When Jesus saw the crowds
The phrase begins with "When Jesus," emphasizing the centrality of Jesus in the narrative. The Greek word for "saw" is "εἶδεν" (eiden), which implies not just a physical seeing but a deeper understanding and perception. Jesus, in His divine wisdom, perceives the needs and spiritual hunger of the crowds. The "crowds" refer to the large groups of people who followed Jesus, drawn by His teachings and miracles. This setting underscores the widespread interest in Jesus' message and the beginning of His public ministry.

He went up on the mountain
The act of going "up on the mountain" is significant both geographically and theologically. Mountains in Scripture often symbolize places of revelation and divine encounter, reminiscent of Moses receiving the Law on Mount Sinai. The Greek word "ὄρος" (oros) for "mountain" suggests a place set apart for important teaching. This setting prepares the reader for the Sermon on the Mount, a pivotal moment where Jesus delivers profound spiritual truths.

and sat down
In Jewish tradition, a rabbi would sit down to teach, indicating authority and readiness to impart wisdom. The Greek word "καθίσας" (kathisas) means to sit, suggesting a deliberate and authoritative posture. This act of sitting down signifies that Jesus is about to deliver a formal and significant teaching, inviting His listeners to pay close attention to His words.

His disciples came to Him
The term "disciples" (Greek: μαθηταὶ, mathētai) refers to those who are learners or followers of Jesus. This phrase highlights the intimate relationship between Jesus and His disciples, who are eager to learn from their Master. The act of coming to Him indicates their willingness and readiness to receive His teachings. It sets the stage for the transmission of the Beatitudes and the core principles of the Kingdom of Heaven, which Jesus is about to expound.

And He began to teach them, saying
And He began
This phrase marks the initiation of one of the most significant discourses in the New Testament, the Sermon on the Mount. The Greek word for "began" is "ἤρξατο" (ērxato), which implies a deliberate and purposeful action. Jesus, as the divine teacher, is about to impart wisdom that is foundational to Christian ethics and living. This beginning is not just a start of a speech but the commencement of a new understanding of the Kingdom of Heaven.

to teach them
The Greek word for "teach" is "διδάσκω" (didaskō), which means to instruct or impart knowledge. Jesus' teaching is authoritative and transformative, contrasting with the scribes and Pharisees of His time. His teaching is not merely informational but transformational, aiming to change hearts and minds. The audience, primarily His disciples, are being prepared to understand the deeper truths of God's kingdom.

saying
The Greek word "λέγων" (legōn) introduces the direct speech of Jesus. This word signifies not just the act of speaking but conveying a message of importance. What follows is a series of teachings that are both radical and counter-cultural, challenging the existing norms and inviting the listeners into a new way of life. The use of "saying" underscores the authority and intentionality behind Jesus' words, as He speaks with divine wisdom and insight.

Blessed
The Greek word used here is "makarios," which conveys a sense of happiness or fortunate well-being. In the context of the Beatitudes, "blessed" refers to a state of spiritual prosperity and divine favor. This term is not merely about earthly happiness but a deeper, spiritual joy that comes from a right relationship with God. Historically, this word was used to describe the elite or those in a privileged position, but Jesus redefines it to include those who are spiritually humble.

are the poor in spirit
The phrase "poor in spirit" comes from the Greek "ptōchos," meaning destitute or lacking. In this context, it refers to those who recognize their spiritual poverty and need for God. This is not about material poverty but an acknowledgment of one's spiritual neediness and dependence on God. Throughout Scripture, humility and a contrite heart are valued by God (Isaiah 66:2). The "poor in spirit" are those who understand their own limitations and sinfulness, and thus, they are open to receiving God's grace.

for theirs is the kingdom of heaven
The promise of "the kingdom of heaven" is a central theme in Jesus' teachings. The Greek word "basileia" refers to the reign or rule of God. This phrase indicates that those who are "poor in spirit" are granted access to God's kingdom, both in the present spiritual sense and in the future eschatological fulfillment. The "kingdom of heaven" is not just a future hope but a present reality for believers who live under God's rule. This promise is a reversal of worldly values, where the humble and spiritually needy are exalted and given the greatest gift of all—citizenship in God's eternal kingdom.

