the other ends of the two chains to the two filigree settings, The gold chains and filigree settings formed part of the breastpiece’s secure attachment to the ephod. Gold, supplied by Israel after the Exodus from Egypt, marked the holiness and glory associated with the Lord’s dwelling and priesthood. Bezalel, Oholiab, and the other gifted artisans carried out the work according to the pattern God had given Moses, showing that careful obedience was essential in every aspect of worship. Exo 28:25 and fasten the other ends of the two chains… attaching them to the shoulder pieces of the ephod at the front. The breastpiece was joined to the ephod near the shoulder stones bearing the names of Israel’s twelve tribes. Aaron therefore carried Israel before the Lord upon his shoulders and over his heart as he ministered. The high priest’s representative role points forward to Jesus Christ, who continually intercedes for His people and bears them before the Father. Exo 28:27 Make two additional gold rings and attach them… They made two more gold rings Gold marked the garments as holy and fitting for service before the God of glory. These rings provided the necessary means of securing the breastpiece to the ephod according to the pattern God had given Moses. Exo 30:4 And make two gold rings below the molding on opposite sides… and attached them to the other two corners of the breastpiece, The breastpiece was worn over the high priest’s heart and bore the names of Israel’s twelve tribes on precious stones. Its careful construction testified that the high priest represented the whole covenant people before the Lord. Exo 28:23 You are also to make two gold rings and fasten them… on the inside edge next to the ephod. The rings faced the ephod so that the breastpiece could be bound firmly in place with a blue cord. The breastpiece and ephod functioned together as the high priest entered God’s presence, foreshadowing the perfect mediation of Christ, who continually represents His people before God. Exo 28:26 Make two more gold rings and attach them… They made two additional gold rings Gold marked the ephod as a garment set apart for the holy presence of God. The craftsmen followed the pattern shown to Moses, demonstrating that worship in Israel was governed by the Lord’s command rather than human preference. Exo 28:23-25 You are also to make two gold rings and fasten them… and attached them to the bottom of the two shoulder pieces of the ephod, The shoulder pieces bore the engraved names of Israel’s twelve tribes, reminding the high priest that he carried the people before the Lord. The added rings helped join the breastpiece securely to the ephod, uniting the symbols of Israel’s remembrance and judgment in the high priest’s ministry. Exo 28:7 It shall have two shoulder pieces attached.… on its front, near the seam The rings were placed where the ephod’s construction provided strength and stability. Every part of the garment was designed for practical use in the tabernacle while also displaying the order, holiness, and permanence required for service before God. Exo 28:27 Make two additional gold rings and attach them… just above its woven waistband. The waistband held the ephod firmly in place, and the rings above it secured the breastpiece so that it would not come loose during priestly service. The careful joining of these garments points to the complete ministry of Christ, the true High Priest, who faithfully represents His people before God. Exo 28:8 And the skillfully woven waistband of the ephod… Then they tied the rings of the breastpiece to the rings of the ephod with a cord of blue yarn, The breastpiece was fastened to the ephod worn by Israel’s high priest, joining two garments central to his representative ministry before the LORD. The blue cord corresponded to the blue used throughout the tabernacle furnishings and priestly garments, directing attention to the heavenly God whom the priest served. Israel’s worship was not shaped by human preference but by God’s revealed pattern. Exo 28:28 The rings of the breastpiece shall be tied… so that the breastpiece was above the waistband of the ephod The breastpiece rested prominently over the priest’s heart, bearing the names of the twelve tribes on its precious stones. Aaron therefore carried Israel before the LORD whenever he entered the holy place. The breastpiece also held the Urim and Thummim, by which God gave guidance for the covenant community. Divine judgment and direction stood above the priest’s own strength and service. Exo 28:27 Make two additional gold rings and attach them… and would not swing out from the ephod, Secure fastening preserved the proper order of the garments during every act of priestly ministry. The breastpiece was not merely ornamental; it was part of the God-appointed means