Berean Study Bible Laws of WarfareIsrael’s life in the promised land would include real conflicts against hostile nations. The law prepared God’s people to act faithfully when war became necessary, rather than trusting military planning alone. Num 10:9 When you enter into battle, sound short blasts… and see horses, chariots, and an army larger than yours, Horses and chariots represented the strongest military forces of the ancient world, especially on open ground. Israel’s army often lacked such advantages, and overwhelming numbers could make defeat appear certain. God had already warned Israel’s kings not to multiply horses or seek security through Egypt’s military resources. Psa 20:7 Some trust in chariots and others in horses… do not be afraid of them; Fear could lead Israel to compromise, retreat from obedience, or depend on human strength. Courage rested not in confidence that Israel was naturally stronger, but in faith that the Lord ruled over every enemy and every battlefield. Deu 31:6 Be strong and courageous; do not be afraid or terrified… for the LORD your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, The exodus remained the decisive evidence of God’s power and covenant faithfulness. He had defeated Pharaoh, Egypt’s armies, horses, and chariots when Israel had no ability to save itself. The God who redeemed His people from slavery had not changed. Exo 20:2 I am the LORD your God, who brought you out… is with you. God’s presence distinguished Israel from the surrounding nations and gave meaning to its battles. His promise called them to obey Him with confidence, knowing that the outcome ultimately belonged to Him. God’s presence with His people anticipates Emmanuel, Jesus Christ, through whom God came near to save His people from their greater enemies of sin and death. Jos 1:5 No one shall stand against you all the days of your life.… When you are about to go into battle, Israel’s armies were to recognize that conflict under the covenant involved more than military strength. As they entered the land promised to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, they faced nations whose idolatry and violence had come under God’s judgment. Warfare remained a grave reality, yet Israel was not to fight as self-reliant conquerors. Their security rested on the Lord who had redeemed them from Egypt and pledged to give them the land. Num 10:9 When you enter into battle, sound short blasts… the priest is to come forward The presence of the priest placed Israel’s military action under the authority of God’s word and worship. Priests represented the covenantal order established by the Lord and reminded the people that victory belonged to Him. Israel’s battles were not to be governed by fear, plunder, or human ambition. The priest’s ministry anticipated the greater intercession of Jesus Christ, the true High Priest, who brings His people to God and sustains them in every spiritual conflict. Num 10:8 The sons of Aaron, the priests, are to sound the trumpets.… and address the army, The soldiers needed instruction for their hearts before receiving orders for battle. The following words called them not to fear superior forces, because the Lord who delivered Israel from Egypt would go with them. Faith did not deny the danger of battle; it rested on God’s presence amid danger. Believers likewise contend against spiritual evil not through human power, but by standing in the strength God supplies through Christ. 2Sa 10:12 Be strong and let us fight bravely for our people… saying to them, The priest appointed for this duty stood before Israel as the army prepared for battle. Moses recorded God’s instruction that spiritual confidence must precede military action. Israel’s hope rested not in commanders, weapons, or numbers, but in the Lord who had redeemed them and remained faithful to His covenant. 2Ch 32:6-8 Hezekiah appointed military commanders over the people… “Hear, O Israel, Israel was summoned to give careful attention to God’s word. The call recalls the Shema, which bound the nation to love the Lord alone and obey Him wholeheartedly. Before facing an enemy, the people needed to remember whose people they were and whose authority governed their future. Deu 6:4 Hear, O Israel: The LORD our God, the LORD is One. today you are going into battle with your enemies. The approaching conflict was immediate and real, not symbolic or distant. Israel would encounter nations stronger and more established in the land, yet the battle formed part of God’s promised gift of Canaan. Their enemies opposed the advance of the people through whom God would preserve His covenant purposes and ultimately bring forth the Messiah. Deu 9:1 Hear, O Israel: Today you are about to cross the Jordan… Do not be fainthearted or afraid; Fear could weaken the entire army before the fighting began. God called Israel to resist inward discouragement by trusting His presence and promise. Joshua received the same charge when he led the people into the land, for courage grew from confidence that the Lord would not abandon His servants. Isa 7:4 Calm down and be quiet. Do not be afraid or disheartened… do not be alarmed or terrified because of them. The strength, appearance, and