Blessed
The Greek word used here is "makarios," which conveys a sense of divine favor and happiness. In the context of the Beatitudes, "blessed" refers to a state of spiritual well-being and prosperity that comes from a right relationship with God. This blessing is not dependent on external circumstances but is a deep-seated joy and contentment that comes from being in God's presence and under His care.

are those who mourn
The Greek word for "mourn" is "pentheo," which means to experience deep grief or sorrow. This mourning is not just any sadness but a profound lamentation over sin and the brokenness of the world. Historically, mourning in Jewish culture involved wearing sackcloth, ashes, and fasting, signifying repentance and humility before God. In a spiritual sense, this mourning reflects a heart that is sensitive to sin and its consequences, both personally and in the broader world.

for they will be comforted
The promise of comfort is rooted in the Greek word "parakaleo," which means to call to one's side, to encourage, or to console. This comfort is not merely a temporary relief from sorrow but a profound assurance of God's presence and the hope of redemption. Scripturally, this comfort is often associated with the Holy Spirit, referred to as the "Comforter" or "Helper" in John 14:16. The comfort promised here is both present and future, as believers experience God's peace now and look forward to the ultimate comfort in His eternal kingdom.

Blessed
The term "blessed" in Greek is "makarios," which conveys a sense of divine joy and perfect happiness. In the context of the Beatitudes, it signifies a state of spiritual well-being and prosperity. This blessing is not merely a temporary or earthly happiness but a profound, enduring joy that comes from a right relationship with God. The use of "blessed" here sets the tone for the Beatitudes, indicating that those who embody these qualities are favored by God and will experience His kingdom's fullness.

are the meek
The word "meek" comes from the Greek "praus," which is often misunderstood in modern contexts as weakness. However, in biblical terms, meekness is a strength under control. It refers to a humble and gentle attitude that is patient and submissive to God's will. Historically, meekness was a valued trait in ancient cultures, often associated with wisdom and self-control. In the scriptural context, meekness is a fruit of the Spirit (Galatians 5:23) and is exemplified by Jesus Himself (Matthew 11:29). It involves trusting God to vindicate and protect rather than asserting oneself aggressively.

for they will inherit
The phrase "will inherit" is derived from the Greek "kleronomeo," which means to receive an inheritance or to possess. Inheritance in biblical times was a significant concept, often associated with the passing down of land, wealth, and blessings from one generation to the next. Spiritually, this inheritance is not just a future promise but a present reality for believers who live in accordance with God's will. It signifies the assurance of God's promises and the eternal rewards that await those who are faithful.

the earth
The term "earth" in Greek is "ge," which can refer to the physical land or the world as a whole. In the context of this verse, it echoes the Old Testament promise of the land to the Israelites, symbolizing God's provision and blessing. However, Jesus expands this promise to include all who are meek, indicating a broader, more spiritual inheritance. This inheritance is not limited to a specific geographical location but encompasses the new heaven and new earth promised in Revelation 21:1. It reflects the ultimate fulfillment of God's kingdom, where His people will dwell in peace and righteousness.

Blessed
The term "blessed" in Greek is "makarios," which conveys a sense of divine joy and perfect happiness. In the context of the Beatitudes, it signifies a state of spiritual well-being and prosperity that comes from a right relationship with God. This blessing is not merely a temporary feeling but a profound state of being that transcends earthly circumstances. Historically, this term was used to describe the gods, indicating a happiness that is beyond human experience, thus suggesting that those who are "blessed" partake in a divine nature.

are those who hunger and thirst
The imagery of "hunger and thirst" is powerful, evoking the most basic and intense human needs. In the Greek, "peinaō" (to hunger) and "dipsaō" (to thirst) suggest a deep, driving desire. This phrase implies a continuous, active longing, not a passive wish. In the ancient world, where food and water were not as readily available as today, these terms would resonate deeply with Jesus' audience, highlighting the urgency and necessity of seeking righteousness with the same fervor as one would seek sustenance.

for righteousness
"Righteousness" in Greek is "dikaiosynē," which encompasses both personal holiness and social justice. It refers to a life that is in alignment with God's will and character. In the Jewish context, righteousness was closely tied to the law and covenant faithfulness. However, Jesus expands this concept to include an inner transformation that results in outward actions. This righteousness is not self-derived but is a gift from God, reflecting His nature and standards.

for they will be filled
The promise "they will be filled" uses the Greek word "chortazō," which means to be satisfied or to have one's fill. This term was often used in the context of feeding animals until they were completely satisfied. The assurance here is that those who earnestly seek righteousness will be completely satisfied by God. This filling is both a present reality and a future hope, pointing to the ultimate fulfillment in God's kingdom. It suggests a divine provision that meets the deepest needs of the human soul, offering a satisfaction that the world cannot provide.