by which the high priest represented the people and sought the LORD’s will. Its stability pictured the dependable character of God’s righteous judgment and faithful guidance. Exo 28:25 and fasten the other ends of the two chains… just as the LORD had commanded Moses. Israel completed the priestly garments according to every detail God had given through Moses. Such obedience prepared the way for the consecration of Aaron and his sons and for the sacrificial worship God established among His people. The careful fulfillment of the command also anticipates Jesus Christ, the perfect High Priest, who faithfully accomplished the Father’s will and continually represents His people before God. Exo 40:16 Moses did everything just as the LORD had commanded him.
Additional Priestly GarmentsBezalel and the skilled craftsmen made the robe according to the pattern God gave Moses on Mount Sinai. Worn beneath the ephod by the high priest, it formed part of the holy garments that set Aaron apart to represent Israel before the Lord. 1Ch 15:27 Now David was dressed in a robe of fine linen,… entirely of blue cloth, The robe’s blue color corresponded to the tabernacle fabrics and directed attention to the heavenly God whom the priest served. Its single color marked the garment as sacred and distinct from ordinary clothing. Pomegranates and golden bells were attached around its hem, so that the high priest’s ministry before the Lord was conducted according to God’s appointed order. Exo 28:31 You are to make the robe of the ephod entirely of blue cloth… the work of a weaver, The robe required skilled workmanship, reflecting the care demanded in all that was brought into the Lord’s sanctuary. Israel’s craftsmen served God not only through sacrifice and prayer but also through obedient labor. The completed robe testified that God’s instructions were received as holy and carried out faithfully. Exo 35:35 He has filled them with skill to do all kinds of work… with an opening in the center of the robe The blue robe of the ephod was worn over the priest’s tunic and beneath the ephod. Its head opening made the garment fit for regular use in the tabernacle service. Exo 28:31-32 You are to make the robe of the ephod entirely of blue cloth… like that of a garment, The opening was woven and finished as a durable neck opening rather than cut loosely into the cloth. God’s instructions joined beauty with workmanship suited to the demands of priestly ministry. Psa 102:26 They will perish, but You remain; they will all… with a collar around the opening A reinforced binding protected the robe at the point most vulnerable to strain. The garment was to remain whole while Aaron and his sons served before the LORD, reflecting the care required in approaching Him. Num 15:38-39 Speak to the Israelites and tell them that… so that it would not tear. The completed robe followed the pattern given to Moses on the mountain (Exodus 28:32). Its durability guarded against dishonor in the sacred service and points forward to Christ, the perfect and abiding High Priest whose ministry never fails. Jhn 19:23-24 When the soldiers had crucified Jesus, they divided… They made pomegranates Skilled craftsmen formed pomegranate-shaped ornaments for the high priest’s robe, following the pattern God gave Moses (Exodus 28:33–34). Pomegranates, a familiar fruit in the land of Israel, reflected the abundance of God’s provision. Their many seeds fittingly recall the fruitfulness God desired among His covenant people, though the text does not assign a specific symbolic meaning to them. Exo 28:33-34 Make pomegranates of blue, purple, and scarlet yarn… of blue, purple, and scarlet yarn The same costly colors used throughout the tabernacle and priestly garments marked the robe as belonging to holy service. Blue directed attention toward the God who dwells in heaven, purple conveyed royal dignity, and scarlet recalled the blood by which atonement was made. The high priest served before the holy King as the representative of a redeemed people. Exo 28:5 They shall use gold, along with blue, purple, and… and finely spun linen Fine linen added beauty, purity, and careful workmanship to the ornaments. Nothing connected with the worship of God was treated casually. The garments taught Israel that those who draw near to the Lord must do so according to His provision and in holiness. Exo 36:8 All the skilled craftsmen among the workmen… on the lower hem of the robe. The pomegranates encircled the robe’s hem, joined by golden bells as God commanded (Exodus 39:25–26). As the high priest ministered in the sanctuary, every detail of his clothing bore witness to God’s holiness, Israel’s need for atonement, and the blessing of access to God through the priest He appointed. 