Now the LORD said
The phrase "Now the LORD said" introduces a direct communication from God, emphasizing the divine authority and immediacy of the message. The Hebrew word for "LORD" here is "YHWH," the sacred and personal name of God, often rendered as Yahweh. This name signifies God's eternal presence and covenantal faithfulness. In the context of Exodus, it underscores God's active role in the deliverance of His people. The use of "said" indicates a clear, authoritative command, reflecting the direct relationship between God and His chosen leaders.

to Moses and Aaron
Moses and Aaron are central figures in the Exodus narrative. Moses, whose name in Hebrew means "drawn out," was chosen by God to lead the Israelites out of bondage. Aaron, his brother, serves as his spokesperson and later becomes the first high priest. The pairing of these two leaders highlights the importance of collaboration in fulfilling God's purposes. Historically, Moses and Aaron represent the prophetic and priestly roles, respectively, which are essential in guiding the people according to God's will.

in the land of Egypt
The phrase "in the land of Egypt" situates the narrative within a specific geographical and historical context. Egypt, known in Hebrew as "Mitzrayim," was a powerful and influential civilization, often seen as a place of both refuge and oppression for the Israelites. This setting underscores the miraculous nature of the forthcoming deliverance, as God intervenes in a land characterized by idolatry and tyranny. The mention of Egypt also serves as a reminder of the Israelites' past struggles and God's promise to bring them to a land of their own, fulfilling His covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.

This month
The phrase "this month" refers to the Hebrew month of Nisan, which is significant as it marks the beginning of the Jewish religious calendar. In the Hebrew text, the word for "month" is "chodesh," which also means "new moon," indicating the start of a new cycle. This is a time of renewal and new beginnings, symbolizing liberation and the start of a new life for the Israelites as they prepare to leave Egypt. Historically, this month is associated with the spring season, a time of rebirth and growth, aligning with the theme of deliverance and hope.

is to be
This phrase indicates a command from God, establishing a divine ordinance. The Hebrew verb used here is "hayah," which means "to be" or "to become." It signifies a transformation in the way time is to be perceived by the Israelites. This is not merely a suggestion but a divine mandate that sets the foundation for the Jewish calendar and religious observances. It underscores the authority of God in ordering the times and seasons, reminding the Israelites of His sovereignty over creation and history.

for you
The phrase "for you" personalizes the command, making it specific to the Israelites. It emphasizes that this new beginning is a gift and a responsibility given to them by God. The Hebrew word "lachem" is used, which is a plural form, indicating that this command is for the entire community of Israel. It highlights the collective identity and unity of the people as they embark on this new chapter. This communal aspect is crucial, as it reinforces the idea that their identity and destiny are intertwined with God's purposes.

the first month
This designation of "the first month" establishes a new order and priority in the lives of the Israelites. The Hebrew term "rishon" means "first" or "chief," indicating preeminence. By making Nisan the first month, God is reorienting their calendar around the event of the Exodus, which is central to their identity as a people chosen and redeemed by God. This reordering of time serves as a constant reminder of their deliverance and the covenant relationship they have with God.

of your year
The phrase "of your year" signifies the beginning of a new annual cycle. The Hebrew word "shana" means "year," and it is derived from a root that means "to repeat" or "to change." This suggests that each year is an opportunity for renewal and transformation. By establishing this month as the start of their year, God is embedding the memory of the Exodus into the rhythm of their lives, ensuring that each year begins with a reflection on His saving acts. This annual commemoration serves to strengthen their faith and commitment to God, reminding them of His faithfulness and their identity as His people.

Tell the whole congregation of Israel
The phrase "Tell the whole congregation of Israel" signifies a divine directive given to Moses and Aaron to communicate God's instructions to the entire community of Israelites. The Hebrew word for "congregation" is "עֵדָה" (edah), which implies a gathering or assembly. This highlights the collective identity and unity of the Israelites as God's chosen people. Historically, this moment marks a pivotal point where the Israelites are being prepared for their imminent liberation from Egyptian bondage. The instruction to address the entire congregation underscores the communal nature of the Passover observance, emphasizing that it is not just an individual or family affair but a national act of obedience and faith.

on the tenth day of this month
The specification of "the tenth day of this month" refers to the month of Nisan (or Abib), which is the first month of the Hebrew calendar. This timing is significant as it sets the stage for the Passover, which would become a foundational event in Israel's history. The choice of the tenth day allows for a period of preparation and anticipation, as the lamb is selected and kept until the fourteenth day when it is to be sacrificed. This period of waiting and preparation can be seen as a time of reflection and readiness, both physically and spiritually, for the deliverance that God is about to bring.

each man must select a lamb for his family
The instruction that "each man must select a lamb for his family" emphasizes personal responsibility and the role of the head of the household in spiritual leadership. The Hebrew word for "lamb" is "שֶׂה" (seh), which can refer to either a lamb or a young goat. This selection is not arbitrary but is to be done with care, as the lamb must be without blemish, symbolizing purity and foreshadowing the ultimate sacrifice of Christ, the Lamb of God. The act of selecting a lamb for each family underscores the importance of individual participation in God's redemptive plan, as each household is to partake in the Passover meal.

one per household
The phrase "one per household" indicates that the provision of the lamb is to be sufficient for the entire family, ensuring that no one is left out of the Passover celebration. This reflects God's provision and care for His people, ensuring that each family unit is covered by the sacrificial blood of the lamb. The household, in ancient Israelite culture, often included extended family and servants, highlighting the inclusivity of God's covenant community. This also points to the communal aspect of salvation, where each household is a microcosm of the larger community of faith, united in their reliance on God's deliverance.

If the household is too small for a whole lamb
The Hebrew word for "household" is "בַּיִת" (bayit), which can refer to a physical house or a family unit. In the context of the Passover, the family unit is central, emphasizing the communal and familial nature of worship and obedience to God. The phrase "too small for a whole lamb" suggests a practical consideration in the observance of the Passover, highlighting God's provision and care for each family, regardless of size. It underscores the importance of stewardship and the avoidance of waste, reflecting God's desire for His people to be mindful of resources.

they are to share with their nearest neighbor
The concept of sharing with one's "nearest neighbor" is rooted in the Hebrew word "שָׁכֵן" (shaken), meaning neighbor or inhabitant. This directive fosters a sense of community and mutual support among the Israelites. It reflects the broader biblical principle of loving one's neighbor and ensuring that no one is left out of the communal worship experience. This sharing is not merely a practical solution but a spiritual exercise in unity and fellowship, reinforcing the idea that the Passover is a collective remembrance and celebration.

taking into account the number of people there are
This phrase emphasizes the importance of careful planning and consideration in the observance of God's commands. The Hebrew word "נֶפֶשׁ" (nephesh), often translated as "soul" or "person," indicates the individual value and dignity of each participant. By taking into account the number of people, the Israelites are reminded of the personal and communal aspects of their faith. It also points to God's intimate knowledge of His people, as He provides instructions that cater to their specific needs and circumstances.

You are to determine the amount of lamb needed
The act of determining the amount of lamb needed involves discernment and responsibility. The Hebrew root "חָשַׁב" (chashab) means to think, plan, or calculate. This requirement teaches the Israelites to be intentional and thoughtful in their worship, ensuring that each person is adequately provided for. It reflects God's orderly nature and His desire for His people to reflect that order in their lives.

in accordance with what each person will eat
This phrase highlights the practical and personal nature of God's instructions. The Hebrew word "אָכַל" (akal) means to eat or consume, and it underscores the necessity of meeting the physical needs of each individual. This directive ensures that the Passover meal is not only a spiritual observance but also a time of physical nourishment. It reflects God's holistic care for His people, addressing both their spiritual and physical well-being. The emphasis on individual needs within the communal celebration points to the balance between personal responsibility and community support in the life of faith.

Your lamb
The phrase "Your lamb" signifies personal ownership and responsibility. In the Hebrew text, the word for "lamb" is "seh," which can refer to a young sheep or goat. This personal possession underscores the intimate relationship between the Israelites and the sacrificial offering. It is a reminder that salvation and redemption require personal engagement and commitment. The lamb is not just any animal; it is "your" lamb, indicating that each household must take an active role in the Passover sacrifice, symbolizing the personal nature of faith and redemption.

must be an unblemished
The requirement for the lamb to be "unblemished" is crucial. The Hebrew word "tamim" means complete, whole, or without defect. This stipulation points to the purity and perfection required in a sacrifice that foreshadows Christ, the ultimate Lamb of God, who was without sin. In a historical context, offering a perfect animal was a sign of giving one's best to God, reflecting the heart's attitude of reverence and worship. The unblemished nature of the lamb also signifies the holiness and purity that God desires in His people.

year-old male
The specification of a "year-old male" lamb indicates the prime of life, symbolizing strength and vitality. In Hebrew, "ben shanah" refers to a young animal in its first year, representing innocence and potential. This choice reflects the idea of offering God the best and most vigorous of one's flock. The male aspect is significant as it aligns with the patriarchal structure of ancient Israelite society and foreshadows the male Christ as the sacrificial Lamb. The age and gender of the lamb highlight the importance of giving God what is most valuable and potent.

and you may take it from the sheep or the goats
The allowance to take the lamb "from the sheep or the goats" provides flexibility and inclusivity within the sacrificial system. The Hebrew words "kebes" (sheep) and "ez" (goats) indicate that both animals were acceptable, reflecting the diversity within the community of believers. This choice emphasizes that the focus is not on the specific type of animal but on the quality and condition of the offering. Historically, sheep and goats were common livestock in the ancient Near East, making the command accessible to all Israelites. This inclusivity points to the universal nature of God's provision and the accessibility of His grace to all who believe.

You must keep it
The Hebrew word for "keep" is "שָׁמַר" (shamar), which means to guard, watch, or preserve. This instruction emphasizes the importance of vigilance and care in observing God's commands. The Israelites were to guard the lamb with diligence, symbolizing the need for spiritual readiness and attentiveness in their relationship with God. This act of keeping the lamb also foreshadows the careful preparation and anticipation of Christ, the Lamb of God, who would be sacrificed for the sins of the world.

until the fourteenth day of the month
The "fourteenth day" refers to the specific timing within the Hebrew calendar, which is significant in the context of the Passover. The Hebrew calendar is lunar, and the fourteenth day of Nisan marks the full moon, a time of completion and fulfillment. This precise timing underscores God's sovereignty and the fulfillment of His promises. Historically, this day would become a cornerstone in the Jewish calendar, marking the beginning of their deliverance from Egypt and symbolizing the future redemption through Christ.

when the whole assembly of the congregation of Israel
The phrase "whole assembly of the congregation" highlights the communal aspect of the Passover. The Hebrew word "עֵדָה" (edah) for "assembly" signifies a gathering or community. This collective participation underscores the unity and shared identity of the Israelites as God's chosen people. It also prefigures the unity of believers in Christ, who are called to be one body, the Church, united in faith and purpose.

will slaughter the animals
The act of slaughtering the lambs is central to the Passover ritual. The Hebrew word "שָׁחַט" (shachat) means to kill or slaughter, and it signifies the sacrificial nature of the Passover lamb. This act of sacrifice is a poignant foreshadowing of Jesus Christ, the ultimate Passover Lamb, whose death would bring salvation to all who believe. The shedding of blood is a powerful symbol of atonement and redemption, pointing to the necessity of Christ's sacrifice for the forgiveness of sins.

at twilight
The term "twilight" in Hebrew is "בֵּין הָעַרְבָּיִם" (bein ha'arbayim), which literally means "between the evenings." This time frame, between sunset and complete darkness, is significant as it marks the transition from day to night. It symbolizes the transition from bondage to freedom for the Israelites and from death to life for believers in Christ. The timing of the sacrifice at twilight underscores the divine orchestration of events leading to redemption, as Christ's crucifixion occurred at a pivotal moment in history, bringing light into the darkness of the world.