Blessed
The word "blessed" in this context is translated from the Greek word "makarios," which conveys a sense of divine favor and happiness. In the Beatitudes, Jesus is describing a state of spiritual well-being and prosperity that comes from being in right relationship with God. This blessing is not merely a temporary or earthly happiness but a deep, abiding joy that comes from living according to God's will. Historically, the concept of being "blessed" was understood as being under God's protection and favor, a theme that resonates throughout the Old and New Testaments.

are the merciful
The term "merciful" is derived from the Greek word "eleēmōn," which means to show compassion or forgiveness to someone, especially when it is within one's power to punish or harm. In the historical and cultural context of Jesus' time, mercy was a radical concept, often seen as a weakness in a society that valued justice and retribution. However, Jesus elevates mercy as a divine attribute, reflecting God's own nature. Scripturally, mercy is a recurring theme, as seen in God's dealings with Israel and in the teachings of Jesus, who often emphasized forgiveness and compassion over strict adherence to the law.

for they
The phrase "for they" indicates a direct correlation between the characteristic of being merciful and the resulting blessing. It suggests a cause-and-effect relationship, where the practice of mercy leads to a specific divine response. This reflects a broader biblical principle that God rewards those who embody His attributes and live according to His commandments.

will be shown mercy
The promise "will be shown mercy" is a future passive construction in Greek, indicating that the merciful will receive mercy from God. This reflects the biblical principle of reciprocity found throughout Scripture, such as in the Lord's Prayer, where Jesus teaches, "forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors" (Matthew 6:12, BSB). Theologically, this promise underscores the importance of mercy as a reflection of God's character and a requirement for His followers. It assures believers that their acts of mercy will not go unnoticed by God and that they will experience His mercy in their own lives, both now and in the eschatological future.

Blessed
The Greek word used here is "makarios," which conveys a sense of divine joy and perfect happiness. In the context of the Beatitudes, "blessed" refers to a state of spiritual well-being and prosperity, a deep-seated joy that comes from being right with God. This blessing is not dependent on external circumstances but is a result of an inner transformation and relationship with God.

are the pure in heart
The phrase "pure in heart" comes from the Greek "katharos," meaning clean, clear, or unsoiled. In biblical times, the heart was considered the center of one's being, encompassing mind, will, and emotions. To be "pure in heart" implies a singular focus on God, free from hypocrisy, deceit, or divided loyalties. It suggests an inner moral purity that reflects a sincere devotion to God. Historically, purity was a significant theme in Jewish law and tradition, emphasizing the importance of inner cleanliness over mere external ritual purity.

for they will see God
The promise of "seeing God" is profound and deeply rooted in the Jewish understanding of divine revelation. The Greek word "optanomai" means to gaze with wide-open eyes, as at something remarkable. In the Old Testament, seeing God was considered a rare and awe-inspiring event, often associated with divine favor and revelation. This promise suggests an intimate, personal relationship with God, where the pure in heart will experience His presence and glory both in this life and in eternity. Theologically, it points to the ultimate fulfillment of God's promise of eternal life and communion with Him.

Blessed
The Greek word used here is "makarios," which conveys a sense of divine joy and perfect happiness. In the context of the Beatitudes, "blessed" refers to a state of spiritual well-being and prosperity that comes from a right relationship with God. This blessing is not merely a temporary feeling but a profound and enduring state of being that transcends earthly circumstances.

are the peacemakers
The term "peacemakers" comes from the Greek "eirēnopoios," which is a compound of "eirēnē" (peace) and "poieō" (to make or do). Peacemakers are those who actively seek to reconcile and bring harmony in situations of conflict. Historically, peace was a rare and precious commodity in the turbulent times of the Roman Empire, and Jesus' call to be peacemakers was both radical and countercultural. In a broader scriptural context, peacemaking is a reflection of God's own nature, as He is often described as the "God of peace" (Romans 15:33).