1Sa 24:5 Afterward, David’s conscience was stricken… They also made bells of pure gold Gold marked the priestly garments as belonging to the God whose glory filled the tabernacle. Like the gold of the ark and its furnishings, the bells reflected the purity and majesty of the Lord whom the high priest served. Exo 28:33-35 Make pomegranates of blue, purple, and scarlet yarn… and attached them around the hem The bells hung from the lower edge of the robe of the ephod, where their sound accompanied the high priest’s movements as he ministered before the Lord. Exodus 28:35 connects their sound with his safe entrance into and departure from the Holy Place, reminding Israel that access to God required His appointed mediator and obedience to His commands. Mat 9:20-22 Suddenly a woman who had suffered from bleeding… between the pomegranates, The pomegranates, woven in blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, represented fruitfulness and the abundance of God’s covenant blessing. Their placement among the bells joined visible fruit with audible testimony: the priest’s ministry proclaimed God’s presence and pointed to the life that flows from fellowship with Him. Christ, the perfect High Priest, brings His people into God’s presence and bears lasting fruit in all who abide in Him. Sng 6:7 Your brow behind your veil is like a slice of pomegranate. alternating the bells and pomegranates Golden bells were set between embroidered pomegranates of blue, purple, and scarlet yarn. The bells sounded as the high priest entered and departed from the holy place, bearing witness that he approached the LORD according to God’s appointed way. The pomegranates adorned the robe with imagery of abundance and life, fitting the priestly calling to serve before the God who gives blessing to His people. Exo 28:33-35 Make pomegranates of blue, purple, and scarlet yarn… around the lower hem of the robe The ornaments encircled the robe at its edge, forming a visible and audible reminder of the high priest’s consecrated office. Aaron represented Israel before the LORD, yet he did so as a servant under God’s authority and not by personal privilege. 1Sa 24:4 So David’s men said to him, “This is the day…”… to be worn for ministry, The robe belonged to the sacred garments prepared for the high priest’s service in the tabernacle. Every detail taught that access to God required holiness, cleansing, and obedience to His provision. Christ fulfilled this priestly work perfectly, entering God’s presence on behalf of His people. Exo 28:40-43 Make tunics, sashes, and headbands for Aaron’s sons,… just as the LORD had commanded Moses. Israel’s craftsmen completed the garments according to the pattern God had given Moses. Their obedience displayed reverence for the LORD and affirmed that worship must be ordered by His command. Exo 40:16 Moses did everything just as the LORD had commanded him. For Aaron and his sons Aaron served as Israel’s first high priest, and his sons entered the priestly service under God’s appointment. Their descendants were set apart to minister at the tabernacle, offering sacrifices and representing the people before the Lord. The priesthood depended on God’s covenantal choice, not personal ambition. Aaron’s priesthood anticipated the greater priesthood of Jesus Christ, the eternal High Priest who offers perfect access to God (Hebrews 7:23–28). Exo 28:41 After you put these garments on your brother Aaron… they made tunics of fine linen, The linen tunics belonged to the holy garments prescribed for priestly ministry (Exodus 28:39–43). Fine linen reflected the cleanliness and purity required of those who drew near to God’s sanctuary. The garments did not make sinful men righteous, but they visibly taught that the Lord is holy and that those serving Him must be consecrated. Christ provides the true righteousness symbolized by these garments, clothing His people through His saving work. Exo 28:39 You are to weave the tunic with fine linen,… the work of a weaver, Skilled craftsmen produced the tunics according to the pattern God had given Moses. Every detail of the priestly garments testified that worship was to be ordered by God’s command rather than human preference. The careful workmanship also displayed Israel’s willing obedience as the tabernacle and its ministry were prepared for the dwelling place of the Lord among His people. Exo 35:35 He has filled them with skill to do all kinds of work… as well as the turban of fine linen, The high priest’s turban completed the garments of glory and beauty prescribed by God. Upon it rested the gold plate engraved “Holy to the LORD,” bearing before God the consecrated character required of Israel’s representative priest. Fine linen fittingly marked the need for holiness as he ministered in the sanctuary. Exo 28:39 You are to weave the tunic with fine linen,… the ornate