They are to take some of the blood
The phrase "They are to take some of the blood" refers to the Israelites' instructions to use the blood of the Passover lamb. The Hebrew word for blood, "dam," is significant throughout the Old Testament as a symbol of life and atonement. Blood represents the life force, and in this context, it signifies the sacrificial offering necessary for protection and deliverance. Historically, blood rituals were common in ancient Near Eastern cultures, but here, it is uniquely tied to God's covenant with Israel. The act of taking the blood underscores the importance of obedience and faith in God's provision for salvation.

and put it on the sides and tops of the doorframes
The instruction to "put it on the sides and tops of the doorframes" is rich with symbolic meaning. The Hebrew word for doorframe, "mezuzah," later becomes associated with the small scrolls of scripture placed on Jewish doorposts. In this context, the application of blood on the doorframes serves as a protective sign, marking the homes of the Israelites as set apart by God. This act of marking the doorframes can be seen as a precursor to the concept of sanctification, where believers are set apart for God's purposes. Archaeologically, doorposts were significant in ancient homes, often inscribed with protective symbols, but here, the blood itself is the divine mark of protection.

of the houses where they eat the lambs
The phrase "of the houses where they eat the lambs" ties the act of marking the doorframes directly to the communal and familial aspect of the Passover meal. The Hebrew word for house, "bayit," not only refers to a physical structure but also to the family unit dwelling within. This highlights the importance of community and family in the observance of God's commands. Eating the lamb within the house signifies participation in God's covenant and the shared experience of deliverance. Scripturally, this foreshadows the communal aspect of the Lord's Supper in the New Testament, where believers gather to remember Christ's sacrifice. Historically, the Passover meal becomes a central ritual in Jewish identity, commemorating God's deliverance and faithfulness.

They are to eat
This phrase commands the Israelites to partake in a communal meal, emphasizing obedience and unity. The Hebrew root "אָכַל" (akal) implies not just physical consumption but a deeper spiritual participation. Eating together signifies fellowship and covenantal relationship with God, a theme that resonates throughout Scripture, highlighting the importance of communal worship and remembrance.

the meat
The meat refers to the lamb, which is central to the Passover meal. The lamb symbolizes sacrifice and redemption, prefiguring Christ as the "Lamb of God" (John 1:29). Historically, the lamb was a common sacrificial animal, and its selection for this meal underscores the gravity of the event and the deliverance it signifies.

that night
The timing is crucial, as it marks the beginning of the Israelites' deliverance from Egypt. The Hebrew word "לַיְלָה" (laylah) for night often represents a time of divine intervention and protection. This specific night was set apart by God, illustrating His sovereignty over time and history, and His ability to bring light and salvation out of darkness.

roasted over the fire
Roasting the lamb over fire, rather than boiling or eating it raw, is significant. Fire in the Bible often symbolizes God's presence, judgment, and purification. The method of cooking reflects the urgency and readiness required for the Israelites' imminent departure, as well as the purity and holiness demanded by God.

along with unleavened bread
Unleavened bread, or "מַצּוֹת" (matzot), is bread made without yeast, symbolizing purity and the haste of the Israelites' departure from Egypt. Leaven often represents sin and corruption in Scripture (1 Corinthians 5:6-8). The absence of leaven in this context underscores the call to holiness and separation from sin as the Israelites prepare to follow God.

and bitter herbs
The bitter herbs, or "מְרֹרִים" (merorim), serve as a reminder of the bitterness of slavery in Egypt. This element of the meal is a call to remember past afflictions and God's deliverance from them. It encourages believers to reflect on their own spiritual bondage and the sweetness of salvation through Christ, who delivers us from the bitterness of sin.

Do not eat
This command is direct and authoritative, reflecting the seriousness of the Passover instructions. The Hebrew root for "eat" is "אָכַל" (akal), which is a common verb in the Old Testament, often used in the context of covenant meals. The prohibition against eating the meat in certain ways underscores the sacredness of the Passover meal, setting it apart from ordinary consumption.

any of the meat
The term "meat" here refers specifically to the lamb, which is central to the Passover sacrifice. The Hebrew word "בָּשָׂר" (basar) is used, emphasizing the physicality and tangibility of the sacrifice. This meat is not just sustenance but a symbol of deliverance and divine provision.

raw
The Hebrew word "נָא" (na) is used, which can mean undercooked or raw. Eating raw meat was associated with pagan rituals and practices, which the Israelites were to avoid. This prohibition highlights the distinctiveness of Israel's worship and the importance of following God's specific instructions.

or cooked in boiling water
The phrase indicates a method of preparation that was common in other cultures but not suitable for the Passover lamb. The Hebrew "בָּשַׁל" (bashal) means to boil or cook. This method would not allow the lamb to be fully consumed by fire, which is significant in the context of sacrifice and purification.

but only roasted over the fire
Roasting over fire is a method that symbolizes purification and judgment. The Hebrew "צָלָה" (tsalah) means to roast, and fire is often associated with God's presence and holiness in the Bible. This method of preparation ensures that the lamb is wholly consumed, reflecting the completeness of God's deliverance.

its head and legs and inner parts
The inclusion of the head, legs, and inner parts signifies the totality of the sacrifice. Nothing is to be left out, symbolizing the comprehensive nature of redemption. This instruction also points to the unity and wholeness of the community, as they partake in the entire lamb together, reflecting their shared identity and deliverance as God's people.

You must not leave any of it until morning
This phrase is a direct command from God regarding the consumption of the Passover lamb. The Hebrew root for "leave" is "sha'ar," which means to remain or be left over. This command emphasizes the urgency and completeness of the Passover meal, symbolizing the immediacy of God's deliverance. Historically, this reflects the Israelites' readiness to depart Egypt swiftly, without delay. Spiritually, it signifies the totality of Christ's sacrifice, which must be fully embraced without reservation.

however, if any is left over until morning
The phrase "if any is left over" acknowledges human imperfection and the possibility of leftovers despite the command. The Hebrew word "yathar" for "left over" implies excess or remainder. This provision shows God's understanding of human nature and His grace in providing instructions for such situations. It also foreshadows the sufficiency of Christ's sacrifice, which leaves nothing lacking in our redemption.

you must burn it with fire
The command to "burn it with fire" is significant both practically and symbolically. The Hebrew word "saraph" means to burn or consume. Practically, this ensured that no part of the sacred meal was desecrated or left to decay. Symbolically, fire represents purification and judgment. In the context of the Passover, it underscores the holiness of the sacrifice and the seriousness of God's instructions. In the New Testament context, it reflects the purifying work of Christ's sacrifice, which consumes sin and purifies believers.

This is how you are to eat it
The directive begins with a specific instruction on the manner of eating the Passover meal. The Hebrew word for "eat" (אָכַל, 'akal) implies not just the act of consuming food but doing so with purpose and intention. This phrase sets the tone for the entire verse, emphasizing obedience and readiness. The Israelites are to follow God's command precisely, highlighting the importance of divine instruction in their deliverance.

with your cloak tucked into your belt
The phrase "cloak tucked into your belt" signifies readiness for travel. In ancient Near Eastern culture, long garments were common, and tucking them into a belt allowed for greater mobility. The Hebrew word for "cloak" (מָתְנֶיךָ, matnecha) refers to the loins or waist, symbolizing strength and preparedness. This imagery conveys a sense of urgency and anticipation, as the Israelites must be ready to leave Egypt at a moment's notice.

your sandals on your feet
Wearing sandals indicates preparedness for a journey. In the ancient world, sandals were essential for travel, protecting the feet from rough terrain. The Hebrew word for "sandals" (נַעַל, na'al) underscores the practical aspect of the Israelites' readiness. Spiritually, this readiness can be seen as a metaphor for the Christian life, where believers are called to be prepared to follow God's leading at all times.

and your staff in your hand
The staff, or "מַטֶּה" (matteh) in Hebrew, is a symbol of support and guidance. It was a common tool for shepherds and travelers, providing stability and direction. In the context of the Passover, the staff represents God's provision and leadership as the Israelites prepare to embark on their journey to freedom. For Christians, it serves as a reminder of reliance on God's strength and guidance.

And you are to eat it in haste
The command to eat "in haste" (בְּחִפָּזוֹן, b'chipazon) reflects the urgency of the situation. The Israelites must be ready to depart quickly, as God's deliverance is imminent. This sense of urgency is a call to action, reminding believers of the importance of being spiritually vigilant and responsive to God's timing.

it is the LORD’s Passover
The term "Passover" (פֶּסַח, Pesach) is derived from the Hebrew root meaning "to pass over" or "to spare." This phrase identifies the meal as a sacred observance instituted by God Himself. It commemorates the moment when the Lord passed over the houses of the Israelites, sparing them from the final plague. For Christians, the Passover foreshadows Christ's sacrificial death, where His blood spares believers from spiritual death. This connection underscores the continuity of God's redemptive plan throughout Scripture.

On that night
This phrase sets a specific and significant time for the divine action. The Hebrew word for "night" is "לַיְלָה" (laylah), which often symbolizes a time of judgment or divine intervention in the Bible. This night marks the culmination of the plagues and the decisive moment of deliverance for the Israelites. It is a reminder of God's perfect timing and His sovereignty over the events of history.

I will pass through
The Hebrew verb "עָבַר" (avar) means to pass over or through. This action signifies God's direct involvement in the events of that night. Unlike the previous plagues, where God used natural phenomena, here He personally intervenes. This underscores the seriousness of the judgment and the personal nature of God's deliverance for His people.

the land of Egypt
Egypt, in Hebrew "מִצְרַיִם" (Mitzrayim), represents a place of bondage and oppression for the Israelites. Historically, Egypt was a powerful and influential civilization, known for its wealth, culture, and idolatry. God's actions in Egypt demonstrate His power over even the mightiest of nations and His ability to liberate His people from any form of bondage.

and strike down every firstborn
The phrase "strike down" comes from the Hebrew "נָכָה" (nakah), meaning to smite or kill. The firstborn, "בְּכוֹר" (bekhor), held a place of prominence and inheritance in ancient cultures. This judgment was a direct attack on the future and strength of Egypt, symbolizing the complete overthrow of their societal structure and a reversal of their oppression of Israel.

both man and beast
This inclusion of both humans and animals in the judgment highlights the totality of God's action. It reflects the interconnectedness of creation and the comprehensive nature of divine justice. The loss of livestock would have also been an economic blow to Egypt, further demonstrating God's power over their resources and livelihood.

and I will execute judgment
The Hebrew word for "execute judgment" is "שָׁפַט" (shafat), which means to judge or govern. This phrase indicates a legal and moral decision by God against Egypt. It is not arbitrary but a righteous response to Egypt's sins, particularly their idolatry and oppression of God's people. It serves as a reminder of God's role as the ultimate judge of all nations.

against all the gods of Egypt
The "gods of Egypt" refers to the pantheon of deities worshiped by the Egyptians. Each plague targeted specific Egyptian gods, demonstrating their impotence before the one true God. This final act of judgment is a declaration of God's supremacy over all false gods and a call to exclusive worship of Yahweh, the God of Israel.

I am the LORD
This declaration, "אֲנִי יְהוָה" (Ani Yahweh), is a powerful affirmation of God's identity and authority. "LORD" in all capitals represents the divine name YHWH, the covenant name of God. It is a reminder of His eternal nature, faithfulness, and the personal relationship He has with His people. This statement reassures the Israelites of God's presence and His commitment to fulfill His promises.

The blood
The Hebrew word for "blood" is "דָּם" (dam). In the context of the Passover, the blood of the lamb is a powerful symbol of atonement and protection. It prefigures the sacrificial death of Jesus Christ, the Lamb of God, whose blood redeems believers from sin. The application of the blood on the doorposts signifies faith and obedience, marking the Israelites as God's chosen people. This act of faith is a profound reminder of the necessity of the blood of Christ for salvation.

on the houses
The term "houses" refers to the physical dwellings of the Israelites in Egypt. In a broader sense, it symbolizes the household or family unit. The application of the blood on the houses signifies the covering and protection of the entire family. It underscores the importance of faith being a communal and familial act, not just an individual one. The household is a central unit in God's covenantal promises, and this act of marking the houses with blood is a testament to God's faithfulness to His people.

where you are staying
This phrase indicates the temporary nature of the Israelites' dwelling in Egypt. It reflects the transient state of God's people, who are sojourners in a foreign land. This temporary stay is a reminder of the Christian's pilgrimage on earth, looking forward to the eternal home in heaven. The Israelites' stay in Egypt was not permanent, just as believers are called to live in the world but not be of it, always looking forward to the promised inheritance.

will distinguish them
The Hebrew root for "distinguish" is "פָּסַח" (pasach), which means to pass over or spare. The blood serves as a distinguishing mark, setting the Israelites apart from the Egyptians. This distinction is a powerful testament to God's covenantal relationship with His people. It highlights the theme of divine election and separation, where God sets apart His people for His purposes. In the New Testament, believers are also called to be distinct, living lives that reflect their identity in Christ.

when I see the blood
This phrase emphasizes God's active role in the Passover event. It is God Himself who sees the blood and chooses to pass over the marked houses. This divine observation underscores the personal relationship between God and His people. It is a reminder that God is intimately aware of those who belong to Him. The act of seeing the blood is a precursor to the New Testament understanding of God seeing the righteousness of Christ in believers.

