Now
The word "Now" serves as a transitional marker, indicating a shift in the narrative. In the Greek text, the word used is "δέ" (de), which often functions to connect thoughts or events. This transition sets the stage for the unfolding of significant events in the Passion narrative, emphasizing the immediacy and urgency of the coming days.

the Passover
The Passover, or "Πάσχα" (Pascha) in Greek, is a pivotal Jewish festival commemorating the Israelites' deliverance from Egyptian bondage, as described in Exodus 12. This feast is rich in symbolism, foreshadowing Christ as the ultimate Passover Lamb, whose sacrifice would bring about spiritual deliverance. The timing of these events during Passover underscores the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy and the continuity of God's redemptive plan.

and the Feast of Unleavened Bread
This phrase refers to the seven-day festival immediately following Passover, during which Jews abstain from leavened bread, as commanded in Exodus 12:15-20. The Greek term "ἄζυμα" (azuma) means "unleavened." This feast symbolizes purity and separation from sin, paralleling the sinless nature of Christ. The close association of these feasts highlights the spiritual preparation and purification necessary for the coming sacrifice of Jesus.

were two days away
The phrase "were two days away" situates the narrative in a specific timeframe, emphasizing the proximity of these significant events. The Greek text uses "μετὰ δύο ἡμέρας" (meta duo hēmeras), indicating the nearness of the Passover. This temporal marker heightens the tension and anticipation, as the reader is aware of the impending climax of Jesus' earthly ministry.

and the chief priests and scribes
The "chief priests and scribes" were influential religious leaders in Jewish society. The Greek terms "ἀρχιερεῖς" (archiereis) and "γραμματεῖς" (grammateis) denote their roles as temple authorities and experts in the Law, respectively. Their involvement in the plot against Jesus highlights the religious establishment's opposition to His teachings and authority, fulfilling prophecies of the Messiah's rejection by His own people.

were looking for a way to arrest Jesus covertly
This phrase reveals the clandestine nature of the leaders' intentions. The Greek word "δόλῳ" (dolō) implies deceit or treachery, indicating their desire to avoid public uproar. Their secretive plotting contrasts with Jesus' openness and transparency, underscoring the moral and spiritual corruption of those who should have been shepherds of God's people.

and kill Him
The ultimate goal of the religious leaders was to "kill Him," reflecting their deep-seated animosity and fear of Jesus' influence. The Greek verb "ἀποκτείνω" (apokteinō) means to kill or destroy, signifying their intent to eliminate what they perceived as a threat to their authority. This phrase foreshadows the sacrificial death of Christ, which, though intended for evil, would be used by God for the salvation of humanity.

But not during the feast
This phrase highlights the religious leaders' concern about timing. The "feast" refers to the Passover, a significant Jewish festival commemorating the Israelites' liberation from Egyptian slavery. The Greek word for "feast" is "ἑορτή" (heortē), which denotes a festival or holy day. Historically, Jerusalem would swell with pilgrims during Passover, making it a time of heightened religious and nationalistic fervor. The leaders feared that any drastic actions, such as arresting Jesus, could incite unrest among the masses who revered Him as a prophet. This reflects their political calculations and desire to maintain order and their own authority.

they said
This phrase indicates a consensus among the religious leaders, specifically the chief priests and scribes, as mentioned in the preceding verse. The Greek verb "ἔλεγον" (elegon) is in the imperfect tense, suggesting ongoing discussion or deliberation. This implies that their decision was not made lightly but was the result of careful plotting. It underscores the premeditated nature of their plans against Jesus, revealing their deep-seated opposition to His ministry and message.

or there may be a riot among the people
The concern for a "riot" reveals the volatile social and political climate of Jerusalem during Passover. The Greek word for "riot" is "θόρυβος" (thorybos), meaning tumult or uproar. The leaders were acutely aware of the potential for civil disorder, which could attract the attention of the Roman authorities and threaten their own positions of power. This fear of the people, who were largely supportive of Jesus, highlights the tension between the religious authorities and the general populace. It also foreshadows the eventual public outcry during Jesus' trial, where the crowd's mood is manipulated to call for His crucifixion. This phrase serves as a reminder of the fragile balance of power and the leaders' prioritization of political expediency over justice.

While Jesus was in Bethany
Bethany, a small village near Jerusalem, holds significant importance in the Gospels. It was a place of refuge and rest for Jesus, often associated with His close friends, Mary, Martha, and Lazarus. The name "Bethany" is thought to mean "house of affliction" or "house of figs," reflecting its humble and perhaps challenging environment. This setting underscores the humility and humanity of Jesus, who chose to spend His time in a place not of grandeur but of simplicity and genuine relationships.

in the home of Simon the leper
Simon the leper's home is a poignant setting, as leprosy was a disease that led to social ostracism. The fact that Jesus was in Simon's home highlights His compassion and willingness to associate with those marginalized by society. It is possible that Simon had been healed by Jesus, which would explain his ability to host a gathering. This setting emphasizes the transformative power of Jesus' ministry, breaking social barriers and restoring individuals to community and fellowship.

a woman came
The woman, identified in other Gospels as Mary of Bethany, approaches Jesus with a bold and sacrificial act. Her coming to Jesus signifies an act of devotion and courage, as she steps into a male-dominated space to express her love and reverence. This moment highlights the inclusive nature of Jesus' ministry, where women played crucial roles and were acknowledged for their faith and actions.

with an alabaster jar
Alabaster, a fine-grained stone, was commonly used to store precious ointments and perfumes. The jar itself represents value and beauty, indicating the significance of the contents it held. The use of an alabaster jar suggests the woman's intention to offer something of great worth to Jesus, symbolizing her deep devotion and the preciousness of her gift.

of expensive perfume, made of pure nard
Nard, a costly perfume derived from a plant found in the Himalayas, was a luxury item in the ancient world. Its mention underscores the sacrificial nature of the woman's offering, as she gives something of immense value. This act of anointing with pure nard symbolizes the woman's recognition of Jesus' divine kingship and foreshadows His burial, as anointing was a customary practice for honoring the dead.

She broke open the jar
Breaking the jar signifies a total and irreversible act of giving. Once broken, the jar could not be used again, symbolizing the woman's complete and unreserved devotion to Jesus. This act of breaking open the jar reflects the call for believers to offer their lives wholly to Christ, holding nothing back in their worship and service.

and poured it on His head
Anointing the head was a traditional act of honoring and consecration, often associated with kingship and priesthood. By pouring the perfume on Jesus' head, the woman acknowledges His authority and divine mission. This act prefigures Jesus' impending death and burial, serving as a prophetic gesture of His role as the Messiah who would suffer and die for humanity's redemption.

But some of them
This phrase indicates that not all present were in agreement, highlighting a division among the disciples or those present. The Greek word used here, "τινες" (tines), suggests an unspecified number, emphasizing that dissent can arise even within a close-knit group. This reflects the human tendency to question actions that seem extravagant or unnecessary, especially when resources are involved.

were expressing their indignation
The Greek word for "indignation" is "ἀγανακτοῦντες" (aganaktountes), which conveys a strong emotional response, often of anger or annoyance. This reaction is not just a mild disapproval but a deep-seated frustration. Historically, indignation in this context can be understood as a reaction to perceived injustice or mismanagement, reflecting the disciples' concern for practical stewardship.

to one another
This phrase suggests a communal sharing of thoughts, indicating that the indignation was not kept private but was openly discussed. The Greek "πρὸς ἀλλήλους" (pros allēlous) implies a dialogue or conversation, which can lead to a collective mindset. This highlights the importance of communication within a group and how shared opinions can influence collective attitudes.

'Why this waste of perfume?'
The question posed here reflects a utilitarian perspective, where the value of the perfume is measured against its potential use. The Greek word for "waste" is "ἀπώλεια" (apōleia), which can mean destruction or loss. This reflects a misunderstanding of the act's spiritual significance, focusing instead on material value. Historically, perfume was a luxury item, often used in anointing and burial practices, symbolizing honor and devotion. The disciples' question reveals a tension between earthly values and spiritual acts of worship, challenging believers to discern the deeper purpose behind acts of devotion.

It could have been sold
This phrase reflects the practical mindset of the disciples, particularly Judas Iscariot, who voiced this concern (John 12:4-5). The Greek word for "sold" is "prathēnai," which implies a transaction or exchange. In the context of first-century Judea, selling goods was a common way to support oneself or contribute to communal needs. This phrase highlights the tension between spiritual devotion and practical charity, a recurring theme in Jesus' teachings.

for over three hundred denarii
A denarius was a day's wage for a laborer at the time, making three hundred denarii nearly a year's salary. This substantial amount underscores the value of the perfume and the perceived extravagance of the woman's act. The Greek term "denarion" connects to the Roman economy, illustrating the socio-economic backdrop of the narrative. This detail emphasizes the sacrificial nature of the woman's offering, contrasting worldly wealth with spiritual richness.

and the money given to the poor
The concern for the poor is a central theme in Jesus' ministry. The Greek word "ptōchois" for "poor" indicates those who are destitute or lacking resources. This phrase reflects the disciples' understanding of Jesus' teachings on charity and social justice. However, it also reveals a misunderstanding of the deeper significance of the woman's act of worship. The juxtaposition of material aid and spiritual devotion invites reflection on the priorities of the Christian life.

And they scolded her
The Greek word "embrimaomai" translated as "scolded" conveys a sense of indignation or rebuke. This reaction from the disciples reveals their limited perspective on the woman's actions. Historically, women in Jewish society often faced criticism for stepping outside traditional roles, and this rebuke may reflect societal norms. However, Jesus' subsequent defense of the woman (Mark 14:6-9) challenges these norms, affirming the value of heartfelt devotion over societal expectations. This moment invites believers to consider how they respond to acts of worship that defy conventional wisdom.

But Jesus said
This phrase introduces the authoritative voice of Jesus, the central figure in the Gospel of Mark. The Greek word for "said" is "εἶπεν" (eipen), which is often used to denote a significant or authoritative statement. In the context of the Gospels, when Jesus speaks, it is with divine authority and wisdom. This moment is pivotal as it reflects Jesus' defense of an act of devotion, setting the stage for a deeper understanding of His mission and values.

Leave her alone
The command "Leave her alone" is a direct and protective statement from Jesus. The Greek word "ἄφετε" (aphete) is an imperative, showing urgency and authority. This phrase underscores Jesus' role as a defender of the marginalized and misunderstood. Historically, women in the first-century Jewish context often faced societal limitations, and Jesus' defense of the woman highlights His revolutionary approach to social norms and His recognition of sincere faith and devotion.

why are you bothering her?
This rhetorical question challenges the disciples' misunderstanding of the woman's actions. The Greek word for "bothering" is "κόπους" (kopous), which can mean causing trouble or distress. Jesus is addressing the unnecessary criticism and judgment from those around Him. This phrase invites reflection on the nature of true worship and devotion, encouraging believers to look beyond societal expectations and focus on the heart's intent.

She has done a beautiful deed to Me
The phrase "a beautiful deed" is translated from the Greek "καλὸν ἔργον" (kalon ergon), where "kalon" means good, noble, or beautiful, and "ergon" means work or deed. This highlights the intrinsic value of the woman's act of anointing Jesus, which was an expression of love and worship. In the historical context, anointing was a significant act, often associated with honor and preparation for burial. Jesus acknowledges the prophetic and sacrificial nature of her action, elevating it as an example of true discipleship. This phrase serves as an inspiration for believers to offer their best to Christ, recognizing that acts of love and devotion are precious in His sight.

The poor you will always have with you
This phrase echoes Deuteronomy 15:11, where God acknowledges the perpetual presence of poverty in a fallen world. The Greek word for "poor" is "ptōchos," which implies not just a lack of material wealth but also a state of humility and dependence. Historically, the Jewish community was encouraged to care for the poor, reflecting God's heart for justice and mercy. This statement by Jesus is not dismissive but rather a recognition of an ongoing reality that requires continuous compassion and action from His followers.

and you can help them whenever you want
The phrase emphasizes the availability and opportunity to serve the poor. The Greek word "dynamai" for "can" suggests ability and power, indicating that believers are empowered to act. The historical context shows that almsgiving was a common practice in Jewish culture, seen as a righteous act. Jesus is reminding His disciples that their commitment to helping the poor should be constant and proactive, reflecting God's love and provision.

But you will not always have Me
Here, Jesus contrasts the temporal nature of His physical presence with the disciples. The Greek word "ou" for "not" is emphatic, underscoring the urgency and importance of the moment. Jesus is preparing His disciples for His impending crucifixion and ascension. This phrase highlights the unique and irreplaceable opportunity to be in the presence of Christ, urging His followers to prioritize their relationship with Him. Historically, this moment foreshadows the transition from Jesus' earthly ministry to the era of the Holy Spirit, where His presence would be experienced differently.

She has done what she could
This phrase highlights the woman's act of devotion and sacrifice. In the Greek, the word for "done" (ἐποίησεν) implies a completed action, emphasizing the finality and completeness of her deed. The phrase "what she could" suggests that she gave her utmost, holding nothing back. This reflects a principle found throughout Scripture: God values the heart and intent behind our actions more than the magnitude of the act itself. Her act is a model of wholehearted devotion, reminiscent of the widow's offering in Mark 12:41-44, where Jesus commends giving out of poverty rather than abundance.

She has anointed My body beforehand for burial
The act of anointing in biblical times was often associated with consecration and preparation. The Greek word for "anointed" (μυρίσαι) indicates a ritualistic act, often reserved for kings or the deceased. This woman's action prophetically anticipates Jesus' impending death and burial, underscoring her spiritual insight and the divine orchestration of events. In the historical context, anointing was a sign of honor and respect, and here it foreshadows the ultimate honor of Jesus' sacrificial death and resurrection. This phrase also connects to the Old Testament practice of anointing priests and kings, symbolizing Jesus as the Anointed One, the Messiah.

And truly I tell you
This phrase is a solemn affirmation by Jesus, often used to emphasize the importance and certainty of what He is about to say. The Greek word for "truly" is "ἀμὴν" (amen), which is a transliteration from Hebrew, meaning "so be it" or "truth." It underscores the authority and reliability of Jesus' words, inviting the listener to pay close attention to the profound truth He is about to reveal.

wherever the gospel is preached
The term "gospel" comes from the Greek "εὐαγγέλιον" (euangelion), meaning "good news." This phrase indicates the universal scope of the Christian message, which is to be proclaimed throughout the entire world. Historically, this reflects the missionary zeal of the early church, which sought to spread the teachings of Jesus to all nations, fulfilling the Great Commission (Matthew 28:19-20).

in all the world
The Greek word "κόσμος" (kosmos) is used here, signifying the entire inhabited earth. This phrase emphasizes the global reach and impact of the gospel message. It reflects the early Christian understanding that the message of Christ transcends cultural and geographical boundaries, uniting believers from every corner of the earth in a shared faith.

what she has done
This refers to the act of the woman who anointed Jesus with expensive perfume, as described earlier in the chapter. Her action is a profound expression of love, devotion, and sacrifice. The Greek verb "ποιέω" (poieo) means "to do" or "to make," highlighting the intentional and significant nature of her deed. Her act is a model of selfless worship and service to Christ.

will also be told
The future tense here indicates the enduring legacy of the woman's act. The Greek word "λαλέω" (laleo) means "to speak" or "to tell," suggesting that her account will be recounted and remembered as part of the gospel narrative. This underscores the idea that acts of faith and devotion have lasting significance in the kingdom of God.

in memory of her
The Greek word "μνημόσυνον" (mnemosynon) means "memorial" or "remembrance." This phrase signifies that the woman's act will be perpetually remembered and honored within the Christian community. It highlights the biblical principle that God values and remembers the faithful actions of His people, ensuring that their contributions to His kingdom are never forgotten.

Then Judas Iscariot
Judas Iscariot, one of the twelve disciples, is a figure of profound tragedy and betrayal in the New Testament. His surname, "Iscariot," likely indicates his place of origin, Kerioth, a town in Judea. This distinguishes him from the other disciples, who were primarily Galileans. Judas's role as a disciple underscores the gravity of his betrayal, as he was chosen by Jesus and entrusted with responsibilities, yet he ultimately chose to betray his Master. His actions serve as a sobering reminder of the potential for corruption and sin within the human heart, even among those who are close to Jesus.

one of the Twelve
This phrase emphasizes Judas's position within the inner circle of Jesus's followers. The "Twelve" were not just any group of disciples; they were specifically chosen by Jesus to be His closest companions and to carry on His mission. Judas's betrayal is particularly poignant because it comes from within this intimate group. The mention of "the Twelve" highlights the theme of betrayal from within, a recurring motif in the Bible, where those who are closest can sometimes cause the greatest harm.

went to the chief priests
The act of going to the chief priests signifies a deliberate and premeditated decision by Judas. The chief priests were the religious leaders of the time, responsible for maintaining the temple and overseeing religious practices. Historically, they were part of the Sanhedrin, the ruling council of the Jews. Judas's approach to them indicates a willingness to conspire with those who were openly hostile to Jesus. This action reflects a significant turning point in the narrative, as it sets in motion the events leading to Jesus's arrest and crucifixion.

to betray Jesus to them
The word "betray" carries a heavy connotation of treachery and disloyalty. In Greek, the term used is "paradidomi," which means to hand over or deliver up. This word is used throughout the New Testament to describe the act of delivering someone into the hands of their enemies. Judas's betrayal is not just a personal failure but a fulfillment of scriptural prophecy, as foretold in passages like Psalm 41:9. It serves as a catalyst for the Passion narrative, highlighting the themes of sacrifice and redemption that are central to the Christian faith.

