And God
The phrase "And God" introduces the divine authority behind the commandments that follow. In Hebrew, "Elohim" is used here, a plural form that denotes majesty and power. This name for God emphasizes His sovereignty and supreme authority over all creation. The use of "Elohim" in this context reminds us of the Creator who spoke the universe into existence, underscoring the weight and significance of the words that are about to be delivered. It is a reminder that the commandments are not merely human constructs but divine decrees from the Almighty.

spoke
The verb "spoke" is derived from the Hebrew word "dabar," which means to declare or command. This indicates that the commandments are not suggestions but authoritative declarations from God. The act of speaking signifies a personal and direct communication from God to His people, highlighting the relational aspect of the covenant. It is a reminder that God is not distant or silent but actively engages with His creation, guiding and instructing them in His ways.

all these words
The phrase "all these words" refers to the entirety of the Ten Commandments that follow. In Hebrew, "kol ha-devarim" emphasizes the completeness and comprehensiveness of God's instructions. Each word is significant, and together they form a complete moral and spiritual framework for the Israelites. This phrase underscores the importance of every commandment and the need for holistic obedience. It is a call to recognize the fullness of God's law and to live in accordance with His will in every aspect of life.

I am the LORD your God
This phrase begins with a powerful declaration of identity and relationship. The Hebrew word for "LORD" is "YHWH," often vocalized as Yahweh, which is the personal name of God revealed to Moses at the burning bush (Exodus 3:14). This name signifies God's eternal, self-existent nature and His covenantal faithfulness. The phrase "your God" emphasizes a personal relationship with the Israelites, indicating that Yahweh is not a distant deity but one who is intimately involved with His people. This relationship is foundational to the covenant and underscores the personal commitment God has to His chosen people.

who brought you out of the land of Egypt
This part of the verse serves as a reminder of God's mighty acts of deliverance. The Hebrew word for "brought" is "yatsa," which means to go out, come out, or bring out. It signifies a powerful act of liberation, highlighting God's role as a deliverer. The "land of Egypt" is not just a geographical location but a symbol of bondage and oppression. Historically, Egypt was a place of slavery for the Israelites, and God's deliverance from it is a central theme in the Old Testament, symbolizing salvation and freedom from sin and oppression.

out of the house of slavery
The phrase "house of slavery" further emphasizes the condition from which the Israelites were delivered. The Hebrew word for "house" is "bayith," which can mean a physical house or household, but here it signifies a state of existence—one of servitude and bondage. "Slavery" is translated from the Hebrew word "ebed," which means servitude or bondage. This phrase serves as a stark reminder of the Israelites' past condition and the transformative power of God's deliverance. It underscores the contrast between their former life of bondage and their new life of freedom under God's covenant, serving as a call to gratitude and obedience.

You shall have
This phrase is a direct command, indicating an imperative from God to His people. The Hebrew word used here is "lo yihyeh," which translates to "shall not be" or "shall not exist." This command is not merely a suggestion but a foundational principle for the Israelites. It establishes the exclusivity of their relationship with God, emphasizing that their allegiance and worship are to be directed solely to Him. This command sets the tone for the covenant relationship between God and His people, underscoring the seriousness of their commitment.

no other gods
The term "other gods" refers to any deity or object of worship that could potentially rival the one true God. In the ancient Near Eastern context, polytheism was prevalent, with various cultures worshiping multiple gods associated with different aspects of life and nature. The Hebrew word for "gods" here is "elohim," which can refer to divine beings or idols. This commandment is a clear denouncement of idolatry and polytheism, calling the Israelites to monotheism. It is a reminder that God is unique and incomparable, deserving of exclusive devotion and worship.

before Me
The phrase "before Me" is translated from the Hebrew "al panay," which literally means "upon My face" or "in My presence." This expression conveys the idea of having no other gods in God's sight or presence. It implies that God is omnipresent and omniscient, aware of all that occurs in the lives of His people. The commandment is not just about physical idols but also about the heart's allegiance. It calls for an internal and external commitment to God, where no other entity or desire takes precedence over Him. This phrase reinforces the personal and intimate nature of the relationship God desires with His people, where He is the central focus of their lives.

You shall not make
The phrase "You shall not make" is a direct command from God, emphasizing the prohibition against creating something with one's own hands that would serve as an object of worship. The Hebrew root for "make" is "עָשָׂה" (asah), which means to fashion or create. This command underscores the importance of worshiping the Creator rather than the creation, highlighting the distinction between the divine and human capabilities. It serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty and the futility of human attempts to encapsulate His essence in physical form.

for yourself
The phrase "for yourself" indicates a personal responsibility and accountability in the act of idol-making. It suggests that the creation of idols is a self-serving act, driven by human desires rather than divine instruction. This personal aspect of the commandment calls believers to examine their own hearts and motivations, ensuring that their worship is directed solely towards God and not towards self-made representations or desires.

an idol
The term "idol" comes from the Hebrew word "פֶּסֶל" (pesel), which refers to a carved or graven image. In the ancient Near Eastern context, idols were common in religious practices, often representing deities or spiritual forces. This commandment is a clear denouncement of such practices, emphasizing that God is beyond physical representation. It serves as a call to spiritual purity and fidelity, urging believers to reject any form of idolatry that detracts from the worship of the one true God.

in the form of anything
This phrase broadens the scope of the prohibition, indicating that no physical form, regardless of its nature, is suitable for representing God. The Hebrew word "תְּמוּנָה" (temunah) means likeness or form, suggesting that any attempt to depict God through physical means is inherently flawed. This highlights the transcendence and incomprehensibility of God, who cannot be confined to any earthly representation.

in the heavens above
The reference to "the heavens above" encompasses all celestial bodies and phenomena, such as the sun, moon, stars, and planets. In ancient cultures, these were often deified and worshiped. By prohibiting the creation of idols in their likeness, God asserts His authority over all creation, reminding believers that He alone is the Creator of the heavens and worthy of worship.

or on the earth below
This phrase extends the prohibition to include all earthly creatures and objects. The earth, with its vast array of life and natural wonders, was often a source of inspiration for idol-making. By forbidding the creation of idols in the likeness of anything on earth, God calls His people to recognize His supremacy over all earthly things and to worship Him alone.

or in the waters beneath
The inclusion of "the waters beneath" refers to the seas, rivers, and all aquatic life. In many ancient religions, water was seen as a source of life and mystery, often associated with various deities. By prohibiting idols in the likeness of anything in the waters, God emphasizes His dominion over all aspects of creation, both seen and unseen, and calls His people to exclusive devotion to Him.