I will pass over you
The phrase "pass over" is central to the Passover narrative. It signifies God's mercy and protection, sparing the Israelites from the judgment that befalls the Egyptians. This act of passing over is a profound demonstration of God's grace, where judgment is averted because of the blood. It foreshadows the ultimate Passover sacrifice of Jesus Christ, whose blood causes God's judgment to pass over believers, granting them eternal life.

No plague will fall on you to destroy you
This promise of protection from the plague is a direct result of the blood's application. It highlights God's sovereignty and power over life and death. The plague represents God's judgment on sin, and the Israelites' exemption is a testament to God's mercy. In a broader theological context, it points to the protection believers have in Christ, who shields them from the ultimate plague of eternal separation from God.

when I strike the land of Egypt
The striking of Egypt is a demonstration of God's judgment against a nation that has oppressed His people. It serves as a warning of the consequences of sin and rebellion against God. The land of Egypt, a symbol of worldly power and idolatry, is subject to God's sovereign will. This act of judgment is a reminder of God's justice and the eventual triumph of His purposes. For believers, it is a call to trust in God's deliverance and to remain faithful amidst a world that often stands in opposition to God's ways.

This day
The phrase "This day" refers to a specific point in time that God is establishing as significant for the Israelites. In the Hebrew context, "this day" marks the beginning of a new era for the Israelites, as they are about to be delivered from Egyptian bondage. It signifies a pivotal moment in their history, a day that will be remembered and celebrated for generations. The emphasis on "this day" underscores the immediacy and importance of God's intervention in their lives.

shall be a memorial
The term "memorial" in Hebrew is "זִכָּרוֹן" (zikaron), which means a remembrance or a reminder. This indicates that the events of this day are not just for the present generation but are to be remembered perpetually. The concept of a memorial in biblical times often involved rituals or physical markers that served to remind the people of God's mighty acts. This memorial is intended to keep the memory of God's deliverance alive in the hearts and minds of the Israelites.

for you
The phrase "for you" personalizes the command, indicating that this memorial is not just a general observance but is specifically for the people of Israel. It highlights the personal relationship between God and His chosen people, emphasizing that this act of deliverance is a direct intervention in their lives. The use of "for you" makes the command intimate and personal, ensuring that each individual feels the weight and significance of the memorial.

and you shall celebrate it
The command to "celebrate" implies joy, festivity, and active participation. In Hebrew, the word used here is "חָגַג" (chagag), which means to hold a feast or to celebrate a festival. This celebration is not a passive remembrance but an active, joyful acknowledgment of God's deliverance. It involves communal participation, reinforcing the unity and shared history of the Israelite community.

as a feast to the LORD
The phrase "as a feast to the LORD" indicates that this celebration is not merely a cultural or historical observance but a religious one. It is a feast dedicated to Yahweh, the covenant God of Israel. This underscores the theological significance of the event, as it is an act of worship and gratitude towards God for His mighty acts of salvation. The feast is a form of worship, acknowledging God's sovereignty and faithfulness.

throughout your generations
This phrase emphasizes the perpetual nature of the observance. The Hebrew word for "generations" is "דּוֹר" (dor), which means an age or a period. The command is that this celebration is to be observed by all future generations, ensuring that the memory of God's deliverance is never forgotten. It highlights the importance of passing down faith and tradition from one generation to the next.

you shall celebrate it as a permanent statute
The term "permanent statute" in Hebrew is "חֻקָּה" (chukkah), which means an ordinance or a decree. This indicates that the observance is not optional but is a binding command from God. It is to be a lasting ordinance, underscoring the unchanging nature of God's covenant with His people. The permanence of the statute reflects the eternal nature of God's promises and the enduring relationship between God and Israel.

For seven days
The phrase "for seven days" signifies a complete cycle of time, often representing spiritual perfection and completion in the Bible. The number seven is frequently used throughout Scripture to denote completeness, as seen in the creation week in Genesis. This period of seven days for the Feast of Unleavened Bread underscores the importance of a complete and thorough observance, symbolizing a full commitment to God's commands and a complete separation from sin.

you must eat unleavened bread
The command to "eat unleavened bread" is central to the observance of the Feast of Unleavened Bread. In Hebrew, the word for unleavened bread is "matzot," which is bread made without yeast. This bread symbolizes purity and the absence of sin, as leaven often represents sin and corruption in Scripture. Eating unleavened bread is a physical act that reflects a spiritual truth: the call to live a life free from the corruption of sin.

On the first day
"On the first day" marks the beginning of this sacred observance. It is a day of preparation and dedication, setting the tone for the entire feast. The first day is significant as it initiates the process of purification and separation from leaven, symbolizing the believer's initial step in turning away from sin and towards holiness.

you must remove the leaven from your houses
The instruction to "remove the leaven from your houses" is both literal and symbolic. Leaven, or yeast, causes dough to rise and is often used in Scripture as a metaphor for sin, which can spread and permeate if not removed. The act of removing leaven from the home is a physical representation of the spiritual cleansing that God desires from His people. It is a call to examine one's life and remove anything that leads to sin or hinders one's relationship with God.

Whoever eats anything leavened
The warning that "whoever eats anything leavened" carries a serious consequence. This phrase emphasizes the importance of obedience to God's commands. Eating leavened bread during this time is a direct violation of God's instructions and symbolizes a willful choice to embrace sin rather than reject it. It serves as a reminder of the seriousness of sin and the need for vigilance in maintaining spiritual purity.

from the first day through the seventh
The phrase "from the first day through the seventh" reiterates the complete duration of the feast. It underscores the continuous nature of the observance, highlighting the need for sustained commitment to God's commands. This ongoing dedication reflects the believer's journey of sanctification, a lifelong process of becoming more like Christ.

must be cut off from Israel
The consequence of being "cut off from Israel" is severe, indicating the gravity of disobedience. In the Hebrew context, being cut off means being separated from the community and the covenant blessings of God. This serves as a sobering reminder of the importance of obedience and the communal nature of faith. It highlights the impact of individual actions on the larger community and the necessity of upholding God's standards for the sake of the entire body of believers.

On the first day
The phrase "On the first day" refers to the beginning of the Feast of Unleavened Bread, which follows the Passover. In the Hebrew calendar, this day marks a significant transition from slavery to freedom for the Israelites. The "first day" is a time of new beginnings, symbolizing the start of a journey towards the Promised Land. It is a reminder of God's deliverance and the importance of setting aside time to honor Him.

you are to hold a sacred assembly
The term "sacred assembly" comes from the Hebrew word "miqra," which means a convocation or gathering for a holy purpose. This assembly is not merely a social gathering but a divinely ordained meeting where the community comes together to worship and reflect on God's mighty acts. It underscores the importance of communal worship and the collective remembrance of God's faithfulness.

and another on the seventh day
The "seventh day" marks the conclusion of the Feast of Unleavened Bread. Biblically, the number seven often signifies completion and perfection. This day serves as a bookend to the sacred period, emphasizing the completeness of God's deliverance. It is a time to reflect on the journey from bondage to freedom and to celebrate the fulfillment of God's promises.

You must not do any work on those days
This command highlights the principle of rest and the sanctity of the holy days. The prohibition against work is a call to focus entirely on spiritual matters, setting aside the mundane tasks of daily life. It reflects the Sabbath principle, where rest is not just physical but spiritual, allowing believers to rejuvenate their relationship with God.

except to prepare the meals
The allowance "except to prepare the meals" shows God's understanding of human needs. While work is prohibited, the preparation of food is permitted, recognizing the necessity of sustenance. This exception underscores God's provision and care, ensuring that the physical needs of His people are met even as they focus on spiritual observance.

that is all you may do
This phrase serves as a boundary, emphasizing the importance of obedience to God's commands. It reminds the Israelites of the need for discipline and the prioritization of spiritual over material concerns. By setting clear limits, God teaches His people the value of devotion and the importance of adhering to His instructions for holy living.

So you are to keep the Feast of Unleavened Bread
This phrase commands the Israelites to observe the Feast of Unleavened Bread, a significant festival in the Jewish calendar. The Hebrew word for "keep" is "shamar," which means to guard, protect, or observe. This implies a diligent and careful observance, highlighting the importance of this feast in the life of the Israelites. The Feast of Unleavened Bread, known as "Chag HaMatzot" in Hebrew, commemorates the haste with which the Israelites left Egypt, not having time for their bread to rise. This festival is a reminder of God's deliverance and the need for purity and separation from sin, as leaven often symbolizes sin in the Bible.

for on this very day I brought your divisions out of the land of Egypt
The phrase "on this very day" emphasizes the specific timing and divine orchestration of the Exodus. The Hebrew word "etzem" (translated as "very") underscores the exactness and significance of the day. "Divisions" refers to the organized groups or tribes of Israel, highlighting the orderly and purposeful nature of their departure. This historical event is foundational to Jewish identity and faith, symbolizing God's power and faithfulness in delivering His people from bondage.

Therefore, you must observe this day as a lasting ordinance
The word "observe" again uses the Hebrew "shamar," reinforcing the importance of careful and intentional remembrance. "Lasting ordinance" translates the Hebrew "chukat olam," meaning an eternal statute. This indicates that the observance of this day is not just for the immediate generation but for all future generations. It serves as a perpetual reminder of God's covenant and faithfulness, calling believers to remember and celebrate God's mighty acts of salvation.

for the generations to come
This phrase extends the command to future generations, ensuring that the memory of God's deliverance is preserved throughout history. The Hebrew "dor" (generations) signifies a continuous line of descendants, emphasizing the importance of passing down the faith and the account of God's deliverance. This highlights the communal and intergenerational aspect of faith, where each generation is responsible for teaching the next about God's mighty works and His covenant promises.

In the first month
The phrase "In the first month" refers to the Hebrew month of Nisan, which is the beginning of the religious calendar for the Israelites. This month is significant as it marks the time of the Exodus from Egypt, a pivotal event in Israelite history. The Hebrew word for "month" is "chodesh," which also means "new moon," indicating the start of a new cycle. This timing underscores the theme of new beginnings and deliverance, as God establishes a new identity and destiny for His people.

from the evening of the fourteenth day
The "evening of the fourteenth day" marks the beginning of the Passover, a sacred time when the Israelites were commanded to sacrifice a lamb and apply its blood to their doorposts. The Hebrew word for "evening" is "erev," which signifies the transition from day to night, a time of preparation and anticipation. This specific timing highlights the importance of obedience and readiness, as the Israelites prepared for their deliverance from bondage.

until the evening of the twenty-first day
This phrase indicates the duration of the Feast of Unleavened Bread, lasting seven days. The number seven in Hebrew culture often symbolizes completeness and perfection. The "evening of the twenty-first day" marks the conclusion of this holy period, emphasizing the completeness of God's deliverance and the fullness of His provision. The Israelites were to remember and celebrate their liberation, acknowledging God's faithfulness and power.

you are to eat unleavened bread
The command "you are to eat unleavened bread" is central to the observance of the Feast of Unleavened Bread. The Hebrew word for "unleavened bread" is "matzot," which is bread made without yeast. Yeast, or "chametz," is often symbolic of sin and corruption in Scripture. By eating unleavened bread, the Israelites were reminded of their hasty departure from Egypt, as well as the call to live lives free from sin. This act of eating becomes a spiritual discipline, a tangible expression of purity and devotion to God. It serves as a reminder of the sanctification process, where believers are called to remove sin from their lives and live in holiness before the Lord.

For seven days
The phrase "for seven days" signifies a complete cycle of time, often representing perfection or completion in biblical terms. The number seven is frequently used throughout Scripture to denote divine order and spiritual completeness. In the context of the Passover, these seven days symbolize a period of purification and dedication to God, reflecting the Israelites' journey from bondage to freedom.

there must be no yeast
Yeast, or leaven, in the Hebrew context, is often symbolic of sin or corruption. The absence of yeast during the Feast of Unleavened Bread represents the call to holiness and purity. This command underscores the need for the Israelites to remove sin from their lives, just as they remove leaven from their homes. It is a physical act with deep spiritual implications, reminding believers of the importance of living a life set apart for God.

found in your houses
The instruction that no yeast should be "found in your houses" emphasizes the thoroughness with which the Israelites were to cleanse their homes. This act of searching and removing leaven is a metaphor for the introspection and repentance required of God's people. It serves as a reminder that holiness begins at home, and that believers are called to examine their lives and remove anything that might hinder their relationship with God.

