When the LORD your God
This phrase establishes the divine authority and covenant relationship between God and the Israelites. The Hebrew word for "LORD" is "Yahweh," the sacred name of God, emphasizing His eternal presence and faithfulness. "Your God" signifies a personal relationship, reminding the Israelites of their unique status as God's chosen people. This covenantal language is foundational, as it underscores that the instructions to follow are not merely human laws but divine commands.

has cut off
The phrase "has cut off" refers to God's active role in delivering the Israelites from their enemies. The Hebrew root "karath" often implies a decisive action, such as making a covenant or cutting off a people. This reflects God's sovereignty and His commitment to fulfilling His promises to Israel, ensuring their security and the establishment of their nation in the Promised Land.

the nations
"Nations" here refers to the various peoples inhabiting the land of Canaan. Historically, these were the Canaanites, Hittites, Amorites, Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites, among others. The term "goyim" in Hebrew often denotes Gentile nations, highlighting the distinction between Israel and other peoples. This separation is crucial for maintaining Israel's religious and cultural identity.

whose land the LORD your God is giving you
This phrase emphasizes the gift of the land as a divine inheritance. The land is not taken by Israel's might but given by God's grace. The Hebrew word "natan" (to give) indicates a generous, unmerited gift, reinforcing the idea of the Promised Land as a fulfillment of God's covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.

and when you have taken their land
The act of taking the land involves both divine provision and human responsibility. The Israelites are to actively possess what God has promised. This duality of divine sovereignty and human agency is a recurring theme in Scripture, where God's promises often require faithful action from His people.

and settled in their cities and houses
"Settled" implies a sense of permanence and peace, contrasting with the nomadic life the Israelites led in the wilderness. The Hebrew word "yashab" means to dwell or inhabit, indicating a transition to a stable, established community. "Cities and houses" suggest the infrastructure and civilization that the Israelites would inherit, pointing to God's provision for their physical and societal needs.

you are to set apart
The phrase "you are to set apart" in Deuteronomy 19:2 emphasizes the act of consecration and dedication. In Hebrew, the word used here is "יַבְדִּיל" (yavdil), which means to separate or distinguish. This action is not merely a physical separation but a spiritual and communal one, indicating a divine purpose. The Israelites were to distinguish certain cities as places of refuge, highlighting God's provision for justice and mercy. This act of setting apart reflects the broader biblical theme of holiness, where God calls His people to be distinct and dedicated to His purposes.

three cities
The specification of "three cities" is significant in the context of ancient Israel. These cities were strategically located to be accessible to all the tribes, ensuring that justice and mercy were available to everyone. The number three often symbolizes completeness and divine perfection in the Bible. Historically, these cities served as a refuge for those who committed manslaughter unintentionally, providing a place of safety from the avenger of blood. This system underscores the importance of justice tempered with mercy, a recurring theme throughout Scripture.

within the land
The phrase "within the land" refers to the Promised Land, the inheritance given by God to the Israelites. This land was not just a physical territory but a place where God's laws and presence were to be established. The setting apart of cities within this land signifies the integration of divine justice into the daily life of the nation. It reminds the Israelites that their societal structures were to reflect God's character and commandments, serving as a model for righteousness and community living.

the LORD your God
This phrase, "the LORD your God," is a covenantal term that emphasizes the personal relationship between God and the Israelites. The use of "LORD" (YHWH) is the sacred name of God, denoting His eternal, self-existent nature. It is a reminder of the covenant established at Sinai, where God declared Himself to be their God and they His people. This relationship is foundational to understanding the laws and instructions given in Deuteronomy, as they are not merely legalistic requirements but expressions of a covenantal bond.

is giving you to possess
The phrase "is giving you to possess" highlights the divine initiative and generosity of God. The land is a gift from God, not something earned by the Israelites. This underscores the grace of God in providing for His people. The concept of possession here is not just about ownership but stewardship. The Israelites were to manage the land according to God's laws, reflecting His justice and righteousness. This divine gift comes with the responsibility to uphold God's standards and to create a society that mirrors His holiness and compassion.

You are to build roads
In Deuteronomy 19:3, the instruction to "build roads" is both practical and symbolic. The Hebrew root for "build" is "בָּנָה" (banah), which implies constructing or establishing something with care and purpose. Roads in ancient Israel were vital for communication, trade, and travel. Spiritually, this can be seen as a call to prepare paths for justice and mercy, ensuring accessibility and fairness in the community. The roads symbolize the way to refuge, reflecting God's provision and care for His people.

for yourselves
The phrase "for yourselves" emphasizes personal responsibility and communal involvement. The Hebrew word "לָכֶם" (lachem) indicates that the Israelites were to take ownership of this task. It underscores the importance of community action in creating a society that reflects God's laws and values. This collective effort ensures that the cities of refuge are accessible to all, highlighting the communal nature of justice and mercy.

in the land
The term "in the land" refers to the Promised Land, Canaan, which God gave to the Israelites. The Hebrew word "בָּאָרֶץ" (ba'aretz) signifies not just a physical location but a divine inheritance. This land was a gift from God, a place where His laws were to be lived out. The establishment of roads in this land signifies the integration of divine justice into the daily life of the Israelites, ensuring that God's commandments are woven into the fabric of their society.

the LORD your God is giving you
This phrase highlights the divine origin of the land. The Hebrew name for God here is "יְהוָה" (YHWH), the covenantal name of God, emphasizing His faithfulness and sovereignty. The land is a gift, a testament to God's promises and His relationship with Israel. This divine gift comes with responsibilities, including the establishment of justice and mercy, as symbolized by the roads to the cities of refuge.

