Then
The word "then" serves as a transitional marker, indicating a continuation of the narrative from the previous chapter. In Acts 6, Stephen is brought before the Sanhedrin, accused of blasphemy against Moses and God. The use of "then" connects the reader to the unfolding drama, emphasizing the immediacy and gravity of the situation. It suggests a pivotal moment in the early church's history, where the testimony of Stephen will have profound implications.

the high priest
The high priest at this time is likely Caiaphas, who also presided over the trial of Jesus. The high priest held the highest religious authority among the Jews, serving as a mediator between God and the people. His role in questioning Stephen underscores the seriousness of the accusations and the potential consequences. Historically, the high priest was a central figure in Jewish religious life, responsible for maintaining the sanctity of the temple and the purity of worship.

asked him
The act of asking implies a formal inquiry, a legal proceeding where Stephen is given the opportunity to respond to the accusations. This reflects the judicial process of the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council. The Greek word used here, "eipon," conveys a sense of direct questioning, highlighting the tension and the expectation of a defense or confession from Stephen.

Are these charges true?
This question is at the heart of the trial. The charges against Stephen include speaking against the holy place and the law, accusations that threaten the very foundation of Jewish identity and worship. The phrasing of the question invites Stephen to either confirm or deny the allegations, setting the stage for his powerful and Spirit-filled response. In a broader scriptural context, this moment echoes the trials faced by prophets and righteous individuals throughout biblical history, who stood firm in their faith despite opposition.

Brothers and fathers, listen!
This opening phrase is a respectful address by Stephen, acknowledging the authority and kinship of his audience, which includes the Sanhedrin and other Jewish leaders. The Greek word for "brothers" (ἀδελφοί, adelphoi) signifies a familial bond, emphasizing unity and shared heritage. "Fathers" (πατέρες, pateres) denotes respect for the elders and leaders. Stephen's call to "listen" (ἀκούσατε, akousate) is not merely to hear but to understand and consider deeply, echoing the prophetic tradition where listening is linked to obedience and transformation.

The God of glory
This phrase identifies God with His divine majesty and splendor. The Greek word for "glory" (δόξα, doxa) conveys the weightiness and honor of God's presence. In the Old Testament, God's glory often manifested in visible ways, such as the cloud in the Tabernacle (Exodus 40:34). By using this title, Stephen connects his message to the divine authority and theophany, reminding his audience of God's active presence and revelation throughout Israel's history.

appeared to our father Abraham
The verb "appeared" (ὤφθη, ophthē) indicates a divine revelation or theophany, where God makes Himself known in a tangible way. This encounter with Abraham marks a pivotal moment in salvation history, initiating the covenant relationship. "Our father Abraham" underscores the shared ancestry and covenantal promises given to Abraham, which are foundational to Jewish identity. Stephen emphasizes continuity with the patriarchs, affirming that his message aligns with God's historical dealings with Israel.

while he was still in Mesopotamia
This locates the event geographically and historically, highlighting God's initiative in calling Abraham from a land associated with idolatry (Joshua 24:2). Mesopotamia, the cradle of civilization, was a region of cultural and religious significance. God's call to Abraham from this place signifies a break from paganism and the beginning of a journey of faith. It underscores the theme of divine election and grace, as God chooses Abraham not based on merit but His sovereign purpose.

before he lived in Haran
This phrase provides a chronological marker, indicating that God's call came prior to Abraham's settlement in Haran. Haran, a city in the upper Mesopotamian region, served as a transitional place in Abraham's journey to the Promised Land. The mention of Haran reminds the audience of Abraham's obedience and faith, as he left his homeland in response to God's call. It also foreshadows the pattern of pilgrimage and sojourning that characterizes the life of faith, a theme central to Stephen's defense and the Christian journey.

and said to him
This phrase introduces the divine communication from God to Abraham. The Greek word for "said" is "εἶπεν" (eipen), which is often used in the New Testament to denote a direct and authoritative speech. This highlights the personal and direct nature of God's communication with His chosen individuals. In the context of Acts 7, Stephen is recounting the history of Israel to the Sanhedrin, emphasizing that God's relationship with His people has always been initiated by His sovereign will and direct revelation.

‘Leave your country
The command to "leave" is translated from the Greek word "ἔξελθε" (exelthe), which means to go out or depart. This imperative reflects a call to obedience and faith, as Abraham was asked to leave his familiar surroundings and step into the unknown. Historically, this command signifies a pivotal moment in the biblical narrative, marking the beginning of God's covenant relationship with Abraham. It underscores the theme of faith and trust in God's promises, which is central to the Christian life.

and your kindred
The term "kindred" refers to Abraham's family and relatives. In Greek, "συγγένειαν" (suggeneian) is used, which denotes familial connections. This highlights the sacrifice and separation involved in Abraham's call. Leaving one's family in ancient times meant leaving behind one's support system and identity. This act of obedience is a profound demonstration of faith, as Abraham prioritized God's call over familial ties, setting a precedent for believers to follow God's will above all else.

and go to the land
The phrase "go to the land" involves the Greek word "πορεύου" (poreuou), meaning to travel or journey. This command not only required physical movement but also spiritual and emotional readiness to embrace God's promise. The "land" refers to Canaan, a place that God would later give to Abraham's descendants. This journey symbolizes the Christian pilgrimage of faith, where believers are called to trust in God's guidance and provision, even when the destination is not fully known.

I will show you
The promise "I will show you" is a future assurance from God, indicating His guidance and revelation. The Greek "δείξω" (deixō) means to make visible or to reveal. This promise underscores God's sovereignty and faithfulness, as He commits to leading Abraham to the promised land. It reflects the Christian belief in God's providence and the assurance that He will reveal His plans in His perfect timing. This encourages believers to walk by faith, trusting that God will illuminate their path as they follow His call.

So Abraham left
The phrase marks a pivotal moment of obedience and faith in Abraham's life. The Greek word for "left" (ἐξῆλθεν, exēlthen) implies a decisive action, a departure from the familiar into the unknown. This act of leaving symbolizes a spiritual journey, a call to trust in God's promises. Abraham's departure from the land of the Chaldeans is a testament to his faith, as he steps out in obedience to God's command, leaving behind his past and embracing a future directed by divine guidance.

the land of the Chaldeans
This refers to the region of Mesopotamia, specifically Ur of the Chaldeans, a place known for its advanced civilization and idolatry. The Chaldeans were a Semitic people who played a significant role in the history of Mesopotamia. Archaeological findings have revealed Ur as a city of great wealth and culture, yet spiritually barren. Abraham's departure from this land signifies a break from idolatry and a move towards a monotheistic faith, setting the stage for the unfolding of God's redemptive plan through his descendants.

and settled in Haran
Haran, located in modern-day Turkey, served as a temporary dwelling place for Abraham and his family. The Greek word for "settled" (κατῴκησεν, katōkēsen) suggests a temporary residence, not a permanent home. This reflects the transient nature of Abraham's journey, as he lived as a sojourner, looking forward to the fulfillment of God's promises. Haran was a significant trade center, and its mention here highlights the transitional phase in Abraham's journey of faith.

After his father died
The death of Terah, Abraham's father, marks a turning point in Abraham's journey. It signifies the end of one chapter and the beginning of another. The Greek text implies a sense of closure and readiness for the next phase of God's plan. Terah's death in Haran allowed Abraham to fully embrace his calling without familial obligations holding him back, symbolizing a release from the past and a readiness to move forward in faith.

God brought him
This phrase underscores the divine initiative and guidance in Abraham's journey. The Greek word for "brought" (μετῴκισεν, metōkisen) indicates a relocation orchestrated by God. It emphasizes that Abraham's journey was not merely a human endeavor but a divinely directed mission. God's active role in bringing Abraham to the Promised Land highlights His sovereignty and faithfulness in fulfilling His promises.

to this land where you now live
Stephen, the speaker in Acts 7, addresses his audience, reminding them of their heritage and the fulfillment of God's promises. The phrase "this land" refers to Canaan, the land promised to Abraham and his descendants. It serves as a tangible reminder of God's faithfulness and the fulfillment of His covenant. The audience, living in the land promised to Abraham, is called to recognize their place in God's redemptive history and to respond in faith and obedience, just as Abraham did.

He gave him no inheritance here
This phrase refers to God's promise to Abraham. Despite God's covenant with Abraham, he did not receive a physical inheritance in the land during his lifetime. The Greek word for "inheritance" (κληρονομία, kleronomia) implies a legal entitlement, yet Abraham lived as a sojourner. This highlights the faith required to trust in God's promises, even when immediate evidence is lacking. Historically, this underscores the transient nature of Abraham's life in Canaan, emphasizing his reliance on God's future fulfillment.

not even a foot of ground
The phrase emphasizes the complete lack of physical ownership Abraham had in the Promised Land. The Greek term for "foot" (πούς, pous) is literal, underscoring the minimal extent of land possession. This detail accentuates the contrast between God's promise and Abraham's earthly reality, illustrating the profound faith Abraham exhibited. Archaeologically, this reflects the nomadic lifestyle of the patriarchs, who lived in tents and moved frequently.

but He promised to give it to him as a possession
Here, the focus shifts to God's promise. The Greek word for "promised" (ἐπαγγέλλομαι, epangellomai) conveys a solemn assurance. This promise was not just for Abraham but for his descendants, indicating a future fulfillment. The term "possession" (κατάσχεσις, kataschesis) implies a permanent holding, contrasting with Abraham's temporary dwelling. This promise is central to the Abrahamic Covenant, a foundational element in biblical theology, signifying God's faithfulness and the unfolding of His redemptive plan.

and to his descendants after him
This phrase extends the promise beyond Abraham to his progeny. The Greek word for "descendants" (σπέρμα, sperma) can also mean "seed," indicating both physical and spiritual lineage. This promise finds fulfillment in the nation of Israel and, ultimately, in the spiritual descendants through faith in Christ. Historically, this points to the eventual settlement of the Israelites in Canaan, fulfilling God's covenantal promise.

even though Abraham had no child
This final phrase highlights the miraculous nature of God's promise. At the time of the promise, Abraham was childless, making the promise seem impossible. The Greek word for "child" (τέκνον, teknon) emphasizes the absence of an heir. This situation required Abraham to exercise extraordinary faith, trusting in God's ability to bring life from barrenness. Scripturally, this prefigures the miraculous birth of Isaac and serves as a testament to God's power and faithfulness, encouraging believers to trust in God's promises despite present circumstances.

God spoke to this effect
This phrase indicates divine communication, emphasizing the authority and certainty of God's word. The Greek root for "spoke" is "laleó," which means to utter a sound or to speak. This highlights the personal and direct nature of God's revelation to His people. In the context of Stephen's speech, it underscores the continuity of God's promises and His active role in the history of Israel.

his descendants
The term "descendants" refers to the offspring of Abraham, the patriarch of the Israelites. The Greek word used here is "sperma," which can mean seed or progeny. This emphasizes the covenantal promise God made to Abraham, ensuring that his lineage would continue and be significant in God's redemptive plan. It reflects the faithfulness of God in fulfilling His promises across generations.

would be strangers
The phrase "would be strangers" comes from the Greek "parepidémos," meaning sojourners or temporary residents. This indicates a lack of permanent status or belonging in the land they would inhabit. Historically, this refers to the Israelites' time in Egypt, where they lived as foreigners. Spiritually, it reminds believers of their transient status in this world, as their true citizenship is in heaven.

in a foreign land
The "foreign land" is Egypt, where the Israelites lived for several centuries. The Greek word "allotrios" means belonging to another, highlighting the Israelites' lack of ownership or rights in the land. This situation foreshadows the Christian experience of living in a world that is not their ultimate home, encouraging believers to focus on their heavenly inheritance.

and that they would be enslaved
The term "enslaved" comes from the Greek "douleuó," meaning to serve as a slave. This reflects the harsh reality of the Israelites' bondage in Egypt, where they were subjected to forced labor. It serves as a reminder of the oppression God's people can face in a fallen world, yet it also points to God's power to deliver and redeem.

and mistreated
"Mistreated" is translated from the Greek "kakóō," which means to harm or oppress. This word captures the suffering and injustice the Israelites endured under Egyptian rule. It serves as a testament to the trials believers may face, yet it also reassures them of God's awareness and eventual intervention in their struggles.

four hundred years
The "four hundred years" is a prophetic timeframe given to Abraham in Genesis 15:13. It signifies a long period of waiting and suffering before deliverance. Historically, this period encompasses the Israelites' time in Egypt, including their enslavement. Theologically, it underscores God's sovereignty over time and His faithfulness to fulfill His promises, even when the wait seems prolonged. This encourages believers to trust in God's perfect timing and His ultimate plan for redemption.

But I will judge
The phrase "I will judge" comes from the Greek word "κρίνω" (krinō), which means to separate, distinguish, or make a decision. In the biblical context, it often refers to God's righteous judgment. This highlights God's sovereignty and justice, emphasizing that He is the ultimate authority who discerns right from wrong. Historically, this reflects God's promise to hold accountable those who oppress His people, as seen in the deliverance of Israel from Egypt. It reassures believers that God is aware of their struggles and will act justly on their behalf.

the nation they serve as slaves
This phrase refers to the Israelites' bondage in Egypt, a pivotal event in Jewish history. The term "nation" (Greek: "ἔθνος," ethnos) can denote a group of people or a political entity. Here, it signifies Egypt, where the Israelites were enslaved. The historical context of slavery in Egypt is crucial, as it sets the stage for God's deliverance and the formation of Israel as a nation. This serves as a reminder of God's faithfulness to His promises and His power to liberate His people from oppression.

God said
The phrase "God said" underscores the divine authority and certainty of the promise. In Scripture, when God speaks, it is a declaration of His will and purpose. This reflects the biblical theme of God's communication with His people, often through prophets or direct revelation. It assures believers that God's words are trustworthy and will come to pass, reinforcing the reliability of His promises.

and afterward they will leave
The word "afterward" (Greek: "μετὰ ταῦτα," meta tauta) indicates a sequence of events, pointing to the eventual liberation of the Israelites. This highlights the temporal aspect of God's plan, where deliverance follows judgment. The phrase "they will leave" signifies the Exodus, a foundational event in Jewish history where God led His people out of slavery. It symbolizes spiritual liberation and the journey towards God's promises, encouraging believers to trust in God's timing and deliverance.

and worship Me in this place
The act of worship (Greek: "λατρεύω," latreuō) is central to the relationship between God and His people. "In this place" refers to the Promised Land, specifically Jerusalem, where the temple would be established. Worship signifies reverence, devotion, and acknowledgment of God's sovereignty. This promise of worship in a designated place underscores the importance of communal and covenantal worship in the life of believers. It inspires Christians to prioritize worship as a response to God's faithfulness and deliverance, fostering a deeper connection with Him.