If anyone, whether a foreigner or native of the land
This phrase highlights the inclusivity of God's covenant. The command applies to both "a foreigner or native of the land," indicating that God's laws and blessings are available to all who choose to follow Him. It reflects the universal nature of God's call to holiness and the invitation for all people to become part of His covenant community, foreshadowing the New Testament message of salvation for both Jews and Gentiles.

eats anything leavened
To "eat anything leavened" during this sacred time was a direct violation of God's command. Eating leavened bread symbolizes partaking in sin or returning to old ways. This prohibition serves as a stern warning against complacency and the dangers of allowing sin to infiltrate one's life. It calls believers to be vigilant and steadfast in their commitment to God.

that person must be cut off from the congregation of Israel
The consequence of being "cut off from the congregation of Israel" is severe, indicating the seriousness of disobedience. This phrase underscores the importance of communal holiness and the impact of individual sin on the larger community. It serves as a sobering reminder that sin separates us from God and His people, and highlights the need for repentance and restoration. This principle is echoed in the New Testament, where church discipline is practiced to maintain the purity and unity of the body of Christ.

You are not to eat anything leavened
This command is a direct instruction from God to the Israelites, emphasizing the prohibition of consuming leavened bread during the Feast of Unleavened Bread. The Hebrew word for "leavened" is "chametz," which refers to any fermented product. In the context of the Exodus, leaven symbolizes sin and corruption, as it permeates and alters the dough. The removal of leaven from their homes and diet was a physical representation of the need for spiritual purity and separation from sin. Historically, this practice served as a reminder of the haste with which the Israelites left Egypt, not having time to let their bread rise. Spiritually, it calls believers to examine their lives and remove any sin that might corrupt their relationship with God.

eat nothing leavened
The repetition of the command underscores its importance. The Hebrew structure here is emphatic, reinforcing the seriousness of the prohibition. This repetition serves as a pedagogical tool, ensuring that the Israelites understand the gravity of the command. In a broader scriptural context, this mirrors the New Testament teachings where believers are called to live lives free from the "leaven" of malice and wickedness, as seen in 1 Corinthians 5:8. The emphasis on "nothing" highlights the totality of the exclusion, pointing to the comprehensive nature of holiness that God desires from His people.

in all your homes
The phrase "in all your homes" indicates that this command was not just for public observance but was to be practiced within the private sphere of the household. The Hebrew word "beyt" for "homes" signifies not just a physical dwelling but also the family unit. This instruction implies that holiness and obedience to God's commands begin at home, within the family. It is a call for the Israelites to ensure that their domestic life aligns with God's statutes. Archaeologically, evidence of ancient Israelite homes shows that they were central to community life, reinforcing the idea that faith and practice were deeply integrated into daily living.

you shall eat unleavened bread
The command to "eat unleavened bread" is both a literal and symbolic act. The Hebrew word "matzah" refers to bread made without yeast, which is flat and simple. This bread is a reminder of the Israelites' affliction in Egypt and their subsequent deliverance. It symbolizes humility and reliance on God, contrasting with the puffed-up nature of leavened bread, which represents pride and self-sufficiency. Scripturally, unleavened bread is a type of Christ, who is sinless and pure. The act of eating unleavened bread is a call to partake in the life of Christ, embracing His purity and righteousness. This practice is a profound reminder of God's deliverance and the call to live a life set apart for Him.

Then Moses summoned
The act of summoning by Moses signifies a moment of divine instruction and leadership. Moses, as the chosen leader of Israel, acts as a mediator between God and His people. The Hebrew root for "summoned" is קָרָא (qara), which means to call or proclaim. This highlights the urgency and importance of the message Moses is about to deliver. In the historical context, Moses' leadership is crucial as he guides the Israelites through a pivotal moment in their history.

all the elders of Israel
The elders represent the leadership and governance structure within the Israelite community. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, elders were respected figures who held authority and were responsible for making decisions on behalf of the people. The Hebrew word זָקֵן (zaqen) refers to these elders, emphasizing their wisdom and experience. This gathering of elders underscores the communal and organized nature of the Israelite society, as well as the importance of collective obedience to God's commands.

and said to them
Moses' communication with the elders is direct and authoritative. The phrase indicates the transmission of God's instructions through Moses to the people. This reflects the biblical principle of divine revelation being communicated through chosen leaders. The act of speaking, דָּבַר (dabar) in Hebrew, is significant as it conveys the power and authority of God's word being delivered to His people.

Go at once
The immediacy of the command "Go at once" highlights the urgency of the situation. The Hebrew word לֵךְ (lek) is an imperative form, urging prompt action. This urgency is reflective of the impending judgment on Egypt and the necessity for the Israelites to prepare for their deliverance. It serves as a reminder of the importance of timely obedience to God's instructions.

and select for yourselves a lamb
The selection of a lamb is a critical component of the Passover preparation. The Hebrew word בָּחַר (bachar) means to choose or select, indicating a deliberate and careful choice. The lamb, a symbol of innocence and purity, foreshadows the ultimate sacrifice of Christ, the Lamb of God. This act of selection is a precursor to the sacrificial system that would be central to Israelite worship.

for each family
The instruction to select a lamb for each family emphasizes the personal and familial aspect of the Passover observance. The Hebrew word בַּיִת (bayit) refers to a household or family unit. This highlights the communal nature of the Passover, where each family participates in the act of remembrance and deliverance. It underscores the importance of faith being practiced within the family context.

and slaughter the Passover lamb
The act of slaughtering the Passover lamb is central to the observance of Passover. The Hebrew word שָׁחַט (shachat) means to slaughter or kill, signifying the sacrificial nature of the lamb. This act is a foreshadowing of the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus Christ, whose blood would bring about spiritual deliverance. The Passover lamb serves as a powerful symbol of redemption and God's provision for His people. The historical context of this event marks the beginning of Israel's journey to freedom, a pivotal moment in their identity as God's chosen people.

Take a cluster of hyssop
The use of "hyssop" is significant in biblical symbolism. Hyssop, a small aromatic plant, is often associated with purification and cleansing in the Scriptures. In Hebrew, the word for hyssop is "ezov," which is used in various purification rites (e.g., Leviticus 14:4-6, Numbers 19:6). The act of taking a cluster of hyssop signifies a deliberate choice to engage in a ritual of cleansing and protection. Historically, hyssop was readily available in the region, making it a practical tool for applying the blood. Spiritually, it foreshadows the cleansing power of Christ's sacrifice, as seen in Psalm 51:7, "Cleanse me with hyssop, and I will be clean."

dip it in the blood in the basin
The "blood in the basin" refers to the sacrificial blood of the Passover lamb. In Hebrew, "basin" is "saf," which can also mean a threshold or a container. The act of dipping the hyssop in the blood signifies an intentional act of faith and obedience. Blood, in biblical terms, represents life and atonement (Leviticus 17:11). This act prefigures the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus, the Lamb of God, whose blood was shed for the atonement of humanity's sins. The dipping into the blood is a profound act of trust in God's provision for salvation.

and brush the lintel and the two doorposts
The "lintel and the two doorposts" are the structural elements of a doorway. In Hebrew, "lintel" is "mashqoph," and "doorposts" is "mezuzot." The application of blood on these parts of the door symbolizes the covering and protection of the household. This act of marking the entrance with blood is a public declaration of faith and reliance on God's promise of deliverance. It signifies the boundary between life and death, safety and judgment. Theologically, it points to Christ as the door (John 10:9), through whom believers enter into eternal life.

with some of the blood in the basin
The repetition of "blood in the basin" emphasizes the sufficiency and necessity of the sacrificial blood. It is not the quantity but the presence of the blood that ensures protection. This highlights the sufficiency of Christ's sacrifice, where His blood is more than enough to cover the sins of the world. The act of using "some of the blood" indicates that the provision of God is abundant and accessible to all who believe.

None of you shall go out the door of his house until morning
This command underscores the importance of remaining under the protection of the blood. "None of you shall go out" is a directive to stay within the safety provided by God's instructions. The "door of his house" represents the boundary of divine protection. "Until morning" signifies a period of waiting and trust in God's deliverance. Historically, this was the night of the Passover, when the angel of death passed over the homes marked by the blood. Spiritually, it teaches believers to abide in Christ, the true Passover Lamb, and to trust in His protection until the dawn of eternal life. This phrase encourages a posture of faith and patience, awaiting the fulfillment of God's promises.

For the LORD will pass through
The phrase "For the LORD will pass through" indicates a divine action of judgment. The Hebrew word for "pass through" is "עָבַר" (avar), which conveys the idea of moving across or over. This action is significant as it demonstrates God's active role in executing judgment upon Egypt. Historically, this event is a pivotal moment in the Exodus narrative, showcasing God's power and justice. It serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty and His ability to intervene directly in human affairs.

to strike down the Egyptians
The phrase "to strike down the Egyptians" highlights the severity of God's judgment. The Hebrew root "נָכָה" (nakah) means to smite or strike, often with fatal consequences. This action is a direct response to Pharaoh's hardened heart and the oppression of the Israelites. It underscores the seriousness of sin and rebellion against God, as well as the lengths to which God will go to deliver His people.

and when He sees the blood
The phrase "and when He sees the blood" refers to the blood of the Passover lamb, which the Israelites were instructed to apply to their doorframes. The Hebrew word for "blood" is "דָּם" (dam), symbolizing life and sacrifice. This act of obedience and faith by the Israelites is a foreshadowing of the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus Christ, the Lamb of God, whose blood provides salvation and protection from spiritual death.

on the lintel and on the two doorposts
The "lintel and on the two doorposts" were the specific locations where the blood was to be applied. This detail emphasizes the importance of following God's instructions precisely. The lintel and doorposts form the entrance to the home, symbolizing the threshold of protection and safety. Archaeologically, this practice aligns with ancient Near Eastern customs of marking entrances for protection, further grounding the biblical narrative in its historical context.

the LORD will pass over the door
The phrase "the LORD will pass over the door" introduces the concept of "Passover," derived from the Hebrew word "פָּסַח" (pasach), meaning to pass over or spare. This divine action of passing over signifies God's mercy and grace, sparing the Israelites from the judgment that befell the Egyptians. It is a powerful reminder of God's covenant faithfulness and His provision of a means of escape from judgment.

and will not allow the destroyer
The phrase "and will not allow the destroyer" refers to the agent of God's judgment, often understood as an angel of death. The Hebrew word "מַשְׁחִית" (mashchit) means destroyer or one who brings ruin. This highlights God's control over all forces, both seen and unseen, and His ability to protect His people from harm. It serves as a reassurance of God's protective power over those who are faithful to Him.

to enter your houses and strike you down
The phrase "to enter your houses and strike you down" underscores the personal and communal nature of God's protection. The Hebrew word for "house" is "בַּיִת" (bayit), representing not just a physical structure but also the family and community within. This protection is conditional upon obedience to God's command, illustrating the importance of faith and trust in God's promises. It is a testament to God's desire to preserve and bless His people, even amidst judgment.

And you are to keep
The Hebrew word for "keep" is "שָׁמַר" (shamar), which means to guard, observe, or give heed. This implies a vigilant and active role in maintaining the command. In the context of the Israelites, this was not a passive remembrance but an active, ongoing practice. The use of "keep" suggests a sense of duty and responsibility, emphasizing the importance of obedience to God's instructions. Historically, this reflects the covenant relationship between God and His people, where obedience is a sign of faithfulness.

this command
The "command" refers to the instructions given by God regarding the Passover, a pivotal event in Israelite history. The Hebrew word "מִצְוָה" (mitzvah) is used here, which denotes a commandment or law. This particular command is central to Jewish identity and faith, symbolizing deliverance and God's faithfulness. The Passover command is not just a ritual but a profound reminder of God's saving power and His covenant with Israel.

as a perpetual ordinance
The phrase "perpetual ordinance" is derived from the Hebrew "חֻקָּה עוֹלָם" (chukkat olam), meaning an everlasting statute. This indicates that the observance of Passover was intended to be an eternal practice, transcending generations. The use of "perpetual" underscores the timeless nature of God's commands and the enduring relationship between God and His people. It highlights the importance of tradition and continuity in faith practices, serving as a constant reminder of God's deliverance.

for you and your descendants
This phrase emphasizes the communal and generational aspect of the command. The Hebrew word for "descendants" is "בָּנִים" (banim), meaning sons or children. It signifies the importance of passing down faith and traditions to future generations. This reflects the biblical principle of teaching and nurturing the next generation in the ways of the Lord. Historically, this has been a cornerstone of Jewish and Christian faith, ensuring that the account of God's deliverance and faithfulness is never forgotten.