reputation of Israel’s enemies were not to rule Israel’s heart. The Lord had already demonstrated His power over Egypt, the Red Sea, and the kings east of the Jordan. God’s people were to remember that He fights for those who belong to Him, and believers likewise face opposition with confidence in the Lord’s sovereign power and abiding presence. Deu 31:6 Be strong and courageous; do not be afraid or terrified… For the LORD your God Israel’s confidence rested in YHWH, the covenant God who redeemed them from Egypt and bound Himself to them as His people. No surrounding nation’s gods could rival the Lord who created heaven and earth and faithfully kept His promises. Deu 31:6 Be strong and courageous; do not be afraid or terrified… goes with you God’s presence had accompanied Israel through the wilderness in the pillar of cloud and fire, in the tabernacle, and through His appointed leaders. The army did not march alone into Canaan; the Lord remained with His people as He had promised Moses and would later assure Joshua. Deu 31:8 The LORD Himself goes before you; He will be with you.… to fight for you Israel’s victories depended upon divine power rather than military strength, numbers, horses, or weapons. Jericho, Midian, and later battles under Joshua demonstrated that the Lord could overthrow enemies by means that displayed His authority and required His people’s obedience. Jos 23:10 One of you can put a thousand to flight,… against your enemies, The nations opposing Israel stood in the path of God’s promised inheritance and resisted His righteous purposes. Israel’s warfare in Canaan belonged to a unique period of divine judgment upon persistent idolatry and wickedness, carried out under God’s direct command. Exo 23:22 But if you will listen carefully to his voice… to give you the victory.” The Lord gives deliverance to those who trust and obey Him. Israel’s promised triumph pointed beyond earthly battles to the greater victory secured by Christ over sin, death, and the powers of darkness. 1Co 15:57 But thanks be to God, who gives us the victory… Furthermore, the officers are to address the army, saying, Israel’s officers carried the command of God from the leaders to the assembled troops. Military order operated under the covenant, reminding the army that Israel’s battles were not merely national campaigns but acts requiring obedience to the Lord. Jos 1:10 Then Joshua commanded the officers of the people: “Has any man built a new house and not dedicated it? A newly built home represented the Lord’s provision of security, inheritance, and a place for family life in the land. Dedication acknowledged that the dwelling and all its blessings belonged to God. David later dedicated his house to the Lord (Psalm 30:title). 1Ki 8:63 And Solomon offered as peace offerings to the LORD… Let him return home, The man was permitted to complete this important responsibility rather than enter battle with an unfinished household. God’s law upheld the proper ordering of life in the land He had given Israel, including care for one’s household. Jdg 7:3 Now, therefore, proclaim in the hearing of the men:… or he may die in battle and another man dedicate it. Death in battle could deprive a man of enjoying the fruit of his labor, leaving another to occupy and dedicate his home. The provision acknowledged the uncertainty of life while teaching Israel to receive home, family, and inheritance as gifts from God rather than possessions guaranteed by human strength. 1Sa 31:6 So Saul, his three sons, his armor-bearer… Has any man planted a vineyard and not begun to enjoy its fruit? A vineyard required years of cultivation before it produced a usable harvest. Leviticus 19:23–25 required Israel to treat its fruit as forbidden for three years, dedicate the fourth year’s crop to the Lord, and begin eating from it in the fifth year. The man’s labor, patience, and hope for provision would be cut short if he died before receiving that blessing. Vineyards also pictured the fruitful inheritance God gave His people and, at times, Israel herself under God’s care (Isaiah 5:1–7). Deu 28:30 You will be pledged in marriage to a woman.… Let him return home, The Lord’s law made room for ordinary responsibilities and rightful joys within covenant life. Israel’s military strength did not rest merely on gathering every available man, but on obedience to God. A man who had not yet enjoyed the fruit of his vineyard was permitted to return, preserving both his household and the fruit of his labor. Jdg 7:3 Now, therefore, proclaim in the hearing of the men:… or he may die in battle and another man enjoy its fruit. Death in war could place the reward of one man’s long labor into another’s hands. The provision recognized the sorrow of such loss and guarded against needless hardship for the man and his family. Ecclesiastes 2:18–21 mourns the uncertainty of leaving one’s labor to another, while Deuteronomy directs Israel to trust the Lord, who gives both land and fruitfulness. 