headbands The ordinary priests wore finely made head coverings distinct from the high priest’s turban. Their garments identified them as men set apart for the service of the tabernacle, reminding Israel that no one approached the holy God carelessly or on merely human terms. Exo 28:40 Make tunics, sashes, and headbands for Aaron’s sons,… and undergarments of finely spun linen, The linen undergarments covered the priests’ nakedness as they served at the altar, in obedience to God’s command. Even what was hidden beneath the outer garments mattered in the Lord’s presence. The careful provision for purity, modesty, and order pointed to the complete holiness required in worship and ultimately fulfilled in Christ, the perfect High Priest. Exo 28:42 Make linen undergarments to cover their bare flesh,… and the sash of finely spun linen, The sash completed the priestly attire and was woven from the same fine linen used throughout the sacred garments. Linen’s cleanliness and brightness suited those set apart to minister before the holy God, anticipating the righteousness required of all who draw near to Him. Exo 28:39 You are to weave the tunic with fine linen,… embroidered with blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, Blue, purple, and scarlet also adorned the tabernacle curtains and veil, linking the priesthood directly to the sanctuary where God met with His people. Blue reflected the heavenly character of Israel’s worship, purple conveyed royal dignity, and scarlet recalled the blood required for atonement. The priest bore these colors as a servant of the heavenly King and mediator for a people needing cleansing. Exo 28:6 They are to make the ephod of finely spun linen… just as the LORD had commanded Moses. Israel’s craftsmen followed the divine pattern in every detail, demonstrating that worship must be ordered by God rather than human preference. Moses faithfully oversaw the work entrusted to him, and the completed garments testified to Israel’s covenant obedience. Christ fulfilled this obedience perfectly, serving as the holy and royal High Priest who brings His people into God’s presence. Exo 40:16 Moses did everything just as the LORD had commanded him. They also made the plate of the holy crown of pure gold, The gold plate formed the sacred diadem worn by the high priest upon his forehead. Pure gold, prominent throughout the tabernacle, reflected the glory, purity, and kingship of the God whom Israel approached. The crown identified the high priest as set apart for service before the Lord. Exo 28:36 You are to make a plate of pure gold and engrave on it… and they engraved on it, like an inscription on a seal: Skilled craftsmen permanently cut the words into the gold as an official seal marked ownership and authority. The inscription declared that the priestly ministry belonged wholly to God and was governed by His holiness rather than human preference. Exo 28:11 Engrave the names of the sons of Israel on the two stones… HOLY TO THE LORD. Worn before the Lord, the inscription reminded Israel that worship required consecration. Exodus 28:38 explains that Aaron bore the iniquity connected with Israel’s holy offerings, pointing to the need for a mediator between a holy God and a sinful people. Jesus Christ perfectly fulfilled that priestly work, offering Himself without blemish and bringing His people near to God. Zec 14:20 On that day, HOLY TO THE LORD will be inscribed… Then they fastened to it a blue cord The blue cord secured the golden plate engraved “HOLY TO THE LORD” to the high priest’s headpiece. Blue, woven throughout the tabernacle curtains and priestly garments, directed Israel’s attention to the God who dwells in heaven. The consecrated priest bore a visible reminder that access to the holy God required holiness. Exo 28:28 The rings of the breastpiece shall be tied… to mount it on the turban, The turban placed the holy crown prominently on Aaron’s forehead as he represented the people before the LORD. Exodus 28:38 explains that he bore the guilt connected with Israel’s holy offerings, pointing beyond Aaron to Jesus Christ, the perfect High Priest who bears His people’s sin and brings them acceptably before God. Exo 28:37 Fasten to it a blue cord to mount it on the turban;… just as the LORD had commanded Moses. Every detail of the priestly garments followed God’s revealed pattern. Israel’s worship was not shaped by human preference but by the LORD’s holiness and command. Moses’ obedience testified that God alone determines how sinners may approach Him, a truth fulfilled in Christ’s complete obedience and final priestly sacrifice. Exo 40:16 Moses did everything just as the LORD had commanded him.