When you enter the land
This phrase signifies a future event, a promise of hope and fulfillment. The Hebrew word for "enter" is "bo," which implies coming into a place of rest and inheritance. Historically, this refers to the Israelites' journey to the Promised Land, Canaan, a land flowing with milk and honey. It is a reminder of God's faithfulness to His promises, encouraging believers to trust in God's timing and provision.

that the LORD will give you
The word "LORD" here is "YHWH," the covenant name of God, emphasizing His eternal and unchanging nature. The phrase underscores God's sovereignty and grace, as the land is a divine gift, not earned by the Israelites' merit. This reflects the Christian understanding of salvation as a gift from God, not by works but by grace through faith.

as He promised
The Hebrew word for "promised" is "dabar," meaning to speak or declare. This highlights the reliability of God's word. Throughout Scripture, God's promises are sure and steadfast. This assurance is foundational for believers, reminding them that God's promises are trustworthy and will come to pass, just as He fulfilled His promise to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.

you are to keep
The word "keep" is translated from the Hebrew "shamar," which means to guard, observe, or give heed. It implies an active, diligent effort to maintain and uphold. In the context of the Passover, it signifies the importance of remembering and observing God's commands. For Christians, it is a call to live out their faith actively, guarding their hearts and lives according to God's Word.

this service
The term "service" is derived from the Hebrew "avodah," which can mean work, worship, or service. It refers to the Passover observance, a ritual that commemorates God's deliverance of Israel from Egypt. This service is both an act of worship and a reminder of God's salvation. For believers, it parallels the Christian practice of communion, remembering Christ's sacrifice and deliverance from sin.

And when your children ask you
This phrase introduces a future scenario where the next generation seeks understanding. The Hebrew root for "ask" is "שָׁאַל" (sha'al), which implies a seeking or inquiring with intent. This reflects a culture of oral tradition and teaching, where knowledge and faith are passed down through dialogue. Historically, this setting underscores the importance of family and community in preserving the faith. The act of asking signifies a natural curiosity and a desire to understand one's heritage, which is crucial for the continuity of faith.

What does this service mean to you?
The word "service" in Hebrew is "עֲבֹדָה" (avodah), which can mean work, worship, or service. This duality highlights the Passover as both a ritual and a form of worship. It is not merely a tradition but a profound act of remembrance and devotion. The question "What does this service mean to you?" invites personal reflection and testimony. It challenges believers to internalize and articulate the significance of their faith practices. This personal connection to the ritual is essential for genuine worship and for inspiring the next generation to embrace their faith with understanding and conviction.

and you are to reply
This phrase indicates a directive for the Israelites to provide an explanation. The Hebrew root for "reply" is "עָנָה" (anah), which means to answer or respond. This implies a responsibility to communicate the significance of the Passover to future generations, ensuring that the memory of God's deliverance is preserved. It underscores the importance of oral tradition in maintaining faith and identity.

‘It is the Passover sacrifice
The term "Passover" comes from the Hebrew "פֶּסַח" (pesach), which means to pass over or spare. The "sacrifice" refers to the lamb that was slain, symbolizing substitutionary atonement. This foreshadows the ultimate sacrifice of Christ, the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world. The Passover sacrifice is a profound act of worship and obedience, acknowledging God's provision and mercy.

to the LORD
The phrase "to the LORD" emphasizes that the Passover is dedicated to Yahweh, the covenant-keeping God of Israel. It is an act of devotion and recognition of His sovereignty and faithfulness. The use of "LORD" in all caps signifies the Tetragrammaton, YHWH, the sacred and personal name of God, highlighting the intimate relationship between God and His people.

who passed over the houses of the Israelites in Egypt
This recounts the miraculous event where God spared the Israelites during the final plague. The phrase "passed over" signifies divine protection and deliverance. The historical context is crucial here, as it marks the moment when God distinguished His people from the Egyptians, reinforcing His covenant promise to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.

when He struck down the Egyptians
This phrase refers to the tenth plague, the death of the firstborn, which was a decisive act of judgment against Egypt's gods and Pharaoh's hardened heart. The Hebrew root "נָכָה" (nakah) means to strike or smite, indicating a powerful and deliberate act of divine justice. It serves as a reminder of God's holiness and the consequences of defying His will.

and spared our homes
The word "spared" comes from the Hebrew "נָצַל" (natsal), meaning to deliver or rescue. This highlights God's grace and mercy towards the Israelites, who were protected by the blood of the lamb on their doorposts. It is a vivid illustration of salvation and the protective power of God's covenant love.

Then the people bowed down and worshiped
This response of bowing and worshiping signifies reverence, gratitude, and submission to God. The Hebrew root "שָׁחָה" (shachah) means to bow down or prostrate oneself, indicating deep respect and acknowledgment of God's mighty acts. Worship is the appropriate response to God's deliverance, reflecting a heart transformed by His grace and power. This act of worship unites the community in shared faith and devotion, setting a pattern for future generations to follow.

And the Israelites
This phrase identifies the collective group of God's chosen people, the descendants of Jacob, also known as Israel. The term "Israelites" is derived from the Hebrew word "Yisra'el," which means "God prevails." This highlights their identity as a people under the sovereignty and guidance of God. Historically, the Israelites were enslaved in Egypt, and this verse marks a pivotal moment in their journey towards liberation. It underscores their unity and shared identity as they prepare to follow God's command.

went and did
The action verbs "went" and "did" emphasize obedience and action. In Hebrew, the root words for these actions are "halak" (to go, walk) and "asah" (to do, make). These words convey a sense of movement and purpose, indicating that the Israelites not only heard God's command but actively carried it out. This obedience is a testament to their faith and trust in God's promises, setting a precedent for future acts of faithfulness.

just what the LORD had commanded
This phrase highlights the precision and exactness with which the Israelites followed God's instructions. The Hebrew word for "commanded" is "tsavah," which implies a directive given with authority. The LORD, or "Yahweh," is the covenant name of God, signifying His eternal presence and faithfulness. The Israelites' adherence to God's command reflects their reverence for His authority and their commitment to His covenant.

Moses and Aaron
Moses and Aaron are central figures in the Exodus narrative, chosen by God to lead the Israelites out of Egypt. Moses, whose name means "drawn out" in Hebrew, was drawn out of the Nile as a baby and later drawn out of obscurity to lead his people. Aaron, his brother, served as his spokesperson and high priest. Their leadership is divinely appointed, and their roles are crucial in mediating God's will to the people. This phrase underscores the importance of godly leadership and the responsibility of leaders to faithfully convey God's commands.

At midnight
The phrase "at midnight" signifies a time of deep darkness and stillness, often associated with divine intervention or judgment in the Bible. In Hebrew, the word for midnight is "חֲצוֹת" (chatzot), which literally means "dividing" or "half." This time is significant as it marks a pivotal moment when God acts decisively. Historically, midnight is a time when people are least prepared, emphasizing the suddenness and unexpected nature of God's judgment. In the context of Exodus, it underscores the dramatic and solemn nature of the event about to unfold.

the LORD
The use of "the LORD" here refers to Yahweh, the covenant name of God, emphasizing His sovereignty and faithfulness to His promises. In Hebrew, this is "יְהוָה" (YHWH), the sacred tetragrammaton. This name is deeply significant, as it is the name by which God revealed Himself to Moses at the burning bush (Exodus 3:14). It highlights God's eternal presence and His active role in the deliverance of His people. The LORD's involvement in this event underscores His authority and the fulfillment of His covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.

struck down
The phrase "struck down" indicates a decisive act of judgment. The Hebrew word used here is "נָכָה" (nakah), which means to smite or to kill. This action is not arbitrary but a direct response to Pharaoh's hardened heart and refusal to release the Israelites. It serves as a divine retribution for the oppression and suffering inflicted upon God's people. This act of judgment is both a demonstration of God's power and a fulfillment of His promise to deliver Israel from bondage.

every firstborn
The term "every firstborn" is significant in the ancient Near Eastern context, where the firstborn held a place of prominence and inheritance. In Hebrew, "בְּכוֹר" (bekhor) refers to the firstborn, who was often seen as the family's future and strength. The judgment upon the firstborn of Egypt is a direct challenge to the Egyptian gods and Pharaoh, who was considered a deity himself. This act demonstrates that the God of Israel is supreme over all false gods and human authority.

in the land of Egypt
The phrase "in the land of Egypt" situates the event within a specific geographical and cultural context. Egypt, known in Hebrew as "מִצְרַיִם" (Mitzrayim), was a powerful and influential civilization. The plagues, culminating in this final judgment, serve as a demonstration of God's power over the most powerful nation of the time. It highlights the contrast between the oppressive regime of Egypt and the liberating power of God.

from the firstborn of Pharaoh who sat on his throne
This phrase emphasizes the extent of the judgment, reaching even the highest echelons of Egyptian society. Pharaoh, considered a god-king, is not exempt from God's judgment. The Hebrew word for throne, "כִּסֵּא" (kisse), symbolizes authority and power. By striking the firstborn of Pharaoh, God demonstrates that no earthly power can withstand His will.

to the firstborn of the captive who was in the dungeon
This phrase illustrates the comprehensive nature of the judgment, affecting all social strata, from royalty to the lowest prisoner. The Hebrew word for dungeon, "בֵּית הַבּוֹר" (beit habbor), refers to a pit or prison, symbolizing the depths of human despair. This universal judgment underscores the impartiality of God's justice and the pervasive reach of His power.

and the firstborn of all the livestock
The inclusion of livestock in the judgment highlights the totality of the plague's impact. In ancient Egypt, livestock were not only economic assets but also held religious significance. The Hebrew word for livestock, "בְּהֵמָה" (behemah), encompasses all domesticated animals. This aspect of the judgment further demonstrates God's supremacy over the natural world and the futility of relying on material wealth or false deities for security.

Pharaoh arose in the night
The phrase "Pharaoh arose in the night" signifies a moment of sudden realization and urgency. In the Hebrew context, "arose" (קוּם, qum) often implies a decisive action or response. This moment marks a pivotal turning point where Pharaoh, who had hardened his heart against God’s commands, is now compelled to confront the devastating consequences of his defiance. The night symbolizes a time of judgment and divine intervention, as God’s power is made manifest in the darkness, a recurring theme throughout the Exodus narrative.

he and all his officials and all the Egyptians
This phrase underscores the collective experience of the Egyptian people, from the highest ranks of Pharaoh’s officials to the common citizens. The Hebrew word for "officials" (עֲבָדִים, avadim) can also mean servants or ministers, indicating that those who served Pharaoh were equally affected by the plague. This collective suffering highlights the comprehensive nature of God’s judgment, affecting every level of society and demonstrating that no one is exempt from the consequences of sin and rebellion against God.

and there was loud wailing in Egypt
The "loud wailing" (צְעָקָה גְּדוֹלָה, tzeakah gedolah) reflects the intense grief and despair that swept through the land. This phrase captures the emotional and spiritual turmoil experienced by the Egyptians as they faced the loss of their firstborns. Historically, wailing was a common expression of mourning in ancient cultures, often involving loud cries and lamentations. The magnitude of the wailing signifies the depth of the tragedy and serves as a stark reminder of the cost of resisting God’s will.

for there was no house without someone dead
This phrase emphasizes the universality and severity of the plague. The Hebrew word for "house" (בַּיִת, bayit) can refer to both a physical dwelling and a family unit, indicating that every family in Egypt was touched by this calamity. The absence of any house without a death underscores the totality of God’s judgment and the fulfillment of His warning to Pharaoh. It serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of sin and the importance of obedience to God’s commands.

Pharaoh summoned Moses and Aaron by night
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in the narrative of the Exodus. The Hebrew word for "summoned" (קָרָא, qara) implies an urgent call or demand. Pharaoh, who had previously hardened his heart against the Israelites, now acts with haste and desperation. The timing "by night" underscores the immediacy and gravity of the situation. Historically, this reflects the chaos and fear that gripped Egypt following the death of the firstborn, a divine judgment that finally broke Pharaoh's resistance.

and said, 'Up, leave my people, you and the Israelites!
The command "Up, leave" (קוּם צֵאוּ, qum tze'u) is abrupt and forceful, indicating Pharaoh's eagerness to rid Egypt of the Israelites. The phrase "my people" (עַמִּי, ammi) reveals Pharaoh's previous perception of ownership over the Israelites, which is now relinquished. This moment is a fulfillment of God's promise to deliver His people, highlighting His sovereignty and faithfulness. The term "Israelites" (בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, b'nei Yisrael) emphasizes their identity as God's chosen people, distinct from the Egyptians.

Go, worship the LORD as you have requested
Pharaoh's concession to "worship the LORD" (עִבְדוּ אֶת־יְהוָה, ivdu et-YHWH) signifies a reluctant acknowledgment of the God of Israel's power. The phrase "as you have requested" (כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבַּרְתֶּם, ka'asher dibbartem) indicates that Moses and Aaron's persistent demands have finally been met. This is a testament to the power of faith and perseverance in the face of oppression. Theologically, it underscores the importance of worship and obedience to God, which is central to the identity and mission of the Israelites.