2Sa 11:14-17 The next morning David wrote a letter to Joab… Has any man become pledged to a woman and not married her? In Israel, betrothal was a binding covenant that established a man and woman as committed to marriage, though they had not yet begun life together as husband and wife. Ending such a pledge required divorce, as seen in Joseph’s response to Mary’s pregnancy (Matthew 1:18–19). God recognized the weight of this covenant and the responsibility of the man to establish his household faithfully. Deu 22:23-27 If there is a virgin pledged in marriage to a man… Let him return home, The officers were to release him from military service so that he could complete the marriage. Along with exemptions for a new house and a newly planted vineyard, this command showed that Israel’s wars did not cancel ordinary covenant responsibilities. The Lord who called His people to fight also cared for the formation and stability of their homes. Deu 24:5 If a man is newly married, he must not be sent to war… or he may die in battle and another man marry her.” Death in battle would prevent the man from fulfilling his pledge and would leave the woman free to marry another. The command protected both the intended husband and the betrothed woman from the loss of a marriage already solemnly promised. God’s law joined justice with mercy, honoring commitments made before Him even in the demands of war. 2Sa 11:26-27 When Uriah’s wife heard that her husband was dead,… Then the officers shall speak further to the army, saying, After the priest had reminded Israel that the LORD went with them to fight, the officers addressed the practical condition of the army. Israel’s military service remained under God’s authority, and the leaders were responsible to preserve order, obedience, and confidence among the men assembled for battle. Jos 3:2-4 After three days the officers went through the camp… “Is any man afraid or fainthearted? Fear was a real danger in ancient warfare, especially when Israel faced larger or better-equipped armies. The command did not deny human weakness, but it distinguished private fear from the faith required of those standing in the battle line. Israel had been warned before that fearful reports could cause the hearts of the people to melt, as occurred after the spies discouraged the nation at Kadesh-barnea (Deuteronomy 1:28). Deu 31:6 Be strong and courageous; do not be afraid or terrified… Let him return home, The fearful man was released rather than compelled to remain. God did not build Israel’s victories upon numerical strength or forced courage, but upon His own presence and the faithful obedience of His people. Gideon later acted on the same principle when those who were afraid were permitted to leave before Israel fought Midian (Judges 7:3). Jdg 7:3 Now, therefore, proclaim in the hearing of the men:… so that the hearts of his brothers will not melt like his own.” Fear can spread quickly through a community, weakening resolve and turning attention from God’s promises to the apparent strength of the enemy. The army needed men whose confidence rested in the LORD, who fought for Israel and gave victory according to His purpose (Deuteronomy 20:4). Jos 2:11 When we heard this, our hearts melted… When the officers have finished addressing the army, In ancient Israel, the role of the officers was crucial in preparing the army for battle. These officers were responsible for communicating God’s laws and instructions to the soldiers, ensuring that the army was spiritually and mentally prepared. This practice highlights the importance of leadership and communication in maintaining order and morale. The officers’ address would have included exemptions for those who were newly married, had built a new house, or planted a vineyard, as outlined earlier in Deuteronomy 20. This reflects a compassionate approach to warfare, acknowledging personal circumstances and prioritizing the well-being of individuals. Jos 1:10-11 Then Joshua commanded the officers of the people:… they are to appoint commanders to lead it. Commanders established order after the army had been properly prepared and reduced to those ready for service. God used disciplined leadership to direct His people in battle, while remaining the true Commander of Israel. The arrangement anticipated Israel’s need for faithful leaders such as Joshua, who carried out God’s instruction with courage and wisdom. Exo 18:21 Furthermore, select capable men from among the people… When you approach a city to fight against it, Israel’s armies were to act under God’s authority and within His stated commands. The surrounding context chiefly addresses cities outside the land of Canaan, while the Canaanite nations faced a distinct judgment because of their entrenched idolatry and wickedness (Deuteronomy 20:15–18). Warfare in the ancient world commonly involved fortified cities, sieges, and severe loss of life, yet God placed limits upon Israel’s conduct. Deu 2:26 So from the Wilderness of Kedemoth I sent messengers… you are to make an offer of peace. Before battle began, Israel was to offer terms of surrender. A city that accepted would live and become subject to Israel rather than be destroyed. God’s command restrained needless violence and displayed mercy even toward foreign peoples. Peace was to be sought before judgment fell, revealing that God does not delight in destruction but calls people to submit to His righteous rule. Believers likewise are called to pursue peace wherever faithfulness to God permits (Romans 12:18), while recognizing that true peace is ultimately found through reconciliation with God in Christ (Colossians 1:20). 