Now in the church at Antioch
The word "church" here is translated from the Greek "ekklesia," which means a gathering or assembly of believers. Antioch was a significant city in early Christianity, known for being the first place where the followers of Jesus were called "Christians" (Acts 11:26). This highlights the importance of Antioch as a center for early Christian teaching and missionary activity. The church in Antioch was a diverse and vibrant community, reflecting the universal nature of the Gospel.

there were prophets and teachers
The presence of "prophets and teachers" indicates the spiritual maturity and leadership within the Antioch church. Prophets, in the New Testament context, were those who spoke under divine inspiration, providing guidance and revelation from God. Teachers were responsible for instructing the believers in the doctrines of the faith. This dual role of prophecy and teaching was crucial for the edification and growth of the early church, ensuring that the community was both spiritually vibrant and doctrinally sound.

Barnabas
Barnabas, whose name means "son of encouragement" (Acts 4:36), was a Levite from Cyprus. He was known for his generosity and his role in encouraging and supporting other believers, including Saul (Paul). Barnabas played a pivotal role in the early church, particularly in missionary work and in bridging the gap between Jewish and Gentile believers.

Simeon called Niger
The name "Niger" means "black" in Latin, suggesting that Simeon may have been of African descent. This highlights the ethnic diversity within the early church, emphasizing that the Gospel transcends cultural and racial boundaries. Simeon's inclusion in the leadership at Antioch reflects the church's commitment to unity and inclusivity.

Lucius of Cyrene
Cyrene was a city in North Africa, and Lucius is believed to be one of the founders of the church in Antioch (Acts 11:20). His presence in the leadership team underscores the global nature of the early Christian movement, with leaders emerging from various regions and backgrounds to spread the Gospel.

Manaen the childhood companion of Herod the tetrarch
Manaen's connection to Herod Antipas, the tetrarch of Galilee, is significant. Herod was known for his role in the execution of John the Baptist and his involvement in the trial of Jesus. Manaen's conversion and leadership in the church illustrate the transformative power of the Gospel, reaching even those with close ties to political power and influence.

and Saul
Saul, later known as Paul, was a former persecutor of Christians who experienced a dramatic conversion (Acts 9). His inclusion in the Antioch leadership team marks the beginning of his missionary journeys and his significant contribution to the spread of Christianity. Saul's presence in this diverse group of leaders highlights the redemptive work of God in transforming lives for His purposes.

While they were worshiping the Lord and fasting
This phrase sets the scene for a deeply spiritual moment in the early church. The Greek word for "worshiping" here is "leitourgountōn," which implies a public service or ministry. It suggests that their worship was not just a private act but a communal one, reflecting the early church's emphasis on community and shared faith. The act of "fasting" indicates a period of self-denial and spiritual focus, a practice rooted in Jewish tradition and carried into the Christian faith as a means of seeking God's guidance and presence.

the Holy Spirit said
The Holy Spirit's direct communication underscores the active and personal nature of God's guidance in the early church. The Greek term "eipen" (said) indicates a clear and authoritative message. This highlights the belief in the Trinity, where the Holy Spirit is not just a force but a person who speaks and directs. The early church's reliance on the Holy Spirit for direction is a model for believers today, emphasizing the importance of being attuned to the Spirit's leading.

Set apart for Me Barnabas and Saul
The phrase "Set apart" comes from the Greek "aphorisate," meaning to separate or appoint for a specific purpose. This divine selection underscores the concept of calling and mission in the Christian life. Barnabas and Saul (later Paul) were chosen for a unique task, illustrating that God has specific plans for individuals within His church. The mention of "Barnabas and Saul" highlights their partnership in ministry, showing the importance of collaboration in fulfilling God's work.

for the work to which I have called them
The "work" refers to the missionary journey that Barnabas and Saul would undertake, spreading the Gospel to the Gentiles. The Greek word "ergon" (work) implies a task or mission that requires effort and dedication. This calling is not self-initiated but divinely appointed, as indicated by "I have called them." It reflects the belief that God equips and calls individuals to specific roles within His kingdom, and it is through obedience to this calling that His purposes are fulfilled.

So after they had fasted and prayed
The phrase begins with "So," indicating a continuation or result of previous actions. The early church leaders in Antioch were engaged in a spiritual discipline, "fasted and prayed," which reflects a deep commitment to seeking God's guidance. Fasting, from the Greek "nēsteuō," is a voluntary abstinence from food, often associated with seeking divine direction or intervention. Prayer, "proseuchomai" in Greek, signifies a devout petition to God. This combination of fasting and prayer underscores the seriousness and solemnity with which the early church approached decision-making, emphasizing reliance on the Holy Spirit for guidance.

they laid their hands on them
The act of laying hands, "epitithēmi" in Greek, is a significant biblical gesture symbolizing the impartation of blessing, authority, or the Holy Spirit. In the Old Testament, laying on of hands was used in sacrificial rituals and to confer authority, as seen in the appointment of Joshua by Moses (Numbers 27:18-23). In the New Testament, it is often associated with healing, blessing, and commissioning for ministry. Here, it signifies the church's recognition and endorsement of Barnabas and Saul (Paul) for the mission God had called them to. This act of laying hands is a tangible expression of unity and support from the church body.

and sent them off
The phrase "sent them off" comes from the Greek "apoluō," meaning to release or set free. This indicates that Barnabas and Saul were released from their current duties to embark on a new mission. The church in Antioch, under the guidance of the Holy Spirit, recognized the calling of these men and obediently released them to fulfill God's purpose. This sending off is not just a physical departure but a spiritual commissioning, highlighting the church's role in participating in God's mission. It reflects the early church's commitment to spreading the Gospel and the importance of being obedient to the Holy Spirit's leading.

So Barnabas and Saul
This phrase introduces the two key figures in this missionary journey. Barnabas, whose name means "son of encouragement," was a Levite from Cyprus, known for his generosity and leadership in the early church (Acts 4:36-37). Saul, later known as Paul, was a former Pharisee and a zealous convert to Christianity. Their partnership signifies the unity and diversity within the early church, as they combined their unique backgrounds and gifts for the mission.

sent forth by the Holy Spirit
The phrase underscores the divine initiative and guidance in the mission. The Holy Spirit, the third person of the Trinity, plays a crucial role in the book of Acts, empowering and directing the apostles. The Greek word for "sent forth" (ἀποστέλλω, apostellō) implies a commissioning with authority. This highlights that their mission was not of human origin but divinely ordained, emphasizing the importance of spiritual discernment and obedience in Christian ministry.

went down to Seleucia
Seleucia was the port city of Antioch, located about 16 miles away. The journey "down" refers to the geographical descent from the higher elevation of Antioch to the coast. This detail reflects the historical and geographical accuracy of Luke's account, as Seleucia was a significant harbor in the Roman province of Syria. The mention of Seleucia also indicates the strategic planning involved in their mission, as it was a gateway to the Mediterranean.

and sailed from there to Cyprus
Cyprus, an island in the eastern Mediterranean, was Barnabas's homeland (Acts 4:36). The decision to begin their mission in Cyprus may have been influenced by Barnabas's familiarity with the region and its people. Cyprus was a Roman province with a diverse population, including Jews and Gentiles, making it a fitting starting point for their outreach. The act of sailing signifies the beginning of a new phase in the spread of the Gospel, as the message of Christ began to reach beyond the mainland to the islands and eventually to the ends of the earth.

When they arrived at Salamis
The phrase "when they arrived" indicates a purposeful journey, emphasizing the missionary zeal of Paul and Barnabas. Salamis, located on the eastern coast of Cyprus, was a significant city in the ancient world, known for its strategic location and bustling trade. The choice of Salamis as a starting point for their mission underscores the importance of reaching influential urban centers with the Gospel. Historically, Cyprus had a substantial Jewish population, making it a strategic location for the early Christian mission.

they proclaimed the word of God
The act of proclaiming "the word of God" highlights the central mission of the apostles: to spread the Gospel message. The Greek term for "proclaimed" (κηρύσσω, kēryssō) conveys the idea of a herald announcing important news. This proclamation was not merely a casual conversation but a bold declaration of the transformative message of Jesus Christ. The "word of God" refers to the teachings and life of Jesus, as well as the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies, which the apostles were eager to share with both Jews and Gentiles.

in the Jewish synagogues
The synagogue was the heart of Jewish religious life, serving as a place of worship, teaching, and community gathering. By choosing to begin their ministry in the synagogues, Paul and Barnabas were following a strategic approach to reach the Jewish community first, in line with the principle of "to the Jew first" (Romans 1:16). This approach also provided a platform to engage with those who were already familiar with the Scriptures, allowing the apostles to demonstrate how Jesus fulfilled the Messianic prophecies.

And John was with them as their helper
John, also known as John Mark, was a relative of Barnabas and an early companion in the missionary work. The term "helper" (ὑπηρέτης, hypēretēs) suggests a role of service and support, indicating that John Mark was there to assist in the practical and logistical aspects of the mission. His presence underscores the importance of teamwork and collaboration in ministry. Although John Mark's journey with Paul and Barnabas would later encounter challenges, his initial involvement highlights the communal nature of the early Christian mission and the diverse roles within it.

They traveled through the whole island
This phrase indicates the comprehensive nature of Paul and Barnabas's missionary journey across Cyprus. The Greek word for "traveled" (διέρχομαι, dierchomai) suggests a thorough and intentional journey, emphasizing their commitment to spreading the Gospel. Historically, Cyprus was a significant location in the ancient world, known for its strategic position in the Mediterranean. The phrase "whole island" underscores the missionaries' dedication to ensuring that every part of Cyprus heard the message of Christ, reflecting the Great Commission's call to reach all nations.

as far as Paphos
Paphos was a major city on the western coast of Cyprus, known for its worship of the goddess Aphrodite. The journey "as far as Paphos" signifies reaching a cultural and religious hub, where the Gospel would confront prevailing pagan beliefs. The Greek term for "as far as" (ἄχρι, achri) implies reaching a boundary or limit, suggesting that Paphos was a significant endpoint in their mission on the island. This highlights the strategic approach of Paul and Barnabas in targeting influential cities to maximize the impact of their ministry.

they came upon a certain sorcerer
The phrase "came upon" (εὑρίσκω, heuriskō) indicates an encounter that was both unexpected and divinely orchestrated. The term "sorcerer" (μάγος, magos) refers to a practitioner of magic or a false prophet, often associated with deception and opposition to God's truth. In the historical context, sorcery was prevalent in the Greco-Roman world, and such individuals often held significant influence. This encounter sets the stage for a spiritual confrontation, illustrating the power of the Gospel to challenge and overcome falsehood.

a Jewish false prophet named Bar-Jesus
The description "Jewish false prophet" is significant, as it highlights the syncretism and corruption of true Jewish teachings by individuals like Bar-Jesus. The name "Bar-Jesus" means "son of Jesus" or "son of Joshua," which is ironic given his opposition to the message of Jesus Christ. This juxtaposition serves as a reminder of the spiritual battle between truth and deception. The presence of a "false prophet" within the Jewish community underscores the challenges faced by the early church in distinguishing the true Gospel from distorted teachings.

who was with the proconsul
The term "proconsul" refers to a Roman official who governed a senatorial province. In the context of the Roman Empire, proconsuls were typically former consuls who had completed their term in Rome and were then appointed to govern a province. This highlights the political structure of the time and the influence Rome had over its territories. The presence of a proconsul in the narrative underscores the reach of the Gospel into the highest echelons of society, demonstrating that the message of Christ was not limited to the poor or marginalized but was also penetrating the corridors of power.

Sergius Paulus
Sergius Paulus is identified by name, which is significant in the historical context. The mention of a specific name suggests a real historical figure, lending credibility to the account. Archaeological evidence, such as inscriptions found in Cyprus, supports the existence of a proconsul named Sergius Paulus, providing a tangible connection between the biblical narrative and historical records. This serves to affirm the reliability of the Scriptures and the historical accuracy of the Acts of the Apostles.

an intelligent man
The description of Sergius Paulus as "an intelligent man" indicates his openness to new ideas and his capacity for discernment. In the Greek, the word used here is "sophos," which can denote wisdom or intelligence. This suggests that Sergius Paulus was not only educated but also wise in seeking truth. His intelligence led him to be curious about the teachings of Barnabas and Saul, showing that the Gospel appeals to both the heart and the mind.

The proconsul summoned Barnabas and Saul
The act of summoning Barnabas and Saul demonstrates the proconsul's authority and his genuine interest in their message. This is a pivotal moment, as it shows the proactive steps taken by a Roman official to engage with the Christian faith. The use of the word "summoned" implies a formal request, indicating the seriousness with which Sergius Paulus approached this inquiry. It also highlights the role of Barnabas and Saul as ambassadors of the Gospel, ready to present the message of Christ to anyone who seeks it.

because he wanted to hear the word of God
This phrase reveals the proconsul's motivation and spiritual hunger. The "word of God" refers to the message of salvation through Jesus Christ, which Barnabas and Saul were proclaiming. The desire to "hear" suggests an openness and readiness to receive divine truth. In the broader scriptural context, hearing the word of God is often associated with faith and transformation (Romans 10:17). Sergius Paulus's desire to hear the word indicates a heart that is being drawn by the Holy Spirit, illustrating the universal call of the Gospel to all people, regardless of their status or background.