to inherit
The word "to inherit" comes from the Hebrew "לָרֶשֶׁת" (lareshet), which means to possess or take possession of. This inheritance is not merely a legal transaction but a fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham and his descendants. It implies a stewardship, where the Israelites are to live according to God's laws and maintain the land as a place of righteousness and justice.

so that any manslayer
The term "manslayer" refers to someone who has killed another unintentionally. The Hebrew word "רֹצֵחַ" (rotzeach) distinguishes between premeditated murder and accidental killing. This distinction is crucial in biblical law, reflecting God's justice and mercy. The provision for the manslayer underscores the importance of intent and the need for a fair trial, ensuring that justice is tempered with compassion.

may flee to these cities
The phrase "may flee to these cities" indicates the purpose of the cities of refuge. The Hebrew verb "יָנוּס" (yanus) means to flee or escape, highlighting the urgency and necessity of protection for the manslayer. These cities were strategically located and accessible, ensuring that those in need of refuge could reach them quickly. This provision reflects God's mercy and the value He places on life, even in cases of accidental death.

and find protection
The concept of "protection" is central to the cities of refuge. The Hebrew word "וָחָי" (vachai) means to live or have life, indicating that the cities offer not just physical safety but a chance for continued life. This protection is a manifestation of God's justice, providing a safe haven where the accused can await a fair trial. It underscores the biblical principle that life is sacred and that God's justice always includes mercy.

Now this is the case
This phrase introduces a legal stipulation, setting the stage for a specific scenario within the broader legal framework of ancient Israel. The Hebrew word for "case" (דָּבָר, davar) often denotes a matter or thing, emphasizing the importance of addressing specific situations with justice and clarity. This reflects God's desire for order and fairness in society, ensuring that His people live by principles that uphold righteousness.

of the manslayer
The term "manslayer" (רֹצֵחַ, rotzeach) refers to someone who has caused the death of another person. In this context, it is crucial to distinguish between intentional murder and accidental killing. The provision for the manslayer underscores the value of human life and the need for a just response to loss of life, recognizing the difference between premeditated sin and tragic accidents.

who flees there
The act of fleeing indicates urgency and desperation. In ancient Israel, cities of refuge were designated as safe havens for those who had accidentally caused death. This provision highlights God's mercy and the opportunity for protection and due process, rather than immediate retribution. It reflects a compassionate legal system that seeks to protect the innocent while still upholding justice.

to live and save his life
The primary purpose of fleeing to a city of refuge was to preserve life. This phrase emphasizes the sanctity of life and God's provision for its protection. The Hebrew concept of "life" (נֶפֶשׁ, nephesh) encompasses not just physical existence but the soul and essence of a person. God's laws are designed to protect the whole person, ensuring that justice serves life rather than death.

He must have killed his neighbor unintentionally
The requirement of unintentionality is crucial. The Hebrew word for "unintentionally" (בִּבְלִי־דַעַת, b'vli-da'at) implies a lack of knowledge or intent. This distinction is vital in God's justice system, which differentiates between sins of ignorance and those of willful disobedience. It reflects a God who understands human frailty and provides grace for those who err without malice.

without prior malice
The absence of "prior malice" (שִׂנְאָה, sin'ah) indicates that the act was not premeditated. This phrase underscores the importance of intent in determining guilt and appropriate punishment. In God's eyes, the heart's condition is as significant as the action itself. This principle teaches that true justice considers both the external act and the internal motive, aligning with the broader biblical theme of God judging the heart.

For instance, a man may go into the forest
The phrase "for instance" introduces a hypothetical scenario, illustrating the application of the law. The Hebrew word for "man" here is "אִישׁ" (ish), a term often used to denote an individual in a legal or moral context. The "forest" (Hebrew: "יַעַר" - ya'ar) is a place of work and resource gathering, symbolizing the everyday activities of life where accidents can occur. This setting underscores the unpredictability of life and the need for divine laws to address unforeseen circumstances.

with his neighbor
The Hebrew word for "neighbor" is "רֵעַ" (rea), which implies a close relationship, not just a physical proximity. This highlights the communal aspect of ancient Israelite society, where individuals were interconnected and responsible for one another's well-being. The inclusion of a neighbor in this scenario emphasizes the importance of maintaining peace and justice within the community.

to cut wood
Cutting wood was a common and necessary task in ancient times, essential for building, cooking, and warmth. The act of cutting wood symbolizes the mundane yet vital activities that sustain life. It serves as a reminder that even in routine tasks, there is potential for unforeseen danger, necessitating laws that provide protection and justice.

and as he swings his axe to fell a tree
The action of swinging an axe (Hebrew: "גַּרְזֶן" - garzen) is a deliberate and controlled motion, yet it carries inherent risks. The phrase "to fell a tree" indicates a purposeful act that can have unintended consequences. This reflects the broader biblical theme of human intention versus divine sovereignty, where even well-intentioned actions can lead to unexpected outcomes.

the head may fly off and hit his neighbor and kill him
This phrase describes an accidental death, a tragic event that occurs without malice or premeditation. The Hebrew word for "kill" is "נָכָה" (nakah), which in this context refers to an unintentional act. The scenario underscores the need for cities of refuge, as outlined in Mosaic Law, to protect those who cause accidental harm from retribution, emphasizing God's justice and mercy.