2Ki 18:31-32 Do not listen to Hezekiah, for this is what the king… If they accept your offer of peace Israel was to seek surrender before beginning a siege against a distant city. The command restrained warfare by extending an opportunity to avoid bloodshed and acknowledge Israel’s God-given authority. Jos 9:15 And Joshua made a treaty of peace with them to let them live… and open their gates, A city’s opened gates publicly demonstrated surrender, ending resistance and placing its inhabitants under Israel’s rule. What weapons could not accomplish without loss could be settled through submission. Jer 21:8-10 Furthermore, you are to tell this people… all the people there will become forced laborers Those who accepted Israel’s terms were spared death but became subject to tribute and labor. This applied to cities outside the land of Canaan; the nations dwelling within the promised land faced a distinct judgment because of their entrenched wickedness (Deuteronomy 20:15–18). 1Ki 9:20-21 As for all the people who remained of the Amorites… to serve you. Israel was not permitted to destroy a city that accepted peace, yet its people would bear the consequences of opposing the Lord’s people. The command joined mercy with justice and reminded Israel that its victories, authority, and restraint were to remain under God’s rule. Jos 9:23-27 Now therefore you are under a curse, and… But if they refuse to make peace with you Israel was to seek an orderly settlement before beginning hostilities with cities outside the land of Canaan. Peace was offered first, demonstrating that warfare was not to arise from plunder, revenge, or unchecked aggression. If a city rejected the offered terms, its leaders assumed responsibility for choosing conflict rather than submission. Jos 11:19-20 No city made peace with the Israelites except the Hivites… and wage war against you, Armed resistance made military action necessary for Israel’s protection and for the fulfillment of God’s command. The Lord who values peace also defends His covenant people against those who seek to destroy them. Israel’s battles were subject to God’s commands and were not a general license for personal or national violence. Jos 10:1-4 Now Adoni-zedek king of Jerusalem heard that Joshua… lay siege to that city. A siege surrounded a fortified city, restricting movement, supplies, and military support until its resistance ended. Such warfare required patience, discipline, and dependence upon the Lord rather than impulsive attack. The instructions apply particularly to distant cities; the nations inhabiting Canaan were judged under distinct commands because of their entrenched idolatry and corruption (Deuteronomy 20:16–18). Ezk 4:2 Then lay siege against it: Construct a siege wall,… When the LORD your God has delivered it into your hand, Israel’s victory was to be received as the work of the covenant God, not as the achievement of superior strength or strategy. A city that rejected Israel’s offer of peace could be taken only because the LORD gave it over to His people. The command reminded Israel that the God who fought for them at the Red Sea remained their Deliverer. Jos 6:2 And the LORD said to Joshua, “Behold, I have delivered… you must put every male to the sword. The surviving males of a conquered enemy city were to be killed after its defeat, removing the military force that had resisted Israel and preventing renewed hostility. This instruction concerned cities outside the land of Canaan that refused peace; the Canaanite peoples received a distinct judgment under the ban because of their entrenched idolatry and wickedness. God’s judgment upon nations reveals His holiness and His authority over life, while His deliverance of Israel anticipates the final reign of Christ, who will defeat every enemy and establish righteousness. Num 31:7 Then they waged war against Midian, as the LORD had… But the women, children, livestock, and whatever else is in the city—all its spoil—you may take as plunder, These instructions concern cities outside the land of Canaan that had rejected Israel’s offer of peace (Deuteronomy 20:10–15). Unlike the Canaanite cities placed under God’s judgment, their noncombatants and possessions were not devoted to destruction. The command restrained Israel’s warfare while allowing the army and nation to receive the material fruit of victory. Livestock, goods, and captives represented substantial economic resources in the ancient world, yet Israel was to receive them under God’s command rather than through uncontrolled violence or personal vengeance. The distinction between distant cities and Canaan also displays God’s righteous judgment against the nations whose persistent idolatry and wickedness had filled up their measure (Deuteronomy 9:4–5; 20:16–18). Num 31:9-11 The Israelites captured the Midianite women… and you shall use the spoil of your enemies that the LORD your God gives you. Israel’s military success was never to be credited merely to