And He gave him the covenant of circumcision
The phrase "He gave him" refers to God bestowing a divine promise or agreement upon Abraham. The "covenant of circumcision" is a significant theological concept, rooted in Genesis 17:10-14, where God establishes circumcision as a sign of the covenant between Him and Abraham's descendants. The Greek word for "covenant" is "διαθήκη" (diathēkē), which implies a solemn agreement or testament. This covenant signifies a deeper spiritual truth, representing the cutting away of sin and the dedication of one's life to God. Historically, circumcision set the Israelites apart from other nations, marking them as God's chosen people.

And so Abraham became the father of Isaac
The phrase "became the father" highlights the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham, despite his and Sarah's old age. The birth of Isaac is a testament to God's faithfulness and power to bring life where it seemed impossible. Isaac, whose name means "laughter," symbolizes joy and the fulfillment of divine promises. This lineage is crucial, as it sets the stage for the unfolding of God's redemptive plan through the nation of Israel.

and circumcised him on the eighth day
The act of circumcision on the "eighth day" is significant both spiritually and medically. Biblically, the number eight often symbolizes new beginnings and resurrection. Medically, it is the day when an infant's blood clotting ability is at its peak, showcasing God's wisdom in His commands. This practice was a physical sign of the covenant, a reminder of the Israelites' unique relationship with God and their call to holiness.

And Isaac became the father of Jacob
Isaac's role as the father of Jacob continues the patriarchal lineage through which God's promises are realized. Jacob, later named Israel, is a pivotal figure, as his twelve sons become the progenitors of the twelve tribes of Israel. This phrase underscores the continuity of God's covenantal promises through successive generations, emphasizing the faithfulness of God to His word.

and Jacob of the twelve patriarchs
The "twelve patriarchs" refer to the sons of Jacob, who are foundational to the nation of Israel. Each son represents a tribe, and together they form the collective identity of God's chosen people. This phrase highlights the unfolding of God's plan through history, as these tribes play crucial roles in the narrative of the Old Testament and the establishment of Israel as a nation. The patriarchs are a testament to God's sovereign orchestration of history and His unwavering commitment to His covenant.

And the patriarchs
The term "patriarchs" refers to the sons of Jacob, who are the forefathers of the twelve tribes of Israel. In the Greek, "πατριάρχαι" (patriarchai) signifies the founding fathers or leaders of a family or tribe. This highlights the significant role these individuals played in the history of Israel. Their actions and decisions had long-lasting impacts on the narrative of God's people. The patriarchs, despite their flaws, were integral to God's unfolding plan, reminding us that God can work through imperfect people to fulfill His divine purposes.

jealous of Joseph
The Greek word for "jealous" is "ζηλώσαντες" (zēlōsantes), which conveys a sense of envy or zeal. This jealousy arose from Joseph's favored status with their father, Jacob, and his prophetic dreams that suggested his future prominence. This emotion led to destructive actions, illustrating how unchecked jealousy can lead to sin. The patriarchs' jealousy serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of envy and the importance of guarding our hearts against such feelings.

sold him as a slave
The act of selling Joseph into slavery was a grievous sin, reflecting the depth of the brothers' jealousy and hatred. The Greek word "ἀπέδοσαν" (apedosan) means to sell or deliver over. This transaction was not just a betrayal of familial bonds but also a violation of human dignity. Yet, this act of treachery was used by God to position Joseph in Egypt, setting the stage for the preservation of the entire family during a future famine. It underscores the biblical theme that God can redeem even the most sinful actions for His greater purpose.

into Egypt
Egypt, in the biblical narrative, often represents a place of both refuge and oppression. For Joseph, Egypt was initially a place of suffering and servitude. However, it became the land where he rose to power and was used by God to save many lives. The mention of Egypt here is significant, as it foreshadows the later enslavement of the Israelites and their eventual exodus, a pivotal event in Israel's history. It reminds us of God's sovereignty over nations and His ability to use any situation for His glory.

But God was with him
This phrase is a powerful testament to God's providence and faithfulness. The Greek "ὁ δὲ Θεὸς ἦν μετ’ αὐτοῦ" (ho de Theos ēn met' autou) emphasizes God's continual presence with Joseph, despite his circumstances. It reassures believers that no matter the trials or injustices we face, God is with us, guiding and sustaining us. This divine presence was the key to Joseph's success and eventual reconciliation with his brothers. It serves as an encouragement that God's presence can transform our suffering into a testimony of His grace and power.

and rescued him out of all his troubles
This phrase highlights God's divine intervention in Joseph's life. The Greek word for "rescued" is "ἐξείλατο" (exeilato), which implies a powerful deliverance or liberation. Joseph's troubles began with his brothers' betrayal and continued through his unjust imprisonment in Egypt. Yet, God’s providence is evident as He orchestrates events for Joseph's ultimate good and His divine purpose. This serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty and faithfulness, encouraging believers to trust in His deliverance from their own trials.

He gave him favor and wisdom
The phrase underscores the divine gifts bestowed upon Joseph. "Favor" in Greek is "χάριν" (charin), which can also mean grace or kindness. "Wisdom" is "σοφίαν" (sophian), indicating not just knowledge, but the ability to apply it effectively. Joseph's favor with God and man, coupled with wisdom, enabled him to interpret Pharaoh's dreams and manage Egypt's resources wisely. This reflects the biblical principle that God equips those He calls, providing them with the necessary skills and opportunities to fulfill His purposes.

before Pharaoh king of Egypt
This phrase situates Joseph's account within a historical and political context. Pharaoh, the ruler of Egypt, was considered a god-like figure, wielding immense power. Joseph's rise to prominence in such a setting is remarkable and illustrates God's ability to elevate His servants in any circumstance. Historically, this aligns with the Hyksos period in Egypt, when Semitic peoples, like Joseph, could have held significant positions. This context emphasizes God's control over history and His ability to use even foreign rulers to accomplish His will.

who appointed him ruler over Egypt
The appointment of Joseph as a ruler is a testament to God's providential plan. The Greek word "κατέστησεν" (katestēsen) means to set or establish someone in a position. Joseph's elevation from a prisoner to a ruler is a dramatic reversal that highlights God's power to transform situations. This serves as an encouragement to believers that God can change their circumstances and use them for His glory, regardless of their starting point.

and all his household
This phrase indicates the extent of Joseph's authority, not only over the land of Egypt but also over Pharaoh's personal affairs. The term "household" in Greek is "οἶκον" (oikon), which can refer to both a physical house and a family or dynasty. Joseph's comprehensive authority signifies trust and respect, showing how God can grant His servants influence and responsibility. It also foreshadows the role of Christ, who is given authority over all creation, and serves as a model for Christian leadership characterized by integrity and service.

Then famine and great suffering
The phrase "Then famine and great suffering" refers to a significant historical event that affected both Egypt and Canaan. The Greek word for "famine" is "λιμός" (limos), which indicates a severe scarcity of food. Famines were not uncommon in the ancient Near East and often served as a divine instrument to fulfill God's purposes, as seen in the lives of the patriarchs. The "great suffering" underscores the severity of the situation, highlighting the desperation and hardship faced by the people. This suffering was not merely physical but also spiritual, as it tested the faith and resilience of those affected.

swept across Egypt and Canaan
indicates the widespread nature of the famine. Egypt and Canaan were neighboring regions, and their economies were closely linked. The famine's reach across both territories suggests a divine orchestration, as it set the stage for the fulfillment of God's promises to Abraham. Historically, Egypt was often seen as a place of refuge during times of famine due to the Nile River's predictable flooding, which provided fertile land for agriculture. However, this famine was so severe that even Egypt could not escape its effects, emphasizing the magnitude of the event.

bringing great distress
The phrase "bringing great distress" conveys the emotional and physical toll the famine took on the people. The Greek word for "distress" is "θλίψις" (thlipsis), which can also mean tribulation or affliction. This distress was a catalyst for change, driving Jacob and his family to seek sustenance in Egypt, thus setting the stage for the Israelites' eventual enslavement and subsequent deliverance. The distress was not without purpose; it was a part of God's sovereign plan to shape and mold His chosen people.

to our fathers
refers to the patriarchs of Israel, specifically Jacob and his sons. This phrase connects the audience of Stephen's speech in Acts 7 to their ancestral heritage, reminding them of God's faithfulness throughout history. The patriarchs' experiences serve as a testament to God's providence and the unfolding of His redemptive plan. The use of "our fathers" also serves to unify Stephen's audience, drawing them into the narrative and encouraging them to see themselves as part of God's ongoing story.

When Jacob heard
The name "Jacob" is significant in the biblical narrative, representing the patriarch whose name was later changed to Israel, symbolizing the birth of the nation of Israel. The act of hearing in this context is crucial, as it demonstrates Jacob's responsiveness to God's providence. In the Hebrew tradition, hearing often implies obedience and action, as seen in the Shema (Deuteronomy 6:4). Jacob's hearing is not passive; it prompts decisive action, reflecting a faith that responds to God's provision.

that there was grain in Egypt
The mention of "grain" signifies sustenance and survival, a critical need during the famine that had spread across the land. Egypt, in this context, represents a place of refuge and provision, a recurring theme in the biblical narrative where God uses unexpected means to fulfill His promises. Historically, Egypt was known for its fertile Nile Delta, making it a natural granary in times of famine. This phrase also foreshadows the eventual sojourn of the Israelites in Egypt, setting the stage for the Exodus narrative.

he sent our fathers
The phrase "he sent" indicates Jacob's leadership and initiative. It underscores the patriarchal role in guiding and providing for the family. "Our fathers" refers to the patriarchs, the sons of Jacob, who are foundational figures in Israel's history. This collective term emphasizes the continuity of God's covenantal promises through generations. The sending of the fathers to Egypt is a pivotal moment that leads to the fulfillment of God's plan for Israel, demonstrating His sovereignty and faithfulness.

on their first visit
The "first visit" implies a journey of exploration and necessity, marking the beginning of a significant chapter in Israel's history. This initial visit to Egypt is laden with divine purpose, as it sets in motion the events that will lead to the Israelites' eventual enslavement and subsequent deliverance. The concept of a "visit" also suggests a temporary sojourn, highlighting the transient nature of their stay in Egypt, which contrasts with the eternal promises of God to His people. This phrase invites reflection on God's timing and the unfolding of His redemptive plan through seemingly ordinary events.

On their second visit
This phrase refers to the second journey of Joseph's brothers to Egypt. The Greek word for "second" is "deuteros," which signifies a subsequent or following event. This second visit is significant because it marks a turning point in the narrative of Joseph and his brothers. Historically, this visit is a moment of reconciliation and revelation, as the brothers return to Egypt due to the ongoing famine. Theologically, it symbolizes the grace and providence of God, who orchestrates events for His purposes, even through human actions.

Joseph revealed his identity
The Greek term for "revealed" is "anagnorizo," meaning to make oneself known or to disclose one's identity. This moment is pivotal in the account of Joseph, as he chooses to reveal himself to his brothers, who had previously sold him into slavery. This act of revelation is not just a personal disclosure but a profound act of forgiveness and reconciliation. Joseph's willingness to reveal his identity reflects the transformative power of God's grace, which enables forgiveness and restoration of broken relationships.

to his brothers
The word "brothers" in Greek is "adelphoi," which denotes not only biological siblings but also a broader sense of kinship and community. In the context of Joseph's story, his brothers are the very ones who betrayed him, yet they are also the ones through whom God's plan for the preservation of Israel is fulfilled. This highlights the theme of redemption and the importance of family and community in God's redemptive plan.

and his family became known
The phrase "became known" is derived from the Greek "phaneros," meaning to be made manifest or to become evident. Joseph's family, once hidden and separated by betrayal and distance, is now brought into the light and recognized by the Egyptian authorities. This public acknowledgment signifies the restoration and elevation of Joseph's family, aligning with God's covenant promises to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.

to Pharaoh
Pharaoh, the ruler of Egypt, represents the highest authority in the land. The introduction of Joseph's family to Pharaoh signifies their acceptance and integration into Egyptian society. Historically, this reflects the political and social dynamics of the time, where foreign families could find favor and protection under the rule of a powerful leader. Spiritually, it underscores God's sovereignty in using even foreign powers to fulfill His divine purposes for His chosen people.

Then Joseph sent
The phrase "Then Joseph sent" indicates a pivotal moment in the narrative of Joseph's life. Joseph, once sold into slavery by his brothers, has risen to a position of power in Egypt. The Greek word for "sent" (πέμπω, pempō) implies a deliberate action, reflecting Joseph's authority and his desire to reunite his family. This act of sending is not just a familial gesture but a fulfillment of God's providential plan, showcasing Joseph's forgiveness and reconciliation with his family.

for his father Jacob
"His father Jacob" refers to the patriarch Jacob, also known as Israel, whose life is a testament to God's covenantal promises. Jacob's journey from Canaan to Egypt marks a significant transition for the Israelites. The historical context here is crucial; Jacob's move to Egypt sets the stage for the eventual enslavement and exodus of the Israelites, a foundational narrative in Jewish and Christian theology. This relocation is a divine orchestration, ensuring the survival and growth of God's chosen people.

and all his relatives
The inclusion of "all his relatives" emphasizes the communal aspect of God's covenant. The Hebrew concept of family extends beyond the nuclear unit to include a broader kinship network. This gathering of Jacob's family in Egypt symbolizes the unity and continuity of the Israelite people. It also foreshadows the future nation of Israel, highlighting the importance of family and community in God's redemptive plan.

seventy-five in all
The number "seventy-five" is significant in the biblical narrative. While the Masoretic Text of Genesis 46:27 and Exodus 1:5 mentions seventy, the Septuagint, which Stephen likely references here, records seventy-five. This discrepancy is a point of scholarly discussion but does not detract from the theological message. The number signifies completeness and God's faithfulness in preserving His people. It underscores the miraculous growth of Jacob's family, which will eventually become a great nation as promised to Abraham.

So Jacob went down to Egypt
The phrase "So Jacob went down to Egypt" marks a pivotal moment in the history of Israel. The Greek word for "went down" is "κατέβη" (katebē), which implies a descent, both geographically and metaphorically. Jacob's journey to Egypt was not merely a physical relocation but a significant step in God's providential plan. Historically, this move was necessitated by a severe famine in Canaan, as recorded in Genesis 46. Jacob's descent into Egypt symbolizes a transition from the Promised Land to a foreign land, setting the stage for the eventual enslavement and subsequent deliverance of the Israelites. This journey underscores the theme of God's sovereignty and faithfulness, as He uses even adverse circumstances to fulfill His promises.

where he and our fathers died
The phrase "where he and our fathers died" reflects the mortality and transitory nature of human life. The Greek word for "died" is "ἀπέθανον" (apethanon), indicating a physical death. Jacob, along with the patriarchs, ended their earthly lives in Egypt, away from the land promised to them by God. This highlights the tension between the promise and its fulfillment, a recurring theme in Scripture. The patriarchs' deaths in Egypt serve as a reminder of the hope of resurrection and the ultimate fulfillment of God's promises. Their burial in a foreign land points to the future exodus and the return to the Promised Land, symbolizing the Christian hope of eternal life and the heavenly inheritance. This passage encourages believers to trust in God's timing and faithfulness, even when His promises seem delayed.