You shall not bow down to them or serve them
This phrase is a direct command against idolatry, emphasizing the physical acts of worship such as bowing and serving. The Hebrew word for "bow down" is "שָׁחָה" (shachah), which implies a deep reverence or submission. In the ancient Near Eastern context, bowing was a common act of worship towards deities or kings, signifying allegiance and servitude. The prohibition here underscores the exclusivity of worship that is due to Yahweh alone, rejecting any form of idolatry that was prevalent among Israel's neighbors.

for I, the LORD your God
This phrase establishes the authority and identity of the speaker, Yahweh, the covenant God of Israel. The use of "LORD" in all caps represents the tetragrammaton "יהוה" (YHWH), the personal name of God revealed to Moses. It signifies God's eternal, self-existent nature and His unique relationship with Israel. The phrase "your God" personalizes this relationship, reminding the Israelites of their chosen status and the covenantal bond that obligates them to exclusive worship.

am a jealous God
The term "jealous" is derived from the Hebrew "קַנָּא" (qanna), which conveys a sense of zealous protection over what is rightfully one's own. In the context of a covenant relationship, God's jealousy is not petty or insecure but rather a righteous demand for faithfulness. It reflects God's passionate commitment to His people and His intolerance of divided loyalty. This divine jealousy is akin to the protective love of a spouse, desiring fidelity and devotion.

visiting the iniquity of the fathers on their children
The word "visiting" comes from the Hebrew "פָּקַד" (paqad), which can mean to attend to, punish, or oversee. This phrase addresses the consequences of sin, particularly idolatry, which can affect subsequent generations. It highlights the communal and generational impact of sin, where the moral and spiritual failures of one generation can influence the next. This is not about unjust punishment but rather the natural repercussions of a broken covenant relationship.

to the third and fourth generations
This expression is a Hebrew idiom indicating the extent of the consequences of sin. In ancient Israelite society, family units often spanned multiple generations living together, and the actions of one generation could have lasting effects on the community. The mention of "third and fourth generations" underscores the seriousness of idolatry and its potential to disrupt the covenantal blessings intended for God's people.

of those who hate Me
The phrase "those who hate Me" refers to individuals who reject God's commandments and choose idolatry over faithfulness to Yahweh. In biblical terms, "hate" is not merely an emotional state but an active opposition to God's will and ways. This phrase serves as a stark warning against the spiritual adultery of idolatry, which is seen as a direct affront to God's love and covenant. It calls the Israelites to examine their hearts and remain steadfast in their devotion to the one true God.

but showing loving devotion
The Hebrew word for "loving devotion" is "חֶסֶד" (chesed), which conveys a deep, steadfast love and mercy. This term is often associated with God's covenantal faithfulness. In the context of the ancient Near East, covenants were binding agreements, and God's chesed signifies His unwavering commitment to His people. This phrase highlights the contrast between God's judgment and His mercy, emphasizing His desire to bless rather than punish.

to a thousand generations
The phrase "a thousand generations" is a hyperbolic expression used to convey the idea of an immeasurable and enduring blessing. In the ancient world, genealogies were crucial for identity and inheritance, and this promise underscores the vastness of God's faithfulness. It suggests that God's blessings are not limited by time and extend far beyond human comprehension, reflecting His eternal nature.

of those who love Me
The Hebrew word for "love" here is "אָהַב" (ahav), which implies a deep, personal affection and commitment. In the biblical context, love for God is not merely an emotional response but involves loyalty and devotion. This phrase indicates that the relationship between God and His people is reciprocal; God's blessings are poured out on those who genuinely love Him, aligning their hearts with His will.

and keep My commandments
The word "keep" is translated from the Hebrew "שָׁמַר" (shamar), meaning to guard, observe, or give heed. This implies an active, diligent effort to follow God's laws. In the historical context of Israel, the commandments were not just rules but a way of life that set them apart as God's chosen people. This phrase emphasizes the importance of obedience as an expression of love for God, suggesting that true devotion is demonstrated through action.

You shall not take
The phrase "You shall not take" is a direct command, emphasizing the seriousness of the instruction. The Hebrew word for "take" is "nasa," which means to lift, carry, or bear. This implies a sense of responsibility and reverence in how one uses the name of God. In ancient times, names were not merely labels but were believed to carry the essence and authority of the person. Thus, to "take" God's name is to invoke His presence and power, which should never be done lightly or irreverently.

the name
In Hebrew, the word for "name" is "shem," which signifies more than just a title; it represents the character and reputation of the individual. In the context of God, His name embodies His holiness, sovereignty, and divine nature. The name of God is sacred and is to be treated with utmost respect. Throughout Scripture, God's name is associated with His covenantal promises and His acts of salvation, making it a profound symbol of His relationship with His people.

of the LORD
The term "LORD" in this verse is the translation of the tetragrammaton YHWH, the most sacred name of God in the Hebrew Bible. This name is often vocalized as "Yahweh" and is considered so holy that Jewish tradition refrains from pronouncing it, using "Adonai" (Lord) instead. YHWH is the self-existent, eternal God who revealed Himself to Moses in the burning bush (Exodus 3:14). This name signifies God's unchanging nature and His faithfulness to His covenant.

your God
The phrase "your God" personalizes the command, indicating a covenant relationship between God and His people. The Hebrew word for God here is "Elohim," a plural form that denotes majesty and power. It underscores the idea that God is not a distant deity but a personal God who has chosen Israel as His people. This relationship demands loyalty and reverence, as God is both the Creator and Sustainer of life.