numbers, weapons, or courage. The land, victory, and provisions gained in battle came from the Lord, who fought for His covenant people. Receiving spoil therefore carried an obligation of gratitude, obedience, and recognition that every provision belonged ultimately to God. David later confessed the same truth: “the battle is the LORD’s” (1 Samuel 17:47). God’s provision through victory anticipated the greater deliverance accomplished by Christ, whose triumph over sin, death, and Satan supplies His people with the spiritual blessings they could never obtain by their own strength. Jos 8:1-2 Then the LORD said to Joshua, “Do not be afraid… This is how you are to treat God gave Israel ordered limits for warfare, requiring the nation to act under His authority rather than according to cruelty or personal ambition. Deu 13:15 you must surely put the inhabitants of that city… all the cities that are far away from you Cities beyond Canaan were first to receive an offer of peace. If they refused and fought, Israel was to besiege them; after victory, the fighting men were killed, while women, children, livestock, and goods became spoil according to the commands in Deuteronomy 20:10–14. Jos 9:6 They went to Joshua in the camp at Gilgal and said… and do not belong to the nations nearby. The Canaanite peoples within the land promised to Abraham were under a distinct judgment because of entrenched idolatry, violence, and immoral worship. Israel was not permitted to adopt their practices, for compromise with their gods would draw the covenant people away from the Lord. Exo 23:31-33 And I will establish your borders from the Red Sea…… However, in the cities of the nations The command concerns the Canaanite peoples occupying the land Israel was about to enter. Unlike distant cities, which could be offered terms of peace, these fortified centers stood under God’s direct judgment for generations of idolatry, sexual immorality, violence, and child sacrifice (Genesis 15:16; Leviticus 18:24–25; Deuteronomy 12:31). Deu 7:1-2 When the LORD your God brings you into the land… that the LORD your God is giving you as an inheritance, Canaan belonged to the Lord, who granted it to Israel in fulfillment of His covenant promises to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. Israel received the land as a gift, not as a reward for superior righteousness, and was responsible to preserve it as a place of faithful worship and covenant obedience. Deu 4:21 The LORD, however, was angry with me because of you… you must not leave alive anything that breathes. God required complete destruction of the Canaanite cities so that their gods, altars, customs, and corrupting influence would not remain to draw Israel away from Him (Deuteronomy 20:17–18). The judgment was limited to this historical conquest under God’s command and was not a mandate for Israel’s ordinary warfare or for later believers. Rahab’s rescue demonstrates that God received those who turned from their former allegiance and trusted Him. The severity of Canaan’s judgment reveals the holiness of God and anticipates the final judgment of sin, from which Christ delivers all who come to Him in faith. Jos 10:40 So Joshua conquered the whole region—the hill country… For you must devote them to complete destruction— The Canaanite peoples were placed under God’s judgment because of longstanding and grievous wickedness, including idolatry and practices that defiled the land. God had delayed this judgment for generations, declaring to Abraham that “the iniquity of the Amorites is not yet complete” (Genesis 15:16). Israel was not authorized to act from national ambition or ethnic hatred but was appointed as the instrument of divine judgment and commanded to remove influences that would draw the covenant people into rebellion against the LORD. The destruction of Canaanite religious centers and peoples was necessary to preserve Israel’s worship and obedience in the land God had given them. Deu 7:2 and when the LORD your God has delivered them over to you… the Hittites, Amorites, Canaanites, Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites— These nations occupied regions throughout Canaan and practiced religions opposed to the worship of the LORD. Their gods, shrines, images, and sacrificial customs posed a continual danger to Israel’s covenant faithfulness. The Jebusites held Jerusalem until David captured the city and established it as Israel’s capital (2 Samuel 5:6–9). The Hittites were associated with a major Anatolian empire as well as smaller Canaanite populations. The repeated naming of these peoples identifies real inhabitants of the promised land and recalls God’s earlier promise to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. Exo 23:23 For My angel will go before you, and bring you into the land… as the LORD your God has commanded you, Israel’s responsibility rested upon God’s direct command and His covenant purposes. The land belonged ultimately to the LORD, who had promised it to Abraham’s descendants and who alone possessed the authority to judge its inhabitants. Israel’s obedience would display that they were His holy people, set apart from the nations to know, worship, and serve the one