But Elymas the sorcerer
The name "Elymas" is a transliteration of an Arabic or Aramaic word meaning "wise man" or "sorcerer." In the context of Acts 13:8, Elymas is identified as a magician or sorcerer, which indicates his involvement in practices that were contrary to the teachings of the early Christian church. The term "sorcerer" suggests a person who uses magic or witchcraft, often associated with deception and opposition to God's truth. Historically, sorcery was prevalent in the ancient world, and it was often condemned in Jewish and Christian teachings as it led people away from the worship of the one true God.

opposed them
The phrase "opposed them" indicates active resistance and hostility. Elymas's opposition was not passive; he took deliberate steps to counter the message of Paul and Barnabas. This opposition is significant as it highlights the spiritual warfare that the early church faced. The Greek word used here, "anthistemi," means to set oneself against or to withstand. This reflects the broader theme in Acts of the gospel encountering resistance as it spreads, yet ultimately prevailing through the power of the Holy Spirit.

seeking to turn the proconsul away from the faith
The proconsul, Sergius Paulus, was a Roman official, and his conversion would have been a significant event for the early church. Elymas's attempt to "turn the proconsul away from the faith" underscores the spiritual battle for the hearts and minds of individuals. The Greek word "diastrepho," translated as "turn away," implies a perversion or distortion of the truth. Elymas sought to prevent the proconsul from embracing the Christian faith, which suggests that the message of the gospel was perceived as a threat to existing power structures and beliefs. This phrase also highlights the importance of discernment and steadfastness in faith when faced with opposition and false teachings.

Then Saul
The name "Saul" is of Hebrew origin, meaning "asked for" or "prayed for." Saul was his Hebrew name, reflecting his Jewish heritage and upbringing. Saul, a Pharisee and a zealous follower of the Jewish law, was initially known for his persecution of Christians. His transformation from a persecutor to a proponent of the faith is a testament to the power of divine intervention and grace. This moment marks a pivotal point in his ministry, as he begins to step into his role as a missionary to the Gentiles.

who was also called Paul
The name "Paul" is of Latin origin, meaning "small" or "humble." The duality of his names signifies his dual identity as both a Jew and a Roman citizen, which uniquely positioned him to bridge cultural and religious divides. The transition from "Saul" to "Paul" symbolizes his new mission and identity in Christ. It reflects the transformative power of the Gospel, which redefines and repurposes individuals for God's work. This change also signifies his outreach to the Gentile world, as "Paul" was more familiar and acceptable in the Greco-Roman context.

filled with the Holy Spirit
The phrase "filled with the Holy Spirit" indicates a state of being completely under the influence and guidance of the Holy Spirit. In the original Greek, "filled" (πλησθεὶς, plestheis) suggests a continuous and abiding presence. This filling empowers believers for service, providing wisdom, boldness, and discernment. For Paul, this divine empowerment was crucial for his mission, enabling him to confront opposition and proclaim the Gospel with authority. The Holy Spirit's filling is a recurring theme in Acts, emphasizing the necessity of divine empowerment for effective ministry.

looked directly at him
The act of "looking directly" (ἀτενίσας, atenisas) conveys a sense of intense focus and determination. This phrase suggests that Paul, under the influence of the Holy Spirit, was able to perceive beyond the physical appearance and discern the spiritual reality of the situation. It reflects a moment of confrontation and spiritual authority, as Paul prepares to address the opposition he faces. This direct gaze signifies confidence and the assurance of God's presence, enabling Paul to act with boldness and clarity in his mission.

O child of the devil
This phrase is a direct and severe rebuke. The term "child" (Greek: τέκνον, teknon) implies a close relationship or resemblance. In this context, it signifies that the person being addressed, Elymas the sorcerer, embodies the characteristics of the devil. The devil, or Satan, is often depicted in Scripture as the ultimate adversary of God and His people, a deceiver and accuser. By calling Elymas a "child of the devil," Paul is highlighting his opposition to God's truth and his alignment with evil.

enemy of all righteousness
The word "enemy" (Greek: ἐχθρός, echthros) denotes hostility and opposition. Righteousness (Greek: δικαιοσύνη, dikaiosynē) refers to the quality of being morally right or justifiable, often associated with God's nature and His standards. Elymas is described as an adversary to all that is good and just, opposing the very essence of God's character and His righteous ways. This phrase underscores the spiritual battle between good and evil, with Elymas positioned firmly against God's purposes.

full of deceit and trickery
"Full" (Greek: πλήρης, plērēs) indicates being filled to capacity, suggesting that Elymas is completely consumed by these negative traits. "Deceit" (Greek: δόλος, dolos) involves cunning and misleading others, while "trickery" (Greek: ῥᾳδιουργία, rhadiourgia) refers to unscrupulous cunning or craftiness. This description paints a picture of Elymas as someone who uses manipulation and lies to achieve his ends, reflecting the devil's own nature as a deceiver.

will you never stop perverting
The phrase "will you never stop" (Greek: οὐ παύσῃ, ou pausē) suggests a persistent, ongoing action. "Perverting" (Greek: διαστρέφω, diastrephō) means to distort or turn aside from the right path. Paul is confronting Elymas for his continuous efforts to twist and corrupt the truth. This highlights the relentless nature of spiritual opposition and the need for vigilance in maintaining the integrity of the Gospel message.

the straight ways of the Lord
"Straight" (Greek: εὐθύς, euthys) implies directness and uprightness, often used to describe the paths of righteousness that God sets before His people. "Ways" (Greek: ὁδός, hodos) refers to a course of conduct or a manner of life. The "ways of the Lord" are His teachings and commandments, which are clear and righteous. Elymas's actions are depicted as an attempt to lead others away from these paths, emphasizing the importance of adhering to God's truth and resisting those who seek to lead believers astray.

Now
This word marks a transition, indicating a shift in the narrative. In the context of Acts 13, it signals a pivotal moment in the early church's mission. The Greek word used here is "νῦν" (nun), which often denotes immediacy or a present action. It emphasizes the urgency and divine timing of the events unfolding, reminding believers of God's active presence in the world.

behold
The term "behold" is translated from the Greek word "ἰδού" (idou), which is an imperative verb meaning "look" or "see." It serves as a call to attention, urging the audience to witness the power and authority of God at work. This word invites readers to pause and reflect on the significance of the divine intervention about to be described.

the hand of the Lord
This phrase is rich in biblical imagery, often symbolizing God's power, authority, and intervention. In the Old Testament, the "hand of the Lord" is frequently associated with acts of deliverance or judgment. Here, it underscores the divine authority behind the apostolic mission and the seriousness of the situation. It reassures believers of God's sovereign control over all circumstances.

is upon you
The phrase "is upon you" indicates a direct and personal action from God. The Greek word "ἐπί" (epi) suggests a position of authority or influence. This expression conveys the immediacy and personal nature of God's intervention in the life of the individual being addressed. It serves as a reminder that God's presence is both pervasive and personal.

and you will be blind
This declaration of blindness is both a physical and spiritual judgment. The Greek word for "blind" is "τυφλός" (typhlos), which can refer to both literal and metaphorical blindness. In this context, it signifies a divine judgment for opposing God's work. It serves as a warning against spiritual blindness and the consequences of resisting the truth.

and for a time
The phrase "for a time" indicates that the blindness is temporary. The Greek word "χρόνος" (chronos) refers to a specific period. This temporary nature of the judgment suggests an opportunity for repentance and redemption. It reflects God's mercy, even in judgment, allowing for the possibility of transformation and restoration.

you will be unable to see the sun
This vivid imagery highlights the severity of the judgment. The inability to see the sun, a source of light and life, symbolizes a profound loss of guidance and understanding. It serves as a metaphor for spiritual darkness and separation from God's truth. This phrase challenges readers to seek the light of Christ and avoid spiritual blindness.

for a season
Similar to "for a time," this phrase emphasizes the temporary nature of the judgment. The Greek word "καιρός" (kairos) often refers to an opportune or appointed time. It suggests that the period of blindness is part of God's divine plan, offering a chance for reflection and change. It encourages believers to trust in God's timing and purpose.

Immediately
The word "immediately" underscores the swift and decisive nature of God's action. The Greek word "παραχρῆμα" (parachrema) conveys a sense of urgency and immediacy. It highlights the power and authority of God to enact His will without delay. This serves as a reminder of the certainty and reliability of God's promises and judgments.

mist and darkness fell upon him
This description of "mist and darkness" evokes a sense of confusion and disorientation. The Greek words "ἀχλύς" (achlys) for mist and "σκότος" (skotos) for darkness emphasize the totality of the blindness. It serves as a powerful metaphor for spiritual ignorance and the consequences of opposing God's truth. This imagery calls believers to seek the clarity and light found in Christ.

and he went about seeking someone to lead him by the hand
This final phrase illustrates the helplessness and dependency resulting from the judgment. The need for guidance "by the hand" underscores the loss of autonomy and the necessity of relying on others. It serves as a poignant reminder of the importance of spiritual guidance and community. This phrase encourages believers to seek and offer support within the body of Christ, recognizing our mutual dependence on God's grace and guidance.

When the proconsul saw what had happened
The term "proconsul" refers to a Roman official who governed a province. In this context, the proconsul is Sergius Paulus, a man of significant authority and influence. The Greek word for proconsul is "ἀνθύπατος" (anthypatos), indicating a high-ranking official. Historically, proconsuls were appointed by the Roman Senate and wielded considerable power. The fact that a man of such stature witnessed the events and was moved by them underscores the divine authority and power of the Gospel message. This moment highlights the intersection of divine intervention and human authority, demonstrating that God's work transcends social and political boundaries.

he believed
The Greek word for "believed" is "ἐπίστευσεν" (episteusen), which implies a deep, personal conviction and trust. This belief is not merely intellectual assent but a heartfelt acceptance of the truth of the Gospel. The proconsul's belief signifies a transformative encounter with the divine, illustrating the power of the Holy Spirit to penetrate even the most hardened hearts. In a broader scriptural context, belief is often the catalyst for salvation, as seen in John 3:16, where belief in Jesus is linked to eternal life. This moment in Acts serves as a testament to the life-changing power of faith in Christ.

for he was astonished
The word "astonished" comes from the Greek "ἐκπλήσσω" (ekplēssō), which conveys a sense of being overwhelmed with amazement or wonder. This astonishment is not merely at the miraculous event itself but at the profound truth and authority of the teaching about the Lord. The proconsul's reaction reflects the common response to the Gospel throughout Acts, where the message of Christ often leaves listeners in awe. This astonishment is a divine tool that opens hearts to the truth, breaking down barriers of skepticism and disbelief.

at the teaching about the Lord
The phrase "teaching about the Lord" emphasizes the content and authority of the message delivered by Paul and Barnabas. The Greek word for "teaching" is "διδαχή" (didachē), which refers to instruction or doctrine. This teaching is centered on the Lord Jesus Christ, His life, death, and resurrection, and the salvation He offers. The focus on "the Lord" underscores the centrality of Christ in the apostolic message. Historically, the early church's teaching was rooted in the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies and the revelation of Jesus as the Messiah. This teaching, empowered by the Holy Spirit, is what ultimately leads to the proconsul's belief, demonstrating the transformative power of the Gospel.

After setting sail from Paphos
Paphos was a city on the southwest coast of Cyprus, known for its worship of the goddess Aphrodite. The phrase "setting sail" indicates a transition and movement in the missionary journey of Paul and his companions. The Greek word for "setting sail" (ἀναχθέντες, anachthentes) suggests a deliberate departure, emphasizing the missionary zeal and divine calling that propelled Paul and his team forward. This movement from a place associated with pagan worship to new territories symbolizes the spread of the Gospel into regions dominated by different cultural and religious influences.

Paul and his companions
This phrase highlights the communal aspect of early Christian missions. Paul, originally known as Saul, is now the prominent leader, reflecting his transformation and calling as an apostle to the Gentiles. The term "companions" (οἱ περὶ τὸν Παῦλον, hoi peri ton Paulon) indicates a group working together for a common purpose. This underscores the importance of fellowship and collaboration in ministry, a principle that remains vital in Christian service today.

came to Perga in Pamphylia
Perga was an ancient city in the region of Pamphylia, located in modern-day Turkey. The journey to Perga marks the beginning of Paul's first missionary journey into Asia Minor. Historically, Perga was known for its temple of Artemis and was a significant city in the Roman province. The mention of Pamphylia situates the narrative in a real geographical and cultural context, reminding readers of the tangible challenges and opportunities faced by early missionaries as they navigated diverse and often hostile environments.

where John left them
John, also known as John Mark, was a relative of Barnabas and an early Christian missionary. His departure from the group is a pivotal moment, as it later leads to a significant disagreement between Paul and Barnabas (Acts 15:36-40). The Greek word for "left" (ἀποχωρήσας, apochōrēsas) implies a withdrawal or departure, which may suggest personal or theological reasons for his decision. This incident serves as a reminder of the human element in ministry, where differences and challenges can arise even among dedicated believers.

to return to Jerusalem
Jerusalem was the center of early Christianity and the location of the first Christian church. John's return to Jerusalem may indicate a need for spiritual renewal or a desire to reconnect with the apostolic community. The city represents the heart of the Christian faith, where the apostles gathered and the Holy Spirit was first poured out. This return highlights the importance of maintaining a connection with one's spiritual roots and the broader Christian community, even as the Gospel spreads to new regions.