Moses Approves the WorkThe work begun under God’s detailed instructions to Moses on Mount Sinai was brought to its appointed end. The tabernacle would stand at the center of Israel’s camp as the earthly sanctuary where the holy God met with His covenant people. Every skilled worker, every offering of gold, silver, bronze, fabrics, wood, and precious stones testified that God’s dwelling among His people was neither ordinary nor optional. Its completion prepared the way for the glory of the LORD to fill the sanctuary in the next chapter. The tabernacle also pointed beyond itself to Christ, who came and dwelt among humanity, and to the final day when God will dwell with His redeemed people forever. Exo 40:33 And Moses set up the courtyard around the tabernacle… The Israelites did everything just as the LORD had commanded Moses. Israel’s obedience stands in marked contrast to the rebellion that produced the golden calf. Having received mercy and renewed covenant fellowship, the people now carried out God’s commands according to the pattern He had given. Moses faithfully conveyed the LORD’s instruction, and the craftsmen and congregation fulfilled their respective responsibilities. God’s presence was not secured by human creativity or religious preference, but by approaching Him in the way He commanded. Moses’ faithful mediation anticipates Jesus Christ, the perfect Mediator, who fully accomplished the Father’s will and brings His people into the presence of God. Num 2:34 So the Israelites did everything the LORD commanded Moses;… Then they brought the tabernacle to Moses: The skilled workmen presented the completed sanctuary to Moses for inspection, demonstrating that Israel had carried out the pattern God revealed on Mount Sinai. Moses served as God’s appointed mediator and guardian of the covenant instructions. Their presentation of the work prepared the way for Moses to confirm that everything had been made according to the LORD’s command and to bless the people (Exodus 39:43). Exo 40:16-17 Moses did everything just as the LORD had commanded him.… the tent with all its furnishings, The portable tent formed the dwelling place of God in the midst of Israel’s camp. Its furnishings included the ark of the covenant, representing God’s throne and His covenant with Israel, the table of the Bread of the Presence, the lampstand, and the altar of incense, all serving the worship God ordained. The arrangement proclaimed both God’s nearness to His people and the holiness required to approach Him. The tabernacle anticipated Christ, who “became flesh and dwelt among us” and brings believers into the presence of God (John 1:14; Hebrews 9:11–12). Num 4:25-26 They are to carry the curtains of the tabernacle… its clasps, its frames, its crossbars, and its posts and bases; Every structural part had been made according to divine instruction, allowing the sanctuary to stand securely and to travel with Israel through the wilderness. The careful completion of even these less visible elements showed that obedience to God’s word extended to every part of Israel’s worship. God was not merely receiving a building, but establishing His holy dwelling among a people called to live under His covenant. Exo 26:6-11 Make fifty gold clasps, and join the curtains together… the covering of ram skins dyed red, Rams were offered in sacrifices and used in the consecration of priests, linking this covering with substitution, cleansing, and devoted service to God. Its red color recalled the blood required for atonement and anticipated the sacrifice of Christ, who gave Himself for sinners. Exo 26:14 Also make a covering for the tent out of ram skins dyed red,… the covering of fine leather, The durable outer covering protected the tabernacle from weather and wear in Israel’s wilderness journey. Though the sanctuary displayed beauty within, its exterior was guarded by a practical covering, reflecting God’s preservation of the place where He chose to dwell among His people. Num 4:25 They are to carry the curtains of the tabernacle… and the veil of the covering; The veil separated the Holy Place from the Most Holy Place, guarding access to the ark of the covenant and the manifested glory of God. Only the high priest entered beyond it, and only on the Day of Atonement, with sacrificial blood. When Christ died, the temple veil was torn from top to bottom, declaring that His atoning death opened access to God for all who come through Him. Exo 40:21 Then he brought the ark into the tabernacle,… the ark of the Testimony The Ark held the stone tablets of the Ten Commandments, the written witness to God’s covenant with Israel. Placed within the Most Holy Place, it stood at the center of Israel’s worship as the appointed earthly location of God’s enthronement among His redeemed people. The Ark testified that fellowship with God rests upon His righteous law and His covenant mercy. It also anticipated Christ, in whom God’s presence dwelt among humanity and through whom the covenant purposes of God are fulfilled. Num 4:5 Whenever the camp sets out, Aaron and his sons are to go in… with its poles The acacia-wood poles, overlaid with gold, remained in the Ark’s rings so that the Levites could carry it without touching the holy chest itself. Israel’s journeys through the wilderness therefore took place under the visible sign that God went with His people. The prescribed means of carrying the Ark taught that God’s holiness could not be approached casually or altered according to human preference. Exo 25:13-15 And make poles of acacia wood and overlay them with gold.