Then he may flee to one of these cities and live
The provision to "flee" (Hebrew: "נָס" - nas) to a city of refuge is a divine mandate for the preservation of life. These cities were established as sanctuaries where individuals could seek asylum and await a fair trial. This reflects God's compassion and the value placed on human life, ensuring that justice is tempered with mercy. The ability to "live" signifies not just physical survival but also the opportunity for redemption and restoration within the community.

Otherwise
This word serves as a conditional transition, indicating the potential consequences if certain actions are not taken. In the context of Deuteronomy, it underscores the importance of establishing cities of refuge to prevent unnecessary bloodshed. The Hebrew root here implies a warning or a cautionary measure, emphasizing God's desire for justice tempered with mercy.

the avenger of blood
In Hebrew, this is "go'el ha-dam," referring to a family member responsible for avenging the death of a relative. This concept is deeply rooted in ancient Near Eastern customs where family honor and justice were paramount. The avenger's role was both a duty and a right, reflecting the communal nature of justice in Israelite society.

might pursue
The Hebrew verb here suggests an active and determined pursuit. It reflects the urgency and intensity with which the avenger of blood might act, driven by a sense of duty and emotional turmoil. This pursuit underscores the need for a legal system that provides protection and due process.

the manslayer
This term refers to someone who has killed another unintentionally. The distinction between a manslayer and a murderer is crucial in biblical law, highlighting the importance of intent. The Hebrew word "rotzeach" can mean both murderer and manslayer, but context determines its specific application, emphasizing the need for discernment in justice.

in a rage
The phrase captures the emotional state of the avenger, driven by grief and anger. The Hebrew root conveys a sense of heat or burning, illustrating the consuming nature of vengeance. This emotional intensity necessitates the provision of cities of refuge to prevent rash actions.

overtake him
This phrase implies a sense of urgency and inevitability. The Hebrew suggests a physical catching up, indicating that without intervention, the avenger will likely succeed in his pursuit. It highlights the need for accessible refuge to ensure the manslayer's safety.

since the distance is great
This acknowledges the practical challenges faced by the manslayer in reaching a city of refuge. The phrase underscores the importance of strategically located cities to ensure they are within reach, reflecting God's concern for justice and mercy.

and strike him dead
The Hebrew verb here is decisive and final, indicating the potential for irreversible action. It serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of unchecked vengeance and the need for a system that upholds life and justice.

though he did not deserve to die
This phrase emphasizes the principle of justice based on intent and circumstance. The Hebrew conveys a sense of innocence regarding the manslayer's actions, reinforcing the need for a fair trial and protection from unjust retribution.

since he did not intend any harm
Intent is a key factor in biblical justice. The Hebrew word for "intend" suggests a deliberate action, and its absence here highlights the manslayer's lack of malice. This distinction is vital in ensuring that justice is tempered with understanding and compassion.

This is why
The phrase "This is why" serves as a connective tissue linking the preceding instructions with the command that follows. In the broader context of Deuteronomy, Moses is reiterating God's laws to the Israelites as they prepare to enter the Promised Land. The phrase underscores the rationale behind God's commandments, emphasizing that they are not arbitrary but are rooted in divine wisdom and justice. Historically, this reflects the covenant relationship between God and Israel, where obedience to God's laws is both a response to His grace and a means of maintaining communal harmony.

I am commanding you
The authority of the command is underscored by the phrase "I am commanding you." Here, Moses speaks as God's appointed leader, conveying divine instructions. The Hebrew root for "commanding" is צָוָה (tsavah), which implies a directive that is not merely suggestive but obligatory. This reflects the theocratic nature of Israel's society, where God's will, as communicated through His prophets and leaders, is the ultimate law. It is a reminder of the importance of obedience to God's commands as an expression of faith and devotion.

to set apart
The phrase "to set apart" is derived from the Hebrew root קָדַשׁ (qadash), which means to consecrate or sanctify. In the biblical context, setting apart something or someone often denotes a special purpose or divine use. Here, it refers to the designation of cities of refuge, which were to be distinct from other cities in their function and purpose. This concept of sanctification is central to the biblical narrative, illustrating how God calls His people to be holy and distinct in their conduct and community life.

three cities
The specification of "three cities" is significant in the context of ancient Israelite society. These cities of refuge were strategically located to be accessible to all Israelites, ensuring that justice and mercy were available throughout the land. The number three often symbolizes completeness and stability in biblical numerology. Archaeologically, evidence of such cities has been found, supporting the historical reliability of the biblical record. This provision reflects God's concern for justice and His desire to protect the innocent, highlighting the balance between justice and mercy in His law.

for yourselves
The phrase "for yourselves" emphasizes the communal responsibility of the Israelites in establishing and maintaining these cities. It underscores the participatory nature of God's covenant with His people, where they are not passive recipients but active participants in the unfolding of His divine plan. This communal aspect is a recurring theme in Scripture, where the well-being of the community is intertwined with individual responsibility and obedience to God's commands. It serves as a reminder that God's laws are given for the benefit and flourishing of His people, calling them to live in harmony and justice.