Their bones were carried back
This phrase refers to the remains of the patriarchs, specifically Joseph, whose bones were carried from Egypt to the Promised Land. The act of carrying bones back signifies a deep connection to the land promised by God to Abraham and his descendants. It reflects the fulfillment of God's promises and the faith of the patriarchs in God's covenant. The Greek word for "carried" (μετατίθημι, metatithēmi) implies a transfer or change of place, symbolizing the transition from a foreign land to the land of promise.

to Shechem
Shechem holds significant historical and spiritual importance in the Bible. It is the first place where Abraham built an altar to the Lord (Genesis 12:6-7) and later became a city of refuge. The choice of Shechem as the final resting place for the patriarchs' bones underscores its role as a spiritual and covenantal center for the Israelites. Archaeological evidence supports Shechem's existence as a major city during the biblical period, reinforcing its historical significance.

and placed in the tomb
The act of placing the bones in a tomb signifies respect and honor for the deceased, aligning with Jewish burial customs. Tombs were often family burial sites, indicating a sense of belonging and continuity with one's ancestors. The Greek word for "tomb" (μνημεῖον, mnēmeion) also conveys the idea of a memorial, a place to remember and honor the past.

that Abraham had bought
This phrase highlights the legal and rightful ownership of the land by Abraham, as recorded in Genesis 23. Abraham's purchase of the land for a burial site demonstrates his faith in God's promise of the land to his descendants. It also serves as a testament to the fulfillment of God's covenant, as the land becomes a tangible part of Israel's heritage.

from the sons of Hamor
Hamor was the father of Shechem, and the "sons of Hamor" refers to the Hivite inhabitants of the land. This transaction between Abraham and the sons of Hamor is a significant moment of peaceful negotiation and coexistence between the patriarch and the local inhabitants. It reflects the broader biblical theme of God's people living among and interacting with other nations.

at Shechem
Reiterating the location emphasizes its importance as a covenantal and historical site. Shechem is a place where God's promises and the faith of the patriarchs intersect, serving as a physical reminder of God's faithfulness and the hope of future fulfillment.

for a price he paid in silver
The mention of silver as the medium of exchange underscores the legitimacy and seriousness of the transaction. Silver was a common currency in ancient times, and its use here indicates a formal and binding agreement. This detail reinforces the notion of Abraham's rightful claim to the land, as it was acquired through a legitimate and recognized transaction. The purchase of the land with silver also symbolizes the enduring value and permanence of God's promises to His people.

As the time drew near
This phrase indicates a divine timetable, suggesting that God operates within a specific chronology. The Greek word used here, "ἐγγίζω" (engizō), implies an approaching or drawing near of a significant event. In the biblical narrative, God's timing is perfect and sovereign, reminding believers that His plans unfold precisely when they are meant to, even if human understanding is limited.

for God to fulfill His promise
The promise referred to is God's covenant with Abraham, which is foundational to the Jewish faith and, by extension, to Christianity. The Greek word "ἐπαγγελία" (epangelia) signifies a promise or pledge, emphasizing the certainty and faithfulness of God. This promise included the multiplication of Abraham's descendants and their eventual inheritance of the land. It underscores the reliability of God's word and His unwavering commitment to His people.

to Abraham
Abraham is a central figure in the Bible, often called the "father of faith." His account is one of obedience and trust in God's promises. The mention of Abraham here serves as a reminder of the covenantal relationship between God and His chosen people. It also highlights the continuity of God's plan from the patriarchs to the present narrative in Acts.

our people in Egypt
This phrase refers to the Israelites, who were living in Egypt at the time. Historically, this period is marked by the Israelites' growth from a family into a nation. The use of "our people" connects Stephen's audience to their shared heritage and identity. It also sets the stage for the subsequent narrative of deliverance, which is central to the Jewish understanding of God's salvation history.

increased greatly in number
The growth of the Israelites in Egypt is a fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham that his descendants would be as numerous as the stars. The Greek word "πληθύνω" (plēthynō) means to multiply or increase, indicating a significant expansion. This demographic growth, despite the oppressive conditions in Egypt, is a testament to God's blessing and providence. It serves as a precursor to the Exodus, where God would deliver His people from bondage, demonstrating His power and faithfulness.

until
The word "until" signifies a period of waiting or transition. In the context of Acts 7:18, it marks the end of a time of favor and the beginning of a new era. This transition is crucial in understanding the shift in the Israelites' circumstances in Egypt. Theologically, it reminds us that God's timing is perfect, and He orchestrates history according to His divine plan.

another king
The phrase "another king" introduces a new ruler in Egypt, distinct from those who had previously shown favor to Joseph and his family. Historically, this likely refers to a change in dynasty, possibly the rise of the Hyksos or a native Egyptian dynasty that did not recognize the contributions of Joseph. This change in leadership signifies a shift in political and social dynamics, leading to the Israelites' oppression.

who knew nothing of Joseph
This phrase highlights the ignorance or disregard of the new king towards Joseph's legacy. Joseph, once a savior of Egypt during a time of famine, had been forgotten. This forgetfulness can be seen as a metaphor for spiritual amnesia, where the blessings and interventions of God are overlooked or ignored by subsequent generations. It serves as a cautionary tale about the importance of remembering and honoring God's work in history.

arose
The word "arose" indicates the emergence or coming into power of this new king. It suggests a sudden or significant change in leadership. In a broader spiritual sense, it can symbolize the rise of challenges or adversities in the life of believers. However, it also reassures us that God is sovereign over all rulers and authorities, and nothing happens outside His control. This encourages believers to trust in God's ultimate plan, even when faced with new and daunting challenges.

He exploited our people
The phrase "He exploited" refers to the actions of the Pharaoh in Egypt, who took advantage of the Israelites' growing numbers and strength. The Greek word used here, "κατασοφισάμενος" (katasophisamenos), implies a cunning or deceitful manipulation. Historically, this reflects the period when the Israelites were enslaved in Egypt, as described in Exodus. The Pharaoh's exploitation was not just physical but also psychological, aiming to break the spirit of the Israelites. This serves as a reminder of the trials God's people have faced and the resilience they have shown through faith.

and oppressed our fathers
The term "oppressed" comes from the Greek "κακώσας" (kakosas), meaning to harm or mistreat. This oppression was systematic and brutal, involving forced labor and harsh conditions. The "fathers" refers to the patriarchs and ancestors of the Israelites, emphasizing the continuity of God's covenant people despite their suffering. This historical context highlights the endurance of faith through adversity and the hope of deliverance promised by God.

forcing them to abandon their infants
The phrase "forcing them" indicates a coercive and cruel policy enacted by Pharaoh, as described in Exodus 1:22, where he commanded that all Hebrew male infants be thrown into the Nile. The Greek word "ἐξέθετο" (exetheto) suggests a deliberate exposure to danger. This act of abandoning infants was a direct attack on the future of Israel, yet it also set the stage for God's miraculous intervention through Moses. It underscores the theme of divine providence and protection even in dire circumstances.

so they would die
The ultimate goal of Pharaoh's decree was the death of the Hebrew infants, a genocidal act intended to weaken and control the Israelite population. This phrase highlights the severity of the threat faced by God's people. However, it also foreshadows God's redemptive plan, as the very act meant to destroy Israel led to the rise of Moses, the deliverer. This serves as a powerful testament to God's sovereignty and His ability to bring good out of evil, reinforcing the belief in His ultimate justice and mercy.

At that time
This phrase situates the narrative within a specific historical context. In Acts 7, Stephen is recounting the history of Israel to the Sanhedrin. "At that time" refers to the period of Israel's bondage in Egypt, a time of great oppression for the Israelites. Historically, this was a period when the Israelites were enslaved by the Egyptians, as described in Exodus. The phrase underscores God's providential timing in raising a deliverer for His people.

Moses
Moses is a central figure in the Old Testament, known as the lawgiver and leader who brought the Israelites out of Egypt. His name in Hebrew, "Moshe," is thought to mean "drawn out," reflecting his rescue from the Nile. Moses' life is a testament to God's sovereignty and preparation, as he was uniquely positioned to lead Israel due to his upbringing in Pharaoh's household and his later experiences in Midian.

was born
The birth of Moses is significant as it marks the beginning of God's plan to deliver Israel from slavery. In the Hebrew tradition, birth narratives often signal the introduction of a significant figure in God's redemptive history. Moses' birth, under the threat of Pharaoh's decree to kill Hebrew male infants, highlights God's protection and purpose for his life.

and he was beautiful in the sight of God
This phrase indicates that Moses was not only physically attractive but also favored by God. The Greek word used here, "asteios," can mean fair or elegant, but the emphasis is on God's perception. This divine favor suggests that Moses was chosen by God for a special purpose, aligning with the biblical theme that God sees beyond human appearances to the heart and potential of an individual.

He was nurtured for three months in his father’s house
This part of the verse highlights the faith and courage of Moses' parents, who defied Pharaoh's edict to save their son. The nurturing of Moses in his father's house for three months is a testament to the protective care of his family and God's providence. It reflects the biblical principle that God often uses family and community to preserve and prepare individuals for His purposes. The number three, often symbolic of completeness in the Bible, may also suggest the fullness of time before Moses' next stage of life.

When he was set outside
This phrase refers to the moment when Moses, as an infant, was placed in a basket and set adrift on the Nile River by his mother, Jochebed, to save him from Pharaoh's decree to kill all Hebrew male infants. The Greek word used here, "ἐκτεθέντα" (ektethenta), implies being exposed or abandoned, a common practice in ancient times for unwanted or endangered infants. This act of faith by Moses' mother is a testament to her trust in God's providence, as she believed that God would protect and provide for her son. It also foreshadows the deliverance that Moses would later bring to the Israelites, highlighting the theme of divine intervention and protection.

Pharaoh’s daughter
Pharaoh's daughter is a pivotal figure in Moses' early life. Her identity is not specified in the biblical text, but her actions demonstrate compassion and defiance of her father's edict. Historically, Egyptian princesses were often influential and could act independently within the royal household. Her decision to adopt Moses signifies a divine orchestration, as God uses unexpected people and circumstances to fulfill His purposes. This adoption into the Egyptian royal family provided Moses with an education and upbringing that uniquely prepared him for his future role as a leader and liberator of the Israelites.

took him
The Greek word "ἀνελάβετο" (anelabeto) means to take up or receive. Pharaoh's daughter's act of taking Moses signifies acceptance and protection. In a broader theological sense, this reflects God's grace in taking us into His family, despite our circumstances. It is a reminder of the divine adoption believers experience through Christ, being taken from a place of vulnerability and brought into a place of safety and purpose.

and brought him up
This phrase indicates the nurturing and education Moses received in Pharaoh's household. The Greek "ἐθρέψατο" (ethrepsato) suggests nourishment and care. Moses was raised with the privileges of Egyptian royalty, receiving the best education of the time, which included knowledge of leadership, administration, and possibly military training. This upbringing was crucial for his later role in leading the Israelites out of Egypt. It underscores the idea that God equips those He calls, often using their past experiences and education for His purposes.

as her own son
By raising Moses as her own son, Pharaoh's daughter gave him an identity and status that he would not have had otherwise. This adoption into the royal family is symbolic of the spiritual adoption believers receive through Christ, becoming children of God and heirs to His promises. The phrase highlights the theme of identity and belonging, reminding us that our ultimate identity is found in being part of God's family. Moses' dual identity as both Hebrew and Egyptian uniquely positioned him to be a mediator between the two cultures, foreshadowing Christ's role as the mediator between God and humanity.

So Moses was educated
The phrase "Moses was educated" indicates a formal and comprehensive training. The Greek word used here is "paideuthē," which implies a thorough instruction or discipline. In the context of Moses' life, this education was not merely academic but also cultural and practical, preparing him for his future role as a leader. This highlights the providence of God in equipping Moses with the necessary skills and knowledge to lead the Israelites, even while he was in a foreign land.

in all the wisdom of the Egyptians
The "wisdom of the Egyptians" refers to the advanced knowledge and learning of ancient Egypt, which was renowned for its achievements in various fields such as mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and architecture. Archaeological discoveries, such as the Rosetta Stone and the pyramids, attest to the sophistication of Egyptian civilization. Moses' education in this wisdom suggests that he was well-versed in the intellectual and cultural achievements of his time, which would later serve him in his leadership and in writing the first five books of the Bible.

and was powerful in speech and action
The phrase "powerful in speech and action" underscores Moses' capabilities as both an orator and a leader. The Greek word "dunatos" for "powerful" conveys a sense of capability and influence. Despite Moses' initial reluctance and self-doubt about his speaking abilities (as seen in Exodus 4:10), this verse affirms that he was indeed effective in communication and deeds. This transformation is a testament to God's empowerment, showing that divine strength can perfect human weakness. Moses' actions, from leading the Israelites out of Egypt to receiving the Ten Commandments, demonstrate the profound impact of his leadership.

When Moses was forty years old
The age of forty in biblical terms often signifies a period of testing, trial, or preparation. Moses' life is traditionally divided into three forty-year segments: his time in Egypt, his time in Midian, and his leadership of Israel. The number forty is significant throughout Scripture, often marking a period of transformation or preparation, such as the forty days and nights of rain during the flood (Genesis 7:12) or Jesus' forty days in the wilderness (Matthew 4:2). At forty, Moses is at a pivotal point, having been raised in Pharaoh's palace with all the wisdom of the Egyptians (Acts 7:22), yet he is about to embark on a journey that will redefine his identity and purpose.

he decided to visit
The Greek word used here for "decided" is "ἀνέβη" (anebē), which can also mean "to go up" or "to ascend." This implies a deliberate and significant action on Moses' part. It suggests a stirring within Moses, a divine prompting or realization of his true heritage and calling. This decision marks the beginning of Moses' transition from a prince of Egypt to a leader of the Israelites. It is a moment of awakening to his God-given mission, reflecting the inner conviction and courage required to step into one's divine purpose.

his brothers
The term "brothers" here is significant, as it denotes a familial bond and a sense of belonging. Despite being raised in the Egyptian royal household, Moses identifies with the Hebrews, acknowledging them as his kin. This identification is crucial, as it sets the stage for his role as a deliverer. The use of "brothers" emphasizes the unity and shared identity among the Israelites, which Moses will later be instrumental in strengthening. It also foreshadows the New Testament concept of believers as brothers and sisters in Christ, united in faith and purpose.

the children of Israel
This phrase refers to the descendants of Jacob, also known as Israel, and highlights the covenant relationship between God and His chosen people. The term "children" underscores the idea of inheritance and continuity of God's promises. Historically, the Israelites were living in bondage in Egypt, yet they were the bearers of God's covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. Moses' visit signifies a turning point in their history, as God begins to fulfill His promise of deliverance. This phrase also serves as a reminder of God's faithfulness to His people, despite their circumstances, and His sovereign plan to bring about redemption and freedom.