… and the mercy seat; The pure-gold cover of the Ark was overshadowed by cherubim and served as the place of atonement on the Day of Atonement. There the high priest sprinkled sacrificial blood before the Lord on behalf of the nation’s sin. God’s law within the Ark condemned sin, yet the mercy seat above it proclaimed that forgiveness was provided through the blood God required. Jesus Christ fulfilled this saving pattern by offering Himself as the final sacrifice for sin and opening the way for His people to draw near to God. Exo 25:17-22 And you are to construct a mercy seat of pure gold,… the table with all its utensils The Table of Showbread stood in the Holy Place, made of acacia wood and overlaid with pure gold according to God’s command (Exodus 25:23–30). Its dishes, pans, bowls, and pitchers were likewise made of pure gold and used exclusively for the sacred service of presenting the bread before the Lord. Every detail testified that worship approached God on His terms, with reverence, purity, and order. The table also displayed God’s continual provision for the covenant people whom He had redeemed and brought near to Himself. Exo 25:23-29 You are also to make a table of acacia wood… and the Bread of the Presence; Twelve loaves were set before the Lord, representing the twelve tribes of Israel and affirming that the whole nation stood continually before Him. Fresh bread was placed on the table each Sabbath, while the priests ate the previous loaves in a holy place (Leviticus 24:5–9). The Bread of the Presence portrayed covenant fellowship with God and His faithful provision for His people. It also anticipates Christ, the true Bread of Life, who gives Himself as the sufficient nourishment of all who come to Him in faith (John 6:35). Exo 25:30 And place the Bread of the Presence on the table… the pure gold lampstand Bezalel made the lampstand from a single piece of hammered gold according to the pattern shown to Moses on the mountain. Standing in the Holy Place, it testified to the holiness, beauty, and abiding presence of God among His covenant people. Its seven lamps portrayed divine fullness and foreshadowed Christ, the true Light of the world. Exo 25:31-40 Then you are to make a lampstand of pure, hammered gold.… with its row of lamps The lamps were arranged to cast light before the lampstand in the otherwise windowless Holy Place. Their continual light depended on the daily ministry of the priests and on the pure olive oil supplied by Israel. God’s light guides His people in truth and exposes all that belongs to darkness. Exo 25:37 Make seven lamps and set them up on the lampstand… and all its utensils, Golden tongs, trays, and other implements enabled the priests to tend the lamps properly without treating holy things casually. Even these small articles were made according to God’s command, showing that worship required obedient care rather than human invention. Num 4:9 They are to take a blue cloth and cover the lampstand… as well as the oil for the light; The consecrated olive oil kept the lamps burning from evening until morning before the Lord. Oil frequently accompanies the work of the Holy Spirit in Scripture, and the lampstand’s continual light points to the sustaining grace by which God enables His people to shine in a dark world. Exo 27:20-21 And you are to command the Israelites to bring you pure oil… the gold altar, The altar of incense stood in the Holy Place before the inner veil. Made of acacia wood overlaid with pure gold, it belonged to the holy furnishings of God’s dwelling. Aaron burned the prescribed incense on it morning and evening, portraying the continual prayers and intercession of God’s people rising before Him (Exodus 30:7–8; Psalm 141:2; Revelation 8:3–4). Num 4:11 Over the gold altar they are to spread a blue cloth… the anointing oil, The sacred oil consecrated the Tabernacle, its furnishings, and the priests for the Lord’s service (Exodus 30:22–33). Its unique composition was not to be reproduced for common use, teaching that what God sets apart must not be treated as ordinary. Anointing anticipated the work of the Holy Spirit and pointed forward to Christ, the