They were delighted to hear this
The phrase "they were delighted" indicates the chief priests' and scribes' eagerness to find a way to arrest Jesus without causing a public uproar. The Greek word used here, "chairo," conveys a sense of joy or gladness. This reaction highlights the deep-seated animosity and fear the religious leaders had towards Jesus, whose teachings and actions threatened their authority and the status quo. Historically, the religious leaders were concerned about maintaining their power and the delicate balance with Roman authorities. Jesus' growing influence among the people was seen as a direct threat to their control.

and they promised to give him money
The promise of money signifies the transactional nature of Judas Iscariot's betrayal. The Greek term "argurion" refers to silver coins, which were commonly used in transactions at the time. This promise of money fulfills the prophecy found in Zechariah 11:12-13, where thirty pieces of silver are mentioned as the price for the betrayal. The act of offering money underscores the moral corruption and the lengths to which the religious leaders were willing to go to eliminate Jesus. It also reflects Judas's own moral failing, as he valued material wealth over his relationship with Christ.

So he began to look for an opportunity to betray Jesus
This phrase marks the beginning of Judas's active role in the betrayal. The Greek word "zeteo" means to seek or to look for, indicating Judas's deliberate and premeditated actions. The historical context reveals that the Passover festival was approaching, a time when Jerusalem was crowded with pilgrims. The religious leaders needed a discreet way to arrest Jesus to avoid inciting the masses. Judas's betrayal was not a spontaneous act but a calculated decision, highlighting the tragic nature of his fall from being one of the twelve disciples to the one who would hand over the Messiah. This moment serves as a sobering reminder of the dangers of allowing greed and disillusionment to take root in one's heart, leading to devastating consequences.

On the first day of the Feast of Unleavened Bread
This phrase sets the scene within the Jewish liturgical calendar. The Feast of Unleavened Bread, known in Hebrew as "Chag HaMatzot," begins on the 15th day of Nisan and lasts for seven days. However, the preparation for this feast begins on the 14th of Nisan, which is also the day of the Passover. This feast commemorates the Israelites' exodus from Egypt, when they left in haste and did not have time to let their bread rise. Theologically, this symbolizes purity and the removal of sin, as leaven often represents sin in the Bible. The historical context here is crucial, as it ties Jesus' impending sacrifice to the deliverance of Israel, foreshadowing the ultimate deliverance from sin through His death.

when the Passover lamb was to be sacrificed
The Passover lamb, or "Pesach" in Hebrew, is central to the Passover celebration. According to Exodus 12, the lamb was to be without blemish, symbolizing purity and foreshadowing Christ, the Lamb of God, who is without sin. The sacrifice of the lamb was a pivotal act of obedience and faith for the Israelites, marking their homes with its blood to be spared from the plague of the firstborn. In the New Testament context, this prefigures Jesus' sacrifice, where His blood marks believers for salvation. The historical practice involved the lamb being sacrificed in the Temple, a solemn and sacred act that underscored the gravity of sin and the need for atonement.

Jesus’ disciples asked Him
The disciples, or "mathetes" in Greek, were learners and followers of Jesus. Their inquiry reflects their role as obedient servants, seeking guidance from their Master. This moment highlights the relational dynamic between Jesus and His disciples, emphasizing trust and dependence. It also sets the stage for the Last Supper, where Jesus will impart crucial teachings and establish the New Covenant. Theologically, this interaction underscores the importance of seeking divine direction in spiritual matters.

'Where do You want us to prepare for You to eat the Passover?'
This question reveals the disciples' readiness to serve and their recognition of Jesus' authority. The act of preparation, "hetoimazo" in Greek, involves making ready or providing what is necessary. In the context of the Passover, this would include securing a location, gathering the necessary elements, and ensuring everything was in accordance with Jewish law. This preparation is not just physical but also spiritual, as it anticipates the profound events that will unfold during the meal. Theologically, it invites believers to consider how they prepare their hearts to receive Christ, especially in the context of communion, which commemorates His sacrifice. The historical context of the Passover meal, with its rich symbolism and ritual, provides a backdrop for understanding the depth of Jesus' actions and words during the Last Supper.

So He sent
This phrase indicates the authority and intentionality of Jesus. The Greek word for "sent" is "apostellō," which is the root for "apostle," meaning "one who is sent out." This highlights the mission-oriented nature of Jesus' ministry and the trust He places in His disciples to carry out His instructions. It reflects the divine commissioning that believers receive to act on behalf of Christ in the world.

two of His disciples
The number "two" is significant in biblical terms, often symbolizing testimony and witness. According to Jewish law, the testimony of two witnesses was required to establish a matter (Deuteronomy 19:15). By sending two disciples, Jesus ensures that His instructions are carried out with accountability and reliability. This also emphasizes the importance of community and partnership in ministry.

and told them
This phrase underscores the direct communication between Jesus and His disciples. The Greek word "legō" for "told" implies a clear and authoritative instruction. It reflects the intimate relationship between Jesus and His followers, where He provides guidance and direction. This is a reminder of the importance of listening to and obeying the voice of Christ in our lives.

Go into the city
The directive to "go" is a call to action, reflecting the dynamic nature of discipleship. The city, likely Jerusalem, is a place of significant religious and historical importance. It is the center of Jewish worship and the location where Jesus will soon face His crucifixion. This command signifies the movement from private instruction to public mission, a transition from preparation to fulfillment of God's plan.

a man carrying a jug of water
In the cultural context of the time, it was unusual for a man to carry a water jug, as this was typically a woman's task. This detail would make the man stand out, serving as a clear sign for the disciples. It suggests the providence and foreknowledge of Jesus, who orchestrates events with precision. This also symbolizes the unexpected ways God may work in our lives, using ordinary circumstances to fulfill His purposes.

will meet you
The phrase "will meet you" indicates divine appointment and guidance. The Greek word "apantēsō" suggests an encounter that is purposeful and significant. This meeting is not by chance but orchestrated by God, reminding believers that God is actively involved in the details of our lives, guiding us to the right people and places at the right time.

Follow him
The instruction to "follow" is central to the life of a disciple. The Greek word "akoloutheō" means to accompany or to go along with. It implies trust and obedience, as the disciples are to follow without knowing the full plan. This is a call to faith, trusting in Jesus' guidance even when the path is not fully revealed. It is a reminder that discipleship involves surrendering our own plans and following Christ wherever He leads.

and whichever house he enters
This phrase indicates a divine orchestration and foreknowledge. The Greek word for "house" (οἰκία, oikia) suggests a dwelling place, a place of hospitality and gathering. In the context of first-century Jerusalem, homes were often multi-generational and communal, reflecting a culture of shared life and resources. The phrase implies that Jesus had prearranged this meeting, demonstrating His sovereignty and the fulfillment of His mission. It also highlights the importance of hospitality in the Jewish tradition, where welcoming a guest was seen as a sacred duty.

say to the owner
The term "owner" (οἰκοδεσπότης, oikodespotes) refers to the master or head of the household. In Jewish culture, the head of the household held significant responsibility for the spiritual and physical well-being of the family and guests. This instruction to speak directly to the owner underscores the authority and respect Jesus commands. It also reflects the cultural norms of communication and respect for hierarchy within the household.

The Teacher asks
"The Teacher" (Ὁ Διδάσκαλος, Ho Didaskalos) is a title of respect and authority, acknowledging Jesus' role as a rabbi and spiritual leader. In Jewish tradition, a teacher was revered for their wisdom and understanding of the Scriptures. This title emphasizes Jesus' authority and the respect He commanded among His followers and the broader community. The use of "asks" (λέγει, legei) indicates a polite request, yet with an underlying authority, as Jesus is not merely asking but directing the events to unfold according to divine purpose.

Where is My guest room
The "guest room" (κατάλυμα, katalyma) refers to a place of lodging or an upper room, often used for special occasions or guests. In the context of Passover, this room would be prepared for the sacred meal, a time of remembrance and celebration of God's deliverance. The use of "My" signifies Jesus' personal claim and authority over the space, foreshadowing the significance of the Last Supper as a pivotal moment in His ministry and the establishment of the New Covenant.

where I may eat the Passover
The Passover (Πάσχα, Pascha) is a central Jewish festival commemorating the Israelites' deliverance from Egypt. Eating the Passover meal was a deeply spiritual act, filled with symbolism and remembrance of God's salvation. Jesus' desire to eat the Passover with His disciples highlights the continuity between the Old Covenant and the New Covenant He was about to establish. It signifies the fulfillment of the Law and the Prophets in His person and work.

with My disciples?
The term "disciples" (μαθηταί, mathetai) refers to Jesus' followers, those who have committed to learning from Him and living according to His teachings. This intimate gathering underscores the importance of community and fellowship in the Christian faith. It also highlights the role of the disciples as witnesses to Jesus' life, death, and resurrection, tasked with carrying forward His mission. The inclusion of "My" emphasizes the personal relationship and commitment between Jesus and His followers, a model for Christian discipleship throughout the ages.

And he will show you
This phrase indicates divine orchestration and foreknowledge. The Greek word for "show" is "deixei," which implies a revealing or pointing out. In the context of the Gospel of Mark, this highlights Jesus' omniscience and the fulfillment of His plans. The disciples are guided by Jesus' instructions, demonstrating their trust and obedience to His word. This moment is a reminder of God's guidance in our lives, where He often uses others to reveal His will to us.

a large upper room
The "large upper room" is significant both historically and theologically. The Greek term "anagaion" refers to an upper chamber, often used for dining or gatherings. In first-century Jerusalem, such rooms were typically on the second floor, providing privacy and space for important events. This particular room is traditionally believed to be the site of the Last Supper, a pivotal moment in Christian history. Theologically, it symbolizes a place of communion and fellowship, where Jesus would institute the Lord's Supper, establishing a new covenant with His followers.

furnished and ready
The description "furnished and ready" indicates that the room was prepared in advance, underscoring the providence and meticulous planning of God. The Greek word "estrōmenon" (furnished) suggests that everything necessary for the meal was already in place. This preparation reflects the readiness required in the hearts of believers to receive Christ and participate in His work. It also serves as a metaphor for the spiritual readiness and hospitality that Christians are called to embody.

Make preparations for us there
This command to "make preparations" involves both physical and spiritual readiness. The Greek word "hetoimasate" (make preparations) implies active participation and responsibility. The disciples are tasked with preparing the Passover meal, a significant Jewish tradition that commemorates God's deliverance of Israel from Egypt. In a broader sense, this preparation foreshadows the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus, the Lamb of God, who delivers humanity from sin. For believers, it is a call to prepare our hearts and lives for Christ's presence and work within us.

So the disciples left
The phrase indicates immediate obedience and trust in Jesus' instructions. The Greek word for "disciples" is μαθηταί (mathētai), meaning learners or followers. This highlights their role as students of Jesus, committed to following His teachings and commands. Their departure signifies a readiness to act on faith, a model for Christian discipleship today.

and went into the city
The city referred to is Jerusalem, a place of significant religious and historical importance. Jerusalem was the center of Jewish worship and the location of the Temple. The disciples' journey into the city symbolizes entering into the heart of Jewish faith and tradition, where God's redemptive plan would unfold through Jesus' death and resurrection.

and found things just as Jesus had told them
This phrase underscores Jesus' divine foreknowledge and authority. The Greek word for "found" is εὗρον (heuron), indicating discovery or realization. The disciples' experience of finding everything as Jesus described reinforces His reliability and the fulfillment of His word, encouraging believers to trust in His promises.

So they prepared the Passover
The Passover is a pivotal Jewish feast commemorating Israel's deliverance from Egypt, as described in Exodus 12. The preparation involved specific rituals and elements, such as the lamb, unleavened bread, and bitter herbs. This act of preparation by the disciples connects the Old Testament deliverance with the new covenant Jesus was about to establish through His sacrifice, symbolizing spiritual liberation from sin.

When evening came
The phrase "when evening came" marks a significant transition in the narrative, indicating the beginning of the Jewish day, which starts at sunset. In the Jewish context, the day is divided into evening and morning, as seen in Genesis 1. This timing is crucial as it sets the stage for the Passover meal, a pivotal event in the Jewish calendar. The evening signifies a time of reflection and preparation, aligning with the solemnity of the events that are about to unfold. Historically, the Passover meal is celebrated in the evening, commemorating the Israelites' deliverance from Egypt, which foreshadows the deliverance Jesus is about to provide through His sacrifice.

Jesus arrived
The arrival of Jesus is not merely a physical movement but a fulfillment of His mission. The Greek word used here, "ἔρχεται" (erchetai), implies coming with purpose. Jesus' arrival at this moment is laden with divine intention, as He is about to institute the Lord's Supper, a new covenant with His disciples. This arrival is a testament to His obedience to the Father's will, knowing the suffering that awaits Him. It is a moment of profound significance, as Jesus steps into His role as the sacrificial Lamb, echoing the prophetic traditions of the Old Testament.

with the Twelve
The mention of "the Twelve" underscores the intimate and chosen nature of Jesus' disciples. These twelve men, representing the twelve tribes of Israel, are symbolic of the new Israel that Jesus is forming. The Greek term "δωδέκα" (dōdeka) emphasizes completeness and divine order. Despite knowing the impending betrayal by one of them, Jesus includes all twelve, demonstrating His commitment to His mission and His love for each disciple. This gathering is a microcosm of the church, flawed yet called, highlighting the grace and patience of Jesus with His followers. The presence of the Twelve at this critical juncture signifies the continuity of God's redemptive plan from the Old Covenant to the New Covenant, which Jesus is about to establish through His death and resurrection.

And while they were reclining and eating
In the cultural context of the time, reclining at a meal was a sign of relaxation and fellowship. The Greek word "ἀνακείμενοι" (anakeimenoi) indicates a posture of rest, often associated with a banquet or special meal. This setting underscores the intimacy and trust among Jesus and His disciples, making the forthcoming betrayal even more poignant. Historically, the Passover meal, which they were likely celebrating, was a time of remembrance and unity, adding a layer of irony to the betrayal that would unfold.

Jesus said
The authority of Jesus' words is emphasized here. In the Greek, "Ἰησοῦς λέγει" (Iēsous legei) conveys not just the act of speaking but the weight and significance of His pronouncement. Jesus, as the omniscient Son of God, speaks with foreknowledge and divine insight. His words are not merely predictive but carry the weight of divine prophecy, highlighting His role as the Messiah who understands the hearts of men.

Truly I tell you
The phrase "ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν" (amēn legō hymin) is a solemn affirmation, often translated as "verily" or "truly." It is a formula used by Jesus to introduce statements of great importance and truth. The use of "ἀμὴν" (amēn) is rooted in Hebrew tradition, signifying certainty and reliability. This phrase underscores the seriousness of the announcement and prepares the disciples for the gravity of what is to come.

one of you
This phrase personalizes the betrayal, indicating that it will come from within the close-knit group of disciples. The Greek "εἷς ἐξ ὑμῶν" (heis ex hymōn) highlights the intimate betrayal by someone who is part of the inner circle. This serves as a sobering reminder of human frailty and the potential for sin even among those closest to Jesus.

who is eating with Me
Sharing a meal in ancient Near Eastern culture was a sign of friendship and covenant. The act of eating together, "ὁ ἐσθίων μετ’ ἐμοῦ" (ho esthiōn met' emou), signifies a bond of trust and fellowship. The betrayal by someone sharing this intimate act with Jesus emphasizes the depth of the treachery. It also fulfills the prophetic imagery found in Psalm 41:9, where a close friend turns against the psalmist, foreshadowing Judas' betrayal.

will betray Me
The Greek word "παραδώσει" (paradōsei) means to hand over or deliver up. This term is used in legal contexts for delivering a prisoner to authorities, which is precisely what Judas would do. The betrayal is not just a personal affront but a pivotal moment in the divine plan of salvation. It sets in motion the events leading to the crucifixion, where Jesus would fulfill His mission as the sacrificial Lamb. This phrase encapsulates the tension between human free will and divine sovereignty, as Judas' actions, though foreknown, are part of God's redemptive plan.

They began to be grieved
The phrase "began to be grieved" captures the immediate emotional response of the disciples upon hearing Jesus' prediction of betrayal. The Greek word used here, "λυπεῖσθαι" (lypeisthai), conveys a deep sorrow or distress. This grief is not just a passing sadness but a profound emotional turmoil, reflecting the disciples' shock and disbelief. Historically, this moment occurs during the Last Supper, a time of intimate fellowship, making the announcement of betrayal even more poignant. The disciples' grief underscores their close relationship with Jesus and their inability to fathom that one among them could betray Him.

and to say to Him one by one
This phrase highlights the personal and individual response of each disciple. The Greek structure suggests a sequential, almost methodical questioning, indicating that each disciple felt compelled to personally seek reassurance from Jesus. This reflects the communal yet personal nature of their relationship with Him. In the context of the Passover meal, a time of unity and shared faith, this individual questioning underscores the gravity of Jesus' statement and the personal introspection it provoked among the disciples.