Take your flocks and herds, as you have said, and go. And bless me also
Take your flocks and herds
This phrase signifies Pharaoh's final concession to Moses and the Israelites after the devastating plagues, particularly the death of the firstborn. The Hebrew word for "take" (לָקַח, laqach) implies a sense of seizing or taking possession, indicating a complete release from bondage. The mention of "flocks and herds" underscores the importance of livestock in ancient Israelite society, not only as a source of sustenance but also as a means of worship and sacrifice. Historically, livestock represented wealth and livelihood, and Pharaoh's permission to take them signifies a total relinquishment of control over the Israelites.

as you have said
This phrase reflects Pharaoh's acknowledgment of Moses' previous demands, which he had resisted until now. The Hebrew phrase (כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבַּרְתֶּם, ka'asher dibbartem) suggests a fulfillment of a promise or agreement. It highlights the power of God's word spoken through Moses, which ultimately could not be resisted by Pharaoh. This acknowledgment serves as a testament to the authority of God's commands and the fulfillment of His promises, reinforcing the theme of divine sovereignty throughout the Exodus narrative.

and go
The command "and go" (וּלְכוּ, ulekhu) is a pivotal moment in the Exodus story, marking the liberation of the Israelites from Egyptian bondage. This imperative verb conveys urgency and immediacy, emphasizing the long-awaited freedom for the Israelites. In a broader theological context, this liberation prefigures the spiritual freedom found in Christ, as the Exodus is often seen as a foreshadowing of salvation and deliverance from sin.

And bless me also
Pharaoh's request for a blessing (וּבֵרַכְתֶּם גַּם־אֹתִי, uberakhtem gam-oti) is both surprising and significant. The Hebrew root for "bless" (בָּרַךְ, barak) implies invoking divine favor. This request reveals a moment of vulnerability and recognition of the power of the God of Israel. Despite his hardened heart, Pharaoh seeks a blessing, indicating an acknowledgment of the true God, albeit momentarily. This plea can be seen as a reminder of the universal need for God's grace and the hope that even the hardest hearts can turn towards Him. Historically, it also reflects the ancient Near Eastern practice of seeking blessings from those perceived to have divine favor, underscoring the impact of the plagues on Pharaoh's perception of the God of Israel.

And the Egyptians urged
The Hebrew word for "urged" is "chazaq," which conveys a sense of being strong or insistent. This reflects the Egyptians' desperation and fear following the devastating plagues, particularly the death of the firstborn. Historically, this urgency is rooted in the Egyptians' recognition of the power of the God of Israel, which had been demonstrated through the plagues. Their insistence is not just a polite request but a forceful demand driven by fear and a desire to see the Israelites leave quickly to prevent further calamity.

the people
"The people" refers to the Israelites, who had been living in Egypt for generations, initially as honored guests during Joseph's time but later as oppressed slaves. This phrase highlights the collective identity of the Israelites as a distinct group chosen by God, set apart for His purposes. Theologically, this moment is significant as it marks the beginning of their journey from slavery to freedom, a central theme in the narrative of redemption.

to leave the land
The phrase "to leave the land" signifies the physical departure from Egypt, which is symbolic of liberation from bondage. In the broader biblical context, this exodus is a pivotal event that foreshadows the ultimate deliverance through Christ. The land of Egypt, once a place of refuge, had become a place of oppression, and leaving it was necessary for the fulfillment of God's promises to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.

in haste
The Hebrew word "chaphazown" is used here, meaning hurriedly or with urgency. This reflects the immediacy of the situation and the need for the Israelites to act quickly. Theologically, this haste is a reminder of the urgency of responding to God's call and the importance of readiness in the life of faith. It also prefigures the urgency of the Gospel message, calling for immediate repentance and faith.

for otherwise, they said, 'We will all die!'
This phrase captures the Egyptians' fear of further divine judgment. The plagues had demonstrated God's power and the futility of resisting His will. The Egyptians' acknowledgment of potential death underscores the seriousness of God's judgments and the reality of His sovereignty. In a broader scriptural context, this serves as a warning of the consequences of sin and the importance of aligning oneself with God's purposes. It also highlights the mercy extended to those who heed God's warnings and act accordingly.

So the people
This phrase refers to the Israelites, God's chosen people, who were in the process of leaving Egypt after centuries of bondage. The term "people" in Hebrew is "עַם" (am), which signifies a collective group bound by shared identity and purpose. This moment marks a pivotal transition from slavery to freedom, symbolizing the birth of a nation under God's covenant.

took their dough
The Hebrew word for "dough" is "בָּצֵק" (batseq), indicating the unleavened mixture of flour and water. This dough represents the sustenance and provision for the journey ahead. Spiritually, it signifies the purity and readiness required for the Israelites as they embark on their exodus, leaving behind the corruption of Egypt.

before it was leavened
Leaven, or yeast, in Hebrew "שְׂאֹר" (se'or), often symbolizes sin or corruption in biblical literature. The haste in which the Israelites left Egypt did not allow time for the dough to rise, emphasizing the urgency of their departure. This act of taking unleavened dough is commemorated in the Feast of Unleavened Bread, reminding believers of the need for spiritual purity and readiness.

carrying it on their shoulders
The act of carrying the dough on their shoulders signifies the burden and responsibility of the journey. In ancient times, carrying something on one's shoulders was a sign of bearing a significant load. This imagery reflects the weight of leaving behind the familiar and stepping into the unknown, trusting in God's guidance and provision.

in kneading bowls
Kneading bowls, or "מִשְׁאֲרוֹת" (mish'arot) in Hebrew, were essential household items used for preparing bread. The mention of these bowls highlights the practical aspects of the Israelites' preparation for the journey. It underscores the theme of provision and the continuity of daily life even amidst monumental change.

wrapped in clothing
Wrapping the kneading bowls in clothing suggests a makeshift, hurried preparation, indicative of the urgency of the exodus. The Hebrew word for clothing, "שִׂמְלָה" (simlah), can also imply a covering or protection. This detail illustrates the resourcefulness of the Israelites and the necessity of adapting to new circumstances with what they had at hand.

Furthermore
This word serves as a continuation of the narrative, indicating that the actions described are a direct result of previous instructions. In the context of Exodus, it connects the Israelites' actions to the divine instructions given through Moses. The Hebrew word used here is "וּבְנֵי" (u'vnei), which often serves to link actions or events, emphasizing the unfolding of God's plan.

the Israelites
The term refers to the descendants of Jacob, also known as Israel. In Hebrew, "בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל" (b'nei Yisrael) signifies the chosen people of God, who are central to the narrative of the Exodus. This phrase underscores their identity as a covenant community, set apart for God's purposes.

acted on Moses’ word
This phrase highlights the obedience of the Israelites to their leader, Moses, who was God's appointed messenger. The Hebrew root "עָשָׂה" (asah) means to do or make, indicating that the Israelites took deliberate action based on Moses' instructions. This obedience is crucial, as it reflects their trust in God's promises and His appointed leader.

and asked the Egyptians
The act of asking, from the Hebrew "שָׁאַל" (sha'al), implies a request rather than a demand. This is significant because it shows the Israelites' reliance on God's favor rather than their own strength. Historically, this request is a fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham that his descendants would leave Egypt with great possessions (Genesis 15:14).

for articles of silver and gold
These items, "כְּלֵי כֶּסֶף וּכְלֵי זָהָב" (klei kesef u'klei zahav), were valuable commodities in ancient times, symbolizing wealth and divine provision. The acquisition of these articles not only provided material wealth but also served as a form of recompense for the years of slavery. It also foreshadows the use of these materials in the construction of the Tabernacle, a place of worship for the Israelites.

and for clothing
Clothing, "שִׂמְלָה" (simlah), in the ancient Near East was a sign of status and provision. The request for clothing indicates a need for basic necessities as well as a preparation for the journey ahead. This provision by the Egyptians can be seen as an act of God's grace, ensuring that His people were equipped for their exodus from Egypt.

And the LORD had given
The phrase begins with the acknowledgment of divine intervention. The Hebrew word for "LORD" here is "Yahweh," the covenant name of God, emphasizing His personal relationship with Israel. The verb "had given" suggests a completed action, indicating that God had already prepared the hearts of the Egyptians. This divine favor is a recurring theme in the Exodus narrative, showcasing God's sovereignty and His ability to influence human affairs for His purposes.

the people
This refers to the Israelites, God's chosen people, who were enslaved in Egypt. The term "people" in Hebrew is "am," which often denotes a collective group with a shared identity and destiny. Here, it underscores the unity and communal identity of the Israelites as they prepare to leave Egypt, bound together by their covenant with God.

such favor
The Hebrew word for "favor" is "chen," which can also be translated as grace or kindness. This favor is not earned but is a gift from God, highlighting His grace towards the Israelites. It is a reminder of how God can turn the hearts of even their oppressors to show kindness, fulfilling His promises to His people.

in the sight of the Egyptians
This phrase indicates that the favor was visible and evident to the Egyptians. The Hebrew word for "sight" is "ayin," meaning eye, suggesting that the Egyptians could clearly perceive the Israelites' favored status. This visibility of God's favor serves as a testimony to the Egyptians of God's power and presence with His people.

that they granted their request
The Egyptians' compliance with the Israelites' request is significant. The Hebrew verb "sha'al" means to ask or request, implying that the Israelites asked for goods, and the Egyptians willingly gave them. This act of granting the request is a reversal of the previous oppression, demonstrating God's ability to change circumstances and fulfill His promises.

In this way they plundered
The term "plundered" in Hebrew is "natzal," which can mean to snatch away or deliver. This word choice is significant as it conveys the idea of deliverance and victory rather than mere theft. It reflects God's justice, as the Israelites receive compensation for their years of slavery, and it foreshadows their liberation from bondage.

the Egyptians
The Egyptians, once the oppressors, are now the ones who provide for the Israelites' journey. This reversal of roles is a powerful demonstration of God's justice and His ability to humble the proud. It also serves as a fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham that his descendants would leave their place of bondage with great possessions (Genesis 15:14).

The Israelites journeyed
This phrase marks the beginning of a monumental event in biblical history—the Exodus. The Hebrew root for "journeyed" is "nasa," which means to pull up or set out. This signifies not just a physical departure but a spiritual and communal movement towards freedom and fulfillment of God's promises. The journey is both literal and symbolic, representing a transition from bondage to liberation, a theme that resonates throughout Scripture.

from Rameses
Rameses, or Raamses, is identified as a city in the land of Goshen, where the Israelites lived during their time in Egypt. Archaeologically, it is associated with the city of Pi-Ramesses, a royal city built by Pharaoh Ramesses II. This location underscores the historical context of the Israelites' enslavement and their subsequent deliverance. It serves as a reminder of God's power to liberate His people from the mightiest of earthly powers.

to Succoth
Succoth, meaning "booths" or "temporary shelters," is the first stop on the Israelites' journey. It symbolizes a place of transition and preparation. The name itself suggests a temporary dwelling, reflecting the transient nature of life and the need for reliance on God during times of change. This stop is a precursor to the wilderness journey, where the Israelites will learn to depend on God for sustenance and guidance.

There were about six hundred thousand men on foot
The mention of "six hundred thousand men" highlights the vast number of Israelites who participated in the Exodus. The Hebrew word for "men" here is "geber," often used to denote warriors or able-bodied men. This number, excluding women and children, suggests a total population of over two million people. It emphasizes the magnitude of the event and the logistical miracle of moving such a large group, underscoring God's providence and the fulfillment of His promise to Abraham to make his descendants as numerous as the stars.

besides women and children
This phrase acknowledges the presence of families, indicating that the Exodus was not just a military or male endeavor but a communal one involving entire households. The inclusion of women and children highlights the comprehensive nature of God's deliverance. It reflects the biblical principle that God's promises and salvation extend to all members of His covenant community, regardless of age or gender. This inclusivity is a testament to the holistic nature of God's redemptive plan.