Anointed One, who was empowered for His saving mission (Luke 4:18). Exo 30:22-33 Then the LORD said to Moses,… the fragrant incense, The incense was prepared according to God’s precise instruction and reserved solely for worship at the sanctuary (Exodus 30:34–38). Its pleasing fragrance represented prayer offered with reverence and purity. The regular burning of incense also foreshadowed the interceding ministry of Jesus Christ, who continually represents His people before the Father (Hebrews 7:25). Exo 30:34-38 The LORD also said to Moses, “Take fragrant spices—… and the curtain for the entrance to the tent; The embroidered screen marked the entrance into the Holy Place, separating the sanctuary from the courtyard. Its blue, purple, scarlet, and fine linen displayed the beauty and majesty appropriate to the dwelling of the holy God (Exodus 26:36–37). Access to God’s presence was ordered and guarded, preparing for Christ, who opened the way for believers to draw near to God through His sacrifice (Hebrews 10:19–22). Exo 26:36-37 For the entrance to the tent, you are to make… the bronze altar with its bronze grating, The altar of burnt offering stood in the courtyard as the appointed place for sacrifices offered on behalf of Israel. Made of acacia wood overlaid with bronze, it bore the fire of sacrifice and displayed the seriousness of sin before a holy God. Its bronze grating supported the sacrificial fire and contributed to the altar’s durable design. The continual offerings anticipated the perfect sacrifice of Christ, who offered Himself once for all to accomplish final atonement for sin (Hebrews 10:10–14). Exo 38:1-7 Bezalel constructed the altar of burnt offering… its poles, Acacia-wood poles overlaid with bronze enabled the Levites to carry the altar during Israel’s wilderness journeys without touching its holy furnishings. The portable altar testified that the Lord’s presence and ordained worship accompanied His people wherever He led them. Reverent handling of the altar reminded Israel that access to God could not be treated casually. Exo 38:6-7 And he made the poles of acacia wood and overlaid them… and all its utensils; The bronze pots, shovels, basins, forks, and firepans served the sacrifices and maintained the altar’s fire and ashes. Every implement had been made according to God’s instructions, showing that worship was governed by His holiness rather than human preference. The completed utensils also demonstrate the thoroughness of Israel’s obedience in preparing the Tabernacle for service. Exo 27:3 Make all its utensils of bronze—its pots for removing ashes… the basin with its stand; The bronze basin stood between the altar and the Tent of Meeting for the priests’ washing before they ministered before the Lord (Ex. 30:17–21). Cleansing did not replace sacrifice, but it was necessary for those who drew near to serve. The basin points forward to the cleansing Christ provides for His people, enabling them to approach God in holiness through His finished work (Ephesians 5:25–27). Exo 38:8 Next he made the bronze basin and its stand… the curtains of the courtyard with its posts and bases; Fine linen curtains enclosed the sacred precinct, marking a clear boundary between ordinary life and the place appointed for worship. Israelites could enter the courtyard with their sacrifices, but access to God remained governed by His command. The posts and bases gave the enclosure strength and order, reminding Israel that God’s dwelling among them rested on His faithful covenant. Exo 27:9-15 You are also to make a courtyard for the tabernacle.… the curtain for the gate of the courtyard, The embroidered gate curtain stood on the eastern side as the one entrance into the courtyard. Worshipers approached through the way God provided, bringing the offerings He required. Jesus Christ fulfills this pattern as the only access to the Father, the door for His sheep and the way to God. Exo 27:16 The gate of the courtyard shall be twenty cubits long,… its ropes and tent pegs, Ropes and pegs secured the courtyard and tabernacle against the movement of wind and weather during Israel’s wilderness journey. Even these humble furnishings belonged to the service of God and were made according to His instruction. The care given to them shows that worship involved faithful obedience in every necessary detail. Exo 35:18 the tent pegs for the tabernacle.