in vain
The Hebrew word for "in vain" is "shav," which means emptiness, falsehood, or worthlessness. To take God's name "in vain" is to use it in a way that is empty of meaning, insincere, or deceitful. This includes using God's name in oaths or promises that are not kept, as well as in casual or disrespectful speech. The command warns against trivializing the divine name, which is to be honored and revered.

for the LORD will not leave anyone unpunished
This phrase serves as a solemn warning of the consequences of misusing God's name. The Hebrew word for "unpunished" is "naqah," which means to be held guiltless or to be acquitted. The verse underscores God's justice and His commitment to uphold the sanctity of His name. It reflects the biblical principle that God is a righteous judge who holds individuals accountable for their actions, especially in matters concerning His holiness.

who takes His name in vain
The repetition of the phrase "takes His name in vain" reinforces the gravity of the command. It serves as a reminder that God's name is not to be used carelessly or without thought. In a broader sense, this commandment calls believers to live lives that reflect the holiness and integrity of God, as they bear His name in the world. It is a call to honor God not only in speech but in all aspects of life, recognizing that His name is a reflection of His divine character and glory.

Remember
The Hebrew word for "remember" is "זָכוֹר" (zakar), which implies more than just recalling information. It suggests an active, intentional act of keeping something in mind with the purpose of acting upon it. In the context of Exodus 20:8, it is a call to actively observe and honor the Sabbath, not merely to think about it passively. This word sets the tone for the commandment, emphasizing the importance of conscious and deliberate observance.

the Sabbath day
The term "Sabbath" comes from the Hebrew "שַׁבָּת" (Shabbat), meaning "rest" or "cessation." The Sabbath day is rooted in the creation narrative where God rested on the seventh day (Genesis 2:2-3). Historically, the Sabbath was a sign of the covenant between God and Israel, a day set apart for rest and spiritual reflection. It served as a reminder of God's creation and His deliverance of Israel from Egypt, symbolizing freedom and divine provision.

by keeping it holy
The phrase "keeping it holy" is derived from the Hebrew "לְקַדְּשׁוֹ" (leqadsho), which means to sanctify or set apart. Holiness in the biblical sense involves separation from the ordinary and dedication to God. The Sabbath is not just a day of rest but a sacred time dedicated to worship and reflection on God's goodness. This sanctification of the Sabbath is a call to align one's life with God's purposes, recognizing His sovereignty and grace. The act of keeping the Sabbath holy is a testament to the believer's commitment to live according to God's design, setting aside worldly concerns to focus on spiritual renewal and community worship.

Six days
The phrase "Six days" refers to the period of time that God has ordained for human labor. In the Hebrew context, the word for "days" is "yom," which can mean a literal 24-hour day. This aligns with the creation account in Genesis, where God created the world in six days and rested on the seventh. Historically, this sets a rhythm for human life, emphasizing the importance of work while also pointing to the necessity of rest. The six-day workweek is a divine pattern that reflects God's own creative activity, underscoring the dignity and purpose of human labor.

you shall labor
The command "you shall labor" is an imperative that highlights the expectation of work as a fundamental aspect of human existence. The Hebrew word for "labor" is "abad," which can also mean to serve or to work. This suggests that work is not merely a means of survival but a form of service and stewardship of God's creation. From a conservative Christian perspective, labor is seen as a God-given duty that allows individuals to contribute to society, provide for their families, and glorify God through their efforts.

and do all your work
The phrase "and do all your work" emphasizes the completion and fulfillment of one's responsibilities within the six-day period. The Hebrew word for "work" is "melakah," which encompasses all forms of labor, whether physical, mental, or spiritual. This comprehensive view of work suggests that every task, no matter how small, is significant and should be done with diligence and integrity. In the broader biblical context, this phrase encourages believers to be industrious and faithful in their vocations, reflecting God's character in their daily lives.

but the seventh day
The phrase "the seventh day" refers to the culmination of the week, a day set apart by God Himself during the creation narrative in Genesis. The Hebrew word for "seventh" is "שְׁבִיעִי" (shevi'i), which is derived from the root "שֶׁבַע" (sheva), meaning "seven." This number often symbolizes completeness and perfection in the Bible, reflecting God's perfect creation. The seventh day is a reminder of God's rest after creation, inviting His people to enter into His rest and reflect on His sovereignty and provision.

is a Sabbath
"Sabbath" comes from the Hebrew word "שַׁבָּת" (Shabbat), meaning "rest" or "cessation." The Sabbath is a holy day of rest instituted by God, serving as a sign of the covenant between God and Israel (Exodus 31:16-17). It is a day to cease from labor and to focus on spiritual renewal and worship. The Sabbath underscores the importance of rest in God's design for humanity, reminding believers of their dependence on God rather than their own efforts.

to the LORD your God
This phrase emphasizes that the Sabbath is dedicated to "the LORD your God," highlighting the personal relationship between God and His people. The name "LORD" in Hebrew is "יְהוָה" (YHWH), the covenant name of God, signifying His eternal presence and faithfulness. The Sabbath is not merely a day of physical rest but a day of spiritual devotion and acknowledgment of God's lordship and provision.

on that day you must not do any work
The command "you must not do any work" is a direct instruction to cease from all forms of labor. The Hebrew word for "work" is "מְלָאכָה" (melachah), which refers to occupational or creative work. This cessation from work is a tangible expression of trust in God's provision, recognizing that life and sustenance come from Him, not from human effort. It is a call to prioritize spiritual matters over material concerns.

neither you, nor your son or daughter
This phrase extends the command to rest to one's immediate family, emphasizing the communal aspect of the Sabbath. It is not only an individual practice but a family and community observance. By including "son or daughter," the command ensures that the next generation is taught the importance of rest and worship, instilling values of faith and obedience to God.

nor your manservant or maidservant
The inclusion of "manservant or maidservant" highlights the egalitarian nature of the Sabbath command. In a society where servants were often required to work tirelessly, the Sabbath provided them with rest and dignity. This reflects God's justice and compassion, ensuring that all people, regardless of social status, experience rest and renewal.

nor your livestock
Even "livestock" are to rest on the Sabbath, demonstrating God's care for all creation. The Hebrew word for "livestock" is "בְּהֵמָה" (behemah), which includes domestic animals used for labor. This provision underscores the holistic nature of God's commandments, which extend mercy and rest to all living creatures, reflecting His character as Creator and Sustainer.

nor the foreigner within your gates
The phrase "foreigner within your gates" refers to non-Israelites residing among the Israelites. By including foreigners, the Sabbath command extends God's grace and rest beyond ethnic and national boundaries. It is a testament to the inclusivity of God's covenant, inviting all people to experience His rest and blessing. This foreshadows the New Testament revelation of God's salvation being available to all nations through Christ.