'Surely not I?'
The question "Surely not I?" is a direct translation of the Greek "Μήτι ἐγώ;" (Mēti egō?), which implies a negative expectation. The disciples are essentially saying, "It can't be me, can it?" This question reveals their inner turmoil and self-doubt. Despite their close walk with Jesus, they are aware of their human frailty and the possibility of failure. This moment is a powerful reminder of the need for self-examination and humility in the Christian life. Theologically, it points to the universal potential for sin and the necessity of relying on God's grace to remain faithful. The disciples' question is both a plea for reassurance and an acknowledgment of their vulnerability, setting the stage for the events that will soon unfold in the Passion narrative.

It is one of the Twelve
This phrase highlights the intimate circle of Jesus' closest followers, the Twelve Apostles. The Greek word for "Twelve" is "δώδεκα" (dōdeka), emphasizing the completeness and chosen nature of this group. Historically, the Twelve were selected by Jesus to be His primary disciples, representing the twelve tribes of Israel and symbolizing the restoration of God's people. This phrase underscores the gravity of the betrayal, as it comes from within this trusted group, illustrating the theme of betrayal and the fulfillment of prophecy.

He who is dipping bread
The act of "dipping bread" is a cultural reference to the practice of sharing a meal, which in ancient Jewish tradition was a sign of fellowship and trust. The Greek word "βάπτω" (baptō) means to dip or immerse, and in this context, it signifies a shared experience and intimacy. This phrase indicates that the betrayer is not an outsider but someone who shares in the communal life and meals with Jesus, heightening the sense of treachery and personal betrayal.

into the bowl with Me
The "bowl" refers to a common dish used during meals, likely containing a sauce or stew. In the cultural and historical context of the Last Supper, sharing from the same bowl was an act of unity and brotherhood. The Greek word "τρίβλιον" (triblion) for "bowl" suggests a communal aspect of the meal. This phrase emphasizes the closeness of the relationship between Jesus and His betrayer, as they share not only physical space but also spiritual and emotional bonds. The act of betrayal is thus made more poignant and tragic, as it comes from one who is part of Jesus' inner circle.

The Son of Man
This title, "The Son of Man," is deeply rooted in the Old Testament, particularly in the book of Daniel 7:13-14, where it describes a messianic figure endowed with authority, glory, and sovereign power. In the New Testament, Jesus frequently uses this title to refer to Himself, emphasizing both His humanity and His divine mission. The phrase underscores Jesus' role as the prophesied Messiah who fulfills God's redemptive plan. It is a reminder of His humility and His identification with humanity, while also pointing to His divine authority and ultimate victory.

will go
The phrase "will go" indicates the certainty and inevitability of Jesus' path to the cross. It reflects His obedience to the Father's will and the fulfillment of the divine plan of salvation. The Greek verb used here, "hypagei," suggests a purposeful and determined movement towards a specific goal. This highlights Jesus' willing submission to the suffering and sacrifice that lay ahead, underscoring His role as the suffering servant prophesied in Isaiah 53.

just as it is written about Him
This phrase emphasizes the fulfillment of Scripture in the life and mission of Jesus. The use of "just as it is written" points to the numerous Old Testament prophecies that foretold the Messiah's suffering and death, such as Psalm 22 and Isaiah 53. It underscores the divine orchestration of events and the reliability of God's Word. Jesus' journey to the cross was not a tragic accident but a fulfillment of God's redemptive plan, meticulously prophesied and sovereignly executed.

but woe to that man
The word "woe" is a strong expression of grief and condemnation. It is often used in the Bible to pronounce judgment or lament over impending doom. Here, it serves as a solemn warning to Judas Iscariot, the disciple who would betray Jesus. This phrase highlights the gravity of Judas' actions and the severe consequences of his betrayal. It serves as a sobering reminder of the seriousness of sin and the justice of God.

by whom the Son of Man is betrayed!
The act of betrayal is a profound violation of trust and loyalty. In this context, it refers to Judas' treacherous decision to hand Jesus over to the religious authorities. The Greek word for "betrayed," "paradidotai," conveys the idea of delivering someone into the hands of another, often with harmful intent. This betrayal was not only a personal act of treachery but also a pivotal moment in the unfolding of God's redemptive plan. It underscores the depth of human sinfulness and the cost of redemption.

It would be better for him if he had not been born
This statement underscores the severity of Judas' betrayal and the eternal consequences of his actions. It reflects the profound tragedy of a life that, despite close proximity to Jesus, chose to reject Him. The phrase serves as a stark warning about the eternal implications of rejecting Christ. It highlights the reality of divine judgment and the importance of repentance and faith in Jesus for salvation. This sobering conclusion calls believers to examine their own hearts and remain steadfast in their commitment to Christ.

While they were eating
This phrase sets the scene during the Passover meal, a significant Jewish tradition commemorating Israel's deliverance from Egypt. The Passover meal was a time of remembrance and thanksgiving, and it is within this context that Jesus introduces a new covenant. The Greek word for "eating" (ἐσθίω, esthió) implies a communal act, highlighting the fellowship and unity among Jesus and His disciples. This setting underscores the importance of community in the Christian faith, as believers gather to remember Christ's sacrifice.

Jesus took bread
The act of taking bread is deeply symbolic. Bread, in Jewish culture, was a staple of life, representing sustenance and provision. The Greek word for "bread" (ἄρτος, artos) is used here, which can refer to any kind of bread, but in this context, it is likely unleavened bread, as used in the Passover meal. Jesus taking the bread signifies His role as the provider of spiritual nourishment and life, foreshadowing His sacrifice.

spoke a blessing
In Jewish tradition, blessings were spoken to thank God for His provision. The Greek word for "blessing" (εὐλογέω, eulogeó) means to speak well of or to praise. Jesus, by blessing the bread, acknowledges God as the source of all blessings and sets apart the bread for a holy purpose. This act of blessing transforms the ordinary into the sacred, reminding believers of the importance of gratitude and reverence in their spiritual practices.

and broke it
Breaking the bread is a powerful symbol of Jesus' impending sacrifice. The Greek verb "broke" (κλάω, klaó) signifies a physical breaking, which prefigures the breaking of Jesus' body on the cross. This act is a visual representation of His willingness to be broken for the sins of humanity, emphasizing the sacrificial nature of His mission.

and gave it to the disciples
The giving of the bread to the disciples signifies the sharing of Jesus' life and sacrifice with His followers. The Greek word for "gave" (δίδωμι, didómi) implies a deliberate and generous act. This distribution of bread symbolizes the impartation of spiritual life and the establishment of a new covenant community, where believers are united in Christ.

saying, 'Take it; this is My body.'
Jesus' command to "Take it" (λάβετε, labete) is an invitation to participate in His life and sacrifice. The phrase "this is My body" (τοῦτό ἐστιν τὸ σῶμά μου, touto estin to sōma mou) is profound, as it identifies the bread with Jesus' own body. This identification is not merely symbolic but sacramental, as it points to the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. Theologically, this statement affirms the mystery of the Incarnation and the tangible means by which believers partake in the divine life through the sacrament.

Then He took the cup
In this phrase, "He" refers to Jesus Christ, who is central to the narrative of the Last Supper. The "cup" symbolizes the new covenant in His blood, as later explained in verse 24. The Greek word for "cup" is "ποτήριον" (potērion), which can also mean a portion or lot, signifying the destiny Jesus was about to embrace. This act of taking the cup is deeply rooted in Jewish Passover traditions, where the cup of wine is integral to the Seder meal, symbolizing joy and salvation. Jesus' action here foreshadows His sacrificial death, which would bring about a new covenant between God and humanity.

gave thanks
The Greek word used here is "εὐχαριστήσας" (eucharistēsas), from which the term "Eucharist" is derived. This act of giving thanks is not merely a ritualistic blessing but a profound expression of gratitude to God. In the Jewish tradition, giving thanks over the cup was a customary part of the Passover meal, known as the "Kiddush." Jesus' thanksgiving here is significant as it acknowledges God's providence and the unfolding of His redemptive plan through the impending sacrifice of Christ.

and gave it to them
This phrase highlights the communal aspect of the Last Supper. Jesus "gave" the cup to His disciples, signifying the sharing of His life and mission with them. The Greek verb "ἔδωκεν" (edōken) implies a deliberate and generous act of giving. This act of sharing the cup is a precursor to the Christian practice of communion, where believers partake in the body and blood of Christ, symbolizing unity with Him and with one another.

and they all drank from it
The phrase emphasizes the participation of all the disciples in this sacred moment. The Greek word "πάντες" (pantes) means "all," indicating that no one was excluded from this act of fellowship. Drinking from the same cup signifies a shared commitment and acceptance of the new covenant. Historically, this act would have been understood as a sign of deep fellowship and unity, binding the disciples together in the mission and suffering of Christ. It also prefigures the Christian community's unity in the sacrament of the Lord's Supper, where believers are reminded of their shared faith and hope in Christ's redemptive work.

This is My blood
In this phrase, Jesus is speaking during the Last Supper, instituting the New Covenant. The Greek word for "blood" is "αἷμα" (haima), which is used throughout the New Testament to signify life and sacrifice. Blood, in the Jewish sacrificial system, was essential for atonement (Leviticus 17:11). Here, Jesus is indicating that His blood will be the ultimate sacrifice, fulfilling and surpassing the Old Testament sacrifices. This statement is profound, as it signifies the transition from the old covenant of the law to the new covenant of grace through His impending sacrifice on the cross.

of the covenant
The term "covenant" comes from the Greek word "διαθήκη" (diathēkē), which can mean a testament or agreement. In the biblical context, a covenant is a solemn agreement between God and humanity. The Old Covenant, given through Moses, was based on the law and required the blood of animals. Jesus is declaring a New Covenant, prophesied in Jeremiah 31:31-34, which promises a new relationship with God, written on the hearts of believers, and made possible through His sacrifice. This New Covenant is foundational to Christian theology, emphasizing grace and faith over works.

which is poured out
The phrase "poured out" is translated from the Greek "ἐκχέω" (ekcheō), meaning to spill or shed. This imagery is vivid, evoking the sacrificial system where the blood of animals was poured out at the altar. Jesus' use of this term foreshadows His imminent crucifixion, where His blood would be shed for the remission of sins. It underscores the voluntary nature of His sacrifice, as He willingly offers Himself for humanity's redemption.

for many
The word "many" in Greek is "πολλῶν" (pollōn), indicating a large number but not necessarily all. This phrase echoes Isaiah 53:12, where the Suffering Servant "bore the sin of many." It highlights the inclusivity of Jesus' sacrifice, available to all who believe, yet also acknowledges the reality that not all will accept this gift. Theologically, it speaks to the doctrine of atonement, where Christ's sacrifice is sufficient for all, but effective for those who receive Him by faith. This phrase invites reflection on the vastness of God's grace and the personal responsibility to respond to His call.

Truly I tell you
This phrase, often translated from the Greek "ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν" (amēn legō hymin), is a solemn affirmation used by Jesus to emphasize the truth and importance of His statement. The word "Truly" (ἀμὴν) is derived from Hebrew, meaning "firm" or "faithful," and is used to assert the certainty of what follows. In the context of Jesus' teachings, it underscores His authority and the reliability of His words. This phrase invites the listener to pay close attention, as Jesus is about to reveal a significant truth.

I will no longer drink
This part of the verse indicates a cessation of a common practice. In the cultural and historical context of the time, wine was a staple in daily life and a symbol of joy and celebration. Jesus' declaration that He will no longer partake in this act signifies a transition, pointing to the gravity of the moment and the impending fulfillment of His mission. It also foreshadows His impending suffering and the new covenant that will be established through His sacrifice.

of the fruit of the vine
The phrase "fruit of the vine" is a Jewish idiom for wine, which was a central element in Jewish meals and religious ceremonies, including the Passover Seder. The vine is often used in Scripture as a symbol of Israel (Psalm 80:8, Isaiah 5:1-7) and of spiritual abundance and blessing. In the context of the Last Supper, the wine represents Jesus' blood, which will be shed for the forgiveness of sins, establishing a new covenant between God and humanity.

until that day
This phrase introduces a future expectation, a promise of fulfillment. It suggests a period of waiting and anticipation. In the biblical narrative, "that day" often refers to a time of divine intervention or fulfillment of God's promises. Here, it points to the eschatological hope of the coming kingdom, when Jesus will return and God's reign will be fully realized.

when I drink it anew
The word "anew" (Greek: καινός, kainos) implies a transformation or renewal. It suggests that the next time Jesus partakes of the wine, it will be in a new context, with a new meaning. This renewal is linked to the establishment of God's kingdom, where the old order of things will pass away, and all will be made new (Revelation 21:5). It speaks to the hope of resurrection and the ultimate restoration of creation.

in the kingdom of God
The "kingdom of God" is a central theme in Jesus' teachings, representing God's sovereign rule and the fulfillment of His redemptive plan. It is both a present reality and a future hope, inaugurated by Jesus' life, death, and resurrection, and to be consummated at His return. This phrase assures believers of the coming joy and fellowship with Christ in His eternal kingdom, where they will share in the divine banquet and experience the fullness of God's presence and blessings.

And when they had sung a hymn
This phrase marks a significant moment in the Last Supper narrative. The Greek word for "hymn" is "hymneō," which refers to a song of praise. Historically, this would have been part of the Hallel Psalms (Psalms 113-118), traditionally sung during Passover. These psalms celebrate God's deliverance and faithfulness, fitting for the context of Jesus preparing for His ultimate act of deliverance through the crucifixion. The act of singing a hymn together signifies unity and shared faith among Jesus and His disciples, even as they face impending trials.

they went out
The phrase "they went out" indicates a transition from the intimate setting of the Last Supper to the broader narrative of Jesus' passion. The Greek word "exerchomai" implies a purposeful departure. This movement is not just physical but also symbolic, as Jesus steps closer to fulfilling His mission. The disciples, though unaware of the full scope of what is to come, follow Jesus, demonstrating their commitment and the unfolding of divine providence.

to the Mount of Olives
The Mount of Olives holds deep historical and prophetic significance. Located east of Jerusalem, it is a place of prayer and prophecy. In the Old Testament, it is associated with the glory of the Lord (Ezekiel 11:23) and the anticipated return of the Messiah (Zechariah 14:4). For Jesus, it is a place of solace and prayer, as seen in His frequent visits. This location sets the stage for the events of Gethsemane, where Jesus will pray fervently and prepare for His sacrificial death. The Mount of Olives thus becomes a symbol of Jesus' obedience and the fulfillment of God's redemptive plan.

Then Jesus said to them
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in the narrative, as Jesus directly addresses His disciples. The Greek word for "said" is "λέγει" (legei), which implies a declaration or proclamation. This is not merely a casual conversation; it is a solemn pronouncement. Jesus, fully aware of the events to come, speaks with authority and foreknowledge. This moment underscores His role as the divine teacher and prophet, preparing His disciples for the imminent trials.

You will all fall away
The phrase "fall away" is translated from the Greek "σκανδαλισθήσεσθε" (skandalisthēsesthe), which means to stumble or be offended. This is a prophetic warning, indicating that the disciples will face a crisis of faith. Historically, this reflects the human tendency to falter under pressure, a theme prevalent throughout Scripture. Jesus' forewarning is both a prediction and a call to awareness, highlighting the frailty of human resolve without divine support.

for it is written
This phrase signifies the fulfillment of prophecy, a common theme in the Gospel of Mark. The use of "γέγραπται" (gegraptai) indicates that what is about to happen has been divinely ordained and recorded in Scripture. This emphasizes the continuity and reliability of God's Word, as well as the unfolding of His redemptive plan. It reassures believers that God is sovereign and His purposes will prevail, even in moments of apparent chaos.

I will strike the Shepherd
Here, Jesus quotes Zechariah 13:7, linking His impending suffering to Old Testament prophecy. The "Shepherd" symbolizes Jesus Himself, the leader and protector of His flock. The striking of the Shepherd is a metaphor for His crucifixion, an act permitted by God for the salvation of humanity. This phrase underscores the sacrificial nature of Jesus' mission and the divine orchestration of His passion.

and the sheep will be scattered
The "sheep" represent the disciples, and by extension, all followers of Christ. The scattering signifies the disciples' temporary abandonment and confusion following Jesus' arrest. This imagery is rich in pastoral symbolism, reflecting the vulnerability of believers without their Shepherd. Historically, it also foreshadows the initial dispersion of the early Christian community. Yet, it is a temporary state, as the resurrection and the coming of the Holy Spirit will regather and empower them.