true God. Rahab and her household were spared when they turned in faith to the God of Israel, showing that God’s judgment was not based on ancestry but on rebellion against Him. Deu 5:32 So be careful to do as the LORD your God has commanded you;… so that they cannot teach you to do all the detestable things they do for their gods, Canaanite religion included practices God had expressly condemned, including child sacrifice, sexual rites connected with pagan worship, and divination. Israel was not to preserve these cultures as spiritual influences within the land, because tolerating their worship would invite imitation. The command protected Israel’s calling to worship the LORD alone and to live as a holy people. Leviticus 18:24–30 warns that the nations had defiled the land through such sins, while 1 Corinthians 10:20–21 teaches that pagan sacrifices involve fellowship with demons rather than neutral religious activity. Deu 12:31 You must not worship the LORD your God in this way,… and so cause you to sin against the LORD your God. Idolatry would be covenant unfaithfulness against the God who redeemed Israel from Egypt and gave them the land. The first commandment required exclusive devotion to the LORD, and participation in Canaanite worship would deny His rightful place among His people. Israel’s future security depended not merely on military success but on continued obedience. Later warnings in Deuteronomy 6:14–15 and Joshua 23:12–13 show that alliance with pagan worship would bring God’s discipline and eventually lead to ruin. Exo 23:33 They must not remain in your land, lest they cause you… When you lay siege to a city for an extended time while fighting against it to capture it, Siege warfare was a normal feature of the ancient world, since fortified cities could resist direct attack behind their walls. Israel’s conduct in war was not left to military convenience alone; the Lord placed moral limits upon His people even in conflict. 2Ki 25:1-2 Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon marched against Jerusalem… you must not destroy its trees by putting an axe to them, Fruit-bearing trees were to be spared because they represented God’s continuing provision in the land. An army could not justify needless devastation merely because it possessed the power to inflict it. Israel was to remember that conquest did not cancel accountability to the Creator. 2Ki 3:19 And you shall attack every fortified city and every city… because you can eat their fruit. The trees supplied food during the siege and would continue to sustain those who later lived in the land. Preserving them protected the future productivity of the territory rather than leaving desolation behind. Lev 19:23-25 When you enter the land and plant any kind of tree for food…… You must not cut them down. The repeated prohibition underscores that victory was not to be pursued through indiscriminate ruin. God’s people were to distinguish between necessary military action and wasteful destruction. Gen 2:9 Out of the ground the LORD God gave growth to every tree… Are the trees of the field human, that you should besiege them? Trees were not hostile combatants and could not be treated as enemies. The command restrained violence, upheld the value of God’s creation, and taught Israel that even warfare remained under the righteous rule of the Lord. Jdg 9:8-15 One day the trees set out to anoint a king for themselves.… But you may destroy the trees that you know do not produce fruit. Fruit trees sustained communities through food, trade, and future harvests, so Israel was forbidden to ruin what would nourish people after the war. Non-fruit-bearing timber could be taken for military need without needlessly devastating the land. God’s laws joined justice in warfare with stewardship of the creation entrusted to humanity from the beginning (Genesis 2:15). Mat 3:10 The axe lies ready at the root of the trees,… Use them to build siege works against the city that is waging war against you, Fortified cities required ramps, towers, barriers, and other wooden structures during a siege. Israel (meaning “God strives”) was permitted to use available timber wisely in order to overcome resistance, while preserving productive orchards for the future. The command restrained destructive vengeance and reminded Israel that victory in the promised land was not merely the removal of enemies but the establishment of a people who would live under God’s rule. Jer 6:6 For this is what the LORD of Hosts says:… until it falls. A siege continued until the city’s resistance was broken and its defenses collapsed. The conquest of Canaan included God’s judgment upon nations whose idolatry and wickedness had reached its appointed measure (Deuteronomy 9:4–5). Yet even in judgment, God’s command preserved the land’s capacity to sustain life, showing that His purposes included both the defeat of evil and the future welfare of His people. 2Ki 25:1-4 Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon marched against Jerusalem… This is a draft of the Berean Study Bible. Please send all comments and recommendations to bereanstudybible@aol.com. Bible Hub |
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