For in six days
The phrase "for in six days" emphasizes the literal interpretation of the creation account, which is foundational to a conservative Christian perspective. The Hebrew word for "days" is "yom," which in this context is understood as a 24-hour period. This interpretation aligns with the traditional view that God created the universe in six literal days, underscoring His omnipotence and the intentionality of His creative work.

the LORD made
The term "LORD" is translated from the Hebrew "YHWH," the sacred and personal name of God, signifying His eternal existence and covenant relationship with His people. "Made" comes from the Hebrew "asah," indicating purposeful action and craftsmanship. This highlights God's role as the divine Creator, who intentionally and skillfully brought the universe into existence.

the heavens and the earth
This phrase encompasses the totality of creation, with "heavens" referring to the sky and celestial bodies, and "earth" to the terrestrial realm. The Hebrew words "shamayim" (heavens) and "erets" (earth) reflect the comprehensive scope of God's creative work, affirming His sovereignty over all creation.

the sea and all that is in them
The inclusion of "the sea and all that is in them" emphasizes the diversity and complexity of life created by God. The Hebrew word "yam" (sea) often symbolizes chaos, yet here it is shown as part of God's ordered creation. This demonstrates God's authority over all elements of nature, bringing order and life from chaos.

but on the seventh day He rested
The phrase "on the seventh day He rested" introduces the concept of divine rest, with "rested" derived from the Hebrew "shabath," meaning to cease or desist. This rest is not due to fatigue but signifies completion and satisfaction in the work done. It sets a divine pattern for humanity, highlighting the importance of rest and reflection.

Therefore the LORD blessed the Sabbath day
"Blessed" comes from the Hebrew "barak," indicating a divine favor and sanctification. The "Sabbath day" is set apart as a day of rest and worship, rooted in the creation narrative. This blessing underscores the Sabbath's significance as a time for spiritual renewal and connection with God.

and set it apart as holy
The phrase "set it apart as holy" uses the Hebrew "qadash," meaning to consecrate or sanctify. This denotes the Sabbath as distinct and sacred, a day dedicated to God. It serves as a perpetual reminder of God's creative power and His covenant relationship with His people, calling them to live in holiness and reverence.

Honor your father and your mother
The Hebrew word for "honor" is "כַּבֵּד" (kabbed), which carries the connotation of giving weight or significance to someone. In the ancient Near Eastern context, this commandment underscores the importance of family structure and respect for parental authority. The family was the primary unit of society, and honoring parents was seen as foundational to maintaining social order and stability. This commandment is not merely about obedience but involves a deep respect and care for one's parents, acknowledging their role and sacrifices. In a broader sense, it reflects the respect due to God, as parents are seen as His representatives in the family.

so that your days may be long
This phrase suggests a promise of longevity and well-being as a result of honoring one's parents. In the Hebrew culture, long life was considered a blessing from God, often associated with righteousness and obedience to His commandments. The promise here is not just individual but communal, implying that a society that respects and honors its elders will thrive and endure. This reflects the biblical principle that obedience to God's commandments brings blessings, both spiritual and material.

in the land
The "land" refers to the Promised Land, Canaan, which God was giving to the Israelites. This land was not just a physical territory but a place of divine promise and blessing. The Israelites' possession and enjoyment of the land were contingent upon their obedience to God's laws, including the honoring of parents. This phrase emphasizes the connection between spiritual obedience and physical blessings, a recurring theme in the Old Testament.

that the LORD your God is giving you
This phrase highlights the sovereignty and grace of God in providing the land to the Israelites. The use of "LORD" (YHWH) underscores the covenant relationship between God and His people. It is a reminder that the land is a gift from God, not something earned by the Israelites' own efforts. This divine gift comes with responsibilities, including the command to honor one's parents. The phrase also serves as a reminder of God's faithfulness to His promises, as He fulfills His covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob by giving their descendants the land.

You shall not
This phrase is a direct command from God, emphasizing the imperative nature of the instruction. In Hebrew, the phrase is "לֹא תִּרְצָח" (lo tirtzach), which is a clear prohibition. The use of "shall not" indicates a divine mandate that is non-negotiable and absolute. It reflects the moral law that God has inscribed upon the hearts of humanity, underscoring the sanctity of life. This command is part of the Decalogue, or Ten Commandments, which were given to Moses on Mount Sinai. The Decalogue serves as a foundational ethical code for both ancient Israel and for Christians today, highlighting the importance of obedience to God's laws as a reflection of one's covenant relationship with Him.

murder
The Hebrew word used here is "רָצַח" (ratsach), which specifically refers to unlawful killing. It is important to distinguish this from other forms of killing mentioned in the Bible, such as those that occur in war or as capital punishment, which are treated differently in the scriptural context. The prohibition against murder is rooted in the belief that human life is sacred because humans are made in the image of God (Genesis 1:27). This commandment underscores the value God places on life and the responsibility humans have to protect and honor it. Historically, this commandment has been foundational in shaping legal systems and moral codes, emphasizing the inherent dignity and worth of every individual. In a broader theological context, this commandment calls believers to respect life in all its forms and to seek peace and reconciliation, reflecting the heart of God who desires life and not death.