And from Perga
The journey from Perga marks a significant transition in Paul and Barnabas's missionary journey. Perga was a city in Pamphylia, a region in modern-day Turkey. The Greek root for Perga, "Πέργη," suggests a fortified place, indicative of its historical significance as a major city. This transition from Perga to Pisidian Antioch highlights the apostles' commitment to spreading the Gospel despite geographical and cultural challenges.

they traveled inland
The phrase "traveled inland" indicates a deliberate movement from the coastal region to the interior. This journey was not merely geographical but also spiritual, as Paul and Barnabas were moving into new territories to spread the message of Christ. The Greek word "διέρχομαι" (dierchomai) implies a thorough passage, suggesting that their mission was comprehensive and intentional.

to Pisidian Antioch
Pisidian Antioch was a Roman colony and a significant center of administration and commerce. The city's name reflects its location in the region of Pisidia, though it was technically in Phrygia. This Antioch should not be confused with Antioch in Syria, where the disciples were first called Christians. The historical context of Pisidian Antioch as a Roman colony underscores the strategic nature of Paul and Barnabas's mission, as they sought to reach influential urban centers.

where they entered the synagogue
The synagogue was the center of Jewish religious life and a place where the Scriptures were read and discussed. The Greek word "συναγωγή" (synagōgē) means a gathering or assembly, emphasizing the communal aspect of worship. By entering the synagogue, Paul and Barnabas were following their customary practice of reaching out to the Jewish community first, as the Gospel was to be preached "first to the Jew, then to the Gentile" (Romans 1:16).

on the Sabbath
The Sabbath, or "σάββατον" (sabbaton) in Greek, was the seventh day of the week, a day of rest and worship for the Jewish people. Observing the Sabbath was a commandment given by God to the Israelites, and it was a time for spiritual reflection and community gathering. By choosing the Sabbath to enter the synagogue, Paul and Barnabas were respecting Jewish customs and maximizing their opportunity to engage with the Jewish audience.

and sat down
The act of sitting down in the synagogue was a customary position for teaching and discussion. In Jewish tradition, teachers would often sit while delivering their teachings, as seen in the example of Jesus in Luke 4:20. The Greek word "καθίζω" (kathizō) implies a readiness to engage in dialogue and instruction. This posture of sitting indicates that Paul and Barnabas were prepared to share the message of Christ and engage with the Jewish community in meaningful conversation.

After the reading from the Law and the Prophets
This phrase refers to the traditional Jewish synagogue service, which included readings from the Torah (the Law) and the Nevi'im (the Prophets). The practice of reading from these sacred texts dates back to the time of Ezra and Nehemiah, as seen in Nehemiah 8:8, where the people gathered to hear the Law. The Greek word for "reading" here is "anagnōsis," which implies a public reading, emphasizing the communal aspect of worship and the importance of Scripture in Jewish life. This practice laid the foundation for the Christian tradition of reading Scripture in worship services.

the synagogue leaders
The term "synagogue leaders" refers to the officials responsible for the order and conduct of the synagogue service. In Greek, "archisynagogos" is often used, indicating a position of authority and respect within the Jewish community. These leaders were responsible for maintaining the spiritual and educational life of the synagogue, ensuring that the readings and teachings adhered to Jewish tradition. Their role was crucial in facilitating the spread of the Gospel, as they often invited visiting teachers, like Paul and Barnabas, to speak.

sent word to them
This phrase indicates a formal invitation extended to Paul and Barnabas. The Greek word "apesteilan" suggests a deliberate and respectful communication, highlighting the openness of the synagogue leaders to hear new teachings. This openness reflects the Jewish tradition of debate and discussion, where diverse interpretations of Scripture were welcomed and explored.

Brothers
The use of "Brothers" signifies a sense of kinship and shared heritage between the Jewish leaders and Paul and Barnabas. The Greek word "adelphoi" is often used in the New Testament to denote fellow believers or members of the same community. This term underscores the initial acceptance and recognition of Paul and Barnabas as part of the Jewish community, despite their mission to spread the Gospel of Jesus Christ.

if you have a word of encouragement
The phrase "word of encouragement" translates from the Greek "logos parakleseos," which can also mean a message of exhortation or comfort. This reflects the Jewish tradition of offering interpretations and teachings that inspire and uplift the congregation. The leaders' request for a "word of encouragement" indicates their openness to hear teachings that could strengthen and edify the community, aligning with the Christian mission to spread the Gospel as a message of hope and salvation.

for the people
This phrase emphasizes the communal aspect of the synagogue service. The Greek "laos" refers to the people or the congregation gathered for worship. The focus on "the people" highlights the leaders' concern for the spiritual well-being of the entire community, not just individual members. This communal focus is a key aspect of both Jewish and Christian worship, where the spiritual growth and encouragement of the entire body of believers are prioritized.

please speak
The invitation to "please speak" is a gracious and open-ended offer for Paul and Barnabas to share their message. The Greek "lalein" implies a freedom to speak openly and candidly. This invitation reflects the synagogue's role as a place of learning and dialogue, where new ideas could be presented and discussed. For Paul and Barnabas, this was an opportunity to proclaim the Gospel message, fulfilling their mission to spread the teachings of Jesus Christ to both Jews and Gentiles.

So Paul stood up, and motioning with his hand, said 'Men of Israel and you Gentiles who fear God, listen to me!
So Paul stood up
The act of standing up signifies readiness and authority. In the context of Jewish synagogues, it was customary for teachers or speakers to stand when delivering a message. This act by Paul indicates his role as a teacher and leader. The Greek word for "stood up" is "anistemi," which implies rising to a position of prominence or importance. Historically, Paul, formerly Saul, was a Pharisee and well-versed in Jewish law, which gave him credibility among his Jewish audience.

and motioning with his hand
This gesture was a common rhetorical technique used to capture attention and signal the beginning of an important discourse. The Greek word "kataseio" means to shake or wave, suggesting a deliberate action to engage the audience. In the cultural context of the time, such gestures were essential for public speaking, especially in a setting where oral communication was the primary means of conveying information.

said
The Greek word "lego" is used here, which means to speak or to say. This word is often used in the New Testament to introduce significant teachings or proclamations. Paul's speech is not just casual conversation; it is a deliberate and authoritative declaration meant to convey a message of great importance.

Men of Israel
This phrase directly addresses the Jewish members of the audience. "Men" (Greek: "aner") refers specifically to males, which was typical in addressing a Jewish congregation. "Israel" signifies the descendants of Jacob, the chosen people of God, and highlights the continuity of God's covenant with them. Paul, being a Jew himself, establishes a connection with his audience by acknowledging their shared heritage.

and you Gentiles who fear God
This phrase acknowledges the presence of Gentiles, or non-Jews, who were known as "God-fearers." These were Gentiles who admired and followed Jewish religious practices without fully converting to Judaism. The Greek term "phoboumenoi ton Theon" indicates a reverence and respect for the God of Israel. By addressing them, Paul demonstrates the inclusivity of the Gospel message, which is a central theme in the Book of Acts.

listen to me
The imperative "listen" (Greek: "akouo") is a call to pay attention and understand. It is not merely hearing but involves an active engagement with the message being delivered. Paul is urging his audience to open their hearts and minds to the truth he is about to proclaim. This call to listen is reminiscent of the Shema in Deuteronomy 6:4, where Israel is commanded to hear and obey the Lord, thus linking Paul's message to the foundational Jewish confession of faith.

The God of our fathers
This phrase emphasizes the continuity of God's covenantal relationship with Israel. The term "fathers" refers to the patriarchs—Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob—who were the recipients of God's promises. The Greek word for "fathers" is "πατέρων" (pateron), which underscores the ancestral lineage and the faithfulness of God across generations. This phrase serves as a reminder of the deep roots of the Christian faith in Jewish history and God's unchanging nature.

has appointed
The Greek word used here is "ἐξελέξατο" (exelexato), which means to choose or select. This indicates God's sovereign will and purpose in choosing Israel as His people. It reflects the divine initiative in the history of salvation, where God actively intervenes and directs the course of events according to His plan.

our people
This phrase refers to the Israelites, the chosen people of God. The use of "our" signifies a shared identity and heritage among the Jewish audience Paul is addressing. It highlights the communal aspect of God's dealings with Israel, emphasizing that the blessings and responsibilities of being God's people are collective.

Israel
Israel is both a person (Jacob, who was renamed Israel) and a nation. The name "Israel" means "God prevails" or "he struggles with God," reflecting the nation's history of wrestling with God and His purposes. This term is central to understanding the identity and mission of the Jewish people as God's chosen nation, set apart to be a light to the Gentiles.

He made the people prosper
The Greek word for "prosper" is "ὕψωσεν" (hypsōsen), which can also mean to exalt or lift up. This indicates God's blessing and favor upon Israel, particularly during their time in Egypt. Despite their eventual enslavement, God multiplied and strengthened them, preparing them for the Exodus and their journey to the Promised Land.

during their stay in the land of Egypt
This phrase refers to the period of Israel's sojourn in Egypt, which began with Joseph and his brothers and lasted for several centuries. Historically, this was a time of both blessing and suffering, as the Israelites grew in number but eventually became enslaved. It sets the stage for God's redemptive act of delivering them from bondage, a pivotal event in Israel's history.

and with mighty power
The phrase "mighty power" is translated from the Greek "μετὰ βραχίονος ὑψηλοῦ" (meta brachionos hypsilou), meaning "with an uplifted arm." This imagery conveys God's strength and authority in delivering Israel from Egypt. It evokes the miraculous signs and wonders performed during the Exodus, demonstrating God's supremacy over the gods of Egypt and His ability to save His people.

He led them out of it
The act of leading the Israelites out of Egypt is a defining moment in the Old Testament, symbolizing liberation and the fulfillment of God's promises. The Greek word "ἐξήγαγεν" (exēgagen) means to lead out or bring forth, highlighting God's role as the divine shepherd guiding His people to freedom. This deliverance foreshadows the ultimate salvation brought through Jesus Christ, who leads believers out of the bondage of sin.

And for about forty years
This phrase sets the stage for a significant period in Israel's history, the forty years of wandering in the wilderness. The number forty is often symbolic in the Bible, representing a period of testing, trial, or probation. In the Greek, the word for "forty" is "τεσσεράκοντα" (tesserakonta), which appears in various contexts throughout Scripture, such as the forty days of rain during the flood (Genesis 7:12) and Jesus' forty days of fasting (Matthew 4:2). This period was a time of divine discipline and preparation for the Israelites, shaping them into a people ready to enter the Promised Land.

He endured their conduct
The Greek word translated as "endured" is "ἐτροποφόρησεν" (etropophorēsen), which can also mean "to bear with" or "to tolerate." This highlights God's patience and long-suffering nature. Despite the Israelites' frequent disobedience and complaints, God remained faithful to His covenant. This endurance is a testament to His grace and mercy, as He continued to guide and provide for them. It serves as a reminder of God's unwavering commitment to His people, even when they falter.

in the wilderness
The wilderness, or "ἔρημος" (erēmos) in Greek, is more than just a physical location; it is a place of spiritual significance. Biblically, the wilderness is often a place of testing and transformation. For the Israelites, it was a place where they learned dependence on God, receiving manna from heaven and water from a rock. Historically, the wilderness journey was a formative experience, teaching the Israelites about God's provision and faithfulness. It symbolizes the trials believers face in life, where faith is tested and strengthened.

And having vanquished
The phrase "having vanquished" refers to the decisive and complete victory that God granted to the Israelites over the Canaanite nations. The Greek word used here is "καταστροφή" (katastrophē), which implies a thorough destruction or overthrow. This victory was not merely a military conquest but a divine act of judgment against the nations that had filled the land with idolatry and immorality. It underscores God's sovereignty and His ability to fulfill His promises to His people, as He had assured Abraham that his descendants would inherit the land (Genesis 15:18-21).

seven nations
The "seven nations" mentioned here are the Hittites, Girgashites, Amorites, Canaanites, Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites, as listed in Deuteronomy 7:1. The number seven often symbolizes completeness or perfection in the Bible, indicating the totality of the conquest. Historically, these nations were known for their fortified cities and advanced cultures, yet they were overcome by the Israelites through God's intervention. This serves as a reminder of the power of God to overcome seemingly insurmountable obstacles in the lives of His people.

in Canaan
Canaan was the land promised by God to the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. It was a region of great fertility and strategic importance, located at the crossroads of ancient civilizations. The conquest of Canaan was not just a territorial acquisition but a fulfillment of God's covenant promise. Archaeological evidence, such as the Amarna letters, provides insight into the political and social landscape of Canaan during this period, affirming the biblical narrative of a land inhabited by diverse and often hostile groups.