But after I have risen
This phrase is a profound declaration of Jesus' resurrection, which is central to Christian faith. The Greek word for "risen" is "ἐγείρω" (egeirō), meaning to awaken or raise up. This word is used in the New Testament to describe Jesus' resurrection, emphasizing the power of God to conquer death. Historically, the resurrection was a pivotal event that transformed the despair of the disciples into a bold proclamation of the Gospel. Theologically, it signifies Jesus' victory over sin and death, offering hope and eternal life to believers. This promise of resurrection is a cornerstone of Christian doctrine, affirming that Jesus is the living Savior who has triumphed over the grave.

I will go ahead of you
The phrase "go ahead of you" indicates Jesus' leadership and guidance. The Greek word "προάγω" (proagō) means to lead forward or go before. This reflects Jesus' role as the Good Shepherd, who leads His flock. In the context of the disciples, it reassures them that Jesus will be with them, guiding and preparing the way. Historically, this promise would have been a source of comfort to the disciples, who were about to face confusion and fear after Jesus' crucifixion. Spiritually, it reminds believers that Jesus is always leading and preparing the path for His followers, even when the way seems uncertain.

into Galilee
Galilee holds significant historical and theological importance. It was the region where Jesus began His ministry, performed many miracles, and delivered profound teachings. By specifying Galilee, Jesus is directing His disciples back to the place where their journey with Him began. This return to Galilee symbolizes a renewal of mission and purpose. Archaeologically, Galilee was a diverse and bustling region, providing a strategic location for the spread of the Gospel. Scripturally, it fulfills Jesus' earlier predictions and aligns with the angel's message at the empty tomb (Mark 16:7). For believers, Galilee represents a place of new beginnings and the continuation of Jesus' mission through His followers.

Peter declared
This phrase introduces the speaker, Peter, one of Jesus' closest disciples. The Greek word for "declared" is "ἔφη" (ephē), which implies a strong assertion or proclamation. Peter's declaration is significant because it reflects his impulsive and passionate nature, often seen throughout the Gospels. Historically, Peter is known for his boldness and leadership among the disciples, which makes his declarations carry weight and importance.

Even if all fall away
The phrase "fall away" is translated from the Greek word "σκανδαλισθήσονται" (skandalisthēsontai), which means to stumble or be offended. This term is often used in the New Testament to describe a spiritual stumbling or falling into sin. Peter's assertion here is that even if all others are led into sin or desertion, he will remain steadfast. This reflects Peter's confidence in his own faithfulness, yet it also foreshadows his impending denial of Christ, highlighting the human tendency to overestimate one's own strength.

I will not
This emphatic statement by Peter underscores his determination and self-assurance. The Greek phrase "οὐκ ἐγώ" (ouk egō) is a strong negation, emphasizing Peter's belief in his own loyalty. This moment is pivotal as it sets the stage for the events that follow, where Peter's confidence is tested. It serves as a reminder of the frailty of human promises without divine support.

fall away
Reiterating the earlier term, "fall away" again uses "σκανδαλισθήσονται" (skandalisthēsontai). The repetition of this phrase emphasizes the central theme of the passage: the potential for spiritual failure. In the broader scriptural context, this serves as a warning to believers about the dangers of self-reliance and the need for humility and dependence on God's strength.

Truly I tell you
The phrase "Truly I tell you" is a translation of the Greek word "ἀμὴν" (amen), which is often used by Jesus to emphasize the truth and certainty of His statements. In the Jewish tradition, "amen" is a strong affirmation, meaning "so be it" or "it is true." Jesus uses this phrase to underscore the seriousness and inevitability of what He is about to say. It is a solemn declaration, indicating that what follows is not just a prediction but a certainty. This phrase invites the listener to pay close attention and to trust in the authority of Jesus' words.

Jesus replied
The context here is a response from Jesus, indicating a direct and personal interaction with His disciples. The Greek verb "λέγει" (legei) is in the present tense, suggesting an ongoing conversation. This highlights the relational aspect of Jesus' ministry, where He engages directly with His followers. It is a moment of intimate dialogue, reflecting Jesus' role as a teacher and prophet who communicates divine truths to His disciples.

this very night
The phrase "this very night" situates the prophecy in a specific and immediate timeframe. The Greek word "ταύτῃ" (tautē) emphasizes the immediacy and urgency of the event. It is not a distant future occurrence but something that will happen imminently. This adds a sense of urgency and gravity to Jesus' prediction, as it underscores the unfolding of God's plan in real-time. The night is often symbolic in Scripture of spiritual testing and trial, setting the stage for the events that will soon transpire.

before the rooster crows twice
The mention of the "rooster" is significant in the cultural and historical context of first-century Judea. Roosters were common in the region, and their crowing was a familiar sound marking the approach of dawn. The Greek word "ἀλέκτωρ" (alektōr) refers to the rooster, and its crowing was often used to denote time during the night. The specificity of "twice" adds precision to the prophecy, indicating that Peter's denial will occur within a narrow window of time. This detail underscores the accuracy and foreknowledge of Jesus' prediction.

you will deny Me three times
The act of denial is captured by the Greek word "ἀπαρνήσῃ" (aparneomai), which means to disown or repudiate. This is a strong term, indicating a complete disassociation from Jesus. The number "three" is often symbolic in Scripture, representing completeness or finality. Peter's threefold denial signifies a thorough and complete rejection, despite his earlier protestations of loyalty. This prophecy highlights human frailty and the tendency to falter under pressure, yet it also sets the stage for Peter's eventual repentance and restoration. It serves as a poignant reminder of the need for vigilance and reliance on God's strength in times of trial.

But Peter kept insisting
The phrase "But Peter kept insisting" reveals Peter's fervent and repeated assertion of loyalty. The Greek word for "insisting" (ἐλάλει) suggests a continuous action, indicating Peter's determination and emotional intensity. Historically, Peter is known for his impulsive nature, often speaking or acting before fully considering the consequences. This moment reflects his deep, albeit misguided, commitment to Jesus, highlighting the human tendency to overestimate one's strength in the face of trials.

Even if I have to die with You
Peter's declaration, "Even if I have to die with You," underscores his willingness to face the ultimate sacrifice. The Greek word for "die" (ἀποθάνω) is a strong term, emphasizing the gravity of his promise. This statement is reminiscent of the covenantal language found throughout Scripture, where followers of God express their devotion through vows of loyalty. Peter's words echo the sentiments of martyrs and prophets who stood firm in their faith, yet it also foreshadows his impending failure, reminding believers of the need for divine strength.

I will never deny You
The phrase "I will never deny You" is a bold proclamation of fidelity. The Greek word for "deny" (ἀπαρνήσομαι) means to disown or repudiate, a severe form of rejection. Peter's assurance reflects his genuine love for Jesus, yet it also reveals a lack of self-awareness regarding his human frailty. This moment serves as a poignant reminder of the spiritual battle every believer faces, where intentions must be fortified by prayer and reliance on the Holy Spirit to withstand temptation.

And all the others said the same thing
The inclusion of "And all the others said the same thing" highlights the collective resolve of the disciples. This phrase indicates that Peter was not alone in his bold declarations; the other disciples shared his sentiment. The Greek word for "said" (ἔλεγον) suggests a verbal agreement, yet it also implies a shared misunderstanding of their own limitations. This collective response serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of overconfidence and the importance of humility and vigilance in the Christian walk.

Then they came
This phrase marks a transition in the narrative, indicating movement and purpose. The Greek word used here is "ἔρχομαι" (erchomai), which means to come or to go. It signifies not just physical movement but also a spiritual journey. The disciples are following Jesus into a moment of profound significance, highlighting their role as followers and witnesses to His mission.

to a place called Gethsemane
Gethsemane, derived from the Aramaic "Gat Shemanim," means "oil press." This location, at the foot of the Mount of Olives, was likely an olive grove with an oil press. Symbolically, it represents a place of pressing and crushing, foreshadowing the intense spiritual and emotional pressure Jesus would endure. Historically, Gethsemane was a familiar retreat for Jesus and His disciples, a place of prayer and reflection.

and Jesus told His disciples
The act of Jesus speaking to His disciples underscores His role as teacher and leader. The Greek verb "λέγω" (lego) implies not just speaking but conveying important truths. Jesus is preparing His disciples for the events to come, emphasizing His authority and the importance of obedience and attentiveness to His words.

Sit here
This command, simple yet profound, is an invitation to remain and be present. The Greek word "καθίζω" (kathizo) means to sit down, suggesting a posture of waiting and readiness. Jesus is asking His disciples to stay alert and be spiritually prepared, even as He steps away to pray. It is a call to faithfulness in the face of impending trials.

while I pray
Prayer is central to Jesus' ministry, and here it is a moment of intimate communion with the Father. The Greek word "προσεύχομαι" (proseuchomai) indicates a deep, earnest prayer. Jesus models reliance on God, demonstrating that even in His humanity, He seeks divine strength and guidance. This moment in Gethsemane is pivotal, as it reflects Jesus' submission to the Father's will, setting an example for His followers to seek God in times of trial.

He took with Him
This phrase indicates a deliberate action by Jesus, emphasizing His intentional choice to include Peter, James, and John in this intimate moment. The Greek word "παραλαμβάνω" (paralambanō) suggests a personal and purposeful taking alongside. This reflects Jesus' desire for companionship and support during a time of impending trial, highlighting the importance of community and fellowship in times of distress.

Peter, James, and John
These three disciples were part of Jesus' inner circle, often witnessing significant events such as the Transfiguration (Mark 9:2). Their inclusion here underscores their unique role and the trust Jesus placed in them. Historically, Peter, James, and John were leaders in the early church, and their experiences with Jesus during pivotal moments prepared them for their future responsibilities. This selection also illustrates the human need for close, trusted friends during times of crisis.

and began to be deeply troubled and distressed
The Greek words "ἐκθαμβεῖσθαι" (ekthambeisthai) and "ἀδημονεῖν" (adēmonein) convey a profound emotional turmoil. "Ekthambeisthai" suggests being struck with terror or amazement, while "adēmonein" implies a deep anguish or anxiety. This dual expression of Jesus' emotional state reveals His full humanity, experiencing genuine fear and sorrow as He anticipates His suffering and crucifixion. It serves as a powerful reminder that Jesus, though divine, fully embraced the human condition, including its emotional struggles. This moment of vulnerability invites believers to find solace in the fact that Jesus understands and empathizes with human suffering.

“My soul is consumed with sorrow”
In this phrase, Jesus expresses a profound depth of emotional anguish. The Greek word for "soul" is "psyche," which refers to the very essence of a person's being, encompassing mind, will, and emotions. This indicates that Jesus is experiencing sorrow at the deepest level of His humanity. The word "consumed" suggests an overwhelming, all-encompassing state, highlighting the intensity of His suffering. This sorrow is not just a fleeting feeling but a profound, consuming grief. Historically, this moment in the Garden of Gethsemane is pivotal, as it reveals Jesus' full identification with human suffering and His willingness to bear the weight of the world's sin.

“to the point of death”
This phrase underscores the extremity of Jesus' sorrow. The Greek word "thanatos" for "death" conveys the ultimate end of physical life, but here it also symbolizes the depth of spiritual and emotional agony. Jesus' sorrow is so intense that it feels as if it could lead to death itself. This expression of anguish is reminiscent of the Psalms, where the psalmists often cry out to God from the depths of despair. It emphasizes the gravity of the moment and foreshadows the impending crucifixion, where Jesus will indeed face death. This phrase serves as a reminder of the cost of redemption and the depth of Christ's love for humanity.

“Stay here and keep watch with Me.”
In this request, Jesus seeks the companionship and support of His disciples during His time of trial. The Greek word "gregoreite," translated as "keep watch," implies vigilance and alertness. It is a call to spiritual readiness and prayerful support. This moment reflects the communal aspect of faith, where believers are called to support one another in times of trial. Historically, this scene in Gethsemane is a poignant reminder of the human need for community and the importance of being spiritually awake. Jesus' request also highlights His vulnerability and His desire for His closest friends to share in His suffering, even as He prepares to face the cross alone.

Going a little farther
This phrase indicates Jesus' physical movement away from His disciples, symbolizing a deeper spiritual journey into solitude and communion with the Father. The Greek word for "farther" (προελθών) suggests a deliberate progression, emphasizing Jesus' intentionality in seeking a private space for prayer. This act of moving away can be seen as a metaphor for the necessary separation from worldly distractions to engage in earnest prayer and reflection.

He fell to the ground
The act of falling to the ground is a profound expression of humility and submission. In the cultural and historical context of the time, prostration was a common posture of deep reverence and supplication. The Greek verb "πίπτειν" (to fall) conveys a sense of urgency and desperation, highlighting the intensity of Jesus' emotional and spiritual state. This physical posture underscores His humanity and the weight of the impending crucifixion.

and prayed
Prayer is central to this verse, reflecting Jesus' reliance on the Father. The Greek word "προσηύχετο" (prayed) is in the imperfect tense, indicating a continuous action. This suggests that Jesus was engaged in an ongoing, fervent dialogue with God. Prayer, in this context, is not a mere ritual but a vital lifeline, demonstrating the importance of persistent communication with God, especially in times of trial.

that, if it were possible
This phrase reveals Jesus' acknowledgment of God's sovereignty and the possibility of divine intervention. The Greek word "εἰ" (if) introduces a conditional clause, expressing a sense of hope and submission to God's will. It reflects the tension between Jesus' human desire to avoid suffering and His divine mission to fulfill the Father's plan. This highlights the mystery of the Incarnation, where Jesus fully embraces both His humanity and divinity.

the hour
In biblical terms, "the hour" often signifies a predetermined time of significant events, particularly in the context of Jesus' passion. The Greek word "ὥρα" (hour) is rich with eschatological meaning, pointing to the culmination of Jesus' earthly ministry and the fulfillment of prophecy. This moment is pivotal in salvation history, marking the transition from Jesus' teaching and healing ministry to His sacrificial death.

might pass from Him
This phrase captures Jesus' deep anguish and desire for deliverance from the impending suffering. The Greek verb "παρέλθῃ" (might pass) conveys a wish for the removal or avoidance of the trial. Yet, it is crucial to note that this request is made in the context of submission to the Father's will, as seen in the subsequent verses. This highlights the dual nature of Jesus' mission: the struggle between human reluctance and divine obedience, ultimately leading to the redemption of humanity.

Abba, Father
The term "Abba" is an Aramaic word that translates to "Father" in English. It is a term of endearment and intimacy, akin to "Daddy" or "Papa" in modern language. This expression highlights the close, personal relationship Jesus has with God the Father. In the historical context, using "Abba" was revolutionary, as it signified a deep, familial bond rather than a distant, formal relationship. This dual use of "Abba" and "Father" emphasizes both the intimacy and the reverence Jesus holds towards God, setting a model for believers to approach God with both love and respect.

all things are possible for You
This phrase acknowledges the omnipotence of God. The Greek word for "possible" here is "dunata," which is derived from "dunamis," meaning power or ability. Jesus affirms God's unlimited power, recognizing that nothing is beyond His capability. This acknowledgment is crucial in the context of Jesus' impending suffering, as it underscores His faith in God's sovereign power even in the face of humanly insurmountable challenges. Historically, this reflects the Jewish understanding of God as the Creator who holds all power over creation.

Take this cup from Me
The "cup" is a metaphor deeply rooted in the Old Testament, often symbolizing God's wrath or judgment (e.g., Psalm 75:8, Isaiah 51:17). Here, Jesus is referring to the suffering and crucifixion He is about to endure. His request to "take this cup" reveals His human desire to avoid pain and suffering, highlighting His dual nature as both fully God and fully man. This moment of vulnerability is profound, showing that Jesus, while divine, experienced genuine human emotions and struggles.

Yet not what I will, but what You will
This statement is the epitome of submission and obedience to God's will. The Greek word for "will" is "thelēma," which signifies desire or purpose. Jesus' surrender to the Father's will, despite His own desires, exemplifies perfect obedience and trust. This act of submission is central to Christian theology, as it demonstrates the model of self-denial and alignment with God's purposes. Historically, this moment in Gethsemane is pivotal, as it sets the stage for the redemptive act of the crucifixion, fulfilling prophecies and God's plan for salvation.

Then He returned
This phrase indicates a moment of transition and action. The Greek word for "returned" is "ἐρχεται" (erchetai), which implies a coming back to a previous place or state. In the context of the Garden of Gethsemane, this return signifies Jesus' movement from a place of solitary prayer back to His disciples, highlighting His dual role as both intercessor and leader. This moment underscores the human need for companionship and support, even for Jesus, who is fully divine yet fully human.

and found them sleeping
The Greek word for "found" is "εὑρίσκω" (heuriskō), which means to discover or come upon. This discovery is not just physical but also spiritual, as Jesus finds His closest followers in a state of unpreparedness. The act of sleeping, "καθεύδοντας" (katheudontas), symbolizes a lack of spiritual vigilance and readiness. Historically, this moment reflects the disciples' inability to grasp the gravity of the situation, a theme that resonates with the call for Christians to remain spiritually awake and alert.

'Simon,'
Jesus addresses Peter by his original name, Simon, which is significant. The use of "Simon" rather than "Peter" (meaning rock) may imply a moment of weakness or a reminder of his human frailty. In the broader scriptural context, names often reflect character or calling, and here, Jesus' choice of name serves as a gentle rebuke and a call to awareness of his identity and mission.