for they will be called
The phrase "will be called" indicates a future recognition and affirmation. The Greek word "klēthēsontai" suggests being named or acknowledged. This implies that peacemakers will be publicly recognized and honored, not just by people, but more importantly, by God Himself. This divine acknowledgment is a powerful motivator for believers to pursue peace.

sons of God
The term "sons" (Greek "huioi") signifies a close relationship and likeness to God. In the cultural and historical context of the Bible, being called a "son" implies sharing in the character and mission of the father. Thus, being called "sons of God" means that peacemakers reflect God's character and are part of His family. This is a profound identity that carries both privilege and responsibility. Scripturally, this aligns with the concept of believers being adopted into God's family through faith in Christ (Galatians 4:5-7).

Blessed
The Greek word used here is "makarios," which conveys a sense of happiness or fortunate well-being. In the context of the Beatitudes, it signifies a divine joy and perfect happiness that comes from being in right standing with God. This blessedness is not dependent on external circumstances but is a state of spiritual prosperity and contentment.

are those who are persecuted
The term "persecuted" comes from the Greek "diōkō," meaning to pursue or chase away. Historically, persecution has been a reality for followers of Christ, from the early church facing Roman oppression to modern-day believers in hostile regions. This phrase acknowledges the reality of suffering for one's faith, yet it also implies a sense of honor and purpose in enduring such trials for the sake of Christ.

because of righteousness
"Righteousness" in Greek is "dikaiosynē," which refers to the quality of being morally right or justifiable. Biblically, it is the state of being in right relationship with God, achieved through faith in Jesus Christ. This righteousness is not self-derived but is a gift from God, and living it out often sets believers apart, leading to persecution from a world that opposes God's standards.

for theirs is the kingdom of heaven
This phrase promises a present and future reality for those who endure persecution for righteousness. The "kingdom of heaven" is a central theme in Matthew's Gospel, representing God's sovereign rule and the eternal life promised to believers. It is both a present spiritual reality and a future hope, assuring persecuted believers of their ultimate reward and vindication in God's eternal kingdom.

Blessed are you
The word "blessed" in Greek is "makarios," which conveys a sense of deep, spiritual joy and contentment that is not dependent on external circumstances. In the context of the Beatitudes, it signifies a state of being approved by God. This blessing is not a superficial happiness but a profound sense of well-being that comes from being in right relationship with God. The use of "you" personalizes the message, indicating that this blessing is directly applicable to the followers of Christ who endure hardships for His sake.

when people insult you
The Greek word for "insult" is "oneidizó," which means to reproach or revile. This term suggests verbal abuse or mockery, often intended to demean or belittle. In the historical context of early Christianity, believers frequently faced ridicule and scorn from both Jewish and Gentile communities. This phrase highlights the reality that following Christ may lead to social ostracism and verbal attacks, yet it is a cause for blessing because it aligns the believer with the sufferings of Christ.

persecute you
"Persecute" comes from the Greek "dioko," which means to pursue or chase down. It implies a relentless and aggressive pursuit, often with the intent to harm. Historically, Christians have faced persecution in various forms, from physical violence to legal oppression. This phrase acknowledges the cost of discipleship and the reality that living a life devoted to Christ may provoke hostility from the world. Yet, it also reassures believers that such persecution is a mark of their faithfulness.

and falsely say all kinds of evil against you
The phrase "falsely say" is derived from the Greek "pseudomai," meaning to lie or deceive. This indicates that the accusations are not based on truth but are fabrications intended to damage one's reputation. The phrase "all kinds of evil" suggests a wide range of slanderous accusations. In the early church, Christians were often accused of subverting social norms and were misunderstood by the surrounding culture. This part of the verse emphasizes the importance of maintaining integrity and truthfulness in the face of false accusations.

because of Me
The phrase "because of Me" is crucial, as it clarifies the reason for the persecution and insults. It is not suffering for wrongdoing but for allegiance to Christ. This distinction is vital, as it aligns the believer's experience with that of Jesus Himself, who was persecuted for His righteousness and truth. The phrase underscores the intimate connection between Christ and His followers, suggesting that enduring hardship for His sake is a form of participation in His mission and suffering. This provides a profound sense of purpose and identity for believers, as their trials are directly linked to their relationship with Christ.