He gave their land
The phrase "He gave their land" emphasizes that the land was a gift from God to the Israelites. It was not earned by their own strength or righteousness but was a gracious provision from the Lord. This reflects the biblical principle that all blessings come from God and are to be received with gratitude and stewardship. The land was to be a place where the Israelites could live in obedience to God's laws and serve as a light to the surrounding nations.

to His people
"His people" refers to the Israelites, the descendants of Abraham, whom God chose to be His special possession (Deuteronomy 7:6). This choice was based on God's love and faithfulness, not on any merit of the people themselves. The Israelites were called to be a holy nation, set apart for God's purposes, and to demonstrate His character to the world. This identity as God's people carries with it both privilege and responsibility.

as an inheritance
The term "inheritance" signifies a permanent possession, passed down through generations. In the biblical context, an inheritance is not just a material possession but a spiritual legacy. The land of Canaan was to be a place where the Israelites could worship God freely and live according to His commandments. This concept of inheritance also points forward to the New Testament understanding of believers as heirs of God's promises through faith in Christ (Romans 8:17). It reminds us that our ultimate inheritance is not earthly but eternal, secured by the work of Jesus on the cross.

All this took about four hundred and fifty years
This phrase refers to the period from the time of the judges to the establishment of the monarchy in Israel. The Greek word for "years" (ἔτη, etē) emphasizes the long duration of this era, which was marked by cycles of sin, oppression, repentance, and deliverance. Historically, this period is significant as it highlights God's patience and faithfulness to His covenant people despite their repeated failures. The number "four hundred and fifty" is a summation of the time from the conquest of Canaan to the reign of King Saul, underscoring the divine orchestration of history.

After this, He gave them judges
The term "judges" (κριτάς, kritas) refers to the leaders raised by God to deliver Israel from oppression. These judges were not merely judicial figures but were also military leaders and spiritual guides. The role of the judges was crucial in maintaining the covenant relationship between God and Israel. This period is characterized by the Israelites' repeated turning away from God, followed by His merciful intervention through these appointed leaders. Theologically, this highlights God's sovereignty and His willingness to use flawed human instruments to accomplish His purposes.

until the time of Samuel the prophet
Samuel (Σαμουήλ, Samouēl) is a pivotal figure in Israel's history, serving as the last judge and the first prophet in the line of those who would guide Israel through the monarchy. The word "prophet" (προφήτης, prophētēs) signifies one who speaks forth God's word, serving as a mouthpiece for divine revelation. Samuel's role was crucial in transitioning Israel from a loose confederation of tribes to a centralized monarchy. His life and ministry underscore the importance of obedience to God's word and the consequences of straying from His commands. Samuel's anointing of Saul and later David as kings marks a significant shift in Israel's governance, reflecting God's unfolding plan for His people.

Then the people asked for a king
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in Israel's history, reflecting a significant shift from theocratic rule to monarchy. The Greek word for "asked" (αἰτέω, aiteo) implies a strong desire or demand, indicating the people's insistence on having a king like other nations. This request is documented in 1 Samuel 8, where the Israelites express their desire to Samuel. Historically, this reflects a period of transition and a desire for centralized leadership amidst the tribal confederation of Israel. Theologically, it represents a turning point where the people sought human leadership over divine guidance, which was seen as a rejection of God's kingship (1 Samuel 8:7).

and God gave them Saul son of Kish
The phrase highlights God's response to the people's request. Despite their rejection, God grants their desire, demonstrating His sovereignty and willingness to work within human choices. Saul, whose name in Hebrew (שָׁאוּל, Sha'ul) means "asked for," is a fitting choice, as he embodies the people's request. Saul's lineage, "son of Kish," places him within the tribe of Benjamin, the smallest of the tribes, which is significant given the earlier tensions involving Benjamin (Judges 19-21). This choice underscores God's unexpected ways, as He often raises leaders from humble or unlikely beginnings.

a man of the tribe of Benjamin
This phrase situates Saul within the broader narrative of Israel's tribal system. The tribe of Benjamin had a tumultuous history, including near annihilation (Judges 20-21), yet God chooses a king from this tribe, highlighting themes of redemption and restoration. Theologically, it serves as a reminder that God can bring forth leaders from places of past failure or insignificance, emphasizing His grace and redemptive power.

who reigned forty years
The duration of Saul's reign, "forty years," is significant both numerically and symbolically. In biblical terms, the number forty often represents a period of testing, trial, or judgment (e.g., the Israelites' forty years in the wilderness, Jesus' forty days of fasting). Saul's reign was marked by both initial success and eventual failure, serving as a period of testing for Israel under monarchical rule. Historically, this timeframe aligns with the broader narrative of Israel's early monarchy, setting the stage for the rise of David, a man after God's own heart. Saul's reign, therefore, becomes a lesson in the consequences of disobedience and the importance of aligning leadership with God's will.

After removing him
This phrase refers to God's action of removing King Saul from his position as the first king of Israel. The Greek word used here is "μεταστήσας" (metastēsas), which implies a decisive and authoritative action. Historically, Saul's removal was due to his disobedience to God's commands, as seen in 1 Samuel 15. This serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty and His expectation of obedience from those He appoints to leadership.

He raised up David as their king
The phrase "raised up" comes from the Greek "ἤγειρεν" (ēgeiren), indicating God's active role in establishing David as king. David was chosen not by human decision but by divine appointment, highlighting the biblical theme that God exalts the humble and those who are after His own heart. David's rise from shepherd to king is a testament to God's providence and His ability to use unlikely individuals for His purposes.

to whom He testified
This phrase underscores the divine endorsement of David. The Greek word "μαρτυρήσας" (martyrēsas) means to bear witness or testify. God's testimony about David is found in the scriptures, particularly in 1 Samuel 13:14 and 16:12, where God expresses His approval of David's heart and character. This divine testimony sets David apart as a model of faithfulness and devotion.

I have found David son of Jesse
The phrase "I have found" suggests a deliberate search and selection by God. The Greek "εὗρον" (heuron) implies discovery and choice. David, the son of Jesse, was not from a royal lineage but from a humble family in Bethlehem. This choice reflects God's tendency to choose the unexpected and the humble to fulfill His plans, emphasizing that God's criteria differ from human expectations.

a man after My own heart
This phrase is central to understanding why David was chosen. The Greek "κατὰ τὴν καρδίαν μου" (kata tēn kardian mou) indicates alignment with God's own desires and values. David's heart was in tune with God's, characterized by repentance, worship, and a deep desire to follow God's will. This phrase challenges believers to cultivate a heart that seeks after God, prioritizing His will above all else.

He will do all My will
The phrase "He will do" comes from the Greek "ποιήσει" (poiēsei), meaning to make or do. This indicates action and obedience. David's life, despite its imperfections, was marked by a commitment to fulfill God's purposes. This phrase serves as an encouragement to believers to pursue a life of obedience, trusting that God values a willing and obedient heart. David's example inspires us to align our actions with God's will, knowing that true success is found in faithful service to Him.

From the descendants of this man
This phrase refers to the lineage of David, a central figure in Jewish history. The Greek word for "descendants" is "σπέρμα" (sperma), meaning seed or offspring. This highlights the fulfillment of God's covenant with David, as seen in 2 Samuel 7:12-16, where God promises that David's throne will be established forever. Archaeological findings, such as ancient inscriptions and genealogical records, affirm the historical existence of David's lineage, underscoring the continuity of God's promises through generations.

God has brought to Israel
The Greek word for "brought" is "ἤγαγεν" (ēgagen), which implies leading or bringing forth with purpose. This emphasizes God's active role in salvation history, orchestrating events to fulfill His divine plan. The phrase "to Israel" signifies the initial focus of God's redemptive work, aligning with the Old Testament prophecies that the Messiah would come from and for the people of Israel. This reflects God's faithfulness to His chosen people, as seen throughout the Hebrew Scriptures.

the Savior Jesus
The term "Savior" in Greek is "σωτῆρα" (sōtēra), denoting one who delivers or rescues. This title for Jesus encapsulates His mission to save humanity from sin and death. The name "Jesus" itself, derived from the Hebrew "Yeshua," means "The Lord is salvation." This highlights the fulfillment of messianic prophecies, such as Isaiah 53, which foretold a suffering servant who would bear the sins of many. The historical context of Roman occupation and Jewish expectation of a political deliverer contrasts with Jesus' spiritual salvation, offering a deeper understanding of His role as Savior.

as He promised
The phrase "as He promised" underscores the reliability and faithfulness of God. The Greek word "ἐπηγγείλατο" (epēngeilato) means to announce or proclaim a promise. This reflects the numerous Old Testament prophecies regarding the coming Messiah, such as those found in Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Micah. God's promises are not only declarations but are woven into the fabric of history, demonstrating His sovereignty and commitment to His word. This assurance of God's promises provides hope and confidence for believers, affirming that what God has spoken, He will bring to pass.

Before the arrival of Jesus
This phrase sets the chronological context for the ministry of John the Baptist. The Greek word for "arrival" is "εἰσόδου" (eisodou), which implies an entrance or coming into a place. Historically, this period was a time of great expectation among the Jewish people for the coming of the Messiah. The anticipation was rooted in Old Testament prophecies, such as those found in Isaiah and Malachi, which spoke of a forerunner who would prepare the way for the Lord. This highlights the divine orchestration of events leading up to the public ministry of Jesus Christ.

John preached
The Greek word for "preached" is "κηρύσσω" (kērussō), meaning to proclaim or herald. John the Baptist's role was that of a herald, announcing the imminent arrival of the Messiah. His preaching was not just a casual sharing of information but a powerful proclamation with authority. John’s ministry was marked by a call to action, urging the people to prepare their hearts for the coming of the Lord. This reflects the urgency and importance of his message in the divine plan of salvation.

a baptism of repentance
The term "baptism" comes from the Greek "βάπτισμα" (baptisma), which means immersion or submersion. John's baptism was symbolic, representing a cleansing and a turning away from sin. The concept of "repentance" is derived from the Greek "μετάνοια" (metanoia), meaning a change of mind or a turning around. This was a radical call for the people of Israel to acknowledge their sins and seek forgiveness, preparing their hearts for the new covenant that Jesus would establish. John's baptism was a precursor to the Christian baptism, which signifies identification with Christ's death, burial, and resurrection.

to all the people of Israel
This phrase emphasizes the universal scope of John's ministry within the Jewish nation. The Greek word "λαός" (laos) refers to the people or nation, indicating that John's message was directed to the entire community of Israel, not just a select group. This inclusivity underscores the widespread need for repentance and the preparation for the coming Messiah. It also reflects the fulfillment of God's promises to Israel, as John’s ministry was a pivotal moment in the history of God's redemptive plan, bridging the Old and New Testaments.

As John was completing his course
The phrase "completing his course" refers to the mission and ministry of John the Baptist. The Greek word for "course" is "dromos," which can mean a race or a path. This metaphor suggests that John had a divinely appointed mission to prepare the way for Jesus Christ. Historically, John the Baptist is a pivotal figure who bridges the Old and New Testaments, fulfilling the prophecy of Isaiah 40:3, "A voice of one calling in the wilderness, ‘Prepare the way for the Lord.’" His "course" was not just a personal journey but a fulfillment of God's redemptive plan.

he said, ‘Who do you suppose I am?
John's question, "Who do you suppose I am?" reflects his humility and clarity about his role. The Greek word "nomizete" (translated as "suppose") implies an assumption or belief. John challenges the assumptions of the people, who might have thought he was the Messiah. This question is crucial because it sets the stage for John's testimony about Jesus, emphasizing that John's identity and mission were always to point to Christ, not to himself.

I am not the One you are looking for
This declaration underscores John's role as a forerunner, not the Messiah. The phrase "the One you are looking for" indicates the Jewish expectation of a coming Messiah. John's denial is a testament to his understanding of his prophetic role and his submission to God's plan. Historically, many Jews were eagerly anticipating a political or military leader to deliver them from Roman oppression, but John redirects their expectations to a spiritual deliverer.

But He is coming after me
The phrase "He is coming after me" signifies the imminent arrival of Jesus Christ. The Greek word "erchetai" (translated as "is coming") is in the present tense, indicating an ongoing action. This highlights the immediacy and certainty of Jesus' coming. John's ministry was preparatory, and his announcement here is a pivotal moment in salvation history, marking the transition from the old covenant to the new.

whose sandals I am not worthy to untie
In ancient times, untying sandals was a task reserved for the lowest servants. By saying he is "not worthy to untie" Jesus' sandals, John expresses profound humility and reverence for Christ. The Greek word "axios" (translated as "worthy") conveys a sense of value or merit. John's statement reflects his recognition of Jesus' divine authority and his own unworthiness in comparison. This humility is a model for all believers, reminding us of the greatness of Christ and our need to approach Him with reverence and awe.