You shall not commit adultery
You
The commandment begins with a direct address, emphasizing personal responsibility. In Hebrew, the word used is "אַתָּה" (atah), which is singular, indicating that this command is directed to each individual personally. This personal address underscores the importance of personal accountability before God. It reminds believers that God's laws are not just for the community as a whole but for each person to uphold in their own life.

shall not
This phrase is a clear prohibition. The Hebrew "לֹא" (lo) is a strong negative, indicating an absolute prohibition. It is not a suggestion or a guideline but a command. This reflects the seriousness with which God views the sanctity of marriage and the faithfulness required within it. The use of "shall not" conveys the timeless and unchanging nature of God's moral law.

commit
The verb "commit" in Hebrew is "תִּנְאָף" (tin'af), which is in the imperfect tense, suggesting an ongoing or repeated action. This highlights that the commandment is not just against a one-time act but against any ongoing behavior or lifestyle that involves adultery. It calls for a continuous commitment to purity and faithfulness in marriage.

adultery
The term "adultery" in Hebrew is "נָאַף" (na'af), which specifically refers to a married person engaging in sexual relations with someone other than their spouse. In the ancient Near Eastern context, adultery was seen as a serious offense, not only against one's spouse but also against the social order and, most importantly, against God. Adultery undermines the covenant relationship that marriage represents, which is a reflection of God's covenant with His people. In the broader biblical narrative, adultery is often used metaphorically to describe unfaithfulness to God, highlighting the spiritual implications of this commandment. The prohibition against adultery is a call to uphold the sanctity of marriage, reflecting God's design for human relationships and His desire for faithfulness and integrity.

You shall not
This phrase is a direct command from God, emphasizing the imperative nature of the instruction. In Hebrew, the phrase is "לֹא תִּגְנֹב" (lo tignov), where "lo" is a strong negative particle meaning "no" or "not," and "tignov" is the verb form for "steal." The use of "shall not" indicates a clear prohibition, leaving no room for ambiguity or negotiation. This command is part of the Decalogue, or Ten Commandments, which were given to Moses on Mount Sinai. These commandments form the moral foundation for the Israelites and, by extension, for Judeo-Christian ethics. The imperative nature of "shall not" underscores the seriousness with which God views the act of stealing, highlighting the expectation of obedience from His people.

steal
The Hebrew root for "steal" is "גנב" (ganav), which means to take something secretly or by stealth. This commandment addresses the unlawful taking of another's property, which is a violation of trust and respect for one's neighbor. In the ancient Near Eastern context, property was often tied to one's livelihood and survival, making theft a severe offense that could endanger the well-being of individuals and families. The prohibition against stealing is not merely about the physical act but also about the heart's intent. It calls for integrity, honesty, and respect for others' rights and possessions. In a broader sense, this commandment encourages believers to cultivate a spirit of contentment and gratitude, recognizing that all provisions ultimately come from God. The act of stealing is not just a crime against another person but a sin against God, who is the ultimate provider and owner of all things. This commandment invites believers to trust in God's provision and to live in a way that reflects His justice and righteousness.

You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor
You shall not
This phrase is a direct command from God, emphasizing the imperative nature of the instruction. In Hebrew, the word "lo" (לֹא) is used for "not," which is a strong negation. The use of "shall" indicates a future-oriented command, suggesting that this is an ongoing expectation for the people of God. It is not merely a suggestion but a divine mandate that reflects God's desire for His people to live in truth and integrity.

bear false witness
The Hebrew word for "bear" is "anah" (עָנָה), which can mean to answer, respond, or testify. "False witness" is derived from "sheqer" (שֶׁקֶר), meaning deception or lie. This phrase specifically addresses the act of giving false testimony, particularly in a legal context. In ancient Israel, the legal system relied heavily on the testimony of witnesses, and bearing false witness could lead to grave injustices. This command underscores the importance of truthfulness and integrity in maintaining justice and righteousness within the community.

against your neighbor
The term "neighbor" in Hebrew is "rea" (רֵעַ), which can refer to a friend, companion, or fellow member of the community. This phrase highlights the relational aspect of the command. It is not just about legal proceedings but about maintaining trust and harmony within the community. In a broader sense, it calls believers to love and respect one another, as falsehood can damage relationships and community cohesion. The commandment reflects the heart of God for His people to live in truth and love, fostering a community where justice and righteousness prevail.

You shall not covet
The Hebrew word for "covet" is "חָמַד" (chamad), which means to desire or take pleasure in something. This commandment addresses the internal attitude of the heart, emphasizing that sin begins with our thoughts and desires. In a conservative Christian perspective, this highlights the importance of guarding one's heart and mind against sinful desires, as they can lead to actions that violate God's commandments. The New Testament echoes this sentiment, teaching believers to be content with what they have (Hebrews 13:5).

your neighbor’s house
The term "house" in ancient Israelite culture encompassed not just the physical dwelling but also the household, including family and possessions. This phrase underscores the respect for another's property and the recognition of God's provision for each individual. It calls believers to trust in God's sovereignty and provision, rather than longing for what He has given to others.

your neighbor’s wife
This phrase highlights the sanctity of marriage and the importance of fidelity. The desire for another's spouse is a direct violation of the marital covenant, which is sacred and ordained by God. In a conservative Christian view, this commandment reinforces the value of marriage as a reflection of Christ's relationship with the Church (Ephesians 5:25-33).

or his manservant or maidservant
In the historical context, servants were considered part of a household's wealth and productivity. This commandment acknowledges the dignity and rights of individuals within the social structure of the time. It calls for respect and contentment, recognizing that every person is created in the image of God and should not be objectified or envied.

his ox or donkey
These animals were essential for agricultural work and transportation, representing a person's livelihood and means of sustenance. The commandment to not covet these animals is a call to respect another's means of making a living. It encourages believers to be grateful for their own provisions and to trust in God's faithfulness to meet their needs.

or anything that belongs to your neighbor
This comprehensive phrase serves as a catch-all, emphasizing that covetousness can extend to any aspect of another's life or possessions. It challenges believers to examine their hearts for any form of envy or discontentment. In a conservative Christian perspective, this commandment is a call to live a life of gratitude, recognizing that every good and perfect gift comes from God (James 1:17).