And if the LORD your God enlarges your territory
This phrase begins with a conditional statement, "And if," which suggests a future possibility contingent upon certain conditions being met. The Hebrew root for "enlarges" is "רָחַב" (rachab), which means to broaden or make wide. This implies not just physical expansion but also an increase in influence and blessing. The phrase "the LORD your God" emphasizes the covenant relationship between God and Israel, highlighting that any expansion is a divine act, not merely a human endeavor. Historically, this reflects the promise given to the Israelites that their obedience would lead to prosperity and growth, a theme consistent throughout Deuteronomy.

as He swore to your fathers
This phrase refers to the Abrahamic covenant, where God promised Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob that their descendants would inherit a vast land. The Hebrew word for "swore" is "שָׁבַע" (shaba), meaning to make a solemn oath. This underscores the faithfulness of God to His promises, a central theme in the Old Testament. The patriarchal promises are foundational to Israel's identity and hope, reminding them that their future is secured by God's unchanging word.

and gives you all the land He promised to give your fathers
Here, "gives" is from the Hebrew "נָתַן" (natan), meaning to bestow or grant. This indicates that the land is a gift from God, not something earned by Israel's merit. The phrase "all the land" suggests completeness and fulfillment of God's promise. The historical context is the conquest and settlement of Canaan, which was to be a tangible sign of God's faithfulness. The land is not just a physical space but a place where Israel can live out its covenant relationship with God, serving as a light to the nations.

if you carefully observe
The Hebrew root for "observe" is "שָׁמַר" (shamar), which means to guard, keep, or watch over. This implies a diligent and intentional effort to adhere to God's commandments. In the historical context, this was a call to the Israelites to be vigilant in their obedience, reflecting a heart fully committed to God's laws. It underscores the importance of not just passive acknowledgment but active engagement with God's word.

all these commandments
The phrase emphasizes the totality and completeness of God's law. The Hebrew word for "commandments" is "מִצְוָה" (mitzvah), which refers to the divine laws given to guide the moral and spiritual life of the Israelites. This comprehensive adherence is a testament to the covenant relationship between God and His people, where obedience is a response to God's faithfulness and love.

I am giving you today
This phrase highlights the immediacy and relevance of God's commandments. The use of "today" signifies that God's word is ever-present and applicable in the current moment. It serves as a reminder that God's instructions are not just historical artifacts but living words meant to guide daily life.

to love the LORD your God
The Hebrew word for "love" is "אָהַב" (ahav), which conveys deep affection and commitment. Loving God is the foundation of the commandments, indicating that obedience is not merely a legalistic duty but a relational response. This love is central to the covenant, calling for a heartfelt devotion that permeates every aspect of life.

to walk always in His ways
"Walk" in Hebrew is "הָלַךְ" (halak), which means to go or proceed. This metaphorical use suggests living a life that consistently aligns with God's character and commands. "His ways" refers to the path of righteousness and holiness that God sets before His people. It is a call to a lifestyle that reflects God's nature and purposes.

then you are to add three more cities
This instruction is part of the provision for cities of refuge, which were places of asylum for those who committed unintentional manslaughter. The addition of more cities signifies God's justice and mercy, ensuring that His people have access to protection and fairness. It reflects the societal structure that God intended for Israel, where justice is tempered with compassion.

to these three
The reference to "these three" cities connects to the earlier command to establish cities of refuge. It underscores the importance of expanding justice and mercy as the nation grows. This expansion is a practical application of God's law, ensuring that His principles of justice are accessible to all, reflecting His desire for a society built on righteousness and care for the vulnerable.

Thus innocent blood
The phrase "innocent blood" in Hebrew is "dam naki," which refers to the blood of those who have not committed a crime deserving of death. In the ancient Near Eastern context, the shedding of innocent blood was a grave offense, as it violated the sanctity of life, a principle deeply embedded in the Mosaic Law. The protection of innocent life is a reflection of God's justice and righteousness, emphasizing the value He places on human life.

will not be shed
The Hebrew verb "shaphak" means "to pour out" or "to shed." This term is often used in the context of bloodshed, indicating a violent or unjust act. The prohibition against shedding innocent blood underscores the importance of justice and the need for a legal system that protects the innocent. It reflects God's desire for His people to live in a society where justice prevails and where life is respected and preserved.

in your land
The phrase "in your land" refers to the Promised Land, which God was giving to the Israelites as their inheritance. This land was not just a physical territory but a place where God's laws and principles were to be upheld. The land was to be a reflection of God's kingdom on earth, where His people lived according to His statutes and commandments. The sanctity of the land was tied to the behavior of its inhabitants, and the shedding of innocent blood would defile it.

which the LORD your God is giving you
This phrase highlights the divine origin of the Israelites' possession of the land. It was a gift from the LORD, their covenant God, who had chosen them as His people. The land was not just a piece of real estate but a sacred trust, a place where they were to live out their covenant relationship with God. The giving of the land was an act of grace, and with it came the responsibility to uphold God's laws and maintain justice.

as an inheritance
The term "inheritance" in Hebrew is "nachalah," which signifies a permanent possession passed down through generations. This concept of inheritance is deeply rooted in the covenantal promises made to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. The land was a tangible sign of God's faithfulness and a reminder of His promises. It was to be cherished and protected, and the shedding of innocent blood would jeopardize this divine inheritance.

and you will not be guilty of bloodshed
The phrase "guilty of bloodshed" indicates the moral and legal culpability that comes with the unjust taking of life. In the Hebrew context, bloodshed brought defilement and required atonement. The community was responsible for ensuring that justice was served and that the innocent were protected. This responsibility was not just legal but spiritual, as it reflected the character of God and His desire for a just and righteous society.