And a mixed multitude
The Hebrew term for "mixed multitude" is "erev rav," which suggests a diverse group of people. This phrase indicates that not only the Israelites left Egypt, but also a variety of other individuals, possibly including Egyptians and other foreigners who had witnessed the power of God through the plagues and chose to align themselves with the Israelites. This highlights the universal appeal of God's deliverance and foreshadows the inclusion of Gentiles in God's redemptive plan. It serves as a reminder that God's salvation is available to all who choose to follow Him, regardless of their ethnic or cultural background.

also went up with them
The phrase "went up" is significant in the Hebrew context, often used to describe a journey towards a higher purpose or calling. The departure from Egypt was not just a physical relocation but a spiritual ascent towards the Promised Land, symbolizing liberation from bondage and a journey towards divine fulfillment. This movement reflects the Christian journey of sanctification, where believers are called to leave behind their old lives and move towards a life of holiness and communion with God.

along with flocks and herds
The mention of "flocks and herds" underscores the comprehensive nature of the Exodus. The Israelites did not leave Egypt empty-handed; they took with them their means of livelihood and sustenance. This detail emphasizes God's provision and faithfulness, ensuring that His people had the necessary resources for their journey. It also symbolizes the holistic nature of God's deliverance, which encompasses both spiritual and material needs.

a great number of livestock
The "great number of livestock" further illustrates the magnitude of the Exodus event. It signifies the wealth and prosperity that God bestowed upon the Israelites as they left Egypt. Historically, livestock represented wealth and stability, and their inclusion in the Exodus narrative highlights God's abundant blessings. This abundance is a testament to God's promise to provide for His people, reinforcing the idea that when God calls His people out of bondage, He equips them with everything they need for the journey ahead.

And they baked unleavened cakes
The phrase "unleavened cakes" refers to bread made without yeast. In Hebrew, the word for unleavened is "matzot," which signifies bread that is hastily prepared. This is a direct reflection of the Israelites' urgent departure from Egypt, as they did not have time to let their dough rise. The unleavened bread becomes a symbol of purity and separation from sin, as leaven often represents sin in the Bible. The act of baking these cakes is a testament to the Israelites' obedience to God's command and their readiness to follow His lead without delay.

of the dough
The "dough" here is the mixture of flour and water that the Israelites had prepared before their departure. In a broader sense, this dough represents the sustenance and provision of God. It is a reminder that even in times of haste and uncertainty, God provides for His people. The dough, though simple, is a symbol of God's faithfulness and the sustenance He offers to those who trust in Him.

which they had brought out of Egypt
This phrase emphasizes the transition from slavery to freedom. The dough brought out of Egypt signifies the last remnants of their life in bondage. It is a tangible connection to their past, yet it is transformed into something new and sustaining as they journey towards the Promised Land. This transformation is a powerful reminder of God's redemptive work, taking what was once associated with oppression and turning it into a means of sustenance and hope.

for it was not leavened
The absence of leaven is significant, as it underscores the haste of their departure. The Israelites did not have the luxury of time to allow the dough to rise, which is a direct result of God's swift deliverance. This detail highlights the immediacy of God's intervention and the necessity of readiness in following His commands. It also serves as a metaphor for the purity and newness of life that God offers, free from the corruption of sin.

because they were driven out of Egypt
The phrase "driven out" indicates the forceful nature of their exodus. Pharaoh's insistence that the Israelites leave quickly is a fulfillment of God's promise to deliver His people. This urgency is a testament to God's power and the fulfillment of His word. It also reflects the spiritual journey of leaving behind a life of sin and bondage, moving towards the freedom found in obedience to God.

and could not delay
The inability to delay highlights the importance of immediate obedience to God's commands. The Israelites' prompt departure is a model of faith and trust in God's timing. It serves as a reminder that when God calls, His people must be ready to respond without hesitation. This readiness is a crucial aspect of the Christian walk, emphasizing the need for vigilance and preparedness in following God's will.

for they had not prepared any provisions for themselves
This final phrase underscores the reliance on God's provision. The Israelites left Egypt without the usual preparations for a journey, trusting that God would provide for their needs. This act of faith is a powerful example of dependence on God, who is faithful to sustain His people. It challenges believers to trust in God's provision, even when circumstances seem uncertain or daunting.

Now the duration
This phrase introduces a specific period, emphasizing the importance of time in God's plan. The Hebrew word for "duration" (מוֹשָׁב, moshav) can also mean "dwelling" or "habitation," indicating not just the passage of time but the Israelites' settled life in Egypt. This sets the stage for understanding the fulfillment of God's promises and the unfolding of His divine timeline.

of the Israelites’ stay
The term "Israelites" refers to the descendants of Jacob, also known as Israel. Their "stay" (מָשַׁב, mashab) in Egypt was not merely a temporary visit but a significant period of habitation. This highlights the transition from a family to a nation, as God was preparing them for their eventual exodus and identity as His chosen people.

in Egypt
Egypt, in this context, is more than a geographical location; it represents a place of both refuge and bondage. Historically, Egypt was a powerful and advanced civilization, providing a backdrop for the Israelites' growth in numbers and strength. However, it also became a place of oppression, symbolizing the world's enticements and the need for divine deliverance.

was 430 years
The specific mention of "430 years" underscores the precision of God's timing. This period fulfills the prophecy given to Abraham in Genesis 15:13, where God foretold that his descendants would be strangers in a land not their own and would be enslaved and mistreated. The exactness of this duration reveals God's sovereignty and faithfulness in keeping His promises, as well as His perfect timing in orchestrating the events leading to the Exodus.

At the end of the four hundred thirty years
This phrase marks a significant moment in the history of the Israelites. The "four hundred thirty years" refers to the period that the Israelites spent in Egypt, which began with the arrival of Jacob and his family during the time of Joseph. The Hebrew root for "years" (שָׁנִים, shanim) emphasizes the passage of time and the fulfillment of God's promises. Historically, this period is seen as a time of both growth and oppression for the Israelites, as they multiplied greatly but also became enslaved. This duration underscores God's faithfulness in keeping His covenant with Abraham, as mentioned in Genesis 15:13-14, where God foretold the affliction and eventual deliverance of Abraham's descendants.

to the very day
This phrase highlights the precision and faithfulness of God's timing. The Hebrew word for "day" (יוֹם, yom) is often used to denote a specific, divinely appointed time. The expression "to the very day" suggests that God's plans are executed with exactness and reliability. It serves as a reminder that God's promises are not vague or indefinite but are fulfilled with meticulous accuracy. This precision is a source of inspiration and assurance for believers, affirming that God's timing in their lives is perfect and trustworthy.

all the LORD’s divisions
The term "divisions" (צִבְאוֹת, tsiv'ot) is often translated as "hosts" or "armies," indicating an organized and structured group. This phrase reflects the transformation of the Israelites from a group of enslaved people into a divinely ordered community, ready to embark on their journey to the Promised Land. The use of "LORD" (יְהוָה, Yahweh) emphasizes the covenantal relationship between God and His people. It is a reminder of God's sovereignty and His role as the divine commander leading His people out of bondage. This imagery of divine leadership and organization inspires believers to trust in God's guidance and provision in their own lives.

departed from the land of Egypt
The departure from Egypt, known as the Exodus, is a pivotal event in the history of Israel. The Hebrew word for "departed" (יָצָא, yatsa) conveys the idea of going out or being delivered. This act of liberation is not just a physical relocation but a spiritual and communal transformation. Egypt, often symbolizing sin and oppression, represents the old life from which God redeems His people. The Exodus is a powerful testament to God's saving power and His ability to deliver His people from bondage. For Christians, it foreshadows the ultimate deliverance through Jesus Christ, who frees believers from the bondage of sin. This historical event encourages believers to reflect on their own spiritual journey and the freedom they have in Christ.

Because the LORD kept a vigil
The phrase "kept a vigil" is rooted in the Hebrew word "שִׁמֻּרִים" (shimmurim), which implies a watchful, protective oversight. This vigil signifies God's active and attentive presence, ensuring the safety and deliverance of the Israelites. Historically, this reflects God's covenant faithfulness, as He fulfills His promise to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. Theologically, it underscores God's sovereignty and His role as a divine protector who intervenes in human history to accomplish His purposes.

that night
The specific mention of "that night" highlights the significance of the Passover night, a pivotal moment in Israel's history. It was a night of divine intervention and liberation, marking the transition from slavery to freedom. This night is commemorated annually in the Jewish Passover, serving as a perpetual reminder of God's deliverance. Theologically, it foreshadows the ultimate deliverance through Christ, the Lamb of God, whose sacrifice brings spiritual liberation.

to bring them out of the land of Egypt
This phrase emphasizes the purpose of God's vigil: the deliverance of His people from bondage. The Hebrew word for "bring out" is "יָצָא" (yatsa), which conveys the idea of a powerful, purposeful extraction. Egypt, in this context, symbolizes oppression and sin. Theologically, this act of deliverance is a precursor to the salvation offered through Jesus Christ, who delivers believers from the bondage of sin and death.

all the Israelites are to keep this vigil
The command for "all the Israelites" to "keep this vigil" establishes a communal and perpetual observance. The Hebrew word "שָׁמַר" (shamar) means to guard or observe diligently. This vigil is not just a remembrance but an active participation in the account of redemption. It calls the community to unity and continuity in faith, reminding them of their identity as God's chosen people and their responsibility to live in obedience and gratitude.

to the LORD
The phrase "to the LORD" signifies that this vigil is an act of worship and devotion directed towards Yahweh, the covenant-keeping God. It is a recognition of His mighty acts and a declaration of His lordship. This observance is not merely a ritual but a heartfelt response to God's grace and mercy, acknowledging His role as the ultimate deliverer and sustainer.

for the generations to come
This phrase underscores the timeless nature of the vigil, intended to be observed "for the generations to come." It highlights the importance of passing down the faith and the account of God's deliverance to future generations. This continuity ensures that the knowledge of God's mighty works and His covenant faithfulness remains alive in the hearts and minds of His people. It serves as a reminder of the enduring nature of God's promises and the call to remain faithful across the ages.

The LORD said to Moses and Aaron
This phrase establishes the divine authority behind the instructions that follow. The use of "The LORD" (YHWH) emphasizes the covenantal relationship between God and Israel. In Hebrew, "YHWH" is the sacred name of God, often translated as "LORD" in English Bibles. This name signifies God's eternal presence and faithfulness. The mention of "Moses and Aaron" highlights their roles as leaders and mediators between God and the Israelites. Historically, Moses is seen as the lawgiver and prophet, while Aaron serves as the first high priest, underscoring the importance of both leadership and priesthood in guiding the people.

This is the ordinance of the Passover
The term "ordinance" refers to a decree or command that is to be observed. In Hebrew, the word used is "chukkat," which implies a statute or regulation that is to be followed perpetually. The "Passover" (Pesach in Hebrew) is a foundational event in Israel's history, commemorating their deliverance from slavery in Egypt. It is both a historical event and a perpetual memorial, symbolizing redemption and God's saving power. The Passover becomes a central element of Jewish identity and worship, and it foreshadows the ultimate redemption through Christ in Christian theology.

No foreigner is to eat of it
This instruction sets boundaries around the participation in the Passover meal. The term "foreigner" (Hebrew: "ben nekar") refers to someone who is not part of the Israelite community, emphasizing the covenantal nature of the Passover. This restriction underscores the idea that the Passover is a sacred observance for those who are in a covenant relationship with God. In a broader theological context, it highlights the importance of being part of God's covenant people to partake in His promises. This exclusivity points to the need for a personal relationship with God, which, in Christian understanding, is fulfilled through faith in Jesus Christ.

But every man's servant
The term "servant" here is translated from the Hebrew word "עֶבֶד" (eved), which can mean servant, slave, or bondman. In the ancient Near Eastern context, servitude was a common practice, and the term could refer to a range of statuses from indentured servitude to chattel slavery. The inclusion of servants in the Passover meal underscores the communal and inclusive nature of the covenant community. It reflects the biblical principle that all who are part of the household, regardless of their social status, are to be integrated into the worship and religious life of Israel.

who is bought with money
This phrase indicates a legal and economic transaction, highlighting the reality of slavery in the ancient world. The purchase of a servant with money signifies ownership, yet within the biblical context, it also implies responsibility and care. The Torah often emphasizes the humane treatment of servants, reminding the Israelites of their own past as slaves in Egypt. This phrase also points to the broader biblical theme of redemption, where God "buys back" His people, a motif that finds its ultimate fulfillment in the New Testament through Christ's redemptive work.

after you have circumcised him
Circumcision, from the Hebrew "מוּל" (mul), was the sign of the Abrahamic covenant (Genesis 17:10-14). It was a physical mark of belonging to God's chosen people and a prerequisite for participation in the Passover meal. This requirement for circumcision before partaking in the Passover signifies the importance of covenant identity and purity. It symbolizes a cutting away of the old life and a commitment to the ways of God. In the New Testament, circumcision of the heart becomes a metaphor for spiritual renewal and dedication to God (Romans 2:29).

may eat of it
The "it" refers to the Passover meal, a central ritual in Israelite worship commemorating their deliverance from Egypt. Eating the Passover was not merely a physical act but a profound spiritual participation in the account of God's salvation. By allowing circumcised servants to partake, the text emphasizes the inclusivity of God's salvation and the breaking down of social barriers within the covenant community. This foreshadows the New Testament teaching that in Christ, there is neither Jew nor Greek, slave nor free (Galatians 3:28), as all are invited to partake in the new covenant through faith.