When all the people
This phrase emphasizes the collective experience of the Israelites. The Hebrew word for "people" is "עָם" (am), which often refers to a community bound by shared identity and covenant with God. This communal aspect underscores the unity and shared responsibility of the Israelites as they encounter God's presence. It reminds us that faith is not just an individual journey but a collective experience within the body of believers.

witnessed
The Hebrew root for "witnessed" is "רָאָה" (ra'ah), meaning to see or perceive. This is not merely a physical sight but a profound spiritual perception. The Israelites are not just observing a natural phenomenon; they are perceiving the divine manifestation of God's power and holiness. This witnessing calls for a response, inviting believers to recognize and revere God's majesty in their lives.

the thunder and lightning
The thunder and lightning are manifestations of God's power and presence. In Hebrew, "thunder" is "קוֹל" (qol), which can also mean "voice," suggesting that the natural elements are expressions of God's voice. "Lightning" is "בָּרָק" (baraq), symbolizing divine illumination and revelation. These elements serve as a reminder of God's awe-inspiring power and the reverence due to Him.

the sound of the trumpet
The "trumpet" here is "שׁוֹפָר" (shofar) in Hebrew, an instrument made from a ram's horn. The shofar is often associated with significant religious events, such as the giving of the Law at Sinai and the call to repentance. Its sound signifies a divine summons, calling the people to attention and readiness to receive God's commandments. It is a call to spiritual awakening and obedience.

and the mountain in smoke
The "mountain in smoke" signifies the holiness and unapproachable nature of God. The Hebrew word for "smoke" is "עָשָׁן" (ashan), which often accompanies divine presence, as seen in other theophanies. This imagery conveys the idea of God's glory and the mystery surrounding His presence. It serves as a reminder of the sacredness of God's covenant and the reverence required in approaching Him.

they trembled
The reaction of trembling, from the Hebrew "נָעַר" (na'ar), indicates fear and awe. This response is appropriate in the presence of the Almighty, reflecting a deep recognition of God's holiness and power. It is a physical manifestation of reverence, reminding believers of the importance of a humble and contrite heart before God.

and stood at a distance
The phrase "stood at a distance" highlights the separation between the holy God and sinful humanity. The Hebrew "רָחֹק" (rachoq) means far off, indicating the people's awareness of their unworthiness to approach God. This distance underscores the need for a mediator, ultimately fulfilled in Jesus Christ, who bridges the gap between God and humanity, allowing believers to draw near with confidence.

Speak to us yourself
This phrase reflects the Israelites' desire for an intermediary between themselves and God. The Hebrew root for "speak" is "דָּבַר" (dabar), which means to declare or converse. Historically, this request underscores the fear and reverence the Israelites had for God's direct presence, which was manifested in thunder, lightning, and the sound of the trumpet on Mount Sinai. This moment highlights the role of Moses as a prophet and mediator, a foreshadowing of Christ as the ultimate mediator between God and humanity.

and we will listen
The Hebrew word for "listen" is "שָׁמַע" (shama), which implies not just hearing but obeying. This commitment to listen signifies a willingness to adhere to the covenant and commandments given by God through Moses. It reflects a moment of submission and recognition of divine authority, emphasizing the importance of obedience in the covenant relationship with God.

they said to Moses
This phrase indicates the collective voice of the Israelites, speaking through their leader. Moses, whose name in Hebrew is "מֹשֶׁה" (Moshe), is a central figure in the Exodus narrative. His role as a leader and prophet is crucial, as he acts as the intermediary who conveys God's laws and guidance to the people. This highlights the importance of godly leadership and the responsibility of leaders to faithfully communicate God's word.

But do not let God speak to us
The fear of direct communication with God is evident here. The Israelites' request stems from a deep sense of awe and fear of God's holiness and power. This fear is not unfounded, as earlier in Exodus 19, the mountain trembled, and the people were warned not to approach it. This phrase underscores the transcendence of God and the human recognition of their own unworthiness and sinfulness in His presence.

or we will die
The fear of death upon hearing God's voice directly is rooted in the understanding of God's holiness and the sinful nature of humanity. In the ancient Near Eastern context, encountering the divine was often associated with danger and mortality. This phrase reflects the biblical theme that no one can see God and live (Exodus 33:20). It serves as a reminder of the need for a mediator, which in the New Testament is fulfilled in Jesus Christ, who bridges the gap between a holy God and sinful humanity.

Do not be afraid
This phrase begins with a comforting assurance from Moses to the Israelites. The Hebrew root for "afraid" is יָרֵא (yare), which can mean fear, reverence, or awe. In this context, Moses is addressing the natural human reaction to the divine presence and the terrifying phenomena they witnessed at Mount Sinai. Historically, fear was a common response to divine encounters, as seen in other biblical narratives. Moses reassures the people that their fear should not lead to terror but to a deeper understanding of God's holiness and power.

Moses replied
This indicates Moses' role as a mediator between God and the Israelites. Moses, whose name in Hebrew is מֹשֶׁה (Moshe), is a central figure in the Exodus narrative. His leadership and prophetic role are crucial as he communicates God's will to the people. The historical context here is significant, as Moses is seen as a type of Christ in Christian theology, foreshadowing the ultimate mediator between God and humanity.

for God has come to test you
The word "test" comes from the Hebrew נָסָה (nasah), which means to try, prove, or test. This testing is not for God's benefit but for the people's growth and maturity in faith. In the biblical narrative, tests are often used by God to refine and strengthen His people, as seen in the accounts of Abraham and Job. Theologically, this reflects the idea that trials can lead to spiritual growth and a deeper reliance on God.

so that the fear of Him
Here, "fear" again uses the Hebrew יִרְאָה (yirah), which encompasses both fear and reverence. This fear is not meant to be paralyzing but to instill a sense of awe and respect for God's majesty and authority. In the broader scriptural context, the fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom (Proverbs 9:10), indicating that a proper understanding of God's nature leads to wise living.

may be before you
This phrase suggests that the fear of God should be ever-present in the lives of the Israelites. The Hebrew word לְפָנֶיךָ (lefanekha) means "before you" or "in your presence," implying that this reverence should guide their actions and decisions. Historically, the Israelites were called to be a distinct people, set apart by their relationship with God, and this reverence was to be a constant reminder of their covenant with Him.

to keep you from sinning
The purpose of this fear and testing is ultimately to prevent sin. The Hebrew word for sinning, חָטָא (chata), means to miss the mark or go astray. In the biblical context, sin is a deviation from God's will and commands. Theologically, this reflects the idea that a healthy fear of God leads to obedience and holiness. The historical context of the Israelites receiving the Law at Sinai underscores the importance of living according to God's standards as His chosen people.