Brothers
The term "brothers" (Greek: ἀδελφοί, adelphoi) is a term of endearment and unity, often used by Paul to address fellow believers. It signifies a spiritual kinship that transcends ethnic and cultural boundaries. In the context of the early church, this term would have been particularly powerful, as it included both Jewish and Gentile believers, emphasizing the new family formed in Christ.

children of Abraham
This phrase refers to the Jewish people, the physical descendants of Abraham. In a broader theological sense, it also includes those who share in the faith of Abraham, as Paul elaborates in Galatians 3:7, where he states that those who have faith are children of Abraham. This highlights the continuity of God's covenant promises from the Old Testament to the New Testament, fulfilled in Jesus Christ.

and you Gentiles who fear God
The "Gentiles who fear God" were non-Jews who revered the God of Israel and often attended synagogue services. They were known as "God-fearers" and were distinct from proselytes, who fully converted to Judaism. This inclusion signifies the breaking down of the dividing wall between Jews and Gentiles, as mentioned in Ephesians 2:14, and the universal scope of the gospel message.

it is to us
The phrase "it is to us" underscores the personal and communal reception of the gospel message. Paul is emphasizing that the message of salvation is not distant or abstract but is directly relevant and accessible to his audience. This personal application is a hallmark of the Christian faith, where the message of Christ is meant to transform individual lives and communities.

that this message of salvation
The "message of salvation" refers to the gospel, the good news of Jesus Christ's death and resurrection for the forgiveness of sins. In the Greek, the word for "message" (λόγος, logos) can also mean "word" or "reason," indicating the profound and reasoned nature of the gospel. Salvation (σωτηρία, soteria) is a central theme in Christian theology, encompassing deliverance from sin and its consequences, and the restoration of a right relationship with God.

has been sent
The phrase "has been sent" indicates the divine initiative in the proclamation of the gospel. The Greek word for "sent" (ἀποστέλλω, apostellō) is the root of the word "apostle," meaning one who is sent with a mission. This underscores the apostolic mission of spreading the gospel to all nations, as commanded by Christ in the Great Commission (Matthew 28:19-20). It highlights the active role of God in ensuring that the message of salvation reaches all people, fulfilling His redemptive plan for humanity.

The people of Jerusalem and their rulers
This phrase refers to the Jewish inhabitants and their leaders in Jerusalem during the time of Jesus. Historically, Jerusalem was the religious and political center of Jewish life. The rulers included the Sanhedrin, the chief priests, and the Pharisees, who held significant influence over the people. The Greek word for "rulers" (ἄρχοντες, archontes) implies those with authority and power. Despite their knowledge of the Scriptures, they failed to see Jesus as the Messiah, highlighting a tragic irony in their spiritual blindness.

did not recognize Jesus
The Greek word for "recognize" (γινώσκω, ginōskō) implies a deep, intimate understanding. The people and their leaders were unable to perceive Jesus' true identity as the Messiah. This lack of recognition was not due to a lack of evidence but rather a spiritual blindness and hardness of heart. This phrase underscores the theme of missed opportunity and the fulfillment of prophecy despite human failure.

yet in condemning Him
The act of condemning Jesus was a grave injustice, as He was sinless and righteous. The Greek word for "condemning" (κατακρίνω, katakrinō) means to judge against or to sentence. This condemnation was a fulfillment of God's sovereign plan, demonstrating how human actions, even when evil, can be used by God to accomplish His purposes. It reflects the paradox of divine sovereignty and human responsibility.

they fulfilled the words of the prophets
This phrase emphasizes the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies concerning the Messiah. The prophets, inspired by God, had foretold the suffering and rejection of the Messiah. The Greek word for "fulfilled" (πληρόω, plēroō) means to complete or bring to realization. This fulfillment is a testament to the reliability and divine inspiration of Scripture, showing that God's word is true and unchanging.

that are read every Sabbath
The Jewish practice of reading the Scriptures every Sabbath in the synagogues is highlighted here. The Greek word for "read" (ἀναγινώσκω, anaginōskō) means to know again or to recognize. Despite the regular reading and familiarity with the prophetic texts, the people failed to see their fulfillment in Jesus. This serves as a warning against mere ritualistic reading of Scripture without understanding or application. It calls believers to approach God's word with open hearts and minds, seeking the guidance of the Holy Spirit for true comprehension and transformation.

And though they found no ground for a death sentence
This phrase highlights the innocence of Jesus Christ in the eyes of His accusers. The Greek word for "ground" (αἰτία, aitia) implies a cause or reason. Despite their efforts, the religious leaders could not find a legitimate reason to justify a death sentence under Jewish law. This underscores the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies, such as Isaiah 53:9, which speaks of the suffering servant who had "done no violence, nor was any deceit in His mouth." Historically, this reflects the miscarriage of justice that Jesus faced, as even the Roman governor, Pontius Pilate, found no fault in Him (John 18:38).

they asked Pilate
The Jewish leaders' appeal to Pilate, the Roman governor, signifies their inability to carry out a death sentence themselves, as they were under Roman occupation. The Greek verb "asked" (αἰτέω, aiteo) suggests a request or demand, indicating their determination to see Jesus executed despite His innocence. This action fulfills Jesus' own prediction of His death by crucifixion, a Roman method of execution (Matthew 20:19). It also highlights the political dynamics of the time, where the Jewish authorities had to collaborate with Roman officials to achieve their ends.

to have Him executed
The phrase "to have Him executed" refers to the crucifixion of Jesus, a central event in Christian theology. The Greek word for "executed" (ἀναιρέω, anaireo) means to take away or destroy, emphasizing the violent nature of His death. This act of execution, though unjust, was part of God's redemptive plan for humanity. It fulfilled the sacrificial system of the Old Testament, where the innocent bore the sins of the guilty (Hebrews 9:22). Theologically, this moment is pivotal, as it represents the atonement for sin and the ultimate expression of God's love and justice. Historically, crucifixion was a common Roman practice for criminals, yet in Jesus' case, it became the means of salvation for all who believe.

When they had carried out
This phrase indicates the completion of a series of actions. The Greek word used here, "τελέω" (teleō), means to bring to an end or to accomplish. In the context of Acts 13:29, it refers to the fulfillment of the prophecies concerning Jesus Christ. The actions carried out were not random but were divinely orchestrated events that fulfilled Old Testament prophecies. This highlights the sovereignty of God in the unfolding of His redemptive plan.

all that was written about Him
This phrase underscores the fulfillment of Scripture. The Greek word "γράφω" (graphō) means to write, and it emphasizes the importance of the written Word. The events of Jesus' life, death, and resurrection were foretold by the prophets, and their fulfillment is a testament to the reliability and divine inspiration of the Scriptures. This serves as a reminder of the faithfulness of God to His promises and the centrality of Christ in the biblical narrative.

they took Him down from the tree
The "tree" here refers to the cross, a term used in the New Testament to describe the crucifixion of Jesus. The Greek word "ξύλον" (xylon) can mean wood, tree, or a wooden object, such as a cross. This phrase highlights the physical reality of Jesus' crucifixion, a pivotal event in Christian theology. The act of taking Jesus down from the cross signifies the end of His earthly suffering and the beginning of the fulfillment of His mission through His resurrection.

and laid Him in a tomb
The act of laying Jesus in a tomb fulfills the prophecy found in Isaiah 53:9, which speaks of the suffering servant being assigned a grave with the wicked and with the rich in His death. The Greek word "μνημεῖον" (mnēmeion) means tomb or sepulcher, indicating a place of burial. This phrase emphasizes the reality of Jesus' death and the temporary nature of His burial, setting the stage for His victorious resurrection. The tomb, a symbol of death, becomes a symbol of hope and new life through the resurrection of Christ.

But God
This phrase marks a pivotal transition in the narrative of redemption. The conjunction "But" (Greek: "δέ") introduces a contrast to the preceding events, emphasizing divine intervention. "God" (Greek: "Θεός") is the central figure in this transformative act, underscoring His sovereignty and power. In the context of Acts, this phrase highlights the divine initiative in the resurrection, contrasting human actions with God's ultimate authority and purpose.

raised Him
The verb "raised" (Greek: "ἤγειρεν") is in the aorist tense, indicating a completed action with ongoing significance. This resurrection is not merely a return to life but a transformative event that inaugurates a new era in salvation history. The act of raising Jesus from the dead is a testament to God's power over death and His validation of Jesus' divine sonship and messianic mission. The resurrection is central to Christian faith, as it confirms the truth of Jesus' teachings and the hope of eternal life for believers.

from the dead
This phrase (Greek: "ἐκ νεκρῶν") signifies the realm of death from which Jesus was resurrected. The preposition "from" (Greek: "ἐκ") indicates a movement out of death, symbolizing victory over the grave. "The dead" (Greek: "νεκρῶν") refers to the state of physical death, which, in Jewish and early Christian thought, was a consequence of sin. The resurrection of Jesus is a foretaste of the future resurrection of all believers, affirming the Christian hope in life beyond death. This event is not only a historical occurrence but also a theological cornerstone that assures believers of their own resurrection and eternal life through Christ.

and for many days
This phrase indicates a significant period during which the events being described took place. The Greek word used here is "ἡμέρας" (hēmeras), which simply means "days." The use of "many" suggests a prolonged period, emphasizing the importance and impact of the events. Historically, this period refers to the time after Jesus' resurrection when He appeared to His disciples and others, providing them with undeniable proof of His victory over death. This extended time allowed for numerous witnesses to encounter the risen Christ, strengthening the foundation of the early church's testimony.

He appeared
The Greek word for "appeared" is "ὤφθη" (ōphthē), which is a passive form meaning "was seen" or "became visible." This indicates that Jesus made Himself visible to His followers, affirming His physical resurrection. The appearances of Jesus were not mere visions or spiritual experiences; they were tangible, physical encounters. This is crucial for the Christian faith, as it underscores the reality of the resurrection, a cornerstone of Christian doctrine.

to those who had accompanied Him
This phrase highlights the specific group of people to whom Jesus appeared. The Greek word "συναναβάντες" (synanabantes) means "those who went up with" or "those who accompanied." This refers to the disciples and close followers of Jesus who had been with Him throughout His ministry. Their companionship with Jesus during His earthly ministry and their witness to His resurrection provided them with the authority and credibility to testify about Him to others.

from Galilee to Jerusalem
This geographical reference underscores the journey and ministry of Jesus and His disciples. Galilee, a region in northern Israel, was where Jesus began His ministry, and Jerusalem, the city of David, was where His earthly mission culminated in His crucifixion and resurrection. The journey from Galilee to Jerusalem symbolizes the fulfillment of Jesus' mission and the transition from His earthly ministry to the establishment of the church. It also reflects the movement of the Gospel from a local to a global context, starting from these pivotal locations.

who are now His witnesses
The term "witnesses" comes from the Greek word "μάρτυρες" (martyres), which means "witnesses" or "testifiers." This word later came to be associated with those who suffered or died for their faith, hence the term "martyr." In this context, it refers to those who had firsthand experience of the risen Christ and were commissioned to testify about Him. Their role as witnesses was foundational for the spread of Christianity, as they shared their experiences and the teachings of Jesus with others, often at great personal risk.

to our people
This phrase indicates the primary audience of the witnesses' testimony, which initially was the Jewish people. The early church's mission began with the Jewish community, fulfilling the scriptural promise that salvation would come through the Jews. However, this mission quickly expanded to include Gentiles, reflecting the universal scope of the Gospel. The phrase "our people" emphasizes the continuity of God's redemptive plan from the Old Testament to the New Testament, highlighting the fulfillment of prophecy and the inclusivity of God's salvation.

And now
This phrase signifies a pivotal moment in the narrative. The use of "now" indicates a transition from past events to the present action. In the context of Acts, it marks the moment when the apostles are actively fulfilling their mission. The Greek word "νῦν" (nun) emphasizes immediacy and urgency, suggesting that the message being delivered is of utmost importance and relevance to the audience at that very moment.

we proclaim
The Greek word used here is "καταγγέλλομεν" (kataggellomen), which means to announce or declare openly. This is not a mere sharing of information but a bold and authoritative declaration. The apostles are not just speaking; they are heralding a message with conviction and authority. This proclamation is central to the apostolic mission, emphasizing the active role of the apostles as messengers of the Gospel.

to you
This phrase personalizes the message, making it direct and specific to the audience. The apostles are addressing their listeners directly, indicating that the message is intended for them personally. This direct address underscores the inclusivity of the Gospel, inviting all who hear to respond to the message.

the good news
The term "good news" is translated from the Greek "εὐαγγέλιον" (euangelion), which is the root of the word "Gospel." This term was used in the ancient world to describe the announcement of a significant event, such as a military victory or the ascension of a new king. In the Christian context, it refers to the message of salvation through Jesus Christ. The "good news" is the core of the Christian faith, representing hope, redemption, and the fulfillment of God's promises.

What God promised
This phrase highlights the faithfulness of God in fulfilling His promises. The Greek word "ἐπαγγελία" (epangelia) refers to a promise or pledge. Throughout the Old Testament, God made covenants and promises to His people, and this verse emphasizes that those promises are being realized. It underscores the continuity of God's plan from the Old Testament to the New Testament, affirming that God is trustworthy and His word is true.

our fathers
This phrase refers to the patriarchs and ancestors of the Jewish people, such as Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. The use of "our" indicates a shared heritage and identity among the Jewish audience. It connects the present message of the Gospel to the historical and spiritual lineage of Israel. By invoking the "fathers," the apostles are affirming that the message of Jesus is not a departure from Jewish tradition but its fulfillment. This connection to the patriarchs reinforces the legitimacy and divine origin of the Gospel message.