He said to Peter
The act of speaking, "λέγει" (legei), is a direct communication that carries authority and intimacy. Jesus' address to Peter, despite his failure, is personal and direct, emphasizing the relationship between them. This interaction is a reminder of the grace and patience Jesus extends to His followers, even when they fall short.

are you asleep?
This rhetorical question, "καθεύδεις;" (katheudeis?), serves as a wake-up call, both literally and spiritually. It highlights the contrast between Jesus' vigilance and the disciples' slumber. The question invites self-reflection and awareness, urging believers to examine their own spiritual alertness and readiness to respond to God's call.

Were you not able
The phrase "οὐκ ἴσχυσας" (ouk ischusas) translates to "were you not strong enough" or "were you not able." This points to the disciples' lack of spiritual strength and endurance. In a broader theological context, it underscores the necessity of divine strength to overcome human weakness, a theme prevalent throughout Scripture.

to keep watch
The Greek word "γρηγορεῖν" (grēgorein) means to be vigilant or to stay awake. This call to vigilance is a recurring biblical theme, urging believers to remain spiritually alert and prepared for the Lord's coming. Historically, watchfulness was a critical duty for guards and soldiers, symbolizing the need for constant readiness in the face of spiritual battles.

for one hour?
The mention of "one hour" emphasizes the short duration of the request, highlighting the disciples' inability to remain faithful even for a brief period. This serves as a poignant reminder of human frailty and the ease with which one can fall into complacency. In a spiritual sense, it calls Christians to persevere in prayer and watchfulness, recognizing the urgency and importance of the times.

Watch
The Greek word for "watch" is "γρηγορέω" (grēgoreō), which means to be vigilant or to stay awake. In the context of Mark 14:38, Jesus is urging His disciples to remain spiritually alert. This call to vigilance is not just about physical wakefulness but a deeper spiritual awareness. Historically, this was a time of great trial for Jesus, and He knew the disciples would face their own trials. The call to "watch" is a reminder for believers to be constantly aware of spiritual dangers and to guard against complacency.

and pray
The Greek word for "pray" is "προσεύχομαι" (proseuchomai), which means to offer prayers or to supplicate. Prayer is a fundamental practice in the Christian faith, serving as a direct line of communication with God. In this verse, Jesus emphasizes the importance of prayer as a means of seeking divine strength and guidance. The historical context shows that Jesus Himself was in deep prayer in the Garden of Gethsemane, modeling the importance of prayer in times of trial.

so that you will not enter into temptation
The phrase "enter into temptation" uses the Greek word "πειρασμός" (peirasmos), which can mean a trial or a test. Jesus is warning His disciples about the spiritual and moral challenges they will face. The historical context of this passage is crucial, as it occurs just before Jesus' arrest, a time when the disciples would be severely tested. The admonition is clear: vigilance and prayer are necessary to withstand the trials that come with following Christ.

For the spirit is willing
The word "spirit" comes from the Greek "πνεῦμα" (pneuma), which can refer to the human spirit or the Holy Spirit. In this context, it refers to the inner self or the moral and spiritual aspect of a person. The phrase acknowledges the disciples' good intentions and their desire to follow Jesus faithfully. It is an encouragement that, despite human frailty, the inner self can be aligned with God's will through the Holy Spirit.

but the body is weak
The Greek word for "body" is "σάρξ" (sarx), often translated as "flesh." It refers to the physical and human aspect of a person, which is prone to weakness and failure. This phrase highlights the human condition, where the physical and emotional limitations can hinder spiritual aspirations. Historically, the disciples' failure to stay awake and pray with Jesus in the garden exemplifies this struggle. It serves as a reminder of the need for divine assistance to overcome human weaknesses.

Again He went away
This phrase highlights the persistence and dedication of Jesus in prayer. The Greek word for "again" (πάλιν, palin) indicates repetition, emphasizing that Jesus returned to prayer despite the emotional and physical exhaustion He faced. This reflects His unwavering commitment to seeking the Father's will, a model for believers to persist in prayer even when circumstances are challenging. Historically, this moment occurs in the Garden of Gethsemane, a place of olive presses, symbolizing the pressing weight of the impending crucifixion.

and prayed
The act of prayer here is central to understanding Jesus' relationship with the Father. The Greek word for "prayed" (προσηύξατο, prosēuxato) is in the aorist tense, suggesting a specific, earnest act of communication with God. This moment underscores the importance of prayer as a source of strength and guidance, especially in times of trial. Jesus' prayer life is a profound example for Christians, illustrating the necessity of communion with God to align one's will with His divine purpose.

saying the same thing
This phrase indicates that Jesus repeated His previous prayer, which was a plea for the cup of suffering to pass from Him, yet submitting to the Father's will (Mark 14:36). The repetition signifies the depth of His anguish and the sincerity of His request. It also highlights the human aspect of Jesus, who, despite His divinity, experienced genuine human emotions and struggles. This repetition in prayer teaches believers the value of persistence and honesty in their communication with God, trusting that He hears and understands their deepest concerns.

And again Jesus returned
This phrase highlights the persistence and dedication of Jesus in His time of prayer and preparation for the crucifixion. The Greek word for "returned" is "erchomai," which implies a deliberate action. Jesus' repeated return to His disciples underscores His human need for companionship and support during His time of anguish, as well as His divine patience and understanding of human frailty.

and found them sleeping
The word "found" in Greek is "heuriskō," which means to discover or come upon. This indicates that Jesus was actively seeking His disciples, hoping to find them vigilant. The disciples' sleeping is symbolic of spiritual lethargy and unpreparedness, a theme that resonates throughout Scripture as a warning against complacency in faith.

for their eyes were heavy
The phrase "eyes were heavy" uses the Greek word "bareō," meaning to be weighed down or burdened. This physical description of the disciples' condition also serves as a metaphor for spiritual drowsiness. It reflects the human condition of being overwhelmed by the physical and emotional demands of life, which can lead to neglect of spiritual vigilance.

And they did not know what to answer Him
This phrase captures the disciples' confusion and shame. The Greek word "apokrinomai" for "answer" suggests a response or defense. Their inability to respond indicates a lack of understanding and preparedness, highlighting the importance of spiritual readiness. This moment serves as a poignant reminder of the need for constant prayer and watchfulness, especially in times of trial.

Returning the third time
This phrase highlights the persistence and determination of Jesus in prayer. The number three in biblical terms often signifies completeness or perfection. Jesus returning the third time underscores the thoroughness of His prayer and His complete submission to the Father's will. In the Greek, the word for "returning" (ἐλθὼν) suggests a deliberate action, emphasizing Jesus' intentionality in seeking communion with God despite the impending suffering.

He said to them
This phrase indicates a direct communication from Jesus to His disciples. The Greek verb "said" (λέγει) is in the present tense, suggesting a vivid and immediate action. This direct address highlights the importance of the message that follows, as Jesus is about to reveal a significant truth to His disciples.

Are you still sleeping and resting?
Here, Jesus questions His disciples, pointing out their inability to stay awake and support Him in His time of need. The Greek word for "sleeping" (καθεύδετε) and "resting" (ἀναπαύεσθε) indicate a state of inactivity and lack of vigilance. This serves as a metaphor for spiritual lethargy, reminding believers of the need for spiritual alertness and readiness, especially in times of trial.

Enough!
This exclamation marks a turning point. The Greek word "ἀπέχει" can be translated as "it is enough" or "sufficient." It signifies a conclusion to the period of waiting and watching, as the moment of betrayal and arrest is at hand. This word serves as a call to action, urging the disciples to prepare for what is to come.

The hour has come
This phrase signifies the fulfillment of God's divine plan. The "hour" (ὥρα) in Greek often refers to a specific, divinely appointed time. In the context of Jesus' life, it points to the culmination of His earthly ministry and the beginning of His passion. This moment is pivotal in salvation history, marking the transition from Jesus' teaching and healing ministry to His sacrificial death.

Look
The command to "look" (ἰδοὺ) is an imperative, drawing attention to the unfolding events. It serves as a call to awareness and recognition of the significance of the moment. This word invites the disciples, and by extension all believers, to witness and understand the gravity of what is about to occur.

the Son of Man is betrayed into the hands of sinners
This phrase encapsulates the impending betrayal of Jesus. The title "Son of Man" (ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου) is a messianic term that Jesus frequently uses to refer to Himself, emphasizing both His humanity and His divine mission. The word "betrayed" (παραδίδοται) indicates a deliberate act of handing over, highlighting Judas' role in the unfolding drama. "Into the hands of sinners" underscores the contrast between Jesus' righteousness and the sinfulness of those who will arrest and condemn Him. This phrase serves as a reminder of the sacrificial nature of Jesus' mission, as He willingly submits to suffering for the redemption of humanity.

Rise
The Greek word used here is "ἐγείρεσθε" (egeiresthe), which is a command to awaken or to stand up. This word is often used in the New Testament to signify a call to action or readiness. In the context of Mark 14, Jesus is urging His disciples to prepare themselves for the imminent events. This call to "rise" is not just physical but also spiritual, as it signifies the need for vigilance and readiness in the face of trials and challenges. Historically, this moment is pivotal as it marks the transition from the Last Supper to the Passion of Christ, emphasizing the urgency and gravity of the situation.

let us go
The phrase "let us go" is translated from the Greek "ἄγωμεν" (agōmen), which is an exhortation to move forward together. This reflects Jesus' leadership and His willingness to face what is to come, not in isolation but with His disciples. It is a call to collective action and solidarity, highlighting the communal aspect of the Christian journey. In the broader scriptural context, this phrase can be seen as an invitation to follow Christ's example of courage and obedience to God's will, even when facing adversity.

See
The word "See" is translated from the Greek "ἰδοὺ" (idou), which is an imperative to behold or pay attention. It serves as a wake-up call to the disciples, drawing their attention to the unfolding events. This word is often used in the Bible to emphasize the importance of what follows, urging the audience to recognize the significance of the moment. In this context, it underscores the reality of betrayal and the fulfillment of prophecy, reminding believers to remain watchful and discerning.

My betrayer
The term "betrayer" comes from the Greek "ὁ παραδιδούς" (ho paradidous), meaning the one who delivers or hands over. This refers to Judas Iscariot, one of the twelve disciples, who would betray Jesus to the authorities. The use of "My" personalizes the betrayal, highlighting the intimate relationship between Jesus and Judas. This moment is a profound reminder of human frailty and the pain of betrayal by those closest to us. It also fulfills the prophetic scriptures, such as Psalm 41:9, which speaks of betrayal by a close friend.

is approaching
The phrase "is approaching" is derived from the Greek "ἤγγικεν" (ēngiken), indicating that something is near or at hand. This word conveys the immediacy and inevitability of the events about to unfold. It serves as a reminder of the divine timeline and the fulfillment of God's plan for salvation. Historically, this marks the beginning of Jesus' Passion, a series of events leading to His crucifixion and resurrection. For believers, it is a call to recognize the nearness of God's kingdom and to live in anticipation of His promises.

While He was still speaking
This phrase sets the scene in the midst of Jesus' discourse with His disciples. The immediacy of the moment is emphasized, highlighting the abrupt transition from teaching to betrayal. The Greek word for "speaking" (λαλέω, laleō) often implies a conversational tone, indicating that Jesus was in the midst of intimate communication with His disciples, underscoring the personal nature of the betrayal that follows.

Judas, one of the Twelve
Judas Iscariot is identified here not just by name but as "one of the Twelve," emphasizing the gravity of his betrayal. The term "Twelve" (δωδέκα, dōdeka) is significant, as it denotes the chosen group of apostles, symbolizing the new Israel. Judas' betrayal is thus not just personal but a profound breach of the covenantal community Jesus established.

arrived
The arrival of Judas marks a pivotal moment in the Passion narrative. The Greek word used here (παραγίνομαι, paraginomai) suggests a coming or appearing, often with a sense of purpose or mission. Judas' arrival is not accidental but deliberate, fulfilling his role in the unfolding divine plan, albeit through his own volition.

accompanied by a crowd
The presence of a "crowd" (ὄχλος, ochlos) indicates the seriousness of the situation. This was not a small, secretive act but a public confrontation. Historically, such crowds were often used by authorities to assert control and intimidate, reflecting the tension and hostility towards Jesus.

armed with swords and clubs
The mention of "swords and clubs" (μαχαίρα, machaira and ξύλον, xylon) highlights the violent intent of the crowd. Swords were typically used by Roman soldiers, while clubs were more common among temple guards or civilians, indicating a mixed group prepared for conflict. This imagery contrasts sharply with Jesus' message of peace and non-violence.

sent from the chief priests, scribes, and elders
This phrase identifies the authority behind the arrest. The "chief priests" (ἀρχιερεύς, archiereus), "scribes" (γραμματεύς, grammateus), and "elders" (πρεσβύτερος, presbyteros) represent the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council. Their involvement underscores the institutional rejection of Jesus and the fulfillment of prophetic scriptures regarding the Messiah's suffering at the hands of His own people. This coalition of religious leaders signifies the culmination of their opposition to Jesus' ministry, driven by fear of losing their power and influence.

Now the betrayer
The term "betrayer" refers to Judas Iscariot, one of the twelve disciples of Jesus. The Greek word used here is "παραδιδούς" (paradidous), which means "one who hands over" or "delivers up." This word choice emphasizes the gravity of Judas's actions, as he is not merely betraying a friend but delivering the Son of God into the hands of His enemies. Historically, Judas's betrayal is one of the most infamous acts of treachery, highlighting the theme of human frailty and the fulfillment of prophecy, as foretold in Psalm 41:9.

had arranged a signal with them
The phrase indicates a premeditated plan. The Greek word "συνέθετο" (sunetheto) implies a deliberate agreement or arrangement. This reflects the calculated nature of Judas's betrayal, contrasting with the innocence and purity of Jesus. The "signal" was necessary due to the darkness of the night and the need to identify Jesus among His disciples. This act of betrayal was not spontaneous but carefully orchestrated, underscoring the depth of Judas's betrayal.

The one I kiss
In the cultural and historical context of the time, a kiss was a common greeting among friends and a sign of respect and affection. The Greek word "φιλήσω" (phileso) is derived from "phileo," meaning to love or have affection for. Judas's use of a kiss as a signal for betrayal is particularly poignant and ironic, as it turns an act of love into one of treachery. This highlights the theme of hypocrisy and the perversion of what is good for evil purposes.

is the man
This phrase identifies Jesus as the target of the betrayal. The Greek "ἐστιν" (estin) simply means "is," but its use here is declarative and definitive. It underscores the certainty and finality of Judas's actions. Jesus, referred to as "the man," emphasizes His humanity, which He took on to fulfill His mission of salvation. This moment marks the beginning of His Passion, where He willingly submits to suffering for the redemption of mankind.

arrest Him
The command to "arrest" Jesus is a directive to the soldiers and officials present. The Greek word "κρατήσατε" (kratēsate) means to seize or take hold of. This action signifies the physical apprehension of Jesus, who, despite His divine power, allows Himself to be taken. This submission is a fulfillment of His mission and a demonstration of His obedience to the Father's will, as prophesied in Isaiah 53:7.

and lead Him away securely
The phrase "lead Him away securely" indicates the intent to ensure Jesus is taken without resistance or escape. The Greek "ἀπάγετε ἀσφαλῶς" (apagete asphalōs) suggests a cautious and guarded approach. This reflects the authorities' fear of Jesus's influence and the potential for unrest among His followers. Historically, this moment is pivotal, as it sets in motion the events leading to the crucifixion, where Jesus's sacrificial love and redemptive purpose are fully revealed.

Going directly to Jesus
This phrase indicates the immediacy and determination in Judas's actions. The Greek word used here is "euthys," which conveys a sense of urgency and directness. Judas's approach to Jesus was not hesitant or reluctant; it was purposeful. This reflects the gravity of the betrayal, as Judas, one of the twelve disciples, chose to confront Jesus face-to-face. Historically, this moment is pivotal, as it sets in motion the events leading to the crucifixion. Judas's direct approach underscores the personal nature of the betrayal, highlighting the deep trust that was broken.

he said, 'Rabbi!'
The term "Rabbi" is derived from the Hebrew word "rab," meaning "master" or "teacher." In Jewish culture, this was a title of respect and honor, acknowledging someone's authority in teaching the Torah. Judas's use of "Rabbi" is deeply ironic and tragic. While the term is one of respect, Judas's intentions are anything but honorable. This highlights the duplicity of Judas's actions—outwardly showing respect while inwardly plotting betrayal. Scripturally, this moment fulfills the prophecy of betrayal by a close companion, as seen in Psalm 41:9.

and kissed Him
The act of kissing in the ancient Near Eastern culture was a common greeting, symbolizing friendship and loyalty. The Greek word "kataphileó" used here implies an affectionate or fervent kiss, which adds to the betrayal's poignancy. Judas's kiss is a stark contrast to its cultural meaning, as it becomes the signal for Jesus's arrest. This act of betrayal through a gesture of love and respect is a powerful reminder of the deceitfulness of sin. It serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of hypocrisy and the importance of genuine faithfulness to Christ. Historically, this moment is etched in Christian consciousness as the ultimate act of treachery, leading to Jesus's passion and crucifixion.