But if someone hates his neighbor
The phrase "hates his neighbor" is rooted in the Hebrew word "שָׂנֵא" (sane), which conveys a deep-seated animosity or hostility. In the context of ancient Israel, this hatred is not merely an emotional dislike but a willful decision to act against the well-being of another. The commandment to love one's neighbor (Leviticus 19:18) is foundational in the Mosaic Law, and this phrase highlights a direct violation of that command. Theologically, this hatred is seen as a precursor to sin, echoing Jesus' teaching in Matthew 5:21-22, where harboring anger is equated with murder in the heart.

lies in wait for him
"Lies in wait" translates from the Hebrew "אָרַב" (arab), indicating premeditation and deceit. This phrase suggests a calculated and intentional act, contrasting with accidental harm. In the historical context, cities of refuge were established to protect those who killed unintentionally, but this phrase underscores the deliberate nature of the crime, disqualifying the perpetrator from such protection. It reflects the biblical principle that God judges not only actions but the intentions of the heart (1 Samuel 16:7).

attacks him
The word "attacks" comes from the Hebrew "קוּם" (qum), meaning to rise up against. This implies an aggressive and confrontational action, moving from internal hatred to external violence. In the scriptural narrative, this progression from thought to action is a common theme, illustrating the destructive path of sin when left unchecked. The act of attacking is a breach of the peace and order that God desires for His people, as seen in the broader context of the Mosaic Law, which emphasizes justice and community harmony.

and strikes him fatally
"Strikes him fatally" is derived from the Hebrew "נָכָה" (nakah), meaning to smite or kill. This phrase indicates the culmination of the premeditated hatred and attack, resulting in death. The fatal outcome signifies the ultimate consequence of unchecked sin and hatred. Biblically, life is sacred, created in the image of God (Genesis 1:27), and the taking of life is a grave offense. This phrase underscores the seriousness of murder and the need for justice, as life is a gift from God and should be protected.

and he flees to one of these cities
The cities referred to are the cities of refuge, established by God as part of the legal system in Israel (Numbers 35:9-15). These cities provided asylum for those who killed unintentionally, allowing for a fair trial. However, the inclusion of this phrase in the context of premeditated murder highlights the abuse of this provision. It serves as a warning against exploiting God's mercy and justice. Historically, these cities symbolize God's provision for justice tempered with mercy, reflecting His character as both just and compassionate. Theologically, it points to the ultimate refuge found in Christ, who offers forgiveness and redemption for all who seek Him with a repentant heart.

the elders of his city
In ancient Israel, the "elders" were respected leaders and decision-makers within the community. The Hebrew word for "elders" is *zaqen*, which implies wisdom and experience. These individuals were responsible for maintaining justice and order, reflecting the communal and theocratic nature of Israelite society. Their role in this verse underscores the importance of communal responsibility and the pursuit of justice according to God's law.

shall send for him
The phrase "shall send for him" indicates a formal process of summoning. The Hebrew root *shalach* conveys the idea of dispatching or commissioning. This reflects the structured legal procedures in ancient Israel, where due process was essential. It emphasizes the seriousness with which matters of justice were handled, ensuring that actions were not taken hastily or without proper authority.

take him from there
This phrase suggests a physical removal, indicating the authority and responsibility of the elders to act decisively. The Hebrew verb *laqach* means to take or seize, highlighting the active role of the community in upholding justice. It also reflects the communal nature of ancient Israelite society, where individuals were accountable to their community and its leaders.

and deliver him
The act of delivering, from the Hebrew *nathan*, implies a transfer of responsibility. This phrase signifies the elders' duty to ensure that justice is served by handing over the accused to the appropriate party. It underscores the principle of justice being a communal obligation, not just an individual one, and reflects the seriousness with which God’s laws were to be upheld.

into the hand of the avenger of blood
The "avenger of blood," or *goel ha-dam* in Hebrew, was typically a close relative of a murder victim, tasked with ensuring justice. This role was part of the ancient Near Eastern practice of blood vengeance, which was regulated by Mosaic Law to prevent excessive retribution. The phrase highlights the balance between justice and mercy, as the law provided cities of refuge to protect those who killed unintentionally.

to die
The ultimate consequence, "to die," reflects the gravity of the crime of murder in ancient Israel. The Hebrew word *muth* signifies death, underscoring the sanctity of life as ordained by God. This phrase serves as a sobering reminder of the seriousness of taking a life and the divine mandate for justice. It also points to the need for a just and fair legal system, as established by God, to maintain order and righteousness within the community.

You must not show pity
The Hebrew root for "pity" is "חוס" (chus), which conveys a sense of sparing or showing compassion. In the context of ancient Israel, this command underscores the importance of justice over personal emotions. The directive to withhold pity in cases of murder reflects the seriousness with which God views the sanctity of life. It emphasizes that justice must be impartial and that personal feelings should not interfere with the execution of divine law. This principle is consistent with the broader biblical theme that God's justice is perfect and must be upheld to maintain societal order and righteousness.

You are to purge from Israel the guilt of shedding innocent blood
The phrase "purge from Israel" uses the Hebrew word "בער" (ba'ar), meaning to remove or eradicate. This reflects the necessity of cleansing the community from the defilement caused by murder. The shedding of "innocent blood" is a grave offense in the biblical narrative, as life is a sacred gift from God. The historical context of ancient Israelite society was one where communal purity and holiness were paramount. The act of purging is not merely punitive but restorative, aiming to restore the community to a state of holiness and alignment with God's will. This reflects the broader biblical principle that sin must be addressed and removed to maintain a covenant relationship with God.

so that it may go well with you
This phrase is a common biblical motif, often associated with obedience to God's commandments leading to blessings and prosperity. The Hebrew word for "well" is "טוב" (tov), which encompasses goodness, welfare, and prosperity. The promise that things will "go well" is contingent upon the community's adherence to God's laws, particularly those concerning justice and righteousness. This reflects the covenantal relationship between God and Israel, where obedience results in divine favor and well-being. It serves as a reminder that God's laws are designed for the flourishing of His people, and adherence to them brings about peace and prosperity. This principle is echoed throughout Scripture, reinforcing the idea that God's commandments are given for the benefit and blessing of His people.