He has fulfilled
This phrase underscores the faithfulness of God in keeping His promises. The Greek word used here is "ekplēroō," which means to complete or accomplish fully. This highlights the idea that God's plans are not left unfinished; He brings them to completion. Historically, this reflects the Jewish understanding of God as a covenant-keeping deity, who fulfills His promises to His people, as seen throughout the Old Testament.

for us
This phrase personalizes the fulfillment of God's promise, indicating that it is not just a historical or abstract event but one that has direct implications for the believers. The use of "us" includes the audience of the time, both Jews and Gentiles, and by extension, all believers. It emphasizes the inclusivity of God's salvation plan.

their children
This refers to the descendants of the patriarchs, the Israelites. The promise was made to the forefathers, and its fulfillment is seen in their offspring. This phrase connects the present generation with the past, showing continuity in God's dealings with His people. It also reflects the Jewish understanding of generational blessings and the importance of lineage.

by raising up Jesus
The resurrection of Jesus is the central event in Christian theology, signifying victory over sin and death. The Greek word "anistēmi" is used here, which means to raise up or to stand up. This not only refers to the physical resurrection but also to the exaltation of Jesus as Lord and Savior. Historically, the resurrection was a pivotal event that transformed the early Christian community and became the cornerstone of their faith and proclamation.

As it is written in the second Psalm
This phrase indicates the fulfillment of prophecy, showing that the events of Jesus' life, death, and resurrection were foretold in the Scriptures. The reference to the "second Psalm" highlights the importance of the Psalms in early Christian apologetics and their use in demonstrating Jesus as the Messiah. It also reflects the Jewish tradition of interpreting the Psalms as prophetic and messianic.

'You are My Son; today I have become Your Father.'
This quotation from Psalm 2:7 is a declaration of Jesus' divine sonship and His unique relationship with the Father. The phrase "You are My Son" affirms the identity of Jesus as the Son of God, a central tenet of Christian belief. The phrase "today I have become Your Father" can be understood as a reference to the resurrection, where Jesus is publicly declared and vindicated as the Son of God. This reflects the early Christian understanding of Jesus' resurrection as a divine endorsement of His mission and identity.

In fact
This phrase emphasizes the certainty and reality of the statement that follows. In the Greek, the word used is "ὅτι" (hoti), which often introduces a statement of fact or explanation. It underscores the truth of the resurrection as a foundational event in Christian faith, affirming that what follows is not mere speculation but a divinely orchestrated reality.

God raised Him from the dead
The resurrection is central to Christian doctrine, and this phrase highlights God's active role in raising Jesus. The Greek verb "ἤγειρεν" (ēgeiren) is used here, indicating a powerful action by God. This act is a testament to God's sovereignty over life and death, fulfilling the prophecies and promises of the Old Testament. It assures believers of the hope of their own resurrection and eternal life.

never to see decay
This phrase refers to the incorruptibility of Jesus after His resurrection. The Greek word "διαφθοράν" (diaphthoran) means corruption or decay, often associated with the physical decomposition of the body after death. By stating that Jesus would "never see decay," the scripture affirms His victory over death and the grave, distinguishing His resurrection from others who were raised only to die again.

As He has said
This phrase introduces a quotation from the Old Testament, showing the fulfillment of God's promises. It reflects the continuity and reliability of God's word throughout scripture. The use of "καθὼς" (kathōs) in Greek indicates that what follows is a direct fulfillment of divine prophecy, reinforcing the trustworthiness of God's promises.

I will give you the holy and sure blessings
This promise refers to the covenantal blessings assured to David and his descendants. The Greek word "ὅσια" (hosia) means holy or sacred, and "πιστά" (pista) means sure or faithful. Together, they emphasize the sanctity and reliability of God's promises. These blessings are not just temporal but eternal, fulfilled in Jesus Christ, who is the ultimate heir of David's throne.

promised to David
This phrase connects the resurrection of Jesus to the Davidic Covenant, where God promised David an everlasting kingdom. The Greek "Δαυίδ" (Dauid) is a direct reference to King David, a central figure in Jewish history. This connection highlights Jesus as the Messiah, the rightful heir to David's throne, and the fulfillment of God's promise of a kingdom that will never end. It reassures believers of the continuity of God's plan from the Old Testament to the New Testament, culminating in the person and work of Jesus Christ.

So also, He says
This phrase introduces a quotation from the Psalms, indicating that the speaker, Paul, is referencing the Hebrew Scriptures to support his argument. The use of "He says" implies divine authority, as it is God who speaks through the Scriptures. In the context of Acts 13, Paul is addressing a Jewish audience in the synagogue, and by invoking the Psalms, he is connecting the message of Jesus Christ to the revered texts of their tradition. This approach underscores the continuity between the Old and New Testaments, affirming that the prophecies and promises of the Old Testament find their fulfillment in Jesus.

in another Psalm
The phrase "in another Psalm" points to the rich tapestry of the Psalms, a collection of songs and prayers that express the full range of human emotions and experiences. The Psalms are often seen as prophetic, with many Christians interpreting them as foretelling the coming of the Messiah. By referencing "another Psalm," Paul is drawing from a well-known and respected source, which would resonate with his Jewish audience. This particular Psalm is Psalm 16, a text attributed to David, which holds significant messianic implications.

‘You will not let Your Holy One see decay.’
This quotation is from Psalm 16:10, and it is pivotal in Paul's argument about the resurrection of Jesus. The term "Your Holy One" is understood to refer to the Messiah, the anointed one of God. In Hebrew, the word for "Holy One" is "חָסִיד" (chasid), which conveys a sense of piety and devotion. The promise that the Holy One will not "see decay" is interpreted as a prophecy of the resurrection. In the historical context, decay or corruption was the natural end for all human beings after death. However, the resurrection of Jesus is presented as a divine intervention, a fulfillment of this promise, demonstrating His victory over death and His divine nature. This assertion is central to Christian faith, as it affirms the belief in life after death and the hope of resurrection for all believers. By using this Psalm, Paul is not only affirming Jesus' messianic identity but also offering hope and assurance of eternal life to his listeners.

For David
The mention of David here is significant as he is a central figure in Jewish history, revered as a king after God's own heart. The Greek name "David" (Δαυίδ) is a direct transliteration from the Hebrew דָּוִד, meaning "beloved." David's life and reign are pivotal in understanding the lineage of Jesus Christ, as he is often seen as a type of Christ, foreshadowing the coming Messiah.

when he had served
The Greek word used here for "served" is "ὑπηρετήσας" (hupēretēsas), which implies a sense of ministering or fulfilling a duty. This suggests that David's life was not just about his own ambitions but was dedicated to fulfilling a divine mission. His service was not merely political or military but was deeply spiritual, aligning with God's overarching plan.

God’s purpose
The phrase "God’s purpose" underscores the sovereignty and intentionality of God in the unfolding of history. The Greek word for "purpose" is "βουλή" (boulē), which can also mean counsel or will. This indicates that David's life was intricately woven into God's divine plan, serving as a reminder that each believer is called to align their life with God's will.

in his own generation
This phrase highlights the temporal and contextual nature of David's service. The Greek word "γενεά" (genea) refers to a generation or age. David's impact was not just for his time but set the stage for future generations. It serves as an encouragement for believers to make a difference in their own time, understanding that their actions have lasting implications.

fell asleep
The term "fell asleep" is a euphemism for death, used frequently in the New Testament. The Greek word "κοιμηθείς" (koimētheis) suggests a temporary state, reflecting the Christian hope in the resurrection. This metaphor indicates that death is not the end but a transition to eternal life, offering comfort and hope to believers.

he was buried with his fathers
This phrase connects David to the patriarchs and the continuity of God's covenantal promises. The act of being buried with one's ancestors was a sign of honor and continuity in Jewish culture. It emphasizes the faithfulness of God across generations and the importance of family and heritage in the biblical narrative.

and saw decay
The Greek word for "decay" is "διαφθορά" (diaphthora), meaning corruption or decomposition. This highlights the human mortality of David, contrasting with the resurrection of Jesus, who "did not see decay" (Acts 13:37). It underscores the uniqueness of Christ's victory over death, affirming His divine nature and the hope of resurrection for all who believe in Him.

But the One
This phrase refers specifically to Jesus Christ, the central figure of the New Testament and the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies. In the Greek, "the One" (ὁ) is a definite article, emphasizing the uniqueness and singularity of Jesus as the Messiah. This highlights the Christian belief that Jesus is not just another prophet or teacher, but the singular, divine Son of God.

whom God raised
The Greek verb for "raised" (ἤγειρεν) is in the aorist tense, indicating a completed action. This underscores the historical reality and finality of the resurrection event. The resurrection is a cornerstone of Christian faith, affirming Jesus' victory over death and His divine nature. It is God who raised Jesus, emphasizing divine intervention and approval of Jesus' sacrifice.

from the dead
This phrase confirms the physical reality of Jesus' death and subsequent resurrection. The Greek term for "dead" (νεκρῶν) is plural, indicating that Jesus was raised from among the dead, highlighting His unique victory over death. This resurrection is not metaphorical but a literal rising, which is foundational to the hope of eternal life for believers.

did not see decay
The Greek word for "decay" (διαφθοράν) refers to physical corruption or decomposition. This phrase fulfills the prophecy found in Psalm 16:10, which Peter also cites in Acts 2:27. The absence of decay in Jesus' body is a testament to His divine nature and the power of God. Unlike David, whose body did see decay, Jesus' body was preserved, affirming His identity as the Holy One of God.

Therefore let it be known to you
This phrase serves as a pivotal transition in Paul's sermon, emphasizing the importance and certainty of the message he is about to deliver. The Greek word for "known" (γνωστὸν) implies a deep, experiential knowledge rather than mere intellectual awareness. Paul is urging his listeners to grasp the profound truth he is about to share, not just with their minds but with their hearts and lives. This call to attention underscores the gravity of the gospel message and its transformative power.

brothers
The term "brothers" (ἀδελφοί) is a term of endearment and solidarity, reflecting the familial bond among believers. In the context of Paul's address, it signifies both his Jewish audience and the broader community of faith. This word choice highlights the inclusivity of the gospel, inviting all who hear to become part of God's family through faith in Christ. It also reflects the early Christian understanding of the church as a spiritual family, united by their shared faith in Jesus.

that through Jesus
The phrase "through Jesus" (διὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ) is central to the Christian message, emphasizing that Jesus is the exclusive means by which salvation and forgiveness are made available. The preposition "through" indicates the agency and mediation of Christ in the divine plan of redemption. This underscores the belief that Jesus' life, death, and resurrection are the foundation of the Christian faith and the only path to reconciliation with God.

the forgiveness of sins
"Forgiveness of sins" (ἄφεσις ἁμαρτιῶν) is a core tenet of the gospel, representing the release from the guilt and penalty of sin. The Greek word "ἄφεσις" conveys the idea of a pardon or liberation, suggesting a complete and total removal of sin's burden. This concept is deeply rooted in the sacrificial system of the Old Testament, where atonement was made through the shedding of blood. In the New Testament, Jesus is portrayed as the ultimate sacrifice, whose blood secures eternal forgiveness for all who believe.

is proclaimed to you
The act of proclamation (καταγγέλλεται) is a public declaration, emphasizing the necessity of sharing the gospel message openly and boldly. The use of the present tense indicates that this proclamation is an ongoing action, reflecting the continuous mission of the church to spread the good news. The phrase "to you" personalizes the message, inviting each listener to respond to the offer of forgiveness. It highlights the urgency and immediacy of the gospel call, urging individuals to embrace the salvation available through Christ.

Through Him
This phrase refers to Jesus Christ, the central figure of the Christian faith. The Greek word for "through" is "διὰ" (dia), indicating the means or agency by which something is accomplished. In this context, it emphasizes that justification, or being made right with God, is possible only through Jesus. Historically, this underscores the early Christian belief that Jesus is the fulfillment of the Old Testament prophecies and the mediator of a new covenant, as opposed to the old covenant represented by the law of Moses.

everyone who believes
The Greek word for "believes" is "πιστεύων" (pisteuōn), which implies a continuous, active faith. This phrase highlights the inclusivity of the Gospel message—salvation is available to all, regardless of background, who place their faith in Christ. This was a radical departure from the Jewish understanding of the time, which was more exclusive and centered on ethnic and religious identity. The early church's mission was to spread this message of universal salvation, breaking down barriers between Jews and Gentiles.

is justified
The term "justified" comes from the Greek "δικαιοῦται" (dikaioutai), meaning to be declared righteous or acquitted. In a legal sense, it implies a verdict of innocence. This concept is central to Pauline theology, where justification is a gift from God, granted through faith in Jesus Christ, rather than through adherence to the law. This was a transformative idea for early Christians, as it shifted the focus from human efforts to divine grace.

from everything
This phrase underscores the comprehensive nature of the justification offered through Christ. It implies that there is no sin or transgression too great to be forgiven. The early church taught that Christ's sacrifice was sufficient to cover all sins, a message that brought hope and liberation to believers who struggled under the weight of the law and their own shortcomings.

you could not be justified from
This part of the verse contrasts the limitations of the Mosaic Law with the sufficiency of Christ's atonement. The law, while holy and good, was unable to provide complete justification because it required perfect adherence, which was impossible for fallen humanity. This highlights the need for a savior and the inadequacy of human efforts to achieve righteousness on their own.

by the law of Moses
The "law of Moses" refers to the Torah, the first five books of the Old Testament, which contain the commandments and regulations given to the Israelites. The law served as a guide and a tutor, pointing out sin but unable to remove it. In the historical context, the law was central to Jewish identity and religious practice. However, the early Christian message, as articulated by Paul, was that the law's purpose was to lead people to Christ, who alone could provide true justification and reconciliation with God. This teaching was revolutionary and often controversial, as it challenged deeply held beliefs and traditions.