Then the men
This phrase indicates the group of individuals who were present to carry out the arrest of Jesus. In the context of the Gospel of Mark, these men were likely a mix of Roman soldiers and temple guards sent by the chief priests, scribes, and elders. Historically, this reflects the collaboration between Jewish religious authorities and Roman political power, highlighting the tension and complexity of the socio-political environment in Jerusalem at the time. The Greek word for "men" here is "ἄνθρωποι" (anthrōpoi), which can refer to people in general, emphasizing the human agents involved in this divine narrative.

seized
The Greek word used here is "ἐπιβάλλω" (epiballō), which means to lay hands on or to take hold of forcibly. This action signifies the physical apprehension of Jesus, marking the beginning of His Passion. The use of this word underscores the violence and aggression of the act, contrasting with Jesus' peaceful demeanor throughout His ministry. It also fulfills the prophetic imagery of the suffering servant who is led like a lamb to the slaughter (Isaiah 53:7).

Jesus
The central figure of the Gospel, Jesus is the Messiah, the Son of God, whose life and teachings are the foundation of Christian faith. His name, "Jesus," is derived from the Hebrew "Yeshua," meaning "Yahweh is salvation." This moment of His arrest is pivotal, as it sets in motion the events leading to His crucifixion and resurrection, the cornerstone of Christian belief in redemption and eternal life.

and arrested Him
The act of arresting Jesus is significant both legally and theologically. The Greek word "κρατέω" (krateō) implies not just physical restraint but also authority and control. This arrest was illegal by Jewish law standards, as it took place at night and without a formal charge. Theologically, it represents the moment when the forces of darkness seem to triumph, yet it is within God's sovereign plan for salvation. Jesus' submission to arrest demonstrates His obedience to the Father's will, fulfilling His role as the sacrificial Lamb who takes away the sin of the world (John 1:29).

But one of the bystanders
This phrase introduces an unnamed individual among those present during Jesus' arrest. The Greek word for "bystanders" (παρεστηκώς, parestēkōs) suggests someone standing nearby, possibly a disciple. In the broader Gospel narrative, this person is identified as Peter (John 18:10). The anonymity in Mark's account may emphasize the impulsive nature of the act, reflecting human frailty and the tendency to react with violence when threatened.

drew his sword
The act of drawing a sword signifies a readiness for combat and defense. The Greek word for "sword" (μάχαιρα, machaira) refers to a short sword or large knife, commonly used in the ancient world for both practical and military purposes. This action contrasts sharply with Jesus' teachings on peace and non-violence, highlighting the tension between human instincts and divine instruction.

and struck the servant of the high priest
The servant, identified in John 18:10 as Malchus, represents the authority and power of the religious leaders who opposed Jesus. The Greek word for "struck" (πατάσσω, patassō) implies a forceful blow, indicating the severity of the action. This moment underscores the chaos and confusion of the arrest scene, as well as the disciples' misunderstanding of Jesus' mission.

cutting off his ear
The specific detail of cutting off the ear (ὠτάριον, ōtarion) is significant. In the cultural and historical context, the ear symbolizes hearing and obedience. This act of violence, therefore, metaphorically represents a disruption in communication and understanding between Jesus and the religious authorities. It also foreshadows the spiritual deafness of those who fail to comprehend Jesus' message.

Have you come out
This phrase indicates a deliberate and organized action. The Greek word used here is "ἐξήλθατε" (exēlthate), which means to come out or to go forth. It suggests a premeditated effort by the authorities to confront Jesus. Historically, this reflects the tension between Jesus and the religious leaders, who saw Him as a threat to their authority and traditions. The act of coming out signifies a public and official move against Jesus, highlighting the gravity of the situation.

with swords and clubs
The mention of "swords and clubs" underscores the violent and aggressive nature of the arrest. The Greek words "μαχαίρας" (machairas) for swords and "ξύλων" (xylon) for clubs indicate weapons used by both Roman soldiers and temple guards. This imagery contrasts sharply with Jesus' peaceful ministry and teachings. The use of such force against a non-violent teacher reveals the fear and misunderstanding of Jesus' mission by the authorities. It also fulfills the prophecy of the suffering servant, who would be "numbered with the transgressors" (Isaiah 53:12).

to arrest Me
The act of arresting Jesus is central to the unfolding of the Passion narrative. The Greek word "συλλαβεῖν" (syllabein) means to seize or capture. This moment marks the beginning of Jesus' path to the crucifixion, a pivotal event in Christian theology. The arrest is not just a legal action but a fulfillment of divine prophecy, as Jesus willingly submits to the Father's will. It highlights the contrast between human intentions and God's redemptive plan.

as you would an outlaw
The term "outlaw" in Greek is "λῃστὴν" (lēstēn), which refers to a robber or bandit. This comparison is deeply ironic, as Jesus, the sinless Son of God, is treated as a common criminal. Historically, outlaws were threats to public order, and the authorities' treatment of Jesus as such reflects their failure to recognize His true identity and mission. This phrase emphasizes the injustice of the situation and foreshadows the ultimate sacrifice Jesus would make for humanity's redemption. It also serves as a reminder of the world's rejection of Christ, a theme prevalent throughout the Gospels.

Every day I was with you, teaching in the temple courts
This phrase highlights the consistent and public nature of Jesus' ministry. The Greek word for "every day" (καθ' ἡμέραν) emphasizes the regularity and openness of His teaching. Jesus was not hiding His message; He was openly sharing it in the most public and sacred space available, the "temple courts" (ἱερῷ). The temple was the center of Jewish religious life, and Jesus' presence there underscores His authority and the fulfillment of His role as a teacher and prophet. Historically, the temple courts were bustling with activity, making Jesus' teachings accessible to all who came to worship.

and you did not arrest Me
This phrase points to the inaction of the religious leaders despite having ample opportunity to arrest Jesus. The Greek verb for "arrest" (συλλαμβάνω) implies a forceful taking or seizing. The leaders' failure to act during Jesus' public teachings suggests their fear of the people and their recognition of Jesus' popularity and authority. This inaction also fulfills the divine timing of events leading to the crucifixion, as Jesus' arrest would occur according to God's sovereign plan, not human scheming.

But this has happened
The phrase "this has happened" (ἀλλ' ἵνα πληρωθῶσιν) indicates the unfolding of events according to divine prophecy. The Greek conjunction "ἀλλ'" (but) introduces a contrast between human intentions and divine purposes. The events leading to Jesus' arrest and crucifixion were not random but orchestrated to fulfill God's redemptive plan. This highlights the sovereignty of God in the midst of human actions, reassuring believers that God's purposes prevail even in apparent chaos.

so that the Scriptures would be fulfilled
This phrase underscores the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies concerning the Messiah. The Greek word for "fulfilled" (πληρωθῶσιν) conveys the idea of bringing to completion or realization. Jesus' arrest and subsequent crucifixion were foretold in the Scriptures, affirming His identity as the promised Messiah. This fulfillment of prophecy serves as a testament to the reliability and divine inspiration of Scripture, encouraging believers to trust in God's Word and His promises. The phrase also connects Jesus' mission to the broader narrative of salvation history, demonstrating that His life and work were the culmination of God's redemptive plan for humanity.

Then everyone deserted Him and fled
Then
The word "then" serves as a conjunction that connects the events leading up to this moment. It indicates a sequence of actions, following Jesus' arrest in the Garden of Gethsemane. This moment is pivotal, as it marks the fulfillment of Jesus' prediction that His disciples would abandon Him (Mark 14:27). The use of "then" underscores the immediacy and inevitability of the disciples' actions, highlighting the prophetic nature of Jesus' words.

everyone
The term "everyone" is inclusive, signifying that all of Jesus' disciples, without exception, abandoned Him. This collective desertion fulfills the prophecy from Zechariah 13:7, "Strike the shepherd, and the sheep will be scattered." It emphasizes the human frailty and fear that overcame the disciples, despite their earlier declarations of loyalty. This moment serves as a poignant reminder of the weakness inherent in human nature and the need for divine strength.

deserted
The word "deserted" comes from the Greek "aphentes," which means to leave or forsake. This term conveys a sense of abandonment and betrayal, as the disciples leave Jesus in His hour of need. The gravity of this action is profound, as it reflects the disciples' failure to stand by their Lord, despite their close relationship and previous commitments. This desertion is a stark contrast to the faithfulness of Jesus, who remains steadfast in His mission.

Him
"Him" refers to Jesus Christ, the central figure of the Gospel. This pronoun personalizes the narrative, drawing attention to the relational aspect of the disciples' abandonment. Jesus, who had taught, guided, and loved His disciples, is now left alone. This moment highlights the loneliness and isolation that Jesus experiences as He faces the path to the cross, underscoring His role as the suffering servant prophesied in Isaiah 53.

and fled
The phrase "and fled" indicates a hasty and fearful retreat. The Greek word "ephygon" suggests a sense of urgency and panic. This reaction is driven by fear of association with Jesus, who is now seen as a criminal by the authorities. The disciples' flight is a natural human response to danger, yet it also serves as a spiritual lesson on the cost of discipleship and the challenge of remaining faithful under persecution. This moment foreshadows the eventual transformation of the disciples, who, empowered by the Holy Spirit, will later stand boldly for their faith.

One young man
This phrase introduces an unnamed individual, highlighting his youth and anonymity. The Greek word for "young man" is "νεανίσκος" (neaniskos), which often refers to a young adult. This detail may suggest the vulnerability and impulsiveness of youth, as well as the idea that even the young were drawn to Jesus' teachings. Historically, this could symbolize the new generation of believers who would carry forward the message of Christ.

who had been following Jesus
The act of following Jesus is significant, as it implies discipleship and commitment. The Greek word "ἀκολουθέω" (akoloutheō) means to accompany or follow someone as a disciple. This young man's presence at such a critical moment underscores the widespread impact of Jesus' ministry and the diverse group of followers He attracted. It also serves as a reminder of the call to follow Christ, even in times of danger or uncertainty.

was wearing a linen cloth
The linen cloth, or "σινδών" (sindōn) in Greek, is a garment often associated with wealth or burial practices. This detail might suggest that the young man came from a family of means or that he was hastily dressed, possibly indicating the urgency of the situation. Linen was a valuable fabric, and its mention here could symbolize purity or the fleeting nature of earthly possessions in the face of spiritual pursuits.

around his body
This phrase emphasizes the minimal covering of the young man, highlighting vulnerability and exposure. The Greek word "περιβεβλημένος" (peribeblēmenos) means to be clothed or wrapped around. This imagery can be seen as a metaphor for the spiritual state of humanity—exposed and in need of the covering of Christ's righteousness. It also foreshadows the stripping away of earthly securities when one chooses to follow Jesus.

They caught hold of him
The act of being seized is significant, as it represents the physical and spiritual trials faced by followers of Christ. The Greek word "κρατέω" (krateō) means to take hold of or seize. This moment captures the tension and danger surrounding Jesus' arrest, reflecting the cost of discipleship. It serves as a powerful reminder of the challenges believers may face and the courage required to stand firm in faith amidst persecution.

but he ran off naked
This phrase captures a moment of vulnerability and fear. The Greek word for "naked" is "gymnos," which can mean completely unclothed or simply without an outer garment. In the context of the ancient world, being naked was often associated with shame and exposure. This young man's flight symbolizes the abandonment and fear that even the closest followers of Jesus experienced during His arrest. It serves as a stark reminder of human frailty and the instinct to flee in the face of danger. Theologically, it can be seen as a metaphor for spiritual nakedness, highlighting the need for divine covering and protection.

leaving his linen cloth behind
The "linen cloth" mentioned here is significant. The Greek word "sindon" refers to a fine linen garment, often used for burial shrouds or as a garment for the wealthy. This detail suggests that the young man might have been of some means or status, yet he left it behind in his haste to escape. Historically, linen was a valuable fabric, indicating that the young man abandoned something of worth to save himself. This act of leaving behind the linen cloth can be seen as a symbol of forsaking earthly possessions and status in the face of spiritual crisis. It also echoes the theme of sacrifice and the cost of discipleship, as followers of Christ are called to leave behind their old lives and worldly attachments.

They led Jesus away
This phrase marks the beginning of Jesus' trial and suffering. The Greek word for "led" (ἀπάγω, apagō) implies being taken away under force or authority. This reflects the fulfillment of prophecy and the beginning of the Passion narrative, where Jesus willingly submits to the Father's will, despite the injustice He faces. It is a poignant reminder of His obedience and the sacrificial path He chose for humanity's redemption.

to the high priest
The high priest at the time was Caiaphas, a significant figure in the Jewish religious hierarchy. The role of the high priest was central in Jewish worship and governance, serving as a mediator between God and the people. Historically, the high priest was expected to uphold justice and righteousness, yet here, Caiaphas becomes an instrument in the unjust trial of Jesus. This irony highlights the corruption and spiritual blindness that had infiltrated the religious leadership.

and all the chief priests, elders, and scribes
This assembly represents the Sanhedrin, the highest Jewish council and court. The chief priests, elders, and scribes were influential leaders responsible for maintaining religious law and order. Their gathering signifies the gravity of the situation and the collective decision to condemn Jesus. This group, meant to uphold God's law, instead conspires against the Messiah, illustrating the tragic misalignment between religious authority and divine truth.

assembled
The Greek word for "assembled" (συνέρχομαι, synerchomai) suggests a formal gathering with a specific purpose. This assembly was not a spontaneous meeting but a premeditated council to judge Jesus. The historical context reveals that such gatherings were typically held in the high priest's palace, a place of power and decision-making. This setting underscores the seriousness of the trial and the predetermined intent to find Jesus guilty, regardless of the truth.

Peter followed Him at a distance
This phrase highlights Peter's physical and spiritual separation from Jesus during His time of trial. The Greek word for "followed" (ἀκολουθέω, akoloutheó) implies discipleship and commitment. However, Peter's following "at a distance" suggests a wavering faith and fear of association with Jesus. Historically, this reflects the danger and tension of the moment, as Jesus was being led to the high priest's house. Spiritually, it serves as a cautionary tale about the perils of distancing oneself from Christ during times of trial.

right into the courtyard of the high priest
The "courtyard" (αὐλή, aulē) of the high priest was a place of significant authority and power. Archaeologically, such courtyards were central spaces in large homes, often used for gatherings and trials. The high priest's residence was likely a grand structure, befitting his status. This setting underscores the gravity of the situation, as Jesus was being tried by the highest religious authority. For Peter, entering this space was a bold yet dangerous move, reflecting his inner conflict between loyalty and fear.

And he sat with the guards
"Sitting" (καθίζω, kathizō) with the guards indicates Peter's attempt to blend in and avoid detection. The guards were likely temple police or Roman soldiers, accustomed to maintaining order and enforcing the high priest's decrees. By sitting with them, Peter was physically close to those who opposed Jesus, highlighting his precarious position. This act symbolizes the tension between Peter's desire to remain near Jesus and his fear of being associated with Him.

to warm himself by the fire
The act of warming oneself "by the fire" (πρὸς τὸ φῶς, pros to phōs) is rich in symbolism. Fire provides warmth and light, but it also exposes and reveals. In this context, the fire represents both physical comfort and the risk of exposure. Peter's need for warmth reflects his human vulnerability, while the fire's light foreshadows his impending denial of Christ. Spiritually, this scene serves as a metaphor for the trials of faith, where comfort and safety can lead to compromise and denial.

Now the chief priests and the whole Sanhedrin
This phrase introduces the religious authorities of the time, the chief priests and the Sanhedrin, which was the supreme council and tribunal of the Jews during the post-exilic times. The chief priests were influential leaders, often from the Sadducees, who held significant power in religious and political matters. The Sanhedrin, composed of 71 members, included Pharisees and Sadducees, and was responsible for major legal decisions. Historically, this body was known for its strict adherence to the law and traditions. Their involvement highlights the gravity of the situation, as they were the highest religious authority, yet they were actively seeking to condemn Jesus, indicating the threat they perceived in His teachings and influence.

were seeking testimony against Jesus
The Greek word for "seeking" (ζητοῦντες, zētountes) implies an active, deliberate search. This was not a passive or impartial inquiry; it was a concerted effort to find evidence that could be used against Jesus. The phrase "testimony against Jesus" suggests a legal proceeding, where witnesses were needed to establish a case. This reflects the judicial process of the time, where multiple witnesses were required to convict someone, especially in capital cases. The religious leaders' intent was not to seek truth but to find any possible accusation to justify their predetermined desire to eliminate Jesus.

to put Him to death
This phrase reveals the ultimate goal of the chief priests and the Sanhedrin: the death of Jesus. The severity of their intent underscores the perceived threat Jesus posed to their authority and the established religious order. In the context of Jewish law, the death penalty was reserved for the most serious offenses, such as blasphemy or leading Israel astray. Their determination to put Jesus to death, despite His innocence, highlights the deep spiritual blindness and corruption within the religious leadership. It also fulfills the prophetic scriptures that foretold the suffering and death of the Messiah.

but they did not find any
Despite their efforts, the religious leaders could not find any legitimate testimony against Jesus. This phrase underscores the innocence and righteousness of Jesus, who lived a life without sin. The inability to find valid accusations against Him highlights the unjust nature of the trial and the fulfillment of Isaiah's prophecy that the Messiah would be oppressed and afflicted, yet without deceit. This also serves as a testament to the divine nature of Jesus, who, despite being surrounded by falsehood and malice, remained blameless. The failure to find evidence against Him further emphasizes the moral and spiritual bankruptcy of those who sought His death.