Rejoice and be glad
The phrase "Rejoice and be glad" is a call to an emotional and spiritual response that transcends earthly circumstances. The Greek words used here are "χαίρετε" (chairete) and "ἀγαλλιᾶσθε" (agalliasthe). "Chairete" is often translated as "rejoice," and it implies a deep, abiding joy that is not dependent on external conditions. "Agalliasthe" means to be exceedingly glad or to exult, suggesting an exuberant, overflowing joy. In the context of persecution for righteousness' sake, this command is counterintuitive, yet it reflects the profound truth that joy in the Christian life is rooted in the eternal and not the temporal. Historically, this joy has been a hallmark of Christian martyrs and saints who found their ultimate satisfaction in Christ, despite suffering.

because great is your reward in heaven
The phrase "because great is your reward in heaven" provides the reason for the rejoicing. The Greek word for "reward" is "μισθός" (misthos), which refers to wages or recompense. This indicates that God, in His justice and grace, acknowledges and rewards the faithfulness of His people. The use of "great" (μέγας, megas) emphasizes the magnitude and significance of this heavenly reward. The concept of heavenly reward is deeply rooted in Jewish eschatological hope and is a recurring theme in the New Testament, where believers are encouraged to look beyond present sufferings to the eternal glory that awaits them. This promise of a "great" reward serves as a powerful motivation for enduring persecution and living a life of righteousness.

for in the same way they persecuted the prophets
The phrase "for in the same way they persecuted the prophets" connects the experience of Jesus' followers with the historical persecution of the prophets. The Greek word "ἐδίωξαν" (ediōxan) means "persecuted" and conveys the idea of being pursued or harassed. This reference to the prophets places the suffering of believers within the larger narrative of God's redemptive history. The prophets, who were God's messengers, often faced opposition and hostility for speaking truth to power and calling people back to covenant faithfulness. This historical context serves as both a warning and an encouragement: a warning that persecution is a common experience for those who stand for God's truth, and an encouragement that believers are part of a long line of faithful witnesses.

who were before you
The phrase "who were before you" emphasizes continuity and solidarity with the faithful who have gone before. The Greek word "πρὸ" (pro) means "before" in terms of time, indicating that the persecution of God's people is not a new phenomenon but has been a consistent reality throughout history. This connection to the past provides a sense of belonging and purpose, as believers today are part of the same spiritual lineage as the prophets and saints of old. It also serves as a reminder of the enduring nature of God's kingdom and the ultimate triumph of His purposes. The historical and scriptural context of this phrase reassures believers that they are not alone in their struggles and that their faithfulness is part of a larger, divine narrative.

You are the salt of the earth
This phrase begins with a powerful metaphor. In the ancient world, salt was a valuable commodity, used for preservation and flavoring. The Greek word for "salt" is "halas," which signifies not only the physical substance but also its symbolic meanings. Salt was essential for life, and its preservative qualities were crucial in a time without refrigeration. Jesus is calling His followers to be essential and life-preserving in the world, maintaining the moral and spiritual integrity of society. The phrase "of the earth" indicates the global scope of this mission, emphasizing that believers are to influence the entire world, not just their immediate surroundings.

But if the salt loses its savor
The Greek word for "loses its savor" is "moraino," which can mean to become foolish or insipid. Salt, in its pure form, does not lose its saltiness, but when mixed with impurities, it can become ineffective. This serves as a warning to Christians about the dangers of moral and spiritual compromise. The historical context reveals that impure salt from the Dead Sea region could indeed lose its flavor, making this metaphor particularly poignant for Jesus' audience. Believers are called to maintain their distinctiveness and purity to remain effective in their witness.

how can it be made salty again?
This rhetorical question underscores the seriousness of losing one's spiritual effectiveness. Once salt has lost its flavor, it cannot be restored to its original state. This serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of spiritual decay. The impossibility of restoring saltiness highlights the need for vigilance in maintaining one's faith and witness. It calls believers to a life of continual renewal and dependence on God to sustain their spiritual vitality.