And the people stood at a distance
This phrase captures the awe and reverence the Israelites felt in the presence of God's holiness. The Hebrew word for "stood" (עָמַד, 'amad) implies a firm, deliberate stance, indicating the people's conscious decision to remain at a safe distance. This reflects a common biblical theme where humanity recognizes its own unworthiness in the face of divine majesty. Historically, this moment follows the giving of the Ten Commandments, a pivotal event that underscores the covenant relationship between God and Israel. The people's distance signifies both respect and fear, acknowledging God's transcendence and the seriousness of His law.

as Moses approached
Moses, as the mediator between God and the Israelites, plays a crucial role in this narrative. The Hebrew root for "approached" (נָגַשׁ, nagash) suggests drawing near with purpose and intent. Moses' willingness to enter the divine presence highlights his unique relationship with God and his role as a leader and intercessor. This act of approaching God is emblematic of the faith and courage required to stand in the gap for others, a theme that resonates throughout Scripture. Moses' approach is not just physical but also spiritual, symbolizing his deep commitment to God's mission.

the thick darkness
The "thick darkness" (עֲרָפֶל, 'araphel) is a profound image that conveys both mystery and majesty. In the ancient Near Eastern context, darkness often symbolized the unknown and the divine. Here, it represents the impenetrable nature of God's presence, which is both awe-inspiring and fearsome. This darkness is not the absence of God but rather the fullness of His presence, a paradox that invites deeper reflection on the nature of divine revelation. Theologically, it suggests that God's ways are beyond human comprehension, yet He chooses to reveal Himself in ways that draw us into deeper relationship.

where God was
This phrase affirms the reality of God's presence in the midst of His people, even when shrouded in mystery. The Hebrew word for "God" (אֱלֹהִים, Elohim) is a plural form that denotes majesty and power, emphasizing His sovereignty and authority. The location of God in the "thick darkness" challenges the Israelites—and us—to trust in His presence even when it is not fully understood or visible. This moment foreshadows the ultimate revelation of God in Jesus Christ, who bridges the gap between the divine and human, bringing light into the darkness. The assurance of God's presence, even in obscurity, is a source of hope and strength for believers, encouraging us to draw near in faith.

Then the LORD said to Moses
The phrase begins with "Then," indicating a continuation of the narrative following the giving of the Ten Commandments. "The LORD" is the English representation of the Hebrew name Yahweh, the covenantal name of God, emphasizing His eternal and self-existent nature. This divine communication underscores the unique relationship between God and Moses, who serves as the mediator between God and the Israelites. Historically, Moses is a central figure in the Exodus narrative, chosen by God to lead His people out of Egypt. The direct communication from God to Moses highlights the authority and authenticity of the message that follows.

This is what you are to say to the Israelites
God instructs Moses on what to communicate to the Israelites, emphasizing the importance of Moses' role as a prophet and leader. The Israelites, descendants of Jacob, are the chosen people of God, set apart to be a holy nation. This phrase underscores the responsibility of Moses to accurately convey God's words, reflecting the broader biblical theme of divine revelation and human responsibility. The historical context here is significant, as the Israelites are at Mount Sinai, having just received the Ten Commandments, which form the foundation of their covenant relationship with God.

You have seen for yourselves
This phrase emphasizes the experiential aspect of the Israelites' encounter with God. They have witnessed the divine presence through miraculous signs and wonders, such as the thunder, lightning, and the sound of the trumpet at Mount Sinai. The Hebrew root for "seen" (ראה, ra'ah) implies not just physical sight but also understanding and perception. This direct experience serves to strengthen their faith and commitment to the covenant, as they are firsthand witnesses to God's power and authority.

that I have spoken to you from heaven
God's declaration that He has spoken "from heaven" highlights the divine origin and authority of His message. The concept of heaven in the Hebrew Bible often represents the dwelling place of God, signifying His transcendence and sovereignty. This phrase reassures the Israelites of the divine source of the commandments and laws they have received. The historical and theological context here is crucial, as it distinguishes the God of Israel from the gods of surrounding nations, who were often associated with earthly representations. The Israelites' understanding of God as speaking from heaven reinforces His uniqueness and the seriousness of their covenant obligations.

You are not to make any gods alongside Me
This phrase begins with a direct command from God, emphasizing the exclusivity of worship that He demands. The Hebrew word for "gods" here is "elohim," which can refer to deities or powerful beings. In the context of ancient Israel, surrounded by polytheistic cultures, this command underscores the monotheistic foundation of the Israelite faith. The phrase "alongside Me" highlights the unique and unparalleled position of Yahweh as the one true God. Historically, this command served as a safeguard against syncretism, the blending of Yahweh worship with the worship of other deities, which was a constant temptation for the Israelites.

you are not to make for yourselves gods of silver or gold
The prohibition against creating "gods of silver or gold" speaks to the tangible, material nature of idols that were prevalent in the ancient Near East. The Hebrew words for "silver" (kesef) and "gold" (zahav) indicate wealth and beauty, which were often associated with divine images. This commandment is not just about the physical act of crafting idols but also addresses the heart's inclination to trust in material wealth and beauty as sources of security and power. The historical context reveals that such idols were common in surrounding cultures, serving as a constant temptation for the Israelites to abandon their covenant with Yahweh. This commandment calls believers to a higher standard of faith, one that relies solely on the invisible, yet all-powerful, God of Israel.