For many bore false witness against Him
The phrase "For many bore false witness against Him" is a poignant reminder of the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies regarding the suffering Messiah. The Greek word for "false witness" is "ψευδομαρτυρέω" (pseudomartyreō), which means to give false testimony or to lie under oath. This act of bearing false witness is explicitly condemned in the Ten Commandments (Exodus 20:16), highlighting the moral depravity of those who sought to condemn Jesus. Historically, false witnesses were often used in ancient trials to sway judgments, especially in cases where the accused posed a threat to the established order. In the context of Jesus' trial, this reflects the deep-seated fear and animosity of the religious leaders towards Him, as they perceived Him as a threat to their authority and traditions. Theologically, this moment underscores the innocence of Christ and the unjust nature of His trial, fulfilling Isaiah 53:7, which speaks of the suffering servant who was oppressed and afflicted, yet did not open His mouth in defense.

but their testimony was inconsistent
The phrase "but their testimony was inconsistent" reveals the divine orchestration of events, even amidst human deceit. The Greek word for "inconsistent" is "ἴση" (isē), which can be translated as not equal or not in agreement. This inconsistency in the testimonies of the false witnesses is significant, as it demonstrates the inability of lies to stand against the truth. In Jewish law, as outlined in Deuteronomy 19:15, a matter must be established by the testimony of two or three witnesses. The failure of the witnesses to provide consistent testimony highlights the lack of legitimate evidence against Jesus, further emphasizing His righteousness and the baselessness of the accusations. This inconsistency serves as a testament to the divine protection over Jesus' mission and the ultimate triumph of truth over falsehood. It also foreshadows the eventual vindication of Christ through His resurrection, affirming His identity as the Son of God and the Savior of the world.

Then some stood up
This phrase indicates a deliberate action taken by certain individuals during the trial of Jesus. The Greek word for "stood up" is "ἀναστάντες" (anastantes), which implies a rising or standing with purpose. In the context of a trial, this suggests a formal and possibly premeditated act. Historically, standing up in a court setting was a sign of authority or readiness to present a case. This action reflects the gravity of the moment and the intent of those who were about to speak against Jesus.

and gave false testimony
The term "false testimony" is translated from the Greek "ψευδομαρτυρίαν" (pseudomarturian), which combines "pseudo" (false) and "marturia" (testimony or witness). This indicates that the testimony was not only incorrect but intentionally deceitful. In the Jewish legal system, bearing false witness was a serious offense, as outlined in the Ten Commandments (Exodus 20:16). The act of giving false testimony against Jesus highlights the moral and legal corruption present in His trial. It underscores the fulfillment of prophetic scriptures, such as Psalm 27:12, where David speaks of false witnesses rising against him.

against Him
The phrase "against Him" emphasizes the direct opposition to Jesus. The Greek preposition "κατά" (kata) is used here, which often denotes hostility or opposition. This reflects the adversarial nature of the trial and the intent to harm Jesus' reputation and mission. Historically, Jesus faced significant opposition from religious leaders who felt threatened by His teachings and growing influence. This opposition was not just personal but was seen as a challenge to the established religious order.

stating
The word "stating" comes from the Greek "λέγοντες" (legontes), which means to say or declare. This implies that the false testimony was presented as a formal declaration, intended to be taken seriously by the council. In the context of a trial, such statements were meant to sway the judgment of the authorities. The use of "stating" indicates that the false witnesses were not merely offering opinions but were making assertive claims intended to convict Jesus. This reflects the gravity of the situation and the malicious intent behind their words.

We heard Him say
This phrase introduces the testimony of false witnesses against Jesus. In the context of Mark 14, these words are part of the accusations brought before the Sanhedrin. The Greek word for "heard" is "ἀκούω" (akouo), which means to hear or listen. This implies that the witnesses are claiming direct auditory evidence, though their testimony is later shown to be inconsistent. Historically, the Sanhedrin was the supreme religious council in Jerusalem, and such testimonies were crucial in their judicial proceedings.

I will destroy this temple
The word "destroy" comes from the Greek "καταλύω" (katalyo), meaning to dissolve or demolish. The "temple" refers to the physical structure in Jerusalem, a central place of worship and a symbol of God's presence among His people. Jesus' statement, as recorded in other Gospels, was metaphorical, referring to His body rather than the literal temple. This misunderstanding highlights the spiritual blindness of the accusers and their inability to grasp Jesus' true mission.

made with hands
This phrase emphasizes the human construction of the temple, contrasting it with what Jesus would establish. The Greek "χειροποίητος" (cheiropoietos) means made by human hands, often used in Scripture to denote something man-made as opposed to divine. This distinction is crucial in understanding the temporary nature of the physical temple compared to the eternal nature of Christ's work.

and in three days
The reference to "three days" is significant in biblical numerology, often symbolizing completeness or divine intervention. In the context of Jesus' prophecy, it points to His resurrection, which would occur three days after His crucifixion. This timeframe is a recurring theme in Scripture, seen in events like Jonah's three days in the belly of the fish, prefiguring Christ's resurrection.

I will build another
The Greek word for "build" is "οἰκοδομέω" (oikodomeo), which means to construct or establish. Jesus speaks of building another temple, not of stone, but a spiritual one, signifying the new covenant and the Church as His body. This reflects the transformative power of Christ's resurrection and the establishment of a new way of worship in spirit and truth.

not made with hands
This phrase contrasts the divine nature of the new temple with the human-made structure of the old. The Greek "ἀχειροποίητος" (acheiropoietos) means not made by human hands, indicating something of divine origin. This points to the spiritual reality of the Church, the body of believers, as the dwelling place of God, transcending the physical limitations of the earthly temple.

But even
The phrase "But even" introduces a contrast, highlighting the unexpected nature of the situation. In the Greek, the word "ἀλλὰ" (alla) is used, which often signifies a strong adversative conjunction. This suggests a turning point or a contradiction to what might have been anticipated. In the context of Mark 14, this phrase underscores the failure of the false witnesses to provide a coherent accusation against Jesus, despite their efforts. It reflects the divine orchestration of events, where human attempts to thwart God's plan are ultimately futile.

their testimony
The term "testimony" in Greek is "μαρτυρία" (martyria), which refers to a witness or evidence given in a legal setting. In the Jewish legal system, as outlined in Deuteronomy 19:15, the testimony of two or three witnesses was required to establish a matter. However, the Gospel of Mark reveals that the testimonies against Jesus were not only false but also failed to align with each other. This highlights the integrity and innocence of Jesus, as even under duress, no legitimate accusation could be substantiated against Him.

was inconsistent
The Greek word for "inconsistent" is "ἴση" (ise), which means unequal or not in agreement. This inconsistency among the testimonies is significant, as it demonstrates the lack of truth and reliability in the accusations brought against Jesus. Historically, this reflects the chaotic and unjust nature of the trial, where the religious leaders were more concerned with condemning Jesus than upholding justice. Scripturally, this inconsistency fulfills the prophecy of Isaiah 53:7, where the Messiah is described as being oppressed and afflicted, yet without just cause. This serves as a powerful reminder of the sovereignty of God, who uses even the flawed actions of men to accomplish His divine purposes.

Then the high priest
The role of the high priest in Jewish society was of utmost importance, serving as the chief religious leader and a key figure in the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council. The high priest during Jesus' trial was Caiaphas, a man known for his political acumen and desire to maintain the status quo with the Roman authorities. Historically, the high priest was seen as a mediator between God and the people, a role that Jesus Himself would ultimately fulfill in a new and eternal way.

stood up before them
The act of standing up signifies authority and the seriousness of the moment. In Jewish legal proceedings, the high priest's actions would have been seen as a formal and authoritative gesture, indicating the gravity of the accusations against Jesus. This moment is pivotal, as it underscores the tension between Jesus and the religious authorities who felt threatened by His teachings and growing influence.

and questioned Jesus
The Greek word used here for "questioned" (ἐπηρώτησεν, eperōtēsen) implies a formal interrogation. This was not a casual inquiry but a legal examination intended to elicit a response that could be used against Jesus. The high priest's questioning reflects the deep-seated animosity and fear that the religious leaders had towards Jesus, whose teachings challenged their authority and interpretation of the Law.

Have You no answer?
This question highlights the expectation of a defense or rebuttal from Jesus. In the face of false accusations, silence can be powerful, and Jesus' choice to remain silent fulfills the prophecy of Isaiah 53:7, where the suffering servant is described as being oppressed and afflicted, yet not opening His mouth. This silence is a testament to Jesus' submission to the Father's will and His role as the sacrificial Lamb.

What is it these men are testifying against You?
The testimony of the witnesses was crucial in Jewish trials, yet the Gospels indicate that the testimonies against Jesus were inconsistent and false. The high priest's question underscores the lack of credible evidence against Jesus, highlighting the injustice of the trial. This moment serves as a reminder of the fulfillment of God's redemptive plan through Jesus' suffering and ultimate sacrifice, despite the flawed human justice system.

But Jesus remained silent
The silence of Jesus in this moment is profound and deeply significant. The Greek word for "silent" here is "σιωπάω" (siōpaō), which conveys a deliberate choice to refrain from speaking. This silence fulfills the prophecy of Isaiah 53:7, where the suffering servant is described as being oppressed and afflicted, yet not opening His mouth. Jesus' silence can be seen as an act of submission to the Father's will, demonstrating His strength and resolve in the face of false accusations. It also serves as a powerful contrast to the clamor and chaos of the trial, highlighting His innocence and the injustice of the proceedings.

and made no reply
The phrase "made no reply" emphasizes Jesus' restraint and self-control. In the Greek, "ἀπεκρίθη" (apekrithē) is used, which means to answer or respond. By choosing not to defend Himself, Jesus embodies the principle of turning the other cheek, as taught in Matthew 5:39. His lack of response can be seen as a fulfillment of His own teachings and a demonstration of His trust in God's ultimate justice. This moment invites believers to reflect on the power of silence and the importance of trusting God in the face of adversity.

Again the high priest questioned Him
The persistence of the high priest, Caiaphas, is notable here. The Greek word "πάλιν" (palin) means "again" or "once more," indicating the high priest's determination to extract a confession from Jesus. This relentless questioning underscores the high stakes of the trial and the desperation of the religious leaders to find grounds for condemning Jesus. Historically, this moment reflects the tension between Jesus and the Jewish authorities, who saw Him as a threat to their power and influence. It also highlights the fulfillment of Jesus' prediction that He would suffer at the hands of the chief priests and scribes (Mark 8:31).

Are You the Christ
The title "Christ" comes from the Greek "Χριστός" (Christos), meaning "Anointed One," equivalent to the Hebrew "Messiah." This question is central to the identity and mission of Jesus. By asking if He is the Christ, the high priest is probing whether Jesus claims to be the long-awaited deliverer of Israel. This moment is pivotal, as it directly addresses the messianic expectations of the Jewish people and the religious leaders' fears of a political uprising. For believers, Jesus' identity as the Christ is foundational to the Christian faith, affirming His role as Savior and King.

the Son of the Blessed One?
The phrase "Son of the Blessed One" is a reverent way of referring to God, avoiding the direct use of His name. In the Jewish context, "Blessed One" is a circumlocution for God, reflecting deep respect and reverence. By questioning Jesus about His divine sonship, the high priest is challenging Him to affirm or deny His unique relationship with God. This question goes to the heart of Jesus' divine identity and mission. For Christians, Jesus as the Son of God is a core tenet of faith, affirming His divinity and His role in the Trinity. This moment in the trial foreshadows the ultimate revelation of Jesus' identity through His death and resurrection, which confirms Him as the Son of God with power (Romans 1:4).

I am
This phrase is a profound declaration by Jesus, echoing the divine name revealed to Moses in Exodus 3:14, "I AM WHO I AM." In Greek, "Ego eimi" is used, which is a direct assertion of Jesus' divine identity. This statement is not just a simple affirmation but a powerful claim to deity, aligning Jesus with Yahweh, the eternal God of Israel. It is a moment of revelation, where Jesus openly acknowledges His divine nature before the high priest, affirming His role in God's redemptive plan.

the Son of Man
This title, "the Son of Man," is deeply rooted in the prophetic vision of Daniel 7:13-14, where one like a son of man is given authority, glory, and sovereign power. It is a messianic title that Jesus frequently uses to describe Himself, emphasizing both His humanity and His divine authority. The use of this title here underscores Jesus' fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy and His role as the Messiah who bridges heaven and earth.

sitting at the right hand of Power
The phrase "sitting at the right hand" signifies a position of honor and authority. In the ancient Near Eastern context, the right hand was a place of power and privilege. "Power" here is a reverent circumlocution for God, indicating Jesus' exalted status and His participation in divine rule. This imagery is drawn from Psalm 110:1, a messianic psalm that speaks of the Messiah's enthronement and victory. Jesus is declaring His future exaltation and sovereign rule alongside God the Father.

and coming with the clouds of heaven
This imagery is also drawn from Daniel 7:13, where the Son of Man comes with the clouds of heaven, symbolizing divine presence and authority. Clouds in biblical literature often represent God's glory and majesty, as seen in the theophanies of the Old Testament (e.g., Exodus 19:9, 1 Kings 8:10-11). Jesus' reference to coming with the clouds signifies His future return in glory and judgment, a central hope in Christian eschatology. It is a promise of His ultimate victory and the establishment of His eternal kingdom.

At this
This phrase refers to the immediate context of Jesus' trial before the Sanhedrin, where He was accused of blasphemy. The "this" is Jesus' affirmation of His identity as the Messiah and the Son of God. In the Greek, the word used here is "τότε" (tote), which indicates a specific moment in time, emphasizing the gravity and immediacy of the high priest's reaction.

the high priest
The high priest at this time was Caiaphas, a significant religious leader in Jerusalem. His role was not only religious but also political, as he was a key figure in maintaining the status quo with the Roman authorities. Historically, the high priest was seen as the mediator between God and the people, making his actions and words carry substantial weight in Jewish society.

tore his clothes
This act was a traditional expression of grief, horror, or outrage in Jewish culture. The tearing of clothes, or "rending," is seen in several Old Testament instances, such as when Jacob believed Joseph was dead (Genesis 37:34). In this context, Caiaphas' tearing of his garments was a dramatic gesture meant to signify his perceived blasphemy of Jesus' claim, though it also reveals the high priest's inability to recognize the truth of Jesus' identity.

and declared
The Greek word "λέγει" (legei) is used here, meaning "to say" or "to declare." This indicates a formal pronouncement, underscoring the authority of the high priest's position. His declaration was intended to sway the council and solidify the charges against Jesus, showing the high priest's role in orchestrating the trial's outcome.

Why do we need any more witnesses?
This rhetorical question implies that the high priest believed Jesus' own words were sufficient evidence of blasphemy. The Greek word "μάρτυρες" (martyres) for "witnesses" is significant, as it is the same root from which we derive the word "martyr." In the context of the trial, it highlights the irony that Jesus, the true witness to God's truth, was being condemned by those who were blind to it. The high priest's question also reveals the predetermined nature of the trial, as the leaders were not seeking truth but rather a justification for their actions against Jesus.

You have heard
This phrase indicates the direct involvement of the audience in the trial of Jesus. The Greek word for "heard" is "ἀκούω" (akouo), which implies not just hearing but understanding and perceiving. In the context of a trial, it suggests that the listeners are witnesses to the testimony and are now responsible for their response. This phrase underscores the communal aspect of the judgment being passed, highlighting the collective responsibility of the Sanhedrin in the decision-making process.

the blasphemy
The term "blasphemy" comes from the Greek "βλασφημία" (blasphemia), which means speaking evil or slander against God. In Jewish law, blasphemy was a grave sin, punishable by death, as it was seen as a direct affront to the holiness and sovereignty of God. The accusation of blasphemy against Jesus was based on His claim to divine authority and identity, which the religious leaders perceived as a threat to their understanding of monotheism and the established religious order.

What is your verdict?
This question is a call to judgment, inviting the members of the Sanhedrin to express their decision. The Greek word for "verdict" is "κρίσις" (krisis), which means judgment or decision. It reflects the legal and moral responsibility of the leaders to discern truth and administer justice. This moment is pivotal, as it reveals the hearts and intentions of those who hold power, and their willingness to uphold or reject the truth of Jesus' identity.