It is no longer good for anything
The phrase "no longer good for anything" emphasizes the total loss of purpose and function. In the ancient world, salt that had lost its flavor was completely useless. This serves as a metaphor for Christians who fail to live out their calling. The historical context shows that such salt was often thrown out, as it had no value. This is a call to self-examination, urging believers to remain faithful and effective in their mission.

except to be thrown out and trampled by men
The imagery of being "thrown out and trampled" is stark and vivid. In ancient times, unsavory salt was discarded onto roads, where it would be trodden underfoot. This symbolizes the fate of those who fail to live up to their calling as followers of Christ. It serves as a warning of the consequences of spiritual complacency and the loss of one's witness. The phrase calls believers to remain vigilant and committed to their role as preservers and influencers in the world.

You are the light of the world
This phrase begins with the emphatic "You," indicating that Jesus is directly addressing His disciples and, by extension, all believers. The Greek word for "light" is "phōs," which signifies not just physical light but also spiritual illumination and truth. In the ancient world, light was a powerful symbol of purity, goodness, and divine presence. The "world" (Greek: "kosmos") refers to the entire human society, emphasizing the global scope of the disciples' influence. Historically, light was essential for navigation and safety, symbolizing guidance and protection. In a spiritual sense, believers are called to illuminate the darkness of the world with the truth of the Gospel, reflecting the light of Christ Himself.

A city on a hill
The imagery of "a city on a hill" is vivid and strategic. In ancient times, cities were often built on elevated ground for defense and visibility. The Greek word for "city" is "polis," which denotes a community or society. The "hill" (Greek: "oros") suggests elevation and prominence. This metaphor implies that the Christian community is meant to be conspicuous and influential, visible to all. Archaeologically, cities like Jerusalem were set on hills, making them visible from afar, serving as beacons of civilization and culture. Spiritually, this suggests that the Church should stand out in the world, offering hope and direction.

cannot be hidden
The phrase "cannot be hidden" underscores the inevitability of the light's visibility. The Greek word for "hidden" is "kryptō," meaning to conceal or keep secret. The construction of the sentence in Greek implies impossibility, stressing that true Christian witness is inherently visible and impactful. Historically, light sources in ancient times, such as lamps or torches, were designed to illuminate as much area as possible. In a spiritual context, this means that the transformative power of a life lived in Christ cannot be concealed; it naturally radiates outward, influencing others. Believers are called to live authentically, allowing their faith to be evident in all aspects of life.

Neither do people light a lamp
The phrase begins with a negation, emphasizing a common-sense truth. The Greek word for "lamp" (λύχνος, lychnos) refers to a small oil lamp used in ancient times. These lamps were essential for daily life, symbolizing guidance and revelation. In a spiritual sense, the lamp represents the light of Christ within believers, illuminating the path of righteousness and truth. Historically, lamps were a vital part of household life, signifying the presence of light in darkness, much like the presence of Christ in a believer's life.

and put it under a basket
The "basket" (μόδιος, modios) refers to a container used for measuring grain, symbolizing concealment. The act of placing a lamp under a basket is illogical and counterproductive, as it hides the light meant to illuminate. Spiritually, this suggests that believers should not hide their faith or the truth of the Gospel. The historical context of this imagery would resonate with Jesus' audience, who understood the necessity of light in their homes and the futility of hiding it.

Instead, they set it on a stand
The "stand" (λυχνία, lychnia) is a lampstand, elevating the lamp to maximize its light. This action signifies the intentional display of one's faith and good works. In the context of the early church, this would mean living out one's faith openly and boldly, serving as a witness to others. Theologically, it underscores the responsibility of Christians to be visible examples of Christ's love and truth in the world.

and it gives light to everyone in the house
The light from the lamp benefits "everyone in the house," symbolizing the far-reaching impact of a believer's witness. The Greek word for "house" (οἰκία, oikia) can also refer to a household or community, suggesting that the influence of a Christian's life extends beyond personal boundaries. Historically, homes were central to community life, and a well-lit home was a place of safety and hospitality. Spiritually, this reflects the call for Christians to be a source of hope and guidance to all around them, embodying the transformative power of the Gospel.