And when he saw
This phrase indicates a moment of awareness and recognition. The Greek word for "saw" is "εἶδεν" (eiden), which implies not just a physical seeing but a deeper understanding or perception. Moses, raised in Pharaoh's palace, had a moment of clarity about the plight of his people. This seeing is akin to a spiritual awakening, where Moses begins to identify with the Hebrews rather than the Egyptians.

one of them being mistreated
The phrase "one of them" refers to the Hebrews, Moses' own people. The Greek word for "mistreated" is "ἀδικούμενον" (adikoumenon), which means to be wronged or treated unjustly. This highlights the systemic oppression faced by the Israelites in Egypt. Historically, the Israelites were subjected to harsh slavery, as described in Exodus, which sets the stage for Moses' intervention.

Moses went to his defense
Here, Moses takes action. The Greek word "προσελάβετο" (proselabeto) means to take up or to come to the aid of someone. This is a pivotal moment where Moses steps into his role as a defender of his people. It reflects a turning point in his life, where he chooses to align himself with the oppressed rather than the oppressors, foreshadowing his future leadership.

and avenged him
The word "avenged" comes from the Greek "ἐκδίκησιν" (ekdikēsin), which means to exact justice or retribution. This act of vengeance is not merely personal but is seen as a righteous act against injustice. In the context of the Bible, vengeance is often reserved for God, but here Moses acts as an instrument of divine justice, prefiguring his role as a deliverer.

by striking down the Egyptian
The phrase "striking down" is translated from the Greek "πατάξας" (pataxas), meaning to smite or kill. This decisive action by Moses is both literal and symbolic. It represents the beginning of the end of Egyptian oppression over the Israelites. Archaeologically, this act is significant as it sets in motion the events leading to the Exodus, a foundational narrative for the Jewish people and a powerful symbol of liberation and faith in God's deliverance.

He assumed
The Greek word here is "νομίζω" (nomizō), which means to suppose or think. This reflects Moses' internal conviction and expectation. In the context of Moses' life, this assumption was based on his understanding of his unique position and calling. Moses, raised in Pharaoh's palace, had a sense of destiny and purpose. This highlights the human tendency to presume that others will naturally see and understand our God-given roles and intentions. It serves as a reminder that divine calling often requires patience and clear communication, as others may not immediately recognize or accept it.

his brothers
The term "brothers" refers to the Israelites, Moses' fellow Hebrews. This familial language underscores the deep connection and responsibility Moses felt towards his people. Historically, the Israelites were in bondage in Egypt, and Moses, despite his Egyptian upbringing, identified with their suffering. This reflects the biblical theme of kinship and solidarity among God's people, emphasizing that spiritual and communal bonds often transcend social and cultural barriers.

would understand
The Greek word "συνίημι" (syniēmi) means to comprehend or perceive. Moses expected that his actions would be clear to his fellow Israelites, that they would grasp the significance of his intervention. This expectation reveals a common human experience: the desire for others to recognize and affirm our intentions and actions. It also points to the spiritual insight needed to discern God's workings, which is not always immediately apparent to everyone.

that God was using him
This phrase indicates divine agency and purpose. The belief that "God was using him" reflects Moses' awareness of his role as an instrument of God's will. In the broader biblical narrative, God often chooses individuals to fulfill His purposes, equipping them with the necessary gifts and opportunities. This highlights the sovereignty of God in orchestrating events and the importance of human cooperation with divine plans.

to deliver them
The concept of deliverance is central to the biblical story, with the Greek word "σῴζω" (sōzō) meaning to save or rescue. Moses' mission was to lead the Israelites out of Egyptian bondage, prefiguring the ultimate deliverance through Christ. This deliverance is both physical and spiritual, symbolizing liberation from sin and oppression. It underscores God's compassion and commitment to freeing His people, a theme that resonates throughout Scripture.

but they did not
This phrase captures the tragic misunderstanding and rejection Moses faced. Despite his intentions and divine calling, the Israelites "did not" recognize or accept him as their deliverer at that time. This reflects a recurring biblical motif where God's messengers are often met with skepticism or rejection. It serves as a poignant reminder of the challenges faced in fulfilling God's purposes and the need for perseverance and faith in the face of misunderstanding and opposition.

The next day he appeared to two of them as they were fighting
This phrase introduces the context of Moses' second encounter with his fellow Israelites. The word "appeared" suggests a deliberate action by Moses, indicating his concern and leadership qualities. Historically, Moses' intervention reflects his growing awareness of his role among the Israelites. The phrase "two of them" refers to the Israelites, emphasizing the internal conflict among God's chosen people. This internal strife is a recurring theme in the Bible, highlighting the need for unity and reconciliation.

and he tried to reconcile them, saying
The word "reconcile" is significant, as it underscores Moses' desire for peace and harmony. The Greek root for "reconcile" is "katallassō," which means to change or exchange, particularly in the context of restoring relationships. This reflects the biblical principle of peacemaking, which is a key aspect of Christian teaching. Moses' attempt to mediate demonstrates his early inclination towards leadership and justice, foreshadowing his future role as a deliverer.

‘Men, you are brothers
The term "brothers" is crucial, as it reminds the Israelites of their shared heritage and identity. In the biblical context, brotherhood implies a deep, covenantal relationship rooted in God's promises to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. This appeal to brotherhood is a call to remember their common bond and to act in love and unity. Theologically, it reflects the Christian call to love one another as members of the body of Christ.

Why are you mistreating one another?’
The word "mistreating" highlights the injustice and harm being done within the community. The Greek word "adikeō" means to do wrong or to act unjustly. This question posed by Moses is not just about physical conflict but also addresses the moral and spiritual implications of their actions. It serves as a reminder of God's call to righteousness and justice. The rhetorical question challenges the Israelites to reflect on their behavior and to align themselves with God's will for peace and justice.

But the man who was abusing his neighbor
This phrase introduces us to a scene of conflict and injustice. The word "abusing" in the Greek is "ἀδικῶν" (adikōn), which implies wrongdoing or acting unjustly. This sets the stage for understanding the moral and ethical tensions present in the narrative. The historical context here is crucial; it reflects the social dynamics of the Israelites in Egypt, where oppression and internal strife were prevalent. The "neighbor" signifies a fellow Israelite, highlighting the internal discord among the people of God, which is a recurring theme in the Old Testament.

pushed him aside
The Greek word for "pushed" is "ἀπώσατο" (apōsato), which conveys a forceful rejection or dismissal. This action is not merely physical but also symbolic of the rejection of Moses' authority and leadership. In a broader scriptural context, this act of pushing aside can be seen as a metaphor for the rejection of God's appointed deliverers and, ultimately, His plans. It reflects a pattern of resistance to divine intervention that is evident throughout the history of Israel.

and said
The phrase "and said" introduces direct speech, which is a common narrative technique in Scripture to convey important theological and moral lessons. The words that follow are crucial for understanding the mindset and attitude of the Israelites towards Moses and, by extension, towards God's deliverance.

‘Who made you ruler and judge over us?’
This question is loaded with skepticism and defiance. The Greek words "ἄρχοντα" (archonta) for "ruler" and "δικαστὴν" (dikastēn) for "judge" denote positions of authority and governance. The challenge here is not just to Moses' authority but to the legitimacy of God's chosen leadership. Historically, this reflects the Israelites' struggle with accepting divinely appointed leaders, a theme that resonates throughout the biblical narrative. This question also foreshadows the ultimate rejection of Christ, who was similarly questioned and rejected by His own people. Theologically, it challenges believers to recognize and submit to God's authority and His chosen instruments of leadership.

Do you want
This phrase reflects a question of intent and desire. In the Greek, the word used here is "θέλεις" (theleis), which implies a willful decision or choice. This question is posed by Moses, highlighting the tension and fear he felt after his actions were discovered. It underscores the human struggle with sin and the consequences of our actions. Theologically, it reminds us of the importance of aligning our desires with God's will, as our choices can have significant repercussions.

to kill me
The Greek word for "kill" here is "ἀποκτεῖναι" (apokteinai), which means to put to death or to slay. This phrase is a direct reference to the act of murder, which is a grave sin according to the Ten Commandments (Exodus 20:13). Moses' fear of being killed reflects the natural human instinct for self-preservation, but it also points to the deeper issue of justice and retribution. In a broader biblical context, it serves as a reminder of the sanctity of life and the moral law that governs human behavior.

as you killed
The repetition of the word "killed" emphasizes the gravity of Moses' previous action. The Greek word "ἀπέκτεινας" (apekteinas) is used here, which is the aorist tense, indicating a completed action. This highlights the finality and seriousness of the act. Historically, this refers to the incident in Exodus 2:12, where Moses killed an Egyptian who was beating a Hebrew slave. This act of violence, though done in defense of another, sets off a chain of events that leads to Moses' flight from Egypt. It serves as a cautionary tale about taking justice into our own hands rather than trusting in God's timing and methods.

the Egyptian
The term "Egyptian" identifies the nationality of the man Moses killed. In the historical context, Egyptians were the oppressors of the Israelites, and this specific Egyptian was abusing a Hebrew slave. This highlights the tension between the Israelites and their Egyptian overlords, setting the stage for the eventual Exodus. Theologically, it represents the struggle between God's people and the world, a recurring theme throughout Scripture. It also foreshadows the deliverance that God would bring through Moses, despite his initial missteps.

yesterday
The word "yesterday" (Greek: "χθές" - chthes) indicates the recentness of the event, adding urgency and immediacy to the situation. It suggests that Moses' actions were still fresh in the minds of the people, and the consequences were unfolding rapidly. This temporal marker serves to remind us of the swift passage of time and the importance of repentance and seeking God's guidance promptly. In a spiritual sense, it calls believers to reflect on their actions and seek reconciliation with God and others without delay.

On hearing this
This phrase refers to the moment when Moses becomes aware of the danger he faces after his intervention in the conflict between two Hebrews is exposed. The Greek word for "hearing" (ἀκούσας, akousas) implies not just the act of hearing but understanding and perceiving the implications of what is heard. In the context of Moses' life, this moment marks a turning point, where he realizes the gravity of his actions and the potential consequences. It is a moment of awakening and decision, prompting Moses to take immediate action to preserve his life.

Moses fled
The Greek word for "fled" (ἔφυγεν, ephugen) conveys a sense of urgency and fear. Moses' flight to Midian is a pivotal event in his life, representing a transition from his privileged position in Egypt to a period of exile and obscurity. This act of fleeing is not just a physical escape but also a spiritual and emotional journey. It signifies a break from his past and the beginning of a new chapter in his life, where God will prepare him for his future role as the leader of the Israelites.

to Midian
Midian is a region located in the northwestern part of the Arabian Peninsula. Historically, it was inhabited by the Midianites, who were descendants of Abraham through his wife Keturah (Genesis 25:1-2). The choice of Midian as Moses' place of refuge is significant, as it connects him to his ancestral roots and places him in a land where he can encounter God in a new way. Midian becomes a place of transformation for Moses, where he learns humility and gains the experience necessary for his future mission.

where he lived as a foreigner
The phrase "lived as a foreigner" (παρῴκησεν, paroikēsen) highlights Moses' status as an outsider in Midian. This experience of being a foreigner is crucial in shaping Moses' identity and empathy for the Israelites, who are themselves foreigners and slaves in Egypt. It is a humbling experience that prepares Moses to lead a people who are marginalized and oppressed. The concept of living as a foreigner also resonates with the Christian understanding of being sojourners in this world, looking forward to a heavenly homeland.

and had two sons
Moses' two sons, Gershom and Eliezer, are mentioned here as part of his life in Midian. The names of his sons carry significant meaning. Gershom means "a stranger there," reflecting Moses' sense of alienation and his acknowledgment of his status as a foreigner. Eliezer means "God is my help," signifying Moses' reliance on God's providence and protection during his time in exile. The birth of his sons represents the continuation of God's covenant promises through Moses' lineage and serves as a reminder of God's faithfulness even in times of trial and displacement.

After forty years had passed
This phrase marks a significant period in Moses' life, emphasizing the divine timing in God's plan. The number forty is often symbolic in the Bible, representing a period of testing, trial, or preparation. In Hebrew culture, forty years signifies a generation. Moses spent forty years in Egypt and another forty in Midian, preparing him for his ultimate mission. This period reflects God's patience and the necessary preparation for leadership and deliverance.

an angel appeared to him
The appearance of an angel signifies a divine encounter and a pivotal moment in biblical narratives. In the Greek, "angel" (ἄγγελος, angelos) means "messenger." This highlights the role of angels as God's messengers, bringing divine revelation or instruction. The angel's appearance to Moses marks the beginning of his calling to lead the Israelites out of Egypt, underscoring the importance of divine intervention in human affairs.

in the flames of a burning bush
The burning bush is a powerful symbol of God's presence and holiness. The Hebrew word for bush, "seneh," is used here, and the miraculous nature of the bush burning yet not being consumed signifies God's eternal and self-sustaining nature. This theophany (visible manifestation of God) is a turning point for Moses, illustrating how God can use ordinary elements to reveal His extraordinary power and purpose.

in the desert near Mount Sinai
Mount Sinai, also known as Horeb, is a significant location in biblical history. It is the mountain where Moses would later receive the Ten Commandments, making it a place of covenant and divine revelation. The desert setting emphasizes themes of solitude and preparation, as God often uses wilderness experiences to shape and refine His people. The geographical and historical context of Sinai as a sacred place underscores the importance of this encounter in Moses' life and in the history of Israel.

When Moses saw it
The phrase begins with Moses, a central figure in the Old Testament, known for leading the Israelites out of Egypt. The "it" refers to the burning bush, a miraculous sight where the bush was on fire but not consumed. The Greek word for "saw" is "εἶδεν" (eiden), which implies not just a physical seeing but a perception or understanding. This moment marks a pivotal point in Moses' life, where God begins to reveal His plan for the deliverance of His people. The sight of the burning bush is symbolic of God's presence and holiness, a theme that resonates throughout the Bible.

he marveled at the sight
The Greek word for "marveled" is "ἐθαύμασεν" (ethaumazen), indicating a sense of wonder and amazement. This reaction is significant as it shows Moses' recognition of the divine nature of the event. The "sight" refers to the burning bush, a theophany, or visible manifestation of God. This moment of marveling is a reminder of the awe and reverence due to God, who often reveals Himself in unexpected ways. It also reflects the human response to encountering the divine, a mixture of curiosity, fear, and reverence.

As he approached to look more closely
The phrase "approached" comes from the Greek "προσελθὼν" (proselthōn), meaning to come near or draw closer. Moses' action of approaching signifies his desire to understand and engage with the divine mystery before him. This act of drawing near is emblematic of the believer's journey towards God, seeking to know Him more intimately. The phrase "to look more closely" suggests a deliberate and intentional examination, highlighting the importance of seeking understanding and wisdom in our walk with God.

the voice of the Lord came to him
The "voice of the Lord" is a powerful expression, indicating direct communication from God. In the Greek, "φωνὴ Κυρίου" (phōnē Kyriou) emphasizes the authority and presence of God. This divine voice is a recurring theme in Scripture, often associated with guidance, command, and revelation. The fact that the voice "came to him" underscores God's initiative in reaching out to humanity. It is a reminder of God's desire to communicate with His people, to guide, instruct, and reveal His will. This moment marks the beginning of Moses' prophetic mission, as God calls him to lead His people out of bondage.