A temporary resident
The Hebrew term for "temporary resident" is "toshav," which refers to someone who resides in a place but is not a permanent member of the community. In the context of ancient Israel, this would be a foreigner living among the Israelites, perhaps for work or trade. Theologically, this distinction underscores the covenantal relationship between God and Israel. The Passover was a sacred observance meant to commemorate God's deliverance of His chosen people from Egypt. By excluding temporary residents, the text emphasizes the unique identity and calling of Israel as a people set apart for God. This separation serves as a reminder of the holiness and exclusivity of God's covenant.

or hired hand
The phrase "hired hand" translates from the Hebrew "sakir," indicating a laborer who works for wages. Unlike a slave who was considered part of the household, a hired hand was an outsider, often transient, and not integrated into the family unit. This distinction is crucial in understanding the communal and familial nature of the Passover meal. It was not merely a ritual but a familial celebration of God's deliverance. The exclusion of hired hands from the Passover meal highlights the importance of belonging and covenantal identity within the community of faith. It serves as a metaphor for the spiritual truth that participation in God's promises requires a deeper, covenantal relationship rather than a mere transactional association.

shall not eat the Passover
The Passover, or "Pesach" in Hebrew, is one of the most significant feasts in the Jewish calendar, commemorating the Israelites' liberation from Egyptian bondage. The command that a temporary resident or hired hand "shall not eat the Passover" is a directive that underscores the sanctity and exclusivity of this observance. Eating the Passover was an act of remembrance and identity, a declaration of belonging to the people whom God had redeemed. In a broader theological sense, this restriction points to the necessity of being in covenant with God to partake in His redemptive acts. For Christians, this foreshadows the New Covenant in Christ, where participation in the Lord's Supper is reserved for those who have entered into a covenant relationship with God through faith in Jesus Christ. The Passover thus becomes a profound symbol of deliverance, identity, and covenant, inviting believers to reflect on their own relationship with God and their place within His redemptive plan.

It must be eaten inside the house
This phrase emphasizes the sanctity and communal aspect of the Passover meal. The Hebrew word for "house" (בַּיִת, bayit) signifies not just a physical structure but a familial unit. Historically, the Passover was a time for families to gather, reinforcing the idea of unity and shared faith. Eating inside symbolizes protection and obedience to God's command, as the Israelites were to remain indoors during the plague of the firstborn. Spiritually, it reflects the idea of being within the safety of God's covenant.

you must not carry any of the meat outside the house
This command underscores the exclusivity and sacredness of the Passover meal. The Hebrew verb for "carry" (יָצָא, yatsa) implies movement or departure. By prohibiting the removal of the meat, God was instructing the Israelites to keep the sanctity of the meal intact, preventing it from being profaned or shared with those outside the covenant community. This can be seen as a precursor to the New Testament teaching of the Lord's Supper, where the sacred elements are reserved for believers.

nor may you break any of its bones
This phrase holds significant prophetic symbolism. The Hebrew word for "break" (שָׁבַר, shabar) means to fracture or destroy. In the context of the Passover lamb, this command foreshadows the crucifixion of Jesus Christ, the Lamb of God, whose bones were not broken, fulfilling the prophecy (John 19:36). Historically, this practice set the Passover lamb apart from other sacrifices, highlighting its unique role in God's redemptive plan. Spiritually, it signifies the completeness and perfection of Christ's sacrifice, unbroken and whole, for the salvation of humanity.

The whole congregation
This phrase emphasizes the collective responsibility and unity of the Israelites. In Hebrew, the word for congregation is "עֵדָה" (edah), which signifies an assembly or community. This reflects the communal nature of the Israelites' identity and their shared covenant with God. Historically, this underscores the importance of community in ancient Israelite society, where religious observance was not just an individual act but a communal one. The unity of the congregation in observing God's commands is a recurring theme throughout the Old Testament, highlighting the importance of collective faithfulness and obedience.

of Israel
The term "Israel" refers to the descendants of Jacob, who was renamed Israel after wrestling with God (Genesis 32:28). This name carries the meaning "God prevails" or "he struggles with God," symbolizing the nation's relationship with the divine. Theologically, Israel represents God's chosen people, set apart to fulfill His purposes. The historical context of Israel as a nation is rooted in the covenant promises made to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and this identity is central to their understanding of themselves as a people called to live according to God's laws.

must celebrate
The Hebrew root for "celebrate" is "עָשָׂה" (asah), which means to do, make, or perform. This implies an active participation in the observance of the Passover, not merely a passive acknowledgment. The celebration of Passover is a command, not a suggestion, indicating its significance in the life of the Israelites. It serves as a perpetual reminder of God's deliverance from Egypt and His faithfulness to His promises. The act of celebration is both a remembrance and a proclamation of God's mighty works.

it
The "it" refers to the Passover, a pivotal event in Israel's history. The Passover is not just a ritual but a profound act of remembrance and identity formation. It commemorates the night when God spared the Israelites from the plague of the firstborn in Egypt, marking their liberation from slavery. Theologically, the Passover foreshadows the ultimate deliverance through Christ, the Lamb of God, whose sacrifice brings salvation to all who believe. The historical and spiritual significance of the Passover is foundational to understanding God's redemptive plan for His people.

If a foreigner resides with you
The term "foreigner" in Hebrew is "ger," which refers to a non-Israelite living among the Israelites. This highlights the inclusive nature of God's covenant community, allowing those outside the ethnic lineage of Israel to partake in the blessings of the covenant, provided they adhere to its stipulations. Historically, this reflects the openness of the Israelite community to integrate those who genuinely sought to worship Yahweh, emphasizing the universal scope of God's redemptive plan.

wants to celebrate the Passover to the LORD
The Passover, or "Pesach" in Hebrew, is a foundational event commemorating Israel's deliverance from Egyptian bondage. The desire of a foreigner to celebrate this feast signifies a profound spiritual commitment to the God of Israel. It underscores the transformative power of God's deliverance, which transcends ethnic and cultural boundaries, inviting all who seek Him to participate in His redemptive acts.

all the males in his household must be circumcised
Circumcision, or "brit milah" in Hebrew, is the physical sign of the Abrahamic covenant (Genesis 17:10-14). It represents a commitment to the covenantal relationship with God. For a foreigner to partake in the Passover, this requirement signifies a full integration into the covenant community, symbolizing purity, obedience, and identification with the people of God. It is a profound act of faith and submission to God's will.

then he may come near to celebrate it
The phrase "come near" implies an intimate participation in the sacred observance. It suggests that through circumcision, the foreigner is granted full access to the spiritual and communal life of Israel. This reflects the biblical principle that true worship and fellowship with God require a heart and life aligned with His covenantal standards.

and he shall be like a native of the land
This phrase emphasizes the equality and full acceptance of the foreigner within the covenant community once the covenantal requirements are met. It reflects the biblical theme of unity and equality before God, where faith and obedience, rather than ethnicity, determine one's standing in the community of believers. This foreshadows the New Testament teaching that in Christ, there is neither Jew nor Gentile (Galatians 3:28).

But no uncircumcised man may eat of it
This stipulation underscores the holiness and exclusivity of the Passover meal. It serves as a reminder that participation in the sacred rites of God's people requires adherence to His covenant. The exclusion of the uncircumcised highlights the importance of covenantal faithfulness and the seriousness of entering into a relationship with God. It is a call to purity and dedication, ensuring that those who partake in the Passover do so with reverence and commitment to God's commands.

The same law
This phrase underscores the universality and consistency of God's commandments. In Hebrew, the word for "law" is "torah," which signifies instruction or teaching. The use of "the same" emphasizes that God's standards are not subject to change based on personal or cultural preferences. Historically, this reflects the divine nature of the law given to Moses, which was meant to guide the Israelites in righteousness and justice. It serves as a reminder that God's principles are eternal and applicable to all who seek to follow Him.

shall apply
The phrase "shall apply" indicates an imperative, a command that is not optional but required. The Hebrew root here conveys a sense of binding obligation. This reflects the covenantal relationship between God and His people, where adherence to His laws is a sign of faithfulness and devotion. It is a call to action, urging believers to live out their faith through obedience to God's commands.

to both the native
"The native" refers to the Israelites, God's chosen people, who were born into the covenant community. In the Hebrew context, this term highlights the identity and heritage of those who are naturally part of God's family. It serves as a reminder of the special relationship and responsibilities that come with being part of God's people. Historically, this distinction was important in maintaining the cultural and religious identity of the Israelites amidst surrounding nations.

and the foreigner
The inclusion of "the foreigner" is significant, as it demonstrates God's inclusive nature and His desire for all people to come to know Him. The Hebrew word for "foreigner" often refers to a sojourner or resident alien, someone who is not originally part of the Israelite community but chooses to live among them. This reflects the biblical theme of hospitality and the extension of God's grace beyond ethnic and national boundaries. It is a powerful reminder that God's love and law are available to all who seek Him, regardless of their background.

who resides among you
This phrase emphasizes the presence and integration of the foreigner within the community of Israel. The Hebrew root suggests dwelling or living together, indicating a sense of belonging and acceptance. It highlights the importance of community and the role of the foreigner in the life of Israel. Scripturally, it points to the idea that God's kingdom is open to all who choose to align themselves with His people and His ways. It is an invitation to unity and fellowship under the banner of God's law.

So all the Israelites did this
This phrase underscores the collective obedience of the Israelites. The Hebrew root for "did" is עָשָׂה (asah), which means to do, make, or accomplish. This verb is often used in the context of fulfilling commands or carrying out tasks. The Israelites' compliance with God's instructions through Moses and Aaron reflects their faith and trust in God's deliverance. Historically, this obedience marks a pivotal moment in their identity as a nation set apart for God's purposes. It is a reminder of the importance of communal faithfulness and unity in following God's directives.

they did just as the LORD had commanded Moses and Aaron
The phrase "just as the LORD had commanded" highlights the precision and faithfulness required in following divine instructions. The Hebrew word for "commanded" is צִוָּה (tsavah), which implies a direct order or charge. This reflects the authority of God and the necessity of adhering to His will without deviation. Moses and Aaron, as leaders, serve as intermediaries between God and the people, emphasizing the importance of godly leadership in guiding others to fulfill God's commands. This obedience is not merely ritualistic but is an act of worship and reverence towards God, acknowledging His sovereignty and wisdom. The historical context of the Exodus narrative shows that such obedience was crucial for the Israelites' survival and liberation from Egypt, serving as a testament to the power of faith and the fulfillment of God's promises.

And on that very day
This phrase emphasizes the immediacy and precision of God's timing. The Hebrew root for "day" is "yom," which can mean a 24-hour period or a significant moment in time. In the context of Exodus, it underscores the fulfillment of God's promise to deliver the Israelites from bondage. Historically, this marks a pivotal moment in Israel's history, signifying the transition from slavery to freedom. It serves as a reminder of God's faithfulness and the importance of divine timing in the unfolding of His plans.

the LORD
The term "LORD" in all capital letters is a translation of the Hebrew "YHWH," the sacred and personal name of God revealed to Moses at the burning bush (Exodus 3:14). This name signifies God's eternal, self-existent nature and His covenant relationship with Israel. It is a reminder of God's sovereignty and His role as the deliverer of His people. The use of "LORD" here highlights that the deliverance of Israel is an act of divine intervention, not merely a historical event.

brought the Israelites
The phrase "brought the Israelites" indicates God's active role in the liberation of His people. The Hebrew verb "yatsa" means to bring out or lead forth, suggesting a shepherd-like guidance. This reflects God's intimate involvement in the lives of the Israelites, guiding them out of Egypt with a strong hand. It is a testament to God's power and His commitment to His covenant promises.

out of the land of Egypt
Egypt, in this context, represents a place of bondage and oppression. Historically, Egypt was a powerful empire, and the Israelites' deliverance from it was a miraculous event that demonstrated God's supremacy over earthly powers. The phrase signifies not just a physical relocation but a spiritual and cultural transformation. It marks the beginning of Israel's journey to becoming a nation set apart for God's purposes.

by their divisions
The term "divisions" refers to the organized groups or tribes of Israel. The Hebrew word "tsaba" can mean army or host, indicating a structured and orderly departure. This organization reflects God's orderliness and the importance of community and identity among the Israelites. It also foreshadows the military conquests and challenges they would face in the Promised Land. The phrase underscores the unity and collective identity of the Israelites as God's chosen people, moving forward under His command.