In the same way
This phrase connects the preceding verses, where Jesus speaks about being the light of the world, to the action He is about to describe. The Greek phrase "houtōs" implies a manner or method, suggesting that the way believers live should be consistent with the illuminating nature of light. Historically, light has been a symbol of purity, truth, and divine presence, as seen in the Old Testament, where God's word is described as a lamp to the feet (Psalm 119:105).

let your light shine
The Greek word for "light" is "phōs," which is used metaphorically to represent the presence and truth of God within believers. The imperative "shine" (Greek: "lampo") suggests an active, intentional display of one's faith and good works. In the historical context of Jesus' time, light was a precious commodity, often associated with guidance and revelation. This command encourages believers to be visible and impactful in their communities, reflecting God's glory.

before others
The phrase "before others" emphasizes the public nature of the believer's witness. The Greek word "emprosthen" means "in front of" or "in the presence of," indicating that the Christian life is not meant to be hidden or private. In the cultural context of the early church, public testimony was crucial for spreading the Gospel and demonstrating the transformative power of Christ.

that they may see
The verb "see" (Greek: "eidō") implies not just physical sight but also perception and understanding. This suggests that the actions of believers should be evident and understandable to those around them, leading to a deeper comprehension of God's work in the world. Historically, the visibility of Christian love and service has been a powerful testimony to the truth of the Gospel.

your good deeds
The term "good deeds" (Greek: "kalos ergon") refers to actions that are not only morally good but also beautiful and attractive. This phrase underscores the importance of living a life that is both ethically sound and appealing to others. In the scriptural context, good deeds are the fruit of a life transformed by Christ, serving as evidence of genuine faith (James 2:18).

and glorify
The Greek word "doxazō" means to honor, praise, or magnify. This indicates that the ultimate purpose of letting one's light shine is to bring glory to God. In the biblical narrative, God's glory is a central theme, representing His majesty, holiness, and worthiness of worship. The historical church has always emphasized that all actions should ultimately point back to God and His greatness.

your Father in heaven
This phrase identifies the source of the believer's light and good deeds. The term "Father" (Greek: "patēr") denotes a personal, intimate relationship with God, who is both the origin and the recipient of the glory. The mention of "heaven" (Greek: "ouranos") reminds believers of the divine realm and the eternal perspective that should guide their earthly actions. In the scriptural context, acknowledging God as Father emphasizes His authority, care, and the familial relationship believers have with Him through Christ.

Do not think
This phrase introduces a corrective to potential misunderstandings about Jesus' mission. The Greek word for "think" is "νομίζω" (nomizō), which implies a consideration or assumption. Jesus anticipates misconceptions about His teachings and actions, urging His audience to reconsider any preconceived notions. Historically, many Jews expected the Messiah to bring radical changes, possibly even abolishing the Law. Jesus addresses this directly, emphasizing the continuity of His mission with God's established covenant.

that I have come
The phrase "I have come" is significant, indicating purpose and divine mission. The Greek "ἦλθον" (ēlthon) suggests a deliberate arrival or coming. This reflects the incarnation, where Jesus, the Word made flesh, enters human history with a specific mission. In the broader scriptural context, this aligns with prophecies about the Messiah's coming, fulfilling God's redemptive plan.

to abolish
The term "abolish" comes from the Greek "καταλύω" (katalyō), meaning to destroy or dismantle. Jesus clarifies that His mission is not to dismantle the existing Law or the Prophets. This is crucial in understanding His respect for the Old Testament as the foundation of God's revelation. Historically, the Law was central to Jewish identity and religious practice, and Jesus reassures His audience of its enduring significance.

the Law or the Prophets
This phrase encompasses the entirety of the Hebrew Scriptures, often referred to as the Tanakh. "The Law" (Torah) includes the first five books of Moses, while "the Prophets" (Nevi'im) covers the historical and prophetic writings. By mentioning both, Jesus affirms the authority and continuity of the Old Testament. In a historical context, this underscores the unity of God's revelation from the Old to the New Covenant.

I have not come to abolish them
Reiterating His earlier statement, Jesus emphasizes His respect for the Law and the Prophets. The repetition underscores the importance of this message. The Greek structure here is emphatic, reinforcing that His mission is not one of destruction but of fulfillment. This would have been reassuring to His Jewish audience, who held the Scriptures in high esteem.

but to fulfill them
The word "fulfill" is translated from the Greek "πληρόω" (plēroō), meaning to complete or bring to full expression. Jesus' mission is to bring the Law and the Prophets to their intended purpose and completion. This fulfillment is not merely in a legalistic sense but in revealing the deeper spiritual truths and intentions of God's commands. Scripturally, this points to Jesus as the culmination of God