‘I am the God of your fathers’
This phrase is a profound declaration of continuity and covenant. The Greek phrase "ἐγώ εἰμι" (egō eimi) is reminiscent of God's self-revelation to Moses in Exodus 3:14, "I AM WHO I AM." It signifies God's eternal presence and unchanging nature. The term "fathers" connects Moses to the patriarchs, emphasizing the faithfulness of God across generations. This continuity reassures believers of God's steadfast promises and His active role in history.

‘the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob’
This triadic reference to the patriarchs is a cornerstone of Jewish identity and faith. Each name represents a covenantal relationship with God. Abraham is the father of faith, Isaac the child of promise, and Jacob the one who wrestled with God and was renamed Israel. The repetition of "the God of" before each name underscores the personal and relational nature of God. It reminds believers that God is not distant but intimately involved in the lives of His people.

‘Moses trembled with fear’
The Greek word "ἔντρομος" (entromos) conveys a deep, reverential fear. This reaction is not merely human fear but a recognition of the divine holiness and majesty. Moses' trembling is a response to the overwhelming presence of God, a reminder of the awe and respect due to the Creator. It challenges believers to approach God with humility and reverence, acknowledging His power and glory.

‘and did not dare to look’
This phrase highlights Moses' awareness of his own unworthiness in the presence of God. The Greek "οὐκ ἐτόλμα" (ouk etolma) suggests a conscious decision to avert his gaze, recognizing the holiness of God. This act of humility is a powerful lesson in the proper posture before God. It calls believers to a posture of submission and respect, understanding that while God is approachable, He is also holy and deserving of honor.

Then the Lord said to him
This phrase introduces a direct communication from God, emphasizing the divine authority and sacredness of the message. The Greek word for "Lord" here is "Κύριος" (Kyrios), which denotes supreme authority and is often used in the New Testament to refer to God or Jesus Christ. This highlights the continuity of God's revelation from the Old Testament to the New Testament, affirming the consistency of His character and His ongoing relationship with His people. Historically, this moment is a reference to the encounter between God and Moses at the burning bush, as recorded in Exodus 3:5. It underscores the personal nature of God's call and His initiative in reaching out to humanity.

Take off your sandals
The act of removing sandals is a gesture of reverence and humility before God. In ancient Near Eastern culture, removing one's sandals was a sign of respect and acknowledgment of the sacredness of a place. The Hebrew root for "sandals" is "נַעַל" (na'al), which can also imply the idea of loosening or freeing oneself. Spiritually, this act symbolizes the need to approach God with purity and a recognition of His holiness, free from the defilement of the world. It is a call to shed anything that might hinder one's relationship with God, emphasizing the need for personal sanctification.

for the place where you are standing
This phrase draws attention to the specific location where Moses encounters God. The Greek word for "place" is "τόπος" (topos), which can refer to a physical location but also carries a deeper meaning of a divinely appointed space. This indicates that God can sanctify any place by His presence, transforming the ordinary into the extraordinary. It serves as a reminder that God's presence is not confined to temples or religious structures but can be experienced wherever He chooses to reveal Himself.

is holy ground
The declaration of the ground as "holy" signifies its consecration by God's presence. The Greek word for "holy" is "ἅγιος" (hagios), which means set apart, sacred, or consecrated. This concept of holiness is central to understanding God's nature and His expectations for His people. The ground becomes holy not because of its inherent qualities but because of God's presence. This teaches that holiness is derived from God and that His presence sanctifies and transforms. It calls believers to recognize and respect the sacredness of God's presence in their lives and to live in a manner that reflects His holiness.

I have indeed seen
The phrase emphasizes God's omniscience and His intimate awareness of the suffering of His people. The Greek word for "seen" is "εἶδον" (eidon), which implies not just a casual glance but a deep, penetrating observation. This reflects God's active engagement and concern for His people, affirming that He is not a distant deity but one who is fully aware of the plight of His followers.

the oppression of My people
The term "oppression" in Greek is "καταδυναστεία" (katadynasteia), which conveys a sense of harsh control and exploitation. Historically, the Israelites were subjected to severe slavery under the Egyptians, which is well-documented in the book of Exodus. This phrase underscores God's identification with the Israelites, calling them "My people," which signifies a covenant relationship. It reminds believers of God's faithfulness and His commitment to His promises.

in Egypt
Egypt, in biblical history, often symbolizes a place of bondage and idolatry. For the Israelites, it was a land of suffering and oppression. The mention of Egypt serves as a reminder of God's power to deliver His people from seemingly insurmountable circumstances. It also serves as a metaphor for spiritual bondage, from which God delivers His people through Christ.

I have heard their groaning
The word "heard" in Greek is "ἤκουσα" (ēkousa), indicating not just hearing but listening with intent and compassion. The "groaning" of the Israelites represents their cries for help under the weight of their suffering. This phrase reassures believers that God is attentive to their prayers and cries for help, and He responds with compassion and action.

and have come down to deliver them
The phrase "come down" is significant, as it implies God's intervention in human history. The Greek "καταβῆναι" (katabēnai) suggests a divine descent, a theophany where God actively engages in the world to bring about salvation. This foreshadows the ultimate deliverance through Jesus Christ, who came down from heaven to save humanity from sin.

Now come
This is a call to action, directed at Moses in the historical context, but it also serves as a call to believers to participate in God's redemptive work. The Greek "δεῦρο" (deuro) is an imperative, urging immediate response and obedience. It highlights the importance of human cooperation in God's divine plan.

I will send you back to Egypt
God's sending of Moses back to Egypt signifies a mission of liberation. The Greek "ἀποστελῶ" (apostelō) is the root of the word "apostle," meaning one who is sent with authority. This reflects the Christian calling to be sent into the world to proclaim freedom and deliverance through the Gospel. Moses' return to Egypt is a powerful reminder of God's ability to use individuals for His purposes, regardless of their past or perceived inadequacies.

This Moses
The phrase "This Moses" refers to the central figure of the narrative, Moses, who is a pivotal character in the history of Israel. In the Greek, "Moses" is Μωϋσῆς (Mōusēs), which is derived from the Hebrew name מֹשֶׁה (Mosheh). Moses is revered as the great lawgiver and leader who delivered the Israelites from Egyptian bondage. His life and mission are foundational to understanding God's covenant with Israel. Historically, Moses is seen as a type of Christ, a deliverer who prefigures the ultimate deliverance brought by Jesus.

whom they had rejected
The phrase "whom they had rejected" highlights the initial rejection of Moses by his own people. The Greek word for "rejected" is ἀρνέομαι (arneomai), meaning to deny or refuse. This rejection is significant as it mirrors the later rejection of Jesus by the Jewish leaders. It serves as a reminder of the recurring theme of God's chosen leaders being initially dismissed by those they are sent to save. This rejection is a call to self-reflection for believers, urging them to recognize and accept God's messengers and His message.

with the words, ‘Who made you ruler and judge?’
This phrase recalls the words spoken to Moses by a fellow Hebrew when Moses attempted to mediate a dispute (Exodus 2:14). The question "Who made you ruler and judge?" underscores the skepticism and resistance Moses faced. In Greek, "ruler" is ἄρχων (archōn) and "judge" is δικαστής (dikastēs). These terms denote authority and governance, roles that Moses was divinely appointed to fulfill. This rhetorical question reflects a deeper spiritual resistance to God's appointed leadership, a theme that resonates throughout biblical history.

He was sent to be their ruler and redeemer
The phrase "He was sent to be their ruler and redeemer" affirms Moses' divine commission. The Greek word for "sent" is ἀποστέλλω (apostellō), meaning to send forth with a purpose. "Ruler" and "redeemer" (λυτρωτής, lytrōtēs) emphasize Moses' dual role as both leader and deliverer. This mirrors the mission of Christ, who is the ultimate Redeemer. The term "redeemer" is rich with theological significance, pointing to the act of deliverance and salvation, a central theme in the Christian faith.

through the angel who appeared to him in the bush
This phrase refers to the divine encounter Moses had with God through the burning bush, as recorded in Exodus 3. The "angel" (ἄγγελος, angelos) signifies a messenger of God, often understood as a theophany, a visible manifestation of God. The burning bush is a symbol of God's holy presence and His call to Moses. This encounter marks the beginning of Moses' mission to lead the Israelites out of Egypt. It serves as a powerful reminder of God's initiative in salvation history and His ability to use ordinary individuals for extraordinary purposes.

He led them out
This phrase refers to Moses, who, under God's command, led the Israelites out of Egyptian bondage. The Greek word for "led" is "ἐξήγαγεν" (exēgagen), which implies a guiding or bringing forth. This act of leading is not merely a physical relocation but a spiritual journey from slavery to freedom, symbolizing God's deliverance and faithfulness. Historically, this event is the Exodus, a foundational narrative for the Jewish people, representing liberation and the beginning of a covenant relationship with God.

performed wonders and signs
The Greek words "τέρατα" (terata) and "σημεῖα" (sēmeia) are used here, often translated as "wonders" and "signs." These terms denote miraculous events that serve as divine authentication of Moses' leadership and God's power. In the biblical context, these wonders and signs include the ten plagues in Egypt and the parting of the Red Sea. They are acts that defy natural explanation, intended to demonstrate God's sovereignty and to instill faith in His people.

in the land of Egypt
Egypt, in biblical history, is often symbolic of oppression and idolatry. The Israelites' time in Egypt was marked by slavery and hardship, yet it was also a place where God's power was vividly displayed through the plagues. Archaeologically, Egypt was a powerful and advanced civilization, making the Israelites' deliverance even more remarkable and a testament to God's supremacy over earthly powers.

at the Red Sea
The Red Sea crossing is one of the most dramatic miracles in the Bible. The Hebrew term "Yam Suph" is often translated as "Red Sea," though it may also mean "Sea of Reeds." This event is a pivotal moment of salvation history, where God parts the waters, allowing the Israelites to escape Pharaoh's army. It is a powerful symbol of God's ability to make a way where there seems to be none, reinforcing His role as a deliverer.

for forty years in the wilderness
The number forty in the Bible often signifies a period of testing, trial, or preparation. The Israelites' forty years in the wilderness were a time of reliance on God for sustenance and guidance, as they were shaped into a nation ready to enter the Promised Land. This period is marked by God's provision, such as manna and water from the rock, and His presence, symbolized by the pillar of cloud and fire. It serves as a reminder of God's faithfulness and the importance of trust and obedience in the believer's journey.

This is the Moses
The reference to "Moses" here is significant as it connects the audience to the revered leader and lawgiver of Israel. Moses is a central figure in Jewish history, known for leading the Israelites out of Egyptian bondage and receiving the Law at Sinai. The Greek name "Mōusēs" is derived from the Hebrew "Mosheh," which means "drawn out," reflecting his rescue from the Nile. Moses is a type of Christ, a deliverer and mediator, prefiguring the ultimate deliverance through Jesus.

who told the Israelites
The phrase "told the Israelites" emphasizes Moses' role as a prophet and communicator of God's will to His people. The Israelites, or "sons of Israel," are the descendants of Jacob, whose name was changed to Israel. This highlights the continuity of God's covenantal promises from the patriarchs to the nation. Moses' communication underscores the prophetic tradition in Israel, where God speaks through chosen individuals.

‘God will raise up for you
The promise that "God will raise up" indicates divine initiative and sovereignty. The Greek verb "anastēsei" (to raise up) suggests not only the physical act of raising but also the establishment of a leader or prophet. This reflects God's active role in guiding His people and fulfilling His promises. The raising up of a prophet is a divine act, ensuring that the people are not left without guidance.

a prophet like me
The phrase "a prophet like me" is a direct reference to Deuteronomy 18:15, where Moses speaks of a future prophet. This prophet is to be like Moses, implying a leader with a unique relationship with God, a mediator of the covenant, and a deliverer. The comparison to Moses sets a high standard, as Moses was known for his humility, faithfulness, and direct communication with God. This prophecy is ultimately fulfilled in Jesus Christ, who is the ultimate prophet, priest, and king.

from your brothers
The phrase "from your brothers" indicates that the prophet will arise from among the Israelites themselves, emphasizing the continuity of God's work within the chosen people. The term "brothers" (Greek "adelphōn") signifies kinship and shared heritage, reinforcing the idea that God's promises are fulfilled within the community of faith. This also points to Jesus' incarnation, as He was born into the Jewish nation, sharing in their humanity and heritage.

He was in the assembly in the wilderness
This phrase refers to Moses, who was a central figure in the history of Israel. The "assembly" (Greek: ἐκκλησία, ekklēsia) in the wilderness refers to the congregation of Israelites during their exodus from Egypt. The term "wilderness" signifies not just a physical location but also a period of testing and reliance on God. Historically, this was a time when the Israelites were learning to trust in God's provision and guidance. The "assembly" is a precursor to the New Testament church, highlighting the continuity of God's people throughout history.

with the angel who spoke to him on Mount Sinai
The "angel" here is often understood to be a manifestation of God Himself, as seen in the burning bush encounter (Exodus 3). "Mount Sinai" is a significant location where Moses received the Law, symbolizing God's covenant with Israel. The angel's presence underscores the divine authority and sacredness of the Law given to Moses. This encounter emphasizes the holiness and direct communication between God and His chosen leader, Moses.

and with our fathers
This phrase connects the audience of Stephen's speech in Acts to their ancestors, the patriarchs of Israel. It serves as a reminder of the shared heritage and the faithfulness of God throughout generations. The "fathers" are the forebears of the Jewish people, including figures like Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, who were recipients of God's promises. This connection reinforces the idea of a continuous, unbroken relationship between God and His people.

And he received living words
The "living words" (Greek: λόγια ζῶντα, logia zōnta) refer to the commandments and teachings given to Moses, which are dynamic and life-giving. Unlike static or dead letters, these words are active and transformative, meant to guide and shape the lives of God's people. The concept of "living" words highlights the enduring relevance and power of God's revelation, which is not confined to the past but continues to speak to believers today.

to pass on to us
This phrase emphasizes the transmission of divine revelation from one generation to the next. Moses was entrusted with the responsibility to convey God's words to the Israelites, and by extension, these teachings have been passed down through the ages to the present audience. It underscores the importance of faithfulness in preserving and teaching God's Word, ensuring that each generation receives the truth and guidance necessary for a life of faith. This continuity of revelation is a testament to God's unchanging purpose and the enduring nature of His covenant with His people.

But our fathers refused to obey him
This phrase highlights the persistent theme of rebellion against divine leadership, a recurring issue throughout Israel's history. The Greek word for "refused" (ἠθέλησαν) implies a deliberate choice against willingness or desire. This refusal is not just a passive neglect but an active decision to reject God's appointed leader, Moses. Historically, this reflects the Israelites' frequent resistance to God's commands, as seen in their wilderness wanderings. The term "fathers" connects the audience to their ancestral lineage, emphasizing a generational pattern of disobedience. This serves as a cautionary reminder of the consequences of rejecting divine authority.