Watch out, then
This phrase serves as a warning and an exhortation. The Greek word for "watch out" is "blepete," which means to see, discern, or take heed. It is a call to vigilance and awareness, urging the listeners to be attentive to the message being delivered. In the context of Acts 13, Paul is addressing the synagogue in Pisidian Antioch, urging them to be cautious and mindful of the spiritual truths he is presenting. This serves as a timeless reminder for believers to remain spiritually alert and discerning, ensuring that they do not fall into complacency or disbelief.

that what was spoken by the prophets
This phrase underscores the continuity and fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy in the New Testament. The prophets, revered figures in Jewish history, were God's messengers who foretold the coming of the Messiah and the unfolding of God's redemptive plan. The Greek word for "spoken" is "eirethē," indicating a divine utterance or proclamation. Paul is emphasizing that the events and truths he is discussing were not new inventions but were rooted in the ancient prophecies, thus affirming the reliability and divine inspiration of Scripture. This connection between the Old and New Testaments highlights the unity of God's Word and His unchanging purpose throughout history.

does not happen to you
This phrase serves as a personal and direct warning to the audience. The Greek word for "happen" is "epelthē," which means to come upon or overtake. Paul is cautioning his listeners against the potential consequences of ignoring or rejecting the prophetic message. Historically, the Jewish people had experienced periods of judgment and exile due to their disobedience and unbelief. Paul is urging them to learn from the past and to embrace the fulfillment of prophecy in Jesus Christ, lest they face similar consequences. This serves as a powerful reminder for all believers to heed God's Word and to respond in faith and obedience, recognizing the gravity and implications of spiritual truths.

Look, you scoffers
The word "scoffers" is translated from the Greek word "kataphronētai," which refers to those who mock or disdainfully reject something. In the context of Acts 13, Paul is addressing the Jewish audience in the synagogue at Pisidian Antioch, quoting from Habakkuk 1:5. Historically, scoffers were those who rejected the prophets and the message of God. This phrase serves as a warning to those who dismiss the work of God, urging them to pay attention and reconsider their stance.

wonder and perish
The Greek word for "wonder" is "thaumazō," which implies being amazed or astonished. The term "perish" comes from "aphanizō," meaning to vanish or be destroyed. This phrase highlights the dual response to God's work: it is both awe-inspiring and, for those who reject it, ultimately leads to destruction. The historical context here is crucial, as Paul is warning his listeners of the consequences of disbelief, echoing the fate of those who ignored prophetic warnings in the past.

for I am doing a work in your days
This phrase emphasizes the immediacy and relevance of God's actions. The "work" refers to the unfolding plan of salvation through Jesus Christ, which was occurring in the very time of Paul's audience. The historical context is the early Christian church's expansion and the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies. The phrase underscores God's active involvement in human history, inviting the audience to recognize and participate in His divine plan.

that you would never believe
The Greek word "pisteuō" means to have faith or trust. This phrase indicates the incredulity of the people towards God's work, despite its unfolding before their eyes. It reflects a common biblical theme where God's actions surpass human understanding and expectation. Historically, this disbelief was evident in the rejection of Jesus as the Messiah by many of His contemporaries, despite the signs and wonders He performed.

even if someone told you
This phrase underscores the stubbornness and hardness of heart that can prevent people from accepting the truth, even when it is clearly presented to them. It reflects the prophetic tradition where messengers of God were often ignored or persecuted. In the context of Acts, Paul is highlighting the resistance of many Jews to the Gospel message, despite the testimony of the apostles and the fulfillment of prophecy in Christ.

As Paul and Barnabas were leaving the synagogue
This phrase sets the scene for the events that follow. Paul and Barnabas, key figures in the early Christian church, are depicted as actively engaging in missionary work. The synagogue was a central place of worship and community for Jews, and it was customary for visiting teachers to be invited to speak. This highlights the strategic approach of the apostles, who often began their ministry in a new city by speaking to the Jewish community. Historically, synagogues served as places of teaching and discussion, making them ideal venues for spreading the Gospel message.

the people
The term "people" here refers to the congregation present in the synagogue, which would have included both Jews and God-fearing Gentiles. This diverse audience is significant because it reflects the early church's mission to reach both Jews and Gentiles with the message of Christ. The Greek word used for "people" can denote a crowd or multitude, emphasizing the interest and engagement of those present.

begged
The use of the word "begged" indicates a strong desire and eagerness among the listeners. This verb suggests an earnest request, showing that the message Paul and Barnabas delivered resonated deeply with the audience. It reflects the hunger for spiritual truth and the impact of the Gospel when it is preached with clarity and power.

them to continue
The phrase "to continue" implies that the listeners were not satisfied with just a single hearing of the message. They desired an ongoing engagement with the teachings of Paul and Barnabas. This reflects the transformative nature of the Gospel, which invites individuals into a continuous journey of faith and understanding.

this message
The "message" refers to the Gospel of Jesus Christ, which Paul and Barnabas were proclaiming. This message centered on the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus, offering salvation to all who believe. The Greek term for "message" can also be translated as "word," underscoring the power and authority of the spoken Gospel.

on the next Sabbath
The mention of "the next Sabbath" indicates the regular rhythm of Jewish worship and the strategic planning of Paul and Barnabas. The Sabbath was a day set apart for rest and worship, making it an opportune time for teaching and reflection. This also suggests that the message of the Gospel was being integrated into the existing religious practices, bridging the old covenant with the new. The anticipation of the next Sabbath highlights the growing interest and momentum of the early Christian movement.

After the synagogue service
This phrase sets the scene in a Jewish context, highlighting the importance of the synagogue as a place of worship and teaching. The synagogue was central to Jewish community life, serving as a place for prayer, reading of the Torah, and teaching. The Greek word for synagogue, "synagōgē," means a gathering or assembly, emphasizing the communal aspect of worship. This setting underscores the early Christian mission's roots in Judaism and the transition from Jewish tradition to the new covenant in Christ.

many of the Jews and devout converts to Judaism
This phrase indicates the diverse audience present. "Jews" refers to ethnic Jews who were part of the covenant people of God. "Devout converts to Judaism," or "proselytes," were Gentiles who had embraced the Jewish faith, undergoing rituals such as circumcision and adhering to the Law of Moses. This inclusion of both groups highlights the early church's outreach and the breaking down of barriers between Jew and Gentile, a theme central to the book of Acts.

followed Paul and Barnabas
The act of following suggests a desire to learn more and a commitment to the teachings of Paul and Barnabas. In the Greek, "followed" (akoloutheō) implies not just physical following but also a deeper spiritual pursuit. This reflects the magnetic draw of the Gospel message and the authority with which Paul and Barnabas spoke, compelling their listeners to seek further understanding and truth.

who spoke to them and urged them
Paul and Barnabas took the opportunity to engage with those interested, speaking and urging them. The Greek word for "urged" (parakaleō) can mean to exhort, encourage, or comfort. This dual role of speaking and urging indicates a pastoral care for the new believers, guiding them in their nascent faith journey and encouraging them to remain steadfast.

to continue in the grace of God
This phrase encapsulates the heart of the Gospel message—grace. "Grace" (charis in Greek) is the unmerited favor of God, a central theme in Pauline theology. The exhortation to "continue" suggests perseverance and faithfulness in the Christian walk. It emphasizes that salvation is not a one-time event but a continuous journey of living in God's grace, relying on His strength and guidance. This encouragement would have been particularly poignant for new believers navigating the challenges of their newfound faith amidst a predominantly Jewish context.

On the following Sabbath
The phrase "on the following Sabbath" indicates a specific time frame, pointing to the Jewish day of rest and worship. The Sabbath, observed from Friday evening to Saturday evening, was a day set apart by God for rest and spiritual reflection, as commanded in Exodus 20:8-11. In the context of Acts, the Sabbath was a prime opportunity for Paul and Barnabas to reach both Jews and God-fearing Gentiles who gathered in the synagogue. This setting underscores the continuity of God's work from the Old Covenant to the New, as the apostles used the established rhythm of Jewish worship to proclaim the Gospel.

nearly the whole city
This phrase highlights the widespread interest and impact of the apostles' message. The city in question is Pisidian Antioch, a significant Roman colony in Asia Minor. The fact that "nearly the whole city" gathered suggests that the message of the Gospel was compelling and inclusive, reaching beyond the Jewish community to the Gentiles. This reflects the early church's mission to spread the Gospel to all nations, fulfilling Jesus' command in Acts 1:8. The gathering of such a large crowd also indicates the work of the Holy Spirit in drawing people to hear the message of salvation.

gathered
The word "gathered" implies a communal and intentional assembly of people. In the Greek, the term used is "συνέρχομαι" (synerchomai), which means to come together or assemble. This gathering was not a casual occurrence but a deliberate act of coming together to hear the apostles. It reflects the early church's emphasis on community and the shared experience of worship and learning. The act of gathering also signifies the breaking down of social and cultural barriers, as people from different backgrounds came together with a common purpose.

to hear
The phrase "to hear" emphasizes the active role of listening in the process of faith. In the biblical context, hearing is often associated with understanding and obedience. Romans 10:17 states, "So then faith comes by hearing, and hearing by the word of God." The act of hearing in this verse is not merely passive but involves a readiness to receive and respond to the message. It underscores the importance of the proclamation of the Gospel and the responsibility of the hearers to engage with the truth being presented.

the word of the Lord
This phrase refers to the message of the Gospel, the good news of Jesus Christ. In the Greek, "the word" is "λόγος" (logos), which can mean word, message, or reason. "The word of the Lord" signifies the divine revelation and authority of the message being preached. It is not merely human wisdom but the inspired truth of God, as revealed through Jesus Christ and the Scriptures. The focus on "the word of the Lord" highlights the centrality of Scripture in the life of the church and the transformative power of God's word to change hearts and lives. This phrase also connects to the broader biblical narrative, where God's word is seen as active, living, and powerful (Hebrews 4:12).

But when the Jews saw the crowds
The phrase highlights the reaction of the Jewish leaders to the growing popularity of Paul and Barnabas. The Greek word for "Jews" here is "Ἰουδαῖοι" (Ioudaioi), which in this context refers to the Jewish religious leaders and not the entire Jewish population. Historically, the Jewish leaders were often protective of their religious authority and influence. The "crowds" signify the Gentiles and other Jews who were drawn to the message of the Gospel, indicating a shift in spiritual influence that threatened the established religious order.

they were filled with jealousy
The Greek word for "jealousy" is "ζῆλος" (zēlos), which can also mean zeal or fervor. However, in this context, it denotes a negative connotation of envy and rivalry. The Jewish leaders' jealousy was not just a personal feeling but a reflection of their fear of losing control and influence over the people. This jealousy is reminiscent of the Pharisees' reaction to Jesus' ministry, where they felt threatened by His growing influence and the challenge He posed to their authority.

They began to contradict what Paul was saying
The act of contradiction here is significant. The Greek word "ἀντιλέγω" (antilegō) means to speak against or oppose. This opposition was not based on a reasoned theological debate but was driven by their jealousy and fear. Historically, this reflects a common pattern where new movements or ideas are met with resistance by established authorities. The Jewish leaders' contradiction was an attempt to undermine Paul's message and maintain their religious dominance.

and heaped abuse on him
The phrase "heaped abuse" translates from the Greek "βλασφημέω" (blasphēmeō), which means to speak evil of or to slander. This indicates that the opposition was not just verbal contradiction but also involved personal attacks and defamation. This abuse reflects the intensity of their opposition and their desperation to discredit Paul. In a broader scriptural context, this mirrors the persecution faced by many prophets and apostles who spoke God's truth in the face of opposition.

Then Paul and Barnabas
This phrase introduces the key figures in this passage, Paul and Barnabas, who were prominent leaders in the early Christian church. Paul, formerly Saul of Tarsus, was a Pharisee and a Roman citizen, well-versed in Jewish law and customs. Barnabas, whose name means "son of encouragement," was a Levite from Cyprus and an early convert to Christianity. Their partnership in ministry highlights the unity and collaboration necessary in spreading the Gospel. Historically, their missionary journeys were pivotal in the expansion of Christianity beyond Jewish communities.

answered them boldly
The word "boldly" is derived from the Greek word "παρρησία" (parrēsia), which conveys a sense of confidence and fearlessness in speech. This boldness is a hallmark of the apostles' ministry, empowered by the Holy Spirit. In the context of Acts, it reflects their unwavering commitment to proclaiming the Gospel despite opposition. This boldness is not merely human courage but a divine enablement to speak truth in the face of adversity, as seen throughout the book of Acts.