… and all the equipment for the service of the tabernacle, The altar utensils, washbasin, lamps, coverings, and other appointed articles enabled the priests to carry out the sacrifices and ministry God commanded. Nothing was left to human preference, because Israel’s worship depended upon God’s holiness and mercy. The ordered service of the tabernacle anticipated Christ, whose perfect sacrifice accomplished the cleansing and reconciliation that the repeated offerings could only portray. Num 3:8 They shall take care of all the furnishings… the Tent of Meeting; The Tent of Meeting was the portable sanctuary where the Lord made His presence known among His redeemed people and directed them through Moses. Though Israel traveled through a barren wilderness, God was not distant from them. The tabernacle pointed forward to Christ, who dwelt among humanity, and to the coming day when God will dwell with His people forever. Num 7:89 When Moses entered the Tent of Meeting to speak with… and the woven garments for ministering in the sanctuary, Skilled craftsmen made these garments for the daily service of the tabernacle, where the Lord manifested His presence among Israel. Every detail testified that worship before the holy God required reverence, order, and obedience to His revealed commands. Exo 35:19 and the woven garments for ministering… both the holy garments for Aaron the priest Aaron’s high-priestly garments displayed glory and beauty while marking him as Israel, “one who strives with God,”’s representative before God. The ephod and breastpiece bore the names of the twelve tribes, showing that he came before the Lord on behalf of the covenant people. His consecrated ministry anticipated the greater priesthood of Jesus Christ, who intercedes permanently for His people. Exo 28:2-3 Make holy garments for your brother Aaron,… and the garments for his sons to serve as priests. Aaron’s sons received holy garments suitable for their appointed service at the altar and within the sanctuary. Their clothing distinguished them from ordinary life and reminded Israel that those who handled sacrifices and taught God’s law were accountable to serve according to His holiness. Exo 28:40-41 Make tunics, sashes, and headbands for Aaron’s sons,… The Israelites had done all the work Israel completed the Tabernacle and its furnishings through the united service of skilled craftsmen, willing laborers, and those who gave materials from their possessions. Their work demonstrated covenant faithfulness in a visible form: the nation prepared a dwelling place where the holy God would meet with His redeemed people. Every completed part testified that worship must be ordered by God’s will rather than human preference. Exo 40:33 And Moses set up the courtyard around the tabernacle… just as the LORD had commanded Moses. Moses had received the pattern and instructions from the LORD on Sinai, and the people carried them out without alteration. Their obedience affirmed Moses’ God-given authority and prepared Israel for the LORD’s glory to fill the Tabernacle. The careful fulfillment of God’s commands also points forward to Christ, who perfectly obeyed the Father and fulfilled all that the Law and the Prophets required. Exo 16:34 And Aaron placed it in front of the Testimony,… And Moses inspected all the work Moses examined the Tabernacle, its furnishings, and the priestly garments to confirm that every part had been made according to the pattern God revealed on Mount Sinai. As God’s appointed mediator and leader, Moses bore responsibility to ensure that Israel’s worship conformed to the Lord’s commands rather than human preference. Exo 40:16 Moses did everything just as the LORD had commanded him. and saw that they had accomplished it Bezalel, Oholiab, the skilled craftsmen, and the willing people of Israel completed the work entrusted to them. Their united obedience stood in marked contrast to the rebellion surrounding the golden calf. The completed sanctuary testified that a repentant people could again serve the God who had graciously remained among them. Exo 40:33 And Moses set up the courtyard around the tabernacle… just as the LORD had commanded. The repeated emphasis on God’s command shows that acceptable worship rests on obedience to His revealed will. Israel did not design a dwelling place for God according to imagination or surrounding customs; they built what the Lord commanded. The Tabernacle pointed beyond itself to God’s holiness, His provision for atonement, and His desire to dwell with His people. Num 1:54 Thus the Israelites did everything just as the LORD… So Moses blessed them. Moses pronounced approval and blessing upon the workers whose labor had honored the Lord. Their faithful service prepared the way for the Tabernacle to be erected and filled with the glory of God in the following chapter. The blessing also anticipates the fuller blessing found in Christ, through whom believers are brought into God’s presence and made a holy dwelling for Him. Deu 33:1 This is the blessing that Moses pronounced… This is a draft of the Berean Study Bible. Please send all comments and recommendations to bereanstudybible@aol.com. Bible Hub |
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