Instead, they rejected him
The word "rejected" (ἀπώσαντο) in Greek carries the connotation of pushing away or repudiating. This action signifies a strong, conscious dismissal of Moses, who was God's chosen instrument for their deliverance. The historical context here is crucial; despite witnessing miraculous signs and wonders, the Israelites' hearts were hardened. This rejection is emblematic of humanity's broader tendency to dismiss God's messengers, a theme that resonates throughout the biblical narrative. It serves as a warning against the dangers of spiritual obstinacy and the importance of heeding God's appointed leaders.

and in their hearts they turned back to Egypt
The phrase "in their hearts" (ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις αὐτῶν) indicates an internal, spiritual rebellion rather than a physical return. The heart, in biblical terms, is the seat of will and emotion, suggesting that their true allegiance was not with God but with their former life of bondage. "Turned back to Egypt" symbolizes a longing for the familiar, even if it meant returning to slavery. Egypt, in this context, represents sin and the world, a place of spiritual bondage. This turning back is a metaphor for apostasy, illustrating the struggle between faithfulness to God and the allure of past sins. It challenges believers to examine their own hearts and ensure their devotion remains steadfast.

They said to Aaron
This phrase introduces the context of the Israelites speaking to Aaron, Moses' brother and the first high priest. The historical context here is crucial. The Israelites, having been led out of Egypt by Moses, are now in the wilderness. Moses is on Mount Sinai receiving the Law from God, and the people grow impatient. This impatience leads them to approach Aaron, who is left in charge. The Greek word for "said" (εἶπον) indicates a direct communication, emphasizing the people's active role in this request. Aaron, as a leader, is put in a position of testing, reflecting the broader theme of leadership and responsibility in the face of communal pressure.

Make us gods
This request reveals the Israelites' desire for tangible, visible deities, a stark contrast to the invisible God who led them out of Egypt. The Hebrew root for "gods" (אֱלֹהִים, elohim) can mean "gods" or "God," depending on context. Here, it underscores the people's regression to polytheistic tendencies, influenced by their time in Egypt. This phrase highlights a recurring biblical theme: the struggle between faith in the unseen God and the temptation to revert to idolatry. It serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of impatience and the human tendency to seek security in the familiar, even when it contradicts divine revelation.

who will go before us
The Israelites' request for gods "who will go before us" reflects their desire for guidance and protection, roles that God Himself had fulfilled. The phrase "go before" (προπορεύομαι) in Greek implies leadership and direction. Historically, this reflects the ancient Near Eastern practice of carrying idols in processions, symbolizing divine guidance. Theologically, it underscores a lack of trust in God's promise and presence. This moment is a pivotal test of faith, illustrating the tension between walking by faith and the desire for physical assurance.

As for this Moses
The phrase "As for this Moses" indicates a dismissive attitude towards Moses, the chosen leader and mediator between God and the Israelites. The use of "this" (οὗτος) in Greek can imply a sense of disdain or detachment. Historically, Moses had been absent for forty days on Mount Sinai, which led to the people's uncertainty and fear. This reflects a broader biblical theme of the people's fickleness and the challenge of maintaining faith in leadership during times of uncertainty. It serves as a reminder of the importance of steadfastness and trust in God's appointed leaders.

who brought us out of the land of Egypt
This phrase acknowledges Moses' role in the Exodus, a foundational event in Israel's history. The verb "brought out" (ἐξάγω) in Greek emphasizes deliverance and liberation. However, the people's current attitude shows a disconnect between recognizing past deliverance and trusting in ongoing guidance. This highlights a recurring biblical motif: the tension between remembering God's past acts and trusting Him in the present. It serves as a reminder of the importance of gratitude and faithfulness in response to God's saving acts.

we do not know what has happened to him
The Israelites' uncertainty about Moses' fate reflects their lack of faith and patience. The phrase "we do not know" (οὐκ οἴδαμεν) in Greek conveys ignorance and doubt. This moment of uncertainty becomes a catalyst for their demand for an idol, illustrating the human tendency to seek control in the face of the unknown. Theologically, it underscores the importance of faith in God's timing and the dangers of taking matters into one's own hands. It serves as a warning against the impulse to abandon faith when faced with uncertainty.

At that time
This phrase sets the historical context for the events being described. It refers to a specific moment in Israel's history when they were in the wilderness after being delivered from Egypt. This was a period marked by God's miraculous provision and guidance, yet also by the people's frequent disobedience and lack of faith. The phrase reminds us of the importance of understanding God's timing and the historical context of His actions.

they made
The act of making here is significant. It indicates a deliberate choice and action by the people. In the original Greek, the word used is "ἐποίησαν" (epoiēsan), which implies crafting or constructing. This highlights the intentionality behind their actions, as they chose to create something with their own hands rather than trust in the God who had delivered them.

a calf
The calf is a direct reference to the golden calf, an idol made by the Israelites as described in Exodus 32. The choice of a calf, or young bull, is significant because it was a common symbol of strength and fertility in ancient Near Eastern cultures. This reflects the Israelites' desire to adopt the idolatrous practices of the surrounding nations, rather than remain faithful to the God who had revealed Himself to them.

and offered a sacrifice
Offering a sacrifice is an act of worship, and in this context, it underscores the gravity of the Israelites' sin. They were not merely creating an idol; they were actively engaging in worship that was meant for God alone. The Greek word "ἔθυσαν" (ethysan) indicates a ritualistic offering, showing how they misdirected their religious devotion.

to the idol
The term "idol" here is crucial. In Greek, it is "εἰδώλῳ" (eidōlō), which refers to a false god or an image representing a deity. This highlights the futility and deception of idolatry, as idols are powerless and cannot compare to the living God. The Israelites' actions were a direct violation of the first two commandments, which prohibited the worship of other gods and the making of graven images.

and rejoiced
The word "rejoiced" indicates a sense of celebration and satisfaction. In Greek, "εὐφραίνοντο" (euphrainonto) suggests a festive, joyful expression. This reveals the depth of the Israelites' spiritual blindness, as they found joy in something that was offensive to God. It serves as a warning about the deceptive nature of sin, which can lead people to find pleasure in what ultimately leads to destruction.

in the works of their hands
This phrase emphasizes the human-centered nature of idolatry. The "works of their hands" refers to the idols they crafted, highlighting the contrast between the Creator God and the created objects of worship. It serves as a reminder of the folly of trusting in human efforts and creations rather than in the sovereign God who made all things. This phrase calls believers to examine their own lives for any "idols" they may have crafted, whether physical or metaphorical, and to turn their hearts back to God.

But God turned away
This phrase indicates a divine response to the actions of the Israelites. The Greek word used here for "turned away" is "ἐστράφη" (estraphe), which implies a deliberate turning or changing of direction. In the context of the Israelites' idolatry, it signifies God's withdrawal of His favor and presence due to their disobedience. Historically, this reflects the recurring theme in the Old Testament where God distances Himself from His people when they turn to other gods, emphasizing the importance of faithfulness and obedience in maintaining a relationship with God.

and gave them up
The phrase "gave them up" is translated from the Greek "παρέδωκεν" (paredōken), which means to hand over or deliver. This suggests a judicial act where God allows the Israelites to face the consequences of their choices. It reflects a sobering aspect of divine justice, where God respects human free will to the extent that He permits people to pursue their chosen paths, even when they lead away from Him. This is consistent with the biblical narrative that God desires repentance but will not force it upon His people.

to worship the host of heaven
"Worship the host of heaven" refers to the Israelites' idolatrous practices, specifically their turning to astral deities. The "host of heaven" typically denotes celestial bodies like stars and planets, which were often deified in ancient Near Eastern cultures. This phrase underscores the gravity of Israel's sin, as they abandoned the worship of the Creator for created things. Archaeological findings have confirmed the prevalence of astral worship in the ancient world, highlighting the Israelites' temptation to conform to surrounding pagan practices.

as it is written in the book of the prophets
This phrase points to the scriptural authority and prophetic witness against idolatry. The "book of the prophets" likely refers to the writings of the Minor Prophets, such as Amos, who condemned Israel's idolatry. By invoking the prophets, Stephen, the speaker in Acts 7, aligns his message with the longstanding prophetic tradition that called Israel back to covenant faithfulness. This connection emphasizes the continuity of God's message and the consistency of His expectations throughout the biblical narrative.

‘Did you bring Me sacrifices and offerings
This rhetorical question, drawn from Amos 5:25, challenges the sincerity of Israel's worship during their wilderness journey. The implication is that their sacrifices were not truly offered to God, as their hearts were divided. The Hebrew root for "sacrifices" (זֶבַח, zevach) and "offerings" (מִנְחָה, minchah) often denote acts of worship intended to honor God. However, without genuine devotion, these acts become meaningless. This highlights the biblical principle that God desires heartfelt obedience over ritualistic observance.

forty years in the wilderness, O house of Israel?
The "forty years in the wilderness" refers to the period of Israel's wandering after the Exodus, a time marked by repeated disobedience and testing. The number forty often symbolizes a period of testing or judgment in the Bible. The "house of Israel" is a collective term for the nation, emphasizing their shared identity and responsibility. This historical context serves as a reminder of the consequences of unfaithfulness and the importance of trusting in God's provision and guidance.

You took along the tent of Moloch
This phrase refers to the Israelites' idolatrous practices during their wilderness journey. "Moloch" was a Canaanite deity associated with child sacrifice, a practice that was strictly forbidden by God (Leviticus 18:21). The Hebrew root for Moloch is "מלך" (Melek), meaning "king," indicating the high status this idol held among its worshippers. Historically, the worship of Moloch involved rituals that were abominable to the Lord, highlighting the Israelites' rebellion and the severity of their sin. This serves as a stark reminder of the dangers of turning away from God and adopting the practices of surrounding cultures.

and the star of your god Rephan
"Rephan" is a name that appears in the Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible, and is thought to refer to the planet Saturn, which was associated with a deity in ancient Near Eastern cultures. The mention of "the star" suggests astral worship, which was another form of idolatry condemned by God (Deuteronomy 4:19). The Greek root for "Rephan" is "Ῥεμφάν," and its inclusion here underscores the Israelites' tendency to incorporate pagan elements into their worship, further illustrating their spiritual infidelity.

the idols you made to worship
This phrase emphasizes the active role the Israelites played in their idolatry. The word "idols" comes from the Greek "εἴδωλα" (eidola), meaning images or representations of false gods. The act of making these idols signifies a deliberate choice to reject the worship of the one true God in favor of man-made objects. This highlights the human propensity to create tangible representations of the divine, which often leads to a distortion of true worship and a departure from God's commandments.

Therefore I will send you into exile beyond Babylon
This is a prophetic declaration of judgment. The phrase "I will send you into exile" reflects God's response to persistent disobedience, as seen throughout Israel's history. The term "exile" in Hebrew is "גָּלוּת" (galut), meaning a forced removal from one's homeland. "Beyond Babylon" indicates a future punishment that would come to fruition during the Babylonian captivity, a pivotal event in Jewish history. This serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of turning away from God and the importance of faithfulness to His covenant. The historical context of the Babylonian exile underscores God's sovereignty and justice, as well as His desire for His people to return to Him with sincere hearts.

Our fathers had the tabernacle of the testimony
The phrase "Our fathers" refers to the patriarchs and ancestors of the Israelites, emphasizing the continuity of faith and tradition from generation to generation. The "tabernacle of the testimony" is a reference to the portable sanctuary that the Israelites used during their wilderness wanderings, as described in Exodus. The Greek word for "tabernacle" is "σκηνή" (skēnē), which means a tent or dwelling. This highlights the temporary and mobile nature of the tabernacle, symbolizing God's presence among His people during their journey. The "testimony" refers to the tablets of the Law, the Ten Commandments, which were housed within the Ark of the Covenant inside the tabernacle. This underscores the centrality of God's law and covenant in the life of Israel.

in the wilderness
The "wilderness" signifies the period of Israel's journey from Egypt to the Promised Land, a time of testing, reliance on God, and divine provision. It was in the wilderness that the Israelites learned to depend on God for their daily needs, such as manna and water, and where they received the Law. The wilderness experience is often seen as a metaphor for the Christian life, representing times of trial and growth in faith.

constructed exactly as God had directed Moses
The phrase "constructed exactly as God had directed Moses" emphasizes the importance of obedience to God's instructions. The tabernacle was built according to the precise specifications given by God to Moses on Mount Sinai, as detailed in the book of Exodus. This obedience to divine instruction is a recurring theme in Scripture, highlighting the necessity of following God's will and commands. The Greek word for "directed" is "διατάσσω" (diatassō), meaning to arrange or ordain, indicating the authoritative nature of God's instructions.

according to the pattern he had seen
The "pattern he had seen" refers to the heavenly blueprint shown to Moses on Mount Sinai. This pattern was a divine revelation, a model of the true heavenly sanctuary. The Greek word for "pattern" is "τύπος" (typos), which can mean a model, example, or type. This suggests that the earthly tabernacle was a shadow or copy of a greater, heavenly reality. In the New Testament, this concept is expanded upon in the book of Hebrews, where Christ is seen as the fulfillment of the tabernacle, the true mediator between God and humanity. This phrase invites believers to consider the spiritual realities behind the physical symbols and to seek a deeper understanding of God's eternal purposes.

And our fathers
This phrase refers to the ancestors of the Israelites, emphasizing the continuity of God's covenantal relationship with His people. The term "fathers" in the Greek is "πατέρες" (pateres), which not only denotes biological ancestry but also spiritual heritage. It underscores the faithfulness of God across generations, reminding us of the importance of honoring the legacy of faith passed down through our spiritual forebears.

in turn
The phrase "in turn" suggests a sequence or succession, indicating that the actions of the fathers were part of a divine plan unfolding over time. This highlights the orderly and purposeful nature of God's work in history, where each generation plays a role in the fulfillment of His promises.

brought it in with Joshua
The "it" refers to the tabernacle, a portable earthly dwelling place of God among the Israelites. Joshua, whose name in Hebrew, "Yehoshua," means "Yahweh is salvation," led the Israelites into the Promised Land. This act of bringing the tabernacle into the land signifies the establishment of God's presence among His people in a new phase of their journey, symbolizing divine guidance and faithfulness.

when they dispossessed the nations
This phrase refers to the conquest of Canaan, where the Israelites, under God's command, took possession of the land from its previous inhabitants. The term "dispossessed" in Greek is "κατακληρονομέω" (katakleronomeo), meaning to inherit or take possession. This reflects the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham regarding the land, demonstrating His sovereignty and the unfolding of His redemptive plan.

God drove out before them
Here, the active role of God in the conquest is emphasized. The Greek word "ἐξέβαλεν" (exebalen) means "drove out" or "expelled," indicating divine intervention. This underscores the belief that it was not by human strength but by God's power that the nations were displaced, reinforcing the theme of divine providence and the fulfillment of His promises.