You must not move
The phrase "You must not move" is a direct command, emphasizing the importance of integrity and respect for established boundaries. In Hebrew, the verb used here is "תַּסִּיג" (tasig), which means to remove or displace. This command underscores the moral and ethical responsibility to honor agreements and respect others' property. It reflects a broader biblical principle of honesty and fairness in dealings with others, which is foundational to a just society.

your neighbor’s boundary marker
The "boundary marker" refers to physical stones or markers that delineated property lines. In ancient Israel, these markers were crucial for maintaining order and preventing disputes over land ownership. The Hebrew term for boundary marker is "גְּבוּל" (gevul), which signifies a limit or border. Moving a boundary marker was not just a matter of theft but an act of deceit and injustice, violating the trust within the community. This principle is echoed in Proverbs 22:28, which warns against moving ancient boundaries.

which was set up by your ancestors
The phrase "which was set up by your ancestors" highlights the historical and familial significance of these boundaries. The Hebrew word for ancestors is "אֲבוֹתֶיךָ" (avotecha), meaning fathers or forefathers. This reference to ancestors underscores the continuity and stability provided by respecting established boundaries. It also reflects the biblical value of honoring one's heritage and the wisdom of previous generations, recognizing that these boundaries were established with purpose and divine guidance.

in the inheritance you will receive
The term "inheritance" in Hebrew is "נַחֲלָה" (nachalah), which refers to a possession or heritage, often with a spiritual connotation. This inheritance was not merely a physical possession but a divine gift, a fulfillment of God's promise to the Israelites. The land was a sacred trust, and maintaining its boundaries was a way of honoring God's provision and covenant. This concept of inheritance also points to the broader biblical theme of stewardship, where believers are called to manage God's gifts responsibly.

in the land that the LORD your God is giving you to possess
This phrase emphasizes the divine origin of the land. The Hebrew word for "giving" is "נֹתֵן" (noten), indicating a present and ongoing action by God. The land was not earned by the Israelites but was a gracious gift from God, reinforcing the idea of divine sovereignty and grace. The phrase "to possess" (לָרֶשֶׁת, lareshet) implies not just ownership but active stewardship and responsibility. This divine gift required the Israelites to live in obedience and gratitude, recognizing that their possession of the land was contingent upon their faithfulness to God's commands.

A single witness
In the context of ancient Israelite society, the testimony of a single individual was not sufficient to establish a matter of legal or moral consequence. The Hebrew word for "witness" is "עֵד" (ed), which implies someone who provides evidence or testimony. This principle underscores the importance of communal discernment and the prevention of false accusations. In a broader sense, it reflects the biblical emphasis on truth and justice, ensuring that decisions are not made hastily or based on potentially biased or incomplete information.

shall not suffice
The insufficiency of a single witness highlights the need for corroboration in legal matters. This phrase emphasizes the biblical principle that justice must be thorough and fair. The Hebrew root "דַּי" (day) conveys the idea of adequacy or sufficiency, suggesting that more than one perspective is necessary to establish the truth. This principle is echoed in the New Testament, where Jesus and Paul both affirm the need for multiple witnesses (Matthew 18:16, 2 Corinthians 13:1).

to convict a man
The term "convict" in this context refers to the establishment of guilt or responsibility. The Hebrew word "קוּם" (qum) can mean to arise or stand, indicating the formal establishment of a charge against someone. This reflects the seriousness with which accusations were treated in Israelite law, ensuring that individuals were not wrongfully condemned without substantial evidence.

of any crime or wrongdoing
The phrase encompasses a broad range of offenses, from minor transgressions to serious crimes. The Hebrew words "חַטָּאָה" (chatta'ah) for sin or crime and "עָוֹן" (avon) for wrongdoing or iniquity, indicate both moral and legal violations. This comprehensive approach underscores the biblical commitment to justice in all areas of life, recognizing that both minor and major offenses require careful consideration and evidence.

that he may have committed
This phrase acknowledges the potential for human error and wrongdoing. The Hebrew verb "חָטָא" (chata) means to miss the mark or to sin, suggesting that all individuals are capable of falling short of God's standards. This recognition of human fallibility is balanced by the need for justice and accountability, ensuring that accusations are not made lightly or without due process.

A matter must be established
The establishment of a matter involves a process of verification and confirmation. The Hebrew word "קוּם" (qum) again appears here, emphasizing the need for a firm and reliable foundation for any accusation. This principle reflects the biblical value of truth and the importance of ensuring that justice is based on solid evidence rather than hearsay or assumption.

by the testimony of two or three witnesses
This requirement for multiple witnesses is a safeguard against false accusations and ensures a more comprehensive understanding of the situation. The number "two or three" is significant in biblical law, providing a balance between thoroughness and practicality. This principle is rooted in the communal nature of Israelite society, where the collective testimony of the community helps to discern truth and maintain justice. It also foreshadows New Testament teachings on church discipline and the confirmation of truth within the Christian community.