It was necessary
The phrase "It was necessary" indicates a divine mandate or obligation. The Greek word "δεῖ" (dei) suggests something that is ordained or required by God's sovereign plan. This necessity underscores the priority of the Jewish people in God's redemptive history, as the Gospel was to be proclaimed first to the Jews, fulfilling the promises made to the patriarchs and the prophecies of the Old Testament.

to speak the word of God to you first
This phrase emphasizes the initial focus of the apostles' mission. "The word of God" refers to the message of the Gospel, the good news of Jesus Christ. The priority of the Jews is rooted in the Abrahamic covenant and the role of Israel as God's chosen people. Historically, the Jewish people were the custodians of God's revelation, and it was fitting that they should first hear the fulfillment of the promises made to them.

Since you reject it
The word "reject" comes from the Greek "ἀπωθέω" (apōtheō), meaning to push away or refuse. This rejection is not merely a passive disinterest but an active refusal to accept the message of salvation. In the context of Acts, this rejection by the Jewish leaders and some of the people is a recurring theme, highlighting the tension between the nascent Christian movement and traditional Jewish beliefs.

and do not consider yourselves worthy of eternal life
This phrase reflects the tragic consequence of rejecting the Gospel. "Eternal life" in the New Testament context refers to the life of the age to come, a life in communion with God through Jesus Christ. The phrase suggests a self-assessment by the Jewish audience, who, by rejecting the Gospel, deem themselves unworthy of the salvation offered through Christ. This highlights the personal responsibility in responding to God's offer of grace.

we now turn to the Gentiles
This pivotal statement marks a significant shift in the early church's mission strategy. The turning to the Gentiles is not an abandonment of the Jewish people but an expansion of the mission to include all nations, fulfilling the Great Commission. The inclusion of the Gentiles was always part of God's redemptive plan, as foretold by the prophets. This turning point in Acts underscores the universal scope of the Gospel and the breaking down of ethnic and cultural barriers in the body of Christ.

For this is what the Lord has commanded us
This phrase underscores the divine authority and mandate given to Paul and Barnabas. The word "commanded" in Greek is "ἐντέλλομαι" (entellomai), which implies a direct order or charge. This highlights the seriousness and non-negotiable nature of their mission. Historically, this reflects the early church's understanding that their mission to the Gentiles was not a human initiative but a divine directive. The use of "us" indicates a collective responsibility, emphasizing that this command is not just for Paul and Barnabas but for all believers.

‘I have made you a light for the Gentiles
The imagery of "light" is rich in biblical symbolism, often representing truth, revelation, and divine presence. The Greek word for light is "φῶς" (phos), which conveys the idea of illumination and guidance. In the context of the early church, this phrase signifies the role of believers as bearers of the Gospel to those in spiritual darkness. Historically, this reflects the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies, particularly Isaiah 49:6, where the servant of the Lord is called to be a light to the nations. This phrase underscores the inclusivity of the Gospel, breaking the boundaries of ethnic and cultural divisions.

to bring salvation to the ends of the earth.’”
The phrase "to bring salvation" indicates the purpose of the light, which is to offer deliverance and redemption. The Greek word for salvation is "σωτηρία" (soteria), which encompasses rescue, safety, and preservation. This reflects the comprehensive nature of the Gospel's saving power. "To the ends of the earth" emphasizes the universal scope of the mission. It is a call to global evangelism, transcending geographical and cultural barriers. This phrase echoes the Great Commission in Matthew 28:19-20 and Acts 1:8, reinforcing the church's mission to reach every corner of the world with the message of Christ. Historically, this was a radical concept, as it challenged the Jewish-centric view of God's covenant, opening the way for Gentiles to become part of God's people.

When the Gentiles heard this
The term "Gentiles" refers to non-Jewish people. In the context of the early church, this was a significant moment as the message of the Gospel was being extended beyond the Jewish community. The Greek word for Gentiles is "ethnē," which can also mean nations or peoples. This highlights the universal scope of the Gospel, fulfilling the promise that all nations would be blessed through Abraham (Genesis 12:3). Historically, this marks a pivotal shift in the early church's mission, emphasizing the inclusivity of God's salvation plan.

they rejoiced
The Greek word for "rejoiced" is "echarēsan," which conveys a deep, exuberant joy. This joy is a common response to the Gospel message throughout the New Testament, reflecting the transformative power of the Good News. The Gentiles' joy signifies their acceptance and understanding of the grace offered to them, a grace that transcends cultural and ethnic boundaries. This joy is not merely emotional but is rooted in the spiritual liberation and hope found in Christ.

and glorified the word of the Lord
To "glorify" in Greek is "edoxazon," meaning to honor or praise. The "word of the Lord" refers to the Gospel message, the revelation of God's plan of salvation through Jesus Christ. By glorifying the word, the Gentiles acknowledged its divine authority and truth. This act of glorification is both a recognition of the message's power and an act of worship, aligning with the biblical theme that God's word is living and active (Hebrews 4:12).

and all who were appointed for eternal life
The phrase "appointed for eternal life" uses the Greek word "tetagmenoi," which implies being set in place or ordained. This suggests the sovereignty of God in the process of salvation, aligning with the doctrine of election. From a conservative Christian perspective, this underscores the belief that God, in His omniscience and grace, has a divine plan for those who will receive eternal life. This appointment is not based on human merit but on God's gracious will.

believed
The Greek word for "believed" is "episteusan," indicating a trust or faith in something or someone. In this context, it refers to the Gentiles' faith in Jesus Christ as their Savior. Belief is a central theme in the New Testament, often associated with receiving eternal life (John 3:16). This belief is not a mere intellectual assent but a heartfelt trust and reliance on the truth of the Gospel. It signifies a personal relationship with Christ, resulting in a transformed life.

And the word of the Lord
This phrase signifies the divine message or gospel that is being proclaimed. The "word" (Greek: λόγος, logos) is a term rich in meaning, often used to denote not just spoken words but the divine reason or plan. In the context of Acts, it refers to the message of salvation through Jesus Christ. The "Lord" here is understood as Jesus, affirming His divinity and authority. Historically, this proclamation was revolutionary, challenging both Jewish and Gentile audiences to reconsider their understanding of God and His covenant.

spread
The Greek word used here is διέφερετο (diephereto), which implies a continuous and expansive movement. This suggests not just a passive reception but an active dissemination of the gospel. The early church was characterized by its missionary zeal, driven by the Holy Spirit, to ensure that the message of Christ reached as many people as possible. This spreading is indicative of the transformative power of the gospel, which could not be contained within a single community or region.

throughout that region
The phrase indicates the geographical scope of the gospel's impact. The "region" refers to the area surrounding Pisidian Antioch, where Paul and Barnabas were ministering. This was a significant area in the Roman province of Galatia, a crossroads of trade and culture. The spread of the gospel here is emblematic of the early church's mission strategy, which often targeted urban centers from which the message could radiate outward. Historically, this reflects the strategic approach of the apostles to reach diverse populations, fulfilling the Great Commission to make disciples of all nations.

But the Jews
This phrase refers to the Jewish leaders and community members in Pisidian Antioch. In the context of Acts 13, Paul and Barnabas had been preaching in the synagogue, and while many were receptive, some Jews were resistant. The Greek word used here for "Jews" is "Ἰουδαῖοι" (Ioudaioi), which can refer to both ethnic Jews and those adhering to Judaism. Historically, this resistance is consistent with the pattern seen throughout Acts, where Jewish leaders often opposed the spread of the Gospel due to perceived threats to their religious authority and traditions.

incited the religious women of prominence
The phrase highlights the strategic move by the Jewish leaders to influence women of high social standing. The Greek word for "incited" is "παροτρύνω" (parotryno), meaning to stir up or provoke. These women, likely Gentile converts to Judaism or God-fearers, held significant influence in the community. Their involvement underscores the intersection of religion and social status in the ancient world, where women of prominence could sway public opinion and action.

and the leading men of the city
This phrase indicates the involvement of influential male figures in the city, likely members of the local government or wealthy citizens. The Greek term "πρώτους" (prōtous) suggests those who are first in rank or authority. By engaging these leaders, the Jewish opponents aimed to leverage political power to suppress the burgeoning Christian movement. This reflects the broader socio-political dynamics of the Roman Empire, where local elites often played crucial roles in maintaining order and aligning with religious factions.

They stirred up persecution
The phrase "stirred up persecution" conveys the active role these individuals took in opposing Paul and Barnabas. The Greek word "διωγμός" (diogmos) for "persecution" implies a systematic effort to harass or oppress. This persecution was not merely a spontaneous reaction but a calculated campaign to hinder the apostles' mission. Historically, this reflects the early church's challenges, as it faced hostility from both Jewish and Gentile communities.

against Paul and Barnabas
This phrase specifies the targets of the persecution: Paul and Barnabas, the key figures in the missionary journey. Their bold proclamation of the Gospel and success in converting many, including Gentiles, threatened the established religious order. The opposition they faced is emblematic of the broader resistance to the early Christian message, which often challenged existing religious and social norms.

and drove them out of their district
The phrase "drove them out" indicates a forceful expulsion from the region. The Greek word "ἐκβάλλω" (ekballo) means to cast out or expel. This action reflects the severity of the opposition and the lengths to which the Jewish leaders and city officials would go to protect their interests. It also highlights the itinerant nature of early Christian missionaries, who, despite such setbacks, continued to spread the Gospel across different regions. This expulsion, while a setback, also served to further the spread of Christianity as the apostles moved to new areas.

So they shook the dust off their feet
This phrase is a symbolic act that the apostles performed as a testimony against those who rejected their message. In the cultural and historical context of the time, shaking the dust off one's feet was a gesture used by Jews when leaving Gentile territories, signifying a separation from those who did not follow God's ways. By performing this act in a Jewish context, Paul and Barnabas were making a profound statement about the rejection of the Gospel by their own people. The Greek word for "shook" (ἐκτινάσσω, ektinassō) implies a deliberate and decisive action, emphasizing the apostles' resolve to move forward in their mission despite opposition. This act serves as a reminder to believers to remain steadfast in their faith and mission, even when faced with rejection.

in protest against them
The phrase "in protest against them" indicates that the apostles' action was not merely a personal decision but a public declaration. The Greek word for "protest" (μαρτύριον, martyrion) can also mean "testimony" or "witness." This suggests that their action was meant to serve as a witness to the truth of the Gospel and the seriousness of rejecting it. It underscores the responsibility of those who hear the Gospel to respond to it, and the accountability that comes with rejecting God's message. For believers today, it is a call to be bold in their witness and to trust that God will handle the hearts of those who reject His message.

and went to Iconium
The apostles' journey to Iconium signifies their unwavering commitment to spreading the Gospel. Iconium was a city in the region of Galatia, and their decision to go there reflects their obedience to the Great Commission, to take the Gospel to all nations. The historical context reveals that Iconium was a diverse city with both Jews and Gentiles, presenting new opportunities and challenges for the apostles. This move illustrates the principle of perseverance in ministry, encouraging believers to continue their mission work despite setbacks. It also highlights the importance of strategic planning in ministry, as the apostles chose locations where they could have the most impact for the Kingdom of God.

And the disciples
The term "disciples" refers to the followers of Jesus Christ, specifically those who were committed to learning from the apostles and spreading the teachings of Christ. In the context of Acts, these disciples were not just the original twelve apostles but included a growing number of believers who were being converted through the missionary efforts of Paul and Barnabas. Historically, this period marks the expansion of the early church beyond Jewish communities into Gentile regions, illustrating the fulfillment of Jesus' command to make disciples of all nations (Matthew 28:19).

were filled
The phrase "were filled" indicates a state of being completely imbued or saturated. In the Greek, the word "plēthō" suggests a fullness that is overwhelming and complete. This filling is not a one-time event but a continual process, reflecting the ongoing work of the Holy Spirit in the lives of believers. It signifies a divine empowerment and presence that equips the disciples for their mission, echoing the Pentecost experience in Acts 2 when the Holy Spirit first descended upon the apostles.

with joy
"Joy" in this context is more than mere happiness; it is a deep-seated sense of gladness and contentment that comes from the Holy Spirit. The Greek word "chara" denotes a joy that is rooted in spiritual realities rather than external circumstances. This joy is a fruit of the Spirit (Galatians 5:22) and is often associated with the presence and work of God in the believer's life. Historically, the early Christians faced persecution and hardship, yet their joy was a testament to their faith and the transformative power of the Gospel.

and with the Holy Spirit
The Holy Spirit is the third person of the Trinity, who empowers, guides, and comforts believers. In Acts, the Holy Spirit is portrayed as the driving force behind the spread of the Gospel and the growth of the church. The filling of the Holy Spirit signifies a special anointing and presence that enables the disciples to carry out their mission with boldness and effectiveness. This phrase underscores the essential role of the Holy Spirit in the life of the church and individual believers, as He provides the necessary strength and guidance to fulfill God's purposes. Theologically, this highlights the intimate relationship between joy and the Holy Spirit, as the Spirit's presence brings about a supernatural joy that sustains believers through trials and tribulations.