It remained until the time of David
The tabernacle's presence "until the time of David" marks a significant period in Israel's history. David, a man after God's own heart, desired to build a permanent temple for the Lord. This phrase highlights the transition from the tabernacle to the temple, symbolizing a shift from a nomadic to a more established form of worship. It also points to the continuity of God's presence with His people, from the wilderness wanderings to the establishment of the monarchy, reflecting His enduring faithfulness and the unfolding of His divine plan through history.

who found favor
The phrase "found favor" in the biblical context often signifies divine approval or grace. The Greek word used here is "εὗρεν χάριν" (heuren charin), which implies a special recognition or blessing from God. In the Old Testament, figures like Noah and Moses also "found favor" in God's eyes, indicating a pattern of God choosing individuals for His purposes. This favor is not earned by human merit but is a gift of God's grace, underscoring the theme of divine election and purpose throughout Scripture.

in the sight of God
The phrase "in the sight of God" emphasizes the omniscience and omnipresence of God, who sees and knows all. The Greek "ἐνώπιον τοῦ Θεοῦ" (enopion tou Theou) suggests being in the presence of God, highlighting the intimate relationship between God and the individual. This phrase reassures believers that their actions and intentions are always visible to God, encouraging a life of integrity and faithfulness.

and asked
The word "asked" comes from the Greek "ᾐτήσατο" (ētēsato), which implies a request or petition. This reflects the biblical principle of seeking God's will and guidance through prayer. It is a reminder of the importance of communication with God, acknowledging our dependence on Him for wisdom and direction in fulfilling His purposes.

to provide a dwelling place
The phrase "to provide a dwelling place" refers to the desire to create a physical space for God's presence. The Greek "κατασκευάσαι σκήνωμα" (kataskeuasai skēnōma) indicates the construction or preparation of a tabernacle or temple. Historically, this reflects King David's intention to build a temple for God, which was later fulfilled by his son Solomon. It symbolizes the human longing to honor God with a dedicated space for worship, reflecting the broader biblical theme of God dwelling among His people.

for the God of Jacob
The title "the God of Jacob" connects the narrative to the patriarchal heritage of Israel. It emphasizes God's covenantal relationship with the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. This phrase serves as a reminder of God's faithfulness to His promises and His enduring presence with His chosen people. It also highlights the continuity of God's plan from the patriarchs to the establishment of the temple, reinforcing the unity of God's redemptive history.

But it was Solomon
The phrase "But it was Solomon" introduces a pivotal transition in Stephen's speech before the Sanhedrin. Solomon, the son of David, is a significant figure in biblical history, known for his wisdom and wealth. The Hebrew name "Solomon" (שְׁלֹמֹה, Shlomo) is derived from the root word "shalom," meaning peace. Solomon's reign was marked by peace and prosperity, allowing him the opportunity to undertake the monumental task of building the temple. This highlights the divine providence and fulfillment of God's promises to David, as Solomon was chosen to construct the temple, a task David desired but was not permitted to complete.

who built the house
The phrase "who built the house" refers to the construction of the first temple in Jerusalem, often called Solomon's Temple. The "house" signifies more than a physical structure; it represents the dwelling place of God among His people. The Hebrew word for house, "bayit" (בַּיִת), can also mean household or family, indicating the temple's role as a spiritual center for the Israelites. Solomon's construction of the temple was a fulfillment of God's covenant with David, as recorded in 2 Samuel 7:12-13, where God promises David that his offspring will build a house for His name. This temple became the focal point of Jewish worship and the symbol of God's presence with Israel.

for Him
The phrase "for Him" underscores the purpose of the temple: it was built for God, not for human glory. The temple was intended to be a place where God's name would dwell, a sacred space for worship, sacrifice, and communion with the Divine. This reflects the biblical principle that all endeavors, especially those of great significance like the temple, should be directed towards glorifying God. The temple served as a tangible reminder of God's covenant with Israel and His desire to dwell among His people. It also foreshadows the New Testament revelation of God dwelling not in temples made by human hands, but within the hearts of believers through the Holy Spirit, as seen in 1 Corinthians 3:16. This shift from a physical temple to a spiritual indwelling emphasizes the personal relationship God seeks with each believer.

However
This word serves as a transition, indicating a contrast or exception to what has been previously stated. In the context of Stephen's speech, he is contrasting the physical temple with the true dwelling place of God. The Greek word "ἀλλά" (alla) is often used to introduce a significant shift in thought, emphasizing that what follows is of greater importance or truth.

the Most High
This title for God, "ὁ ὕψιστος" (ho hypsistos), underscores His supreme authority and sovereignty. It is a term that elevates God above all earthly and heavenly powers, reminding the audience of His transcendence. Historically, this title is used throughout the Old Testament to denote God's unmatched power and position, as seen in passages like Psalm 91:1.

does not dwell
The Greek verb "κατοικεῖ" (katoikei) means to inhabit or reside. Stephen is making a theological point that God’s presence is not confined to physical structures. This echoes the Old Testament understanding that while God may choose to manifest His presence in certain places, He is not limited by them (1 Kings 8:27).

in houses
The term "οἴκοις" (oikoi) refers to physical buildings or dwellings. In the Jewish context, this would primarily refer to the temple in Jerusalem, which was considered the house of God. Stephen is challenging the notion that God’s presence is restricted to the temple, a radical idea that aligns with the teachings of Jesus (John 4:21-24).

made by human hands
The phrase "χειροποιήτοις" (cheiropoietois) literally means "made with hands." This is a critical point in Stephen's argument, as it highlights the limitations of human efforts in containing or defining the divine. The phrase is reminiscent of Isaiah 66:1-2, where God declares that heaven is His throne and the earth His footstool, questioning what kind of house could be built for Him.

As the prophet says
Stephen is referencing the authority of the Hebrew Scriptures, specifically the prophets, to support his argument. This phrase indicates that his teaching is not new but rooted in the longstanding tradition of Israel’s faith. The prophet he refers to is Isaiah, whose writings often emphasized God’s transcendence and the inadequacy of human constructs to contain Him (Isaiah 66:1-2).

Heaven is My throne
This phrase emphasizes the sovereignty and majesty of God. The Greek word for "heaven" (οὐρανός, ouranos) signifies the sky or the abode of God, indicating His supreme authority over all creation. The imagery of a "throne" (θρόνος, thronos) conveys rulership and power, suggesting that God reigns from the highest place. Historically, thrones were symbols of a king's power and authority, and by stating that heaven is His throne, God is asserting His ultimate dominion over the universe. This reflects the biblical theme of God's transcendence and His position as the King of Kings.

and the earth is My footstool
The earth being described as God's "footstool" (ὑποπόδιον, hypopodion) further illustrates His greatness and the vastness of His creation. In ancient times, a footstool was a piece of furniture used by kings, symbolizing their authority and control over their domain. By calling the earth His footstool, God is emphasizing His omnipresence and His intimate involvement with the world. This phrase also serves to remind believers of the humility required in approaching God, recognizing that all of creation is under His feet and subject to His will.

What kind of house will you build for Me?
This rhetorical question challenges human attempts to contain or limit God within physical structures. The Greek word for "house" (οἶκος, oikos) can refer to a dwelling or temple. Historically, the Israelites built the temple as a place for God's presence, but this question underscores the futility of confining the infinite God to a finite space. It calls believers to understand that God cannot be limited by human constructs, and it invites reflection on the true nature of worship, which transcends physical locations.

says the Lord
The phrase "says the Lord" (λέγει Κύριος, legei Kyrios) is a declaration of divine authority. The use of "Lord" (Κύριος, Kyrios) in the Greek text is a title of respect and reverence, often used in the Septuagint to translate the Hebrew name for God, Yahweh. This phrase assures the reader that the message comes directly from God, carrying the weight of His authority and truth. It serves as a reminder of the reliability and unchanging nature of God's word.

or where will My place of repose be?
The term "place of repose" (κατάπαυσις, katapausis) refers to a resting place or a place of peace. This question highlights the inadequacy of human efforts to provide a resting place for God, who is self-sufficient and does not require rest as humans do. It points to the spiritual truth that God's true dwelling is not in man-made structures but within the hearts of believers. This invites Christians to consider the spiritual temple they are building in their lives, where God can truly find His place of repose.

Has not
This phrase introduces a rhetorical question, a common device in biblical literature used to provoke thought and reflection. In the Greek, "οὐχί" (ouchi) is an emphatic form of "not," suggesting a strong negation. It implies that the answer is obvious and known to the audience. This rhetorical style is used to remind the listeners of a fundamental truth about God's sovereignty and creative power.

My hand
The phrase "My hand" is a metaphorical expression representing God's power and action. In the Hebrew Scriptures, the "hand" of God often symbolizes His might and authority. The use of "hand" here emphasizes God's personal involvement in creation. It is not a distant or impersonal force but a direct and intentional act by God Himself. This reflects the biblical theme of God as the Creator who is intimately involved with His creation.

made
The Greek word for "made" is "ἐποίησεν" (epoiesen), derived from "ποιέω" (poieo), meaning to make, do, or create. This verb is used throughout the New Testament to describe God's creative acts. It underscores the idea that everything in existence is a result of God's deliberate and purposeful action. This aligns with the Genesis account of creation, where God speaks the world into being, highlighting His omnipotence and the intentionality behind His creation.

all these things
This phrase encompasses the entirety of creation. In the context of Stephen's speech in Acts 7, it refers to the heavens and the earth, as well as the temple and all that is within it. The phrase "all these things" serves to remind the audience of the vastness and complexity of God's creation. It is a call to recognize that everything, from the grandest galaxy to the smallest atom, is crafted by God's hand. This comprehensive view of creation is meant to inspire awe and reverence for the Creator.

You stiff-necked people
The phrase "stiff-necked" is a vivid metaphor used throughout the Bible to describe stubbornness and resistance to God's will. In the original Greek, "sklerotrachelos" combines "skleros" (hard) and "trachelos" (neck), painting a picture of an obstinate refusal to turn or change direction. Historically, this term was often used in the Old Testament to describe the Israelites' rebellion against God (Exodus 32:9, Deuteronomy 9:6). Stephen, the speaker in Acts 7, is drawing a parallel between the ancient Israelites and his contemporary audience, emphasizing their persistent resistance to divine guidance.

with uncircumcised hearts and ears
The concept of "uncircumcised hearts and ears" is deeply rooted in Jewish tradition, where circumcision was a sign of the covenant between God and His people. Here, Stephen uses "uncircumcised" metaphorically to indicate a lack of spiritual receptivity and purity. The heart and ears symbolize the inner life and the ability to hear and respond to God's word. In Jeremiah 6:10, the prophet laments that the people have uncircumcised ears, unable to listen to God's message. Stephen's accusation is that, despite their physical circumcision, their spiritual faculties remain closed to God's truth.

You always resist the Holy Spirit
The word "resist" in Greek is "antipipto," meaning to oppose or strive against. Stephen accuses his audience of a continual pattern of opposition to the Holy Spirit, the third person of the Trinity, who guides, convicts, and empowers believers. This resistance is not a new phenomenon but a continuation of their ancestors' behavior, as seen throughout Israel's history. The Holy Spirit's role is to lead believers into all truth (John 16:13), and resisting Him is tantamount to rejecting God's direct influence and guidance.

just as your fathers did
Stephen's reference to "your fathers" connects his audience to their historical lineage, reminding them of their ancestors' repeated disobedience and rebellion against God. This phrase underscores the continuity of resistance to God's messengers, from the prophets of old to Jesus and now to the apostles. By invoking their fathers, Stephen highlights the inherited nature of this rebellion, urging his listeners to break the cycle and embrace the new covenant through Christ.

Which of the prophets
This phrase calls attention to the long history of Israel's relationship with God's messengers. The Greek word for "prophets" is "προφήτης" (prophētēs), meaning one who speaks forth by divine inspiration. Historically, prophets were often met with resistance and hostility, as they called the people back to covenant faithfulness. This rhetorical question implies that the rejection of prophets was a consistent pattern, highlighting the people's stubbornness and resistance to God's message.

did your fathers not persecute?
The term "persecute" comes from the Greek "διώκω" (diōkō), meaning to pursue or harass. This phrase underscores the historical pattern of hostility towards God's messengers. The use of "your fathers" connects the current audience with their ancestors, suggesting a continuity of rebellion against divine authority. It serves as a sobering reminder of the generational sin and the need for repentance.

They even killed
The phrase "even killed" emphasizes the extreme measures taken against the prophets. The Greek word "ἀποκτείνω" (apokteinō) means to kill or put to death. This highlights the severity of the rejection and the lengths to which the people went to silence God's voice. It serves as a stark reminder of the cost of speaking truth to power and the ultimate sacrifice made by many prophets.

those who foretold the coming
This phrase refers to the prophetic tradition of announcing the coming of the Messiah. The Greek word "προκαταγγέλλω" (prokataggellō) means to announce beforehand. The prophets were given divine insight into God's redemptive plan, pointing to the future hope of Israel. This highlights the continuity of God's plan throughout history and the faithfulness of His promises.

of the Righteous One
The "Righteous One" is a Messianic title, referring to Jesus Christ. The Greek word "δίκαιος" (dikaios) means just or righteous, emphasizing the sinless nature of Christ. This title underscores Jesus' fulfillment of the law and the prophets, embodying the perfect standard of righteousness. It also highlights the tragic irony of His rejection and crucifixion by those He came to save.

And now you have become
This phrase marks a transition from historical reflection to present accusation. The Greek word "νυνί" (nyni) means now, indicating the immediacy and relevance of the charge. It serves as a call to self-examination and repentance, urging the audience to recognize their complicity in the rejection of God's chosen one.

His betrayers and murderers—
The terms "betrayers" and "murderers" are strong accusations, directly implicating the audience in the death of Jesus. The Greek word for "betrayers" is "προδότης" (prodotēs), meaning traitor, while "murderers" is "φονεύς" (phoneus), meaning killer. This highlights the gravity of their actions and the fulfillment of the pattern of rejecting God's messengers. It serves as a powerful call to repentance and faith in the Righteous One they have rejected.

you who received
This phrase addresses the Jewish leaders and people who were the recipients of the Mosaic Law. The Greek word for "received" is "ἐλάβετε" (elabete), which implies an active reception, suggesting that the law was not just given but was actively taken by the people. This highlights the responsibility and privilege of having been entrusted with God's commandments, a theme that resonates throughout the Old Testament, where Israel is depicted as God's chosen people.

the law
The "law" here refers to the Torah, the first five books of the Old Testament, which contain the commandments and instructions given by God to Moses on Mount Sinai. The law was central to Jewish life and identity, serving as a guide for moral, ceremonial, and civil conduct. In a broader theological context, the law is seen as a reflection of God's holy character and His covenant with Israel.

ordained by angels
The phrase "ordained by angels" is intriguing and has been the subject of much theological discussion. The Greek word "διαταγὰς" (diatagas) suggests an arrangement or disposition. The involvement of angels in the giving of the law is mentioned in other New Testament passages, such as Galatians 3:19 and Hebrews 2:2, indicating a belief that angels played a mediating role in the transmission of the law from God to Moses. This underscores the divine and sacred nature of the law, as angels are often seen as messengers of God.

yet have not kept it
This phrase is a direct accusation against the Jewish leaders, highlighting their failure to adhere to the very law they received. The Greek word for "kept" is "φυλάσσω" (phylassō), which means to guard or observe. The implication is that despite having the law and understanding its divine origin, they failed to live by its precepts. This failure is a recurring theme in the prophetic literature of the Old Testament, where Israel is often chastised for its disobedience and unfaithfulness to God's covenant.