You are to make an altar of earth for Me
The instruction to make an "altar of earth" emphasizes simplicity and humility in worship. The Hebrew word for "altar" is "mizbeach," which signifies a place of sacrifice and offering. This command reflects God's desire for genuine worship that is not dependent on elaborate structures but on the heart's posture. Historically, altars were central to worship in ancient cultures, serving as a tangible connection between the divine and humanity. The use of "earth" (Hebrew: "adamah") underscores the connection to creation, reminding worshippers of their origins and dependence on God.

and sacrifice on it your burnt offerings and peace offerings
"Burnt offerings" (Hebrew: "olah") were offerings completely consumed by fire, symbolizing total devotion and surrender to God. "Peace offerings" (Hebrew: "shelamim") were offerings of thanksgiving and fellowship, representing reconciliation and communion with God. These offerings highlight the dual aspects of worship: complete dedication and joyful fellowship. The sacrificial system foreshadows the ultimate sacrifice of Christ, who fulfills and transcends these offerings.

your sheep and goats and cattle
The mention of "sheep and goats and cattle" indicates the variety of acceptable offerings, reflecting the agrarian lifestyle of the Israelites. Each animal had specific symbolic meanings and uses in sacrificial practices. Sheep and goats were common sacrificial animals, representing innocence and substitution, while cattle were valuable assets, symbolizing significant sacrifice and devotion. This diversity in offerings allowed individuals of varying means to participate in worship, emphasizing inclusivity in the covenant community.

Wherever I cause My name to be remembered
The phrase "cause My name to be remembered" signifies God's presence and the establishment of His covenant relationship with His people. In Hebrew culture, a name represented one's character and authority. God's name being remembered implies His active involvement and the acknowledgment of His sovereignty. This phrase also points to the future establishment of the temple in Jerusalem, where God's name would dwell permanently.

I will come to you and bless you
The promise "I will come to you and bless you" assures the Israelites of God's presence and favor. The Hebrew word for "bless" (barak) conveys the idea of divine favor, prosperity, and well-being. This promise is contingent upon obedience and proper worship, highlighting the covenantal relationship between God and His people. The ultimate blessing is found in the presence of God Himself, which is the source of all true prosperity and peace. This assurance foreshadows the New Testament promise of God's presence through the Holy Spirit in the lives of believers.

Now if you make an altar of stones for Me
The phrase begins with a conditional "if," indicating a choice or option given to the Israelites. The "altar of stones" refers to a place of worship and sacrifice, a central element in the religious life of ancient Israel. The Hebrew word for altar, "mizbeach," is derived from the root "zabach," meaning to sacrifice. This highlights the altar's primary function as a place of offering to God. The use of "stones" suggests a natural, unaltered state, emphasizing purity and simplicity in worship. Historically, altars were often made from materials readily available in the environment, reflecting a connection to the land God provided.

you must not build it with cut stones
The prohibition against using "cut stones" underscores the importance of maintaining the altar's natural state. The Hebrew word for "cut" is "gazit," which implies hewn or shaped by human tools. This command suggests that human intervention, symbolized by cutting or shaping, could introduce impurity or pride into the act of worship. Theologically, this can be seen as a call to humility, reminding worshippers that their offerings should be free from human pride or embellishment. The use of uncut stones also reflects a reliance on God's creation as it is, without human alteration.

for if you use a chisel on it
The "chisel" represents human craftsmanship and effort. In the ancient Near Eastern context, tools were often associated with human skill and technological advancement. However, in this verse, the use of a chisel is seen as a potential source of defilement. The Hebrew word "charab" for "chisel" can also mean to destroy or ruin, suggesting that human interference could corrupt the sanctity of the altar. This serves as a metaphor for the broader spiritual principle that human efforts should not overshadow divine grace and provision.

you will defile it
The term "defile" in Hebrew is "chalal," which means to pollute or profane. This strong language indicates the seriousness with which God views the purity of worship. The defilement comes not from the stones themselves but from the act of altering them, symbolizing how human pride and self-reliance can taint spiritual practices. In a broader scriptural context, this reflects the biblical theme of holiness, where God calls His people to be set apart and to approach Him with reverence and humility. The verse serves as a reminder that true worship is about aligning with God's will and not imposing our own.

And you must not go up
This phrase emphasizes a direct command from God, highlighting the importance of obedience in worship practices. The Hebrew root for "go up" is "עָלָה" (alah), which means to ascend or climb. This ascent is not merely physical but also spiritual, indicating that approaching God requires reverence and humility. The command suggests that worship should be approached with a heart of submission, recognizing God's holiness.

to My altar
The altar is a sacred place where sacrifices are offered to God. The possessive "My" signifies God's ownership and the sanctity of the altar. In the ancient Near Eastern context, altars were central to worship, symbolizing a meeting place between God and man. The altar represents God's provision for atonement and fellowship, pointing forward to the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus Christ.

on steps
The use of "steps" refers to a physical structure that elevates the priest or worshiper. In ancient times, many pagan altars were built with steps, often leading to elaborate rituals. God's instruction here is to differentiate Israelite worship from pagan practices, emphasizing simplicity and modesty. The absence of steps symbolizes an approach to God that is grounded and humble, avoiding any form of self-exaltation.

lest your nakedness be exposed
"Nakedness" in this context refers to both physical exposure and spiritual vulnerability. The Hebrew word "עֶרְוָה" (ervah) can denote shame or indecency. This command underscores the importance of modesty and purity in worship. It serves as a reminder that God sees beyond outward appearances, looking at the heart. The exposure of nakedness is symbolic of sin and shame, which God desires to cover through His grace.

on it
The phrase "on it" refers back to the altar, reinforcing the sacredness of the place where God meets His people. The altar is not just a physical structure but a representation of God's presence and holiness. This command serves as a reminder that worship is not about external rituals but about approaching God with a heart of reverence and purity. The altar points to the ultimate sacrifice of Christ, who covers our nakedness and shame with His righteousness.