And they all condemned Him
The phrase "they all condemned" indicates unanimity among the council members. The Greek word "κατακρίνω" (katakrino) means to judge against or to pronounce guilty. This collective condemnation highlights the consensus among the religious leaders, driven by their rejection of Jesus' claims and their desire to maintain their authority. It also fulfills the prophetic scriptures that foretold the suffering and rejection of the Messiah.

as deserving of death
The decision that Jesus was "deserving of death" reflects the severity of the charge of blasphemy. In the Jewish context, the penalty for blasphemy was stoning, as prescribed in Leviticus 24:16. However, under Roman occupation, the Jewish leaders did not have the authority to carry out capital punishment, which is why they later brought Jesus to Pilate. This phrase underscores the gravity of the situation and the lengths to which the religious leaders were willing to go to silence Jesus, fulfilling the divine plan of redemption through His sacrificial death.

Then some began to spit on Him
The act of spitting in the ancient world was a profound gesture of contempt and humiliation. In the Greek, the word "ἐμπτύω" (emptyō) is used, which conveys a sense of disdain and rejection. This act fulfilled the prophecy in Isaiah 50:6, where the Suffering Servant is described as enduring such shame. Spitting on Jesus was not only a physical assault but a symbolic rejection of His divine authority and messianic identity.

to blindfold Him
The Greek word "περιτίθημι" (peritithēmi) means to place around or cover. Blindfolding Jesus was an act of mockery, stripping Him of His dignity and treating Him as a common criminal. This action also symbolizes spiritual blindness, as those who did this were unable to see the truth of who Jesus was. It highlights the irony that the Light of the World was being shrouded in darkness by those who could not perceive His true nature.

and to strike Him with their fists
The phrase "καὶ ἐκολάφισαν αὐτόν" (kai ekolaphisan auton) uses the verb "κολαφίζω" (kolaphizō), meaning to strike with a fist. This brutal act of violence was a fulfillment of the prophecy in Micah 5:1, where the ruler of Israel is struck on the cheek. It underscores the physical suffering Jesus endured and the depth of human sinfulness that would lead to such cruelty against the innocent Son of God.

and to say to Him, 'Prophesy!'
The demand for Jesus to prophesy was a taunt, mocking His role as a prophet. The Greek word "προφήτευε" (prophēteue) is an imperative, a command for Jesus to demonstrate His prophetic ability. This mockery is deeply ironic, as Jesus had already prophesied His own suffering and death (Mark 8:31, 9:31, 10:33-34). The mockers were unwittingly fulfilling His prophecies even as they ridiculed Him.

And the officers received Him with slaps in His face
The term "ὑπηρέται" (hypēretai) refers to the officers or servants, likely members of the temple guard. The Greek "ῥαπίσμασιν" (rhapismasin) means slaps or blows, indicating a continued assault on Jesus' dignity. This treatment by the officers, who were supposed to uphold justice, highlights the miscarriage of justice that Jesus faced. It also fulfills the prophecy of Isaiah 53:3, where the Messiah is described as despised and rejected by men.

While Peter was in the courtyard below
The phrase "While Peter was in the courtyard below" sets the scene for a pivotal moment in Peter's life. The "courtyard" (Greek: αὐλή, aulē) was a common architectural feature in ancient Jewish homes, especially those of wealthier individuals like the high priest. It was an open space, often surrounded by the house's rooms, where people could gather. The "below" indicates that Peter was in a lower part of the building, possibly suggesting a sense of humility or vulnerability. This setting is significant as it contrasts with the events happening above, where Jesus is being tried. Peter's physical position "below" mirrors his spiritual and emotional state, as he is about to face a test of his faith.

one of the servant girls of the high priest
The mention of "one of the servant girls of the high priest" introduces a seemingly insignificant character who plays a crucial role in the narrative. The Greek word for "servant girl" (παιδίσκη, paidiskē) denotes a young female servant, often of low social status. Her identification as belonging to "the high priest" (ἀρχιερεύς, archiereus) highlights the hierarchical structure of the society and the power dynamics at play. Despite her lowly position, she becomes an instrument in the unfolding of Peter's denial. This encounter reminds us that God can use anyone, regardless of status, to fulfill His purposes.

came down
The phrase "came down" (Greek: καταβαίνω, katabainō) suggests movement and intention. It implies that the servant girl was not passively present but actively approached Peter. This action sets in motion the events leading to Peter's denial. The verb "came down" can also symbolize a descent into a moment of trial for Peter. It is a reminder of the spiritual vigilance required to stand firm in faith, especially when confronted unexpectedly. The servant girl's approach is a divine appointment, testing Peter's allegiance to Christ. This moment challenges believers to consider their own readiness to confess their faith under pressure.

and saw him warming himself there
The phrase "saw him warming himself" paints a vivid picture of Peter's physical state and his attempt to blend into the surroundings. The Greek word for "saw" (εἶδεν, eiden) implies a careful observation, suggesting that the servant girl was scrutinizing Peter closely. The act of "warming himself" indicates Peter's vulnerability and humanity, as he sought comfort from the cold. This moment of seeking warmth is symbolic of Peter's spiritual state—seeking comfort in the wrong place, away from the warmth of Christ's presence.

she looked at him
The phrase "looked at him" uses the Greek word ἐμβλέψασα (emblepsasa), which means to gaze intently. This indicates that the servant girl was not merely glancing but was examining Peter with a penetrating gaze. This intense scrutiny can be seen as a moment of spiritual confrontation, where Peter's faith and identity are being tested. It reflects the broader theme of being recognized as a follower of Christ, even when one tries to hide or deny it.

and said
The simple phrase "and said" (καὶ λέγει, kai legei) introduces the servant girl's accusation. In the biblical narrative, speech acts often carry significant weight, as words can affirm or deny one's faith. This moment is pivotal, as it sets the stage for Peter's denial. The act of speaking here is not just a casual remark but a declaration that challenges Peter's allegiance to Jesus.

You also were with Jesus the Nazarene
The phrase "You also were with Jesus the Nazarene" is a direct accusation linking Peter to Jesus. The use of "You also" (καὶ σὺ, kai sy) implies that others have been identified as followers of Jesus, and now Peter is being singled out. "With Jesus" (μετὰ Ἰησοῦ, meta Iēsou) signifies companionship and association, highlighting the close relationship Peter had with Christ. "The Nazarene" (τοῦ Ναζαρηνοῦ, tou Nazarēnou) identifies Jesus by His earthly origin, emphasizing His humble beginnings and fulfillment of prophecy. This title serves as a reminder of Jesus' humanity and His role as the prophesied Messiah. The servant girl's statement is a call for Peter to acknowledge his discipleship, challenging him to stand firm in his faith despite the fear of persecution.

But he denied it
The word "denied" comes from the Greek "arneomai," which means to disown or repudiate. In the context of Peter's denial, this is a significant moment of human weakness and fear. Despite his earlier bold declarations of loyalty to Jesus, Peter succumbs to the pressure of the moment. This denial is a fulfillment of Jesus' prophecy that Peter would deny Him three times before the rooster crowed. It serves as a poignant reminder of the frailty of human resolve without divine strength.

I do not know
The phrase "I do not know" reflects Peter's attempt to distance himself from Jesus. The Greek word "oida" is used here, which implies a deep, personal knowledge. Peter's denial is not just a casual dismissal but a profound disavowal of his relationship with Jesus. This moment highlights the internal conflict Peter faces, torn between fear of persecution and his love for Christ.

or even understand
The word "understand" is translated from the Greek "epistamai," which means to comprehend or be acquainted with. Peter's claim of ignorance is an attempt to further dissociate himself from Jesus and His teachings. This reflects a moment of spiritual crisis, where fear clouds Peter's understanding and commitment. It is a sobering reminder of how easily one can falter in faith when faced with adversity.

what you are talking about
This phrase indicates Peter's feigned ignorance of the situation. It is a defensive mechanism to avoid association with Jesus. The historical context here is crucial; being identified as a follower of Jesus could have led to arrest or persecution. Peter's denial is a human response to a threatening situation, illustrating the tension between self-preservation and faithfulness.

he said
The act of speaking, "he said," underscores the verbal nature of Peter's denial. Words have power, and Peter's spoken denial is a significant act of betrayal. In the biblical narrative, speech often reveals the heart's condition. Here, Peter's words betray his fear and momentary lapse in faith, contrasting with his earlier declarations of loyalty.

Then he went out to the gateway
The "gateway" represents a place of transition. Peter's movement from the courtyard to the gateway symbolizes his internal struggle and retreat from the situation. In biblical times, gateways were places of decision and judgment. Peter's withdrawal to the gateway can be seen as a metaphor for his wavering faith and the beginning of his path to repentance and restoration.

and the rooster crowed
The crowing of the rooster is a pivotal moment, fulfilling Jesus' prophecy and serving as a wake-up call for Peter. In the cultural context, the rooster's crow was a signal of the dawn, symbolizing new beginnings and hope. For Peter, it marks the beginning of his realization and repentance. This moment is a powerful reminder of God's foreknowledge and the opportunity for redemption, even after failure.

There the servant girl saw him
The phrase begins with the location "there," indicating a specific place within the high priest's courtyard where Peter was warming himself by the fire. The "servant girl" is a key figure in this narrative, representing the seemingly insignificant individuals who play pivotal roles in God's unfolding plan. In Greek, the word for "servant girl" is "παιδίσκη" (paidiskē), which denotes a young female servant. Her role is significant as she is the catalyst for Peter's denial, highlighting how God can use anyone, regardless of social status, to fulfill His purposes. The act of "seeing" (Greek: "ὁράω" - horaō) implies more than just physical sight; it suggests recognition and understanding, as she identifies Peter as a follower of Jesus.

and again said to those standing nearby
The word "again" indicates repetition, emphasizing the persistence of the servant girl in her accusation. This repetition is crucial as it sets the stage for Peter's subsequent denials. The phrase "said to those standing nearby" suggests a public declaration, increasing the pressure on Peter. The Greek word for "said" is "λέγω" (legō), which can imply a formal or authoritative statement. The "standing nearby" refers to the bystanders, possibly other servants or guards, who were present in the courtyard. This public setting heightens the tension and the potential for Peter's association with Jesus to be exposed.

'This man is one of them.'
The phrase "This man" is a direct reference to Peter, highlighting his identity and singling him out from the crowd. The Greek word "οὗτος" (houtos) is demonstrative, pointing specifically to Peter. The accusation "is one of them" is significant as it identifies Peter as a disciple of Jesus. The Greek phrase "ἐξ αὐτῶν" (ex autōn) means "of them," indicating belonging or association. This accusation is not just about physical presence but implies a deeper connection to Jesus and His mission. Historically, being identified as a follower of Jesus during this time could lead to persecution, making Peter's fear and subsequent denial understandable from a human perspective. This moment serves as a poignant reminder of human frailty and the challenges of discipleship, calling believers to rely on God's strength in moments of trial.

But again he denied it
The word "denied" comes from the Greek "arneomai," which means to disown or repudiate. This is the second time Peter denies knowing Jesus, fulfilling Jesus' prophecy of Peter's denial. The repetition of denial highlights human frailty and fear, even in the face of loyalty and love. Peter's actions remind us of the struggle between faith and fear, a common theme throughout Scripture. It is a poignant moment that underscores the need for divine grace and forgiveness.

And after a little while
This phrase indicates a passage of time, suggesting a brief period of reflection or tension. The Greek "mikron" implies a short, yet significant, interval. This momentary pause can symbolize the internal conflict Peter might have been experiencing, as he grapples with his fear and the reality of his situation. It serves as a reminder of the patience and long-suffering nature of God, who waits for us to return to Him even when we falter.

those standing nearby
The people mentioned here are likely bystanders or servants in the high priest's courtyard. Their presence adds to the pressure Peter feels, as he is surrounded by those who are hostile to Jesus. This setting emphasizes the isolation and vulnerability of Peter, who is physically close to Jesus but spiritually distant at this moment. It reflects the societal and peer pressures that can lead believers to compromise their faith.

said to Peter
The act of speaking to Peter directly confronts him with the truth he is trying to avoid. The Greek "lego" means to say or speak, indicating a direct challenge to Peter's previous denials. This confrontation is a catalyst for Peter's eventual repentance, as it forces him to face his own weaknesses. It is a reminder that God often uses others to speak truth into our lives, prompting us to examine our hearts and actions.

Surely you are one of them
The certainty expressed by "surely" (Greek "alethos") indicates the confidence of the bystanders in their accusation. This statement challenges Peter's identity and association with Jesus. It highlights the visible distinction of those who follow Christ, even when they try to hide it. The phrase serves as a call to believers to live authentically, as our true identity in Christ cannot be concealed.

for you too are a Galilean
Being identified as a Galilean links Peter to Jesus, who was also from Galilee. The region was known for its distinct accent and customs, making Peter's speech a giveaway. This identification underscores the idea that followers of Christ are marked by their association with Him, both in speech and action. It challenges believers to embrace their identity in Christ, even when it leads to persecution or misunderstanding. The mention of Galilee also serves as a reminder of the humble origins of Jesus and His disciples, emphasizing that God's work often begins in the most unexpected places.

But he began
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in Peter's denial of Jesus. The Greek word for "began" (ἤρξατο, ērxato) indicates the initiation of an action, suggesting a deliberate choice by Peter. This moment is significant as it shows the transition from fear to outright denial. Historically, Peter's actions reflect the intense pressure and fear of association with Jesus during His trial, a time when followers faced potential persecution.

to curse
The Greek word used here is καταθεματίζειν (katathematizein), which implies invoking a curse upon oneself if the statement is false. This is a strong expression of denial, showing Peter's desperation to distance himself from Jesus. In the cultural context of the time, cursing was a serious act, often invoking divine judgment, highlighting the gravity of Peter's denial.

and swear
The term for "swear" (ὀμνύναι, omnynai) involves making an oath. In Jewish tradition, oaths were sacred and binding, often invoking God's name. Peter's swearing underscores the intensity of his denial, as he calls upon a higher authority to validate his false claim. This act contrasts sharply with Jesus' teachings on oaths in Matthew 5:34-37, where He advises against swearing altogether.

I do not know
Peter's statement is a direct contradiction to his earlier declarations of loyalty to Jesus (Mark 14:29-31). The Greek word for "know" (οἶδα, oida) implies not just recognition but an intimate understanding or relationship. Peter's denial of knowing Jesus is not just a rejection of acquaintance but a disavowal of the deep relationship they shared.

this man
Referring to Jesus as "this man" rather than by name or title shows Peter's attempt to create distance. It reflects a common practice in ancient times to depersonalize someone when trying to disassociate from them. This phrase highlights Peter's fear and the social pressure to conform to the crowd's hostility towards Jesus.

of whom you speak
This phrase indicates Peter's awareness of the accusations against him. The Greek construction suggests a defensive posture, as if Peter is trying to deflect attention from himself. It underscores the tension of the moment, as Peter is caught between his fear of man and his love for Jesus.

And immediately
The phrase "and immediately" underscores the suddenness and inevitability of the event. In the Greek, the word used is "εὐθύς" (euthys), which conveys a sense of urgency and directness. This immediacy highlights the fulfillment of Jesus' prophecy and the swift unfolding of events that Peter could not control. It serves as a reminder of the precision of Jesus' words and the certainty of God's plans.

the rooster crowed a second time
The crowing of the rooster is a significant marker in the narrative. In the cultural and historical context of first-century Judea, roosters were common, and their crowing was a natural part of the early morning. The second crowing signifies the completion of the time frame Jesus had predicted. It is a poignant reminder of Peter's failure to stand by Jesus, despite his earlier bravado. The rooster's crow serves as a divine alarm clock, awakening Peter to the reality of his actions.

Then Peter remembered
The act of remembering is crucial here. The Greek word "ἀναμιμνῄσκομαι" (anamimneskomai) implies a deep, reflective recollection. This is not just a casual remembrance but a profound realization of the truth of Jesus' words. It signifies a moment of spiritual awakening for Peter, as he confronts the gravity of his denial. This remembrance is the first step towards repentance and restoration.

the word that Jesus had spoken to him
The "word" refers to the prophecy Jesus gave Peter earlier in the evening. The Greek term "λόγος" (logos) is used, which can mean word, message, or teaching. This highlights the authority and truth of Jesus' words. It is a reminder that Jesus' teachings are not just predictions but divine truths that hold power and authority. Peter's recollection of Jesus' words is a testament to their enduring impact and the fulfillment of prophecy.

'Before the rooster crows twice, you will deny Me three times.'
This specific prophecy is a direct quote from Jesus, emphasizing His foreknowledge and the inevitability of Peter's actions. The repetition of the rooster's crowing and the threefold denial underscore the completeness of Peter's failure. It serves as a humbling reminder of human weakness and the need for divine grace. The prophecy's fulfillment also reinforces Jesus' role as the Messiah, who knows the hearts of men.

And he broke down and wept
Peter's emotional response is captured in the Greek phrase "ἐπιβαλὼν ἔκλαιεν" (epibalōn eklaien), which conveys a sense of overwhelming sorrow and repentance. The breaking down signifies a moment of deep contrition and acknowledgment of sin. Peter's weeping is not just an expression of regret but a transformative moment that leads to his eventual restoration. It is a powerful reminder of the grace and forgiveness available through Christ, even after failure.