On hearing this
This phrase refers to the reaction of the Sanhedrin upon hearing Stephen's speech. Stephen had just delivered a powerful sermon, recounting Israel's history and accusing the Jewish leaders of resisting the Holy Spirit. The Greek word for "hearing" is "ἀκούω" (akouo), which implies not just the act of hearing but also understanding and processing the message. The Sanhedrin's response indicates that they fully comprehended the gravity of Stephen's accusations against them.

the members of the Sanhedrin
The Sanhedrin was the supreme religious council in Jerusalem, composed of chief priests, elders, and scribes. Historically, this body held significant authority over Jewish religious and civil matters. Their role was to uphold the law and traditions, and Stephen's message challenged their authority and exposed their spiritual blindness. The Sanhedrin's reaction is a testament to their hardened hearts and unwillingness to accept the truth of the Gospel.

were enraged
The Greek word used here is "διεπρίοντο" (dieprionto), which conveys a sense of being "cut to the heart" or "sawn asunder." This intense emotional response indicates that Stephen's words deeply offended and convicted them. Their rage was not just anger but a visceral reaction to the truth that exposed their sinfulness and rejection of God's messengers.

and they gnashed their teeth at him
Gnashing of teeth is a vivid expression of extreme anger and frustration. In biblical literature, it often symbolizes the anguish and fury of those who are opposed to God's will. The Greek word "βρύχω" (brycho) suggests a grinding or clenching of teeth, reflecting their intense hostility towards Stephen. This reaction is reminiscent of the wicked's response to divine judgment, as seen in other scriptural contexts (e.g., Matthew 8:12). It underscores the Sanhedrin's spiritual blindness and their resistance to the convicting power of the Holy Spirit.

But Stephen
Stephen, a man full of faith and the Holy Spirit, was one of the first deacons chosen by the early church (Acts 6:5). His selection highlights the importance of being spiritually mature and full of wisdom to serve in the church. Stephen's life and ministry exemplify the power of the Holy Spirit working through believers, even in the face of persecution.

full of the Holy Spirit
The phrase underscores the indwelling and empowering presence of the Holy Spirit in Stephen's life. In Greek, "full" (πλήρης, plērēs) indicates completeness or being filled to capacity. This fullness enabled Stephen to perform great wonders and signs among the people (Acts 6:8) and to speak with wisdom and power. The Holy Spirit's role is crucial in the believer's life, providing guidance, strength, and boldness to witness for Christ.

looked up to heaven
Stephen's gaze towards heaven signifies his focus on God amidst earthly trials. This act of looking up is symbolic of seeking divine help and assurance. In times of distress, believers are encouraged to fix their eyes on Jesus, the author and perfecter of faith (Hebrews 12:2). Stephen's upward look reflects his unwavering faith and trust in God's sovereignty.

and saw the glory of God
The "glory of God" (δόξα τοῦ θεοῦ, doxa tou theou) represents God's majestic presence and divine radiance. In the Old Testament, God's glory often appeared in visible manifestations, such as the cloud in the tabernacle (Exodus 40:34). Stephen's vision of God's glory affirms the reality of God's presence and the hope of eternal life for believers. It serves as a reminder that God's glory is the ultimate goal and reward for those who remain faithful.

and Jesus standing at the right hand of God
The image of Jesus standing, rather than sitting, at God's right hand is significant. In Scripture, the right hand symbolizes power and authority (Psalm 110:1). Jesus standing may indicate His active role as an advocate and intercessor for Stephen (1 John 2:1). This vision reassures believers of Christ's continual presence and support, especially during persecution. It also emphasizes Jesus' exalted position and His victory over sin and death.

Look, he said
The word "Look" is a call to attention, an imperative that demands immediate focus. In the Greek, the word is "ἰδού" (idou), which is often used in Scripture to draw attention to something significant or divine. Stephen, filled with the Holy Spirit, is urging his audience to witness a revelation of profound importance. This moment is not just a personal vision but a divine unveiling meant to affirm the truth of his testimony.

I see heaven open
The phrase "I see heaven open" signifies a divine revelation. The Greek word for "open" is "ἀνεῳγμένην" (aneōgmenēn), suggesting an ongoing state of openness. This imagery of an open heaven is reminiscent of other biblical accounts where God reveals His glory and purposes, such as Jacob's ladder (Genesis 28:12) and Jesus' baptism (Matthew 3:16). It symbolizes access to divine mysteries and the presence of God, affirming that Stephen is in communion with the divine realm even as he faces earthly persecution.

and the Son of Man
The title "Son of Man" is deeply rooted in Jewish eschatology and is used by Jesus to refer to Himself, drawing from Daniel 7:13-14. In Greek, it is "ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου" (ho huios tou anthrōpou). This title emphasizes both the humanity and the exalted role of Jesus as the Messiah. Stephen's vision of Jesus as the "Son of Man" is a powerful declaration of Jesus' divine authority and fulfillment of messianic prophecy, reinforcing His identity as the Savior and Judge.

standing at the right hand of God
The image of Jesus "standing at the right hand of God" is rich with theological significance. In Greek, "standing" is "ἑστῶτα" (hestōta), which contrasts with the more common depiction of Jesus sitting at God's right hand, as seen in Hebrews 1:3. The act of standing may indicate Jesus' active role as an advocate or His readiness to receive Stephen into glory. The "right hand of God" is a position of power and honor, affirming Jesus' divine authority and His role as the mediator between God and humanity. This vision provides Stephen with assurance and strength, knowing that his faithfulness is recognized and honored by Christ Himself.

At this
This phrase refers to the immediate reaction of the Sanhedrin and the crowd to Stephen's speech. Stephen had just delivered a powerful testimony, culminating in a vision of Jesus standing at the right hand of God. The phrase indicates a turning point, a moment of decision and action. In the Greek, "At this" (ἐκ τούτου) signifies a direct response to what was just witnessed or heard, emphasizing the immediacy and intensity of their reaction.

they covered their ears
This action is symbolic of their refusal to hear the truth. In the Jewish tradition, covering one's ears can signify a rejection of blasphemy or offensive speech. The Greek word used here, "συνέσχον" (syneschon), implies a deliberate and forceful action. It reflects a hardened heart, unwilling to accept the convicting message of the Gospel. This act of covering their ears is reminiscent of the Old Testament prophets who were often ignored or silenced by those who did not want to hear God's message.

cried out in a loud voice
The loud cry is an expression of outrage and emotional turmoil. The Greek word "φωνῇ μεγάλῃ" (phōnē megalē) suggests a great, overwhelming noise, indicating both anger and a desire to drown out Stephen's words. This reaction is not just a personal affront but a communal rejection of the divine revelation Stephen shared. Historically, such cries were often used in public settings to express collective disapproval or to incite action.

and rushed together at him
The phrase "rushed together" (ὥρμησαν ὁμοθυμαδὸν) conveys a sense of unity in their aggression. The Greek root "ὁμοθυμαδὸν" (homothymadon) implies a unanimous and concerted effort, highlighting the collective nature of their hostility. This action is reminiscent of mob behavior, where individual responsibility is subsumed under the collective will. In the context of Acts, it underscores the tragic irony of a people who, in their zeal for God, fail to recognize His true messenger.

They dragged him out of the city
This phrase indicates the violent and forceful removal of Stephen from the city, which is consistent with the Jewish custom of executing someone outside the city limits, as seen in Leviticus 24:14. The Greek word used here, "ἐξέβαλον" (exebalon), suggests a forceful expulsion, emphasizing the hostility and urgency of the mob. Historically, this act reflects the Jewish leaders' adherence to the law, even in their anger, as executions were not to defile the city. This moment also foreshadows the treatment of Jesus, who was crucified outside Jerusalem, drawing a parallel between Stephen's martyrdom and Christ's sacrifice.

and began to stone him
Stoning was a common method of execution for blasphemy under Jewish law, as prescribed in Deuteronomy 17:7. The Greek word "λιθοβολεῖν" (lithobolein) means to throw stones, indicating a communal act of judgment and punishment. This method was not only a means of execution but also a public declaration of the community's rejection of the accused. The act of stoning Stephen marks him as the first Christian martyr, setting a precedent for the persecution of early Christians and highlighting the cost of discipleship.

Meanwhile, the witnesses laid their garments
The "witnesses" here refers to those who testified against Stephen, as required by Jewish law, which stated that the witnesses of a crime should be the first to act in the execution (Deuteronomy 17:7). The Greek term "μάρτυρες" (martyres) is significant, as it later evolves to mean "martyrs," those who bear witness to their faith through suffering or death. Laying their garments down was a practical act to avoid soiling their clothes during the stoning, but it also symbolically represents their role in the execution, as they prepare to cast the first stones.

at the feet of a young man named Saul
This introduction of Saul, who later becomes the Apostle Paul, is pivotal. The Greek word "νεανίου" (neaniou) indicates a young man, suggesting Saul's potential and the beginning of his significant role in the early church. Saul's presence and approval of Stephen's execution highlight the initial opposition to the Christian movement from within Judaism. This moment marks the beginning of Saul's journey from a persecutor of Christians to one of the most influential apostles, illustrating the transformative power of God's grace. Saul's later conversion becomes a powerful testimony to the redemptive possibilities within God's plan.

While they were stoning him
This phrase sets the scene of a brutal and unjust execution. The act of stoning was a common form of capital punishment in ancient Jewish law, reserved for severe transgressions. Historically, stoning was a communal act, symbolizing collective judgment and condemnation. The Greek word used here, "λιθοβολέω" (lithoboleo), emphasizes the violent nature of the act, as it literally means "to throw stones." This moment reflects the intense hostility faced by early Christians and highlights the cost of discipleship.

Stephen
Stephen, whose name in Greek, "Στέφανος" (Stephanos), means "crown" or "wreath," is depicted as a martyr, crowned with the glory of faithfulness unto death. He was one of the first deacons of the early church, chosen for his wisdom and filled with the Holy Spirit (Acts 6:5). His role as a deacon underscores the importance of service and leadership in the Christian community. Stephen's steadfastness in the face of persecution serves as an enduring example of unwavering faith and courage.

called out
The phrase "called out" is translated from the Greek word "ἐπικαλέω" (epikaleo), which means to invoke or appeal. This action signifies Stephen's direct and personal communication with God, even amidst suffering. It reflects a deep, abiding trust in God's presence and sovereignty. Stephen's invocation is reminiscent of the psalmists who often cried out to God in times of distress, demonstrating a profound reliance on divine intervention and comfort.

Lord Jesus
By addressing "Lord Jesus," Stephen acknowledges the divinity and authority of Christ. The title "Lord" (Κύριος, Kyrios) is a declaration of Jesus' supreme power and his role as the sovereign ruler. This invocation is significant as it mirrors the early Christian confession of faith, recognizing Jesus as both Savior and God. Stephen's appeal to Jesus at the moment of death underscores the centrality of Christ in the believer's life and the hope of eternal life through Him.

receive my spirit
This phrase echoes Jesus' own words on the cross, "Father, into Your hands I commit My spirit" (Luke 23:46). The Greek word for "receive" is "δέχομαι" (dechomai), which implies a welcoming or acceptance. Stephen's request signifies his readiness to enter into the presence of the Lord, trusting in Jesus' promise of eternal life. It reflects the Christian belief in the immortality of the soul and the assurance of being with Christ after death. This moment of surrender is a powerful testament to Stephen's faith and the hope that sustains believers through trials and persecution.

And falling on his knees
This phrase captures the physical posture of Stephen, the first Christian martyr, as he faces his imminent death. The act of falling on one's knees is a gesture of humility, submission, and earnest prayer. In the Greek, the word for "falling" (πίπτω, piptō) conveys a sudden or deliberate action, indicating Stephen's conscious choice to submit to God's will even in the face of death. Kneeling is a posture often associated with prayer and supplication throughout Scripture, symbolizing reverence and dependence on God. Historically, this act of kneeling in prayer has been a powerful testament to faith, as seen in various biblical accounts where individuals seek divine intervention or express deep devotion.

he cried out in a loud voice
Stephen's loud cry signifies the urgency and intensity of his prayer. The Greek word for "cried out" (κράζω, krazō) is often used in the New Testament to denote a strong, emotional outburst. This is not a quiet, private prayer but a public declaration of faith and forgiveness. The "loud voice" underscores the boldness and clarity with which Stephen communicates his final words, ensuring that all present hear his message. This mirrors the prophetic tradition in the Old Testament, where prophets often spoke loudly to convey God's message to the people.

Lord
The term "Lord" (Κύριε, Kyrie) is a title of respect and authority, acknowledging Jesus Christ's divine sovereignty. In the context of Acts, Stephen's use of "Lord" directly addresses Jesus, affirming His deity and role as the mediator between God and humanity. This invocation of Jesus as "Lord" is significant, as it reflects the early Christian understanding of Jesus' divine status and His authority to forgive sins and receive the spirit of the faithful.

do not hold this sin against them
This plea for forgiveness echoes Jesus' own words on the cross, "Father, forgive them, for they do not know what they are doing" (Luke 23:34, BSB). The Greek word for "hold" (στήκω, stēkō) implies a legal or accounting term, suggesting that Stephen is asking God not to count this sin against his persecutors. This act of forgiveness is a profound demonstration of Christian love and grace, embodying the teachings of Jesus to love one's enemies and pray for those who persecute you (Matthew 5:44). Historically, this moment has been seen as a powerful witness to the transformative power of the Gospel, as Stephen's prayer for his executioners exemplifies the radical forgiveness that Christianity offers.

And after he had said this
This phrase marks the conclusion of Stephen's final words. The Greek construction here indicates a sense of completion, as if Stephen's mission and testimony are now fulfilled. His speech and prayer serve as a capstone to his life and ministry, leaving a lasting impact on those who witnessed his martyrdom.

he fell asleep
The euphemism "fell asleep" (κοιμάομαι, koimaomai) is a common biblical metaphor for death, particularly in the New Testament. It reflects the Christian hope in the resurrection, suggesting that death is not the end but a temporary state before awakening to eternal life. This term conveys a sense of peace and rest, contrasting with the violent nature of Stephen's death. The use of "fell asleep" underscores the early Christian belief in the resurrection of the dead and the assurance of eternal life through Jesus Christ. Historically, this phrase has provided comfort to believers, affirming that death is not to be feared but is a transition to a promised future with God.