If a false witness
The Hebrew term for "false witness" is "עֵד שָׁקֶר" (ed sheker). In the ancient Israelite legal system, the integrity of witnesses was paramount. A "false witness" was not merely someone who lied, but someone who intentionally sought to pervert justice. This concept is deeply rooted in the Ten Commandments, where bearing false witness is explicitly prohibited (Exodus 20:16). The role of a witness was sacred, and false testimony was seen as an affront to God's justice.

testifies against someone
The act of testifying, "עָנָה" (anah), implies a formal declaration in a legal setting. In ancient Israel, the community played a significant role in legal proceedings, and testimony was a communal responsibility. The phrase "against someone" highlights the adversarial nature of the accusation, emphasizing the potential harm to the accused. This underscores the gravity of false testimony, as it could lead to severe consequences for the innocent.

accusing him of a crime
The Hebrew word for "crime" here is "פֶּשַׁע" (pesha), which can denote a serious offense or transgression. In the context of Deuteronomy, the legal system was designed to reflect divine justice, and accusations were not taken lightly. The community was called to uphold righteousness, and false accusations were a direct threat to the social and spiritual fabric of Israel. This phrase serves as a reminder of the importance of truth and integrity in maintaining justice.

both parties to the dispute
This phrase indicates the requirement for both individuals involved in a conflict to be present. The Hebrew root for "dispute" is "רִיב" (riv), which implies a legal contention or controversy. In ancient Israel, disputes were not merely personal but had communal implications, reflecting the importance of justice and reconciliation in maintaining societal harmony. This requirement underscores the biblical principle of fairness and impartiality, ensuring that both sides are heard, which is foundational to justice.

must stand
The act of standing signifies readiness and respect. In the Hebrew context, "עמד" (amad) means to stand or present oneself. This posture is not just physical but also symbolic of accountability and transparency before God and the community. It reflects the solemnity of the occasion, where individuals are called to present their case truthfully and with integrity.

in the presence of the LORD
This phrase highlights the theocratic nature of Israel's judicial system, where God is the ultimate judge. The Hebrew term "לִפְנֵי יְהוָה" (lifnei YHWH) means before the face of the LORD, indicating that all judgments are made with divine oversight. This presence ensures that justice is not merely a human endeavor but a divine mandate, reminding the parties involved of the moral and spiritual dimensions of their actions.

before the priests and judges
The priests and judges served as God's representatives in legal matters. The Hebrew words "כֹּהֲנִים" (kohanim) for priests and "שֹׁפְטִים" (shoftim) for judges indicate their roles in interpreting and applying God's law. Priests were responsible for religious instruction and maintaining purity, while judges were tasked with civil and criminal matters. Their presence ensured that decisions were grounded in both spiritual and legal wisdom.

who are in office at that time
This phrase emphasizes the continuity and adaptability of leadership. The Hebrew "אֲשֶׁר יִהְיוּ בַּיָּמִים הָהֵם" (asher yihyu bayamim hahem) suggests that the authority of priests and judges is not static but dynamic, adapting to the needs of the time. This adaptability ensures that justice remains relevant and responsive to contemporary issues, while still rooted in eternal principles.

The judges
In ancient Israel, judges were not merely legal arbiters but were seen as divinely appointed leaders responsible for maintaining justice and righteousness in the community. The Hebrew word for judges, "שֹׁפְטִים" (shoftim), implies a role that combines both judicial and moral authority. These individuals were expected to embody God's justice, ensuring that the community adhered to His laws. The role of judges was crucial in maintaining societal order and reflecting God's character of justice and truth.

shall investigate thoroughly
The phrase emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive and diligent examination of the facts. The Hebrew root "דָּרַשׁ" (darash) means to seek, inquire, or investigate. This reflects the biblical principle that justice must be based on truth and careful consideration, not on hearsay or superficial evidence. It underscores the responsibility of the judges to seek out the truth with integrity and impartiality, ensuring that justice is served in accordance with God's standards.

if the witness is proven to be a liar
This part of the verse highlights the seriousness of bearing false witness. The Hebrew word for liar, "שָׁקַר" (shakar), conveys deceit and falsehood. In the biblical context, truthfulness is a fundamental value, and lying, especially in a legal setting, is a grave offense. This reflects the broader biblical teaching that God detests falsehood and values truth, as seen in Proverbs 6:16-19, where lying is listed among the things the Lord hates.

who has falsely accused his brother
The phrase "falsely accused" comes from the Hebrew "סוּר" (sur), meaning to turn aside or deviate, indicating a departure from truth and justice. The term "brother" signifies not just a familial relationship but a fellow member of the covenant community. This underscores the communal aspect of Israelite society, where each member was responsible for the well-being of others. False accusations were not just personal offenses but were seen as threats to the integrity and unity of the community.

You must do to him
This phrase underscores the principle of justice and retribution that is central to the Mosaic Law. The Hebrew root here is "עָשָׂה" (asah), meaning "to do" or "to make." It implies an active response to wrongdoing, emphasizing that justice is not passive but requires deliberate action. In the historical context of ancient Israel, this directive served to maintain social order and deter false accusations by ensuring that the punishment fit the crime.

as he intended to do
The word "intended" comes from the Hebrew root "זָמַם" (zamam), which means "to plan" or "to devise." This highlights the premeditated nature of the wrongdoing. The law here is concerned not just with actions but with intentions, reflecting a deeper moral and ethical standard. It serves as a reminder that God judges the heart and intentions, not just outward actions, aligning with the broader biblical theme that God desires truth in the inward being (Psalm 51:6).

to his brother
The term "brother" in Hebrew is "אָח" (ach), which can refer to a literal sibling or more broadly to a fellow member of the community. This reflects the communal nature of Israelite society, where individuals were seen as part of a larger family under God. The use of "brother" emphasizes the relational aspect of the law, reminding the Israelites of their covenantal responsibilities to one another and the importance of maintaining harmony and justice within the community.

You must purge the evil
"Purge" comes from the Hebrew root "בָּעַר" (ba'ar), meaning "to burn" or "to remove." This strong language indicates the seriousness with which God views sin and injustice. The command to purge evil reflects the holiness of God and His desire for His people to be set apart, free from corruption. It is a call to action for the community to actively remove sin from their midst, ensuring that justice prevails and that the community remains pure and devoted to God.

from among you
This phrase emphasizes the collective responsibility of the community to uphold God's standards. The Hebrew preposition "מִן" (min) indicates separation or removal, underscoring the need for the community to distance itself from sin. In the historical context, this was crucial for maintaining the covenant relationship with God, as sin within the community could lead to divine judgment. It serves as a reminder that the actions of individuals can impact the entire community, highlighting the interconnectedness of God's people and their shared responsibility to uphold righteousness.

Then all the people
This phrase emphasizes the collective nature of the community of Israel. In the Hebrew context, "all the people" (Hebrew: כָּל־הָעָם, kol-ha'am) refers to the entire nation, underscoring the communal responsibility and shared values among the Israelites. The law was not just for individuals but for the entire community, reflecting the covenant relationship between God and His people. This collective approach is foundational in understanding the societal structure of ancient Israel, where communal identity was paramount.

will hear
The Hebrew word for "hear" (שָׁמַע, shama) implies more than just auditory reception; it encompasses understanding and obedience. In the ancient Near Eastern context, to hear was to heed. This reflects the biblical principle that hearing God's law should lead to action. The expectation is that the people will internalize the lessons from the law and allow it to guide their behavior, reinforcing the importance of active listening in spiritual life.

and be afraid
Fear (יָרֵא, yare) in this context is not merely terror but a reverential awe and respect for God's justice and holiness. This fear is intended to deter wrongdoing by instilling a sense of accountability before God. In the conservative Christian perspective, this fear is seen as a healthy respect for divine authority, encouraging believers to live righteously. It reflects the biblical theme that the fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom (Proverbs 9:10).

and will no longer behave arrogantly
The phrase "behave arrogantly" (זָדוֹן, zadon) refers to willful pride and rebellion against God's commandments. Arrogance in the biblical sense is often associated with a hardened heart and a refusal to submit to divine authority. The historical context of Deuteronomy involves preparing the Israelites to enter the Promised Land, where they would face temptations to forsake God's laws. This warning against arrogance serves as a reminder of the consequences of pride and the importance of humility before God. In a conservative Christian view, this humility is essential for maintaining a right relationship with God and others, aligning with the teachings of Christ on servanthood and meekness.

You must show no pity
This phrase underscores the principle of justice that is central to the Mosaic Law. The Hebrew root for "pity" is "חוס" (chus), which conveys a sense of sparing or showing compassion. In the context of ancient Israel, this command was intended to ensure that justice was administered fairly and without partiality. It reflects the seriousness with which God views justice and the importance of maintaining order and righteousness within the community. The absence of pity in this context is not a call for cruelty but a directive to uphold justice without allowing personal emotions to interfere with the equitable application of the law.

life for life
The phrase "life for life" is a direct reference to the principle of retributive justice, often referred to as lex talionis. This principle is rooted in the Hebrew word "נפש" (nephesh), meaning "soul" or "life." It emphasizes the value of human life and the necessity of proportionate justice. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, this principle was a common legal standard, ensuring that the punishment fit the crime. It served as a deterrent against excessive retribution and was a means to maintain societal balance and justice.

eye for eye
This phrase is part of the broader lex talionis principle, emphasizing proportional justice. The Hebrew word for "eye" is "עין" (ayin), which not only refers to the physical organ but also symbolizes insight and understanding. In the context of the law, this phrase ensured that justice was not only fair but also visible and understandable to the community. It was a way to prevent escalation of violence and to promote a sense of fairness and equity in legal proceedings.

tooth for tooth
The phrase "tooth for tooth" continues the theme of proportional justice. The Hebrew word "שן" (shen) for "tooth" signifies not just the physical aspect but also the idea of strength and sustenance, as teeth are essential for eating and survival. This part of the law ensured that personal injuries were compensated in a manner that was just and equitable, preventing the cycle of vengeance and promoting a structured legal system.

hand for hand
The phrase "hand for hand" highlights the importance of fair recompense for injury or loss. The Hebrew word "יד" (yad) for "hand" is often used symbolically in the Bible to represent power, action, and possession. In the context of this law, it underscores the need for justice that is tangible and measurable, ensuring that any loss of ability or livelihood due to injury is addressed appropriately within the community.

foot for foot
The final phrase "foot for foot" completes the series of examples illustrating the principle of lex talionis. The Hebrew word "רגל" (regel) for "foot" can symbolize movement, progress, and stability. This part of the law ensured that any hindrance to a person's ability to move or work was met with appropriate compensation, maintaining the balance of justice and preventing further harm or disadvantage to the injured party.