You shall not
This phrase is a direct command from God, emphasizing the imperative nature of the instruction. In Hebrew, the phrase is "לֹא תִּרְצָח" (lo tirtzach), which is a clear prohibition. The use of "shall not" indicates a divine mandate that is non-negotiable and absolute. It reflects the moral law that God has inscribed upon the hearts of humanity, underscoring the sanctity of life. This command is part of the Decalogue, or Ten Commandments, which were given to Moses on Mount Sinai. The Decalogue serves as a foundational ethical code for both ancient Israel and for Christians today, highlighting the importance of obedience to God's laws as a reflection of one's covenant relationship with Him.

murder
The Hebrew word used here is "רָצַח" (ratsach), which specifically refers to unlawful killing. It is important to distinguish this from other forms of killing mentioned in the Bible, such as those that occur in war or as capital punishment, which are treated differently in the scriptural context. The prohibition against murder is rooted in the belief that human life is sacred because humans are made in the image of God (Genesis 1:27). This commandment underscores the value God places on life and the responsibility humans have to protect and honor it. Historically, this commandment has been foundational in shaping legal systems and moral codes, emphasizing the inherent dignity and worth of every individual. In a broader theological context, this commandment calls believers to respect life in all its forms and to seek peace and reconciliation, reflecting the heart of God who desires life and not death.

(13) Thou shalt not kill.--From the peculiar duties owed by children to their parents, the Divine legislator went on to lay down those general duties which men owe to their fellow-men. And of these the first is that of respecting their life. The security of life is the primary object of government; and it has been well said that men originally coalesced into States with a view to self-preservation (Arist., Pol. i. 1). All written codes forbid murder; and in communities which are without written codes an unwritten law condemns it. When God "set a mark upon Cain" (Genesis 4:15), He marked thereby His abhorrence of the murderer. The "seven precepts of Noah" included one which distinctly forbade the taking of human life (Genesis 9:6). In all countries and among all peoples, a natural instinct or an unwritten tradition placed murder among the worst of crimes, and made its penalty death. The Mosaic legislation on the point was differenced from others principally by the care it took to distinguish between actual murder, manslaughter (Exodus 21:13), death by misadventure (Numbers 35:23), and justifiable homicide (Exodus 22:2). Before, however, it made these distinctions, the great principle of the sanctity of human life required to be broadly laid down; and so the law was given in the widest possible terms--"Thou shalt not kill." Exceptions were reserved till later.

Verse 13. - Thou shalt not kill. Here again is a moral precept included in all codes, and placed by all in a prominent position. Our first duty towards our neighbour is to respect his life. When Cain slew Abel, he could scarcely have known what he was doing; yet a terrible punishment was awarded him for his transgression (Genesis 4:11-14). After the flood, the solemn declaration was made, which thenceforward became a universal law among mankind - "Whoso sheddeth man's blood, by man shall his blood be shed: for in the image of God made he man" (Genesis 9:6). In the world that followed the flood, all races of men had the tradition that only blood could expiate blood. In the few places where there was an organised government, and a systematic administration of justice, the State acted on the principle, and punished the murderer capitally. Elsewhere, among tribes and races which had not vet coalesced into states, the law of blood-revenge obtained, and the inquisition for blood became a private affair. The next of kin was the recognised" avenger," upon whom it devolved to hunt out the murderer and punish him. Here the sin is simply and emphatically denounced, the brevity of the precept increasing its force. The Israelites are told that to take life is a crime. God forbids it. As usual, no exceptions are made. Exceptions appear later on (Numbers 35:22-25; Deuteronomy 4:42; etc.); but the first thing is to establish the principle. Human life is sacred. Man is not to shed the blood of his fellow-man. If he does, of his hand will the life taken surely be required. The casuistic question whether suicide is forbidden under this precept, probably did not occur to the legislator or to the Hebrews of his time. Neither the Hebrews, nor the Egyptians, among whom they had so long lived, were addicted to suicide; and it is a general rule that laws are not made excepting against tolerably well-known crimes. It has been argued that angry thoughts and insulting words were forbidden by it on the strength of our Lord's comment in the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5:21, 22). But it seems to the present writer that in Matthew 5:21-47 our Lord is not so much explaining the Jewish law as amplifying it on his own authority - note the repetition of the phrase, "But I say unto you" - and making it mean to Christians what it had not meant to Jews.

Parallel Commentaries ...


You shall not
לֹ֥֖א (lō)
Adverb - Negative particle
Strong's 3808: Not, no

murder.
תִּֿרְצָֽ֖ח׃ (trə·ṣāḥ)
Verb - Qal - Imperfect - second person masculine singular
Strong's 7523: To dash in pieces, kill, to murder


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OT Law: Exodus 20:13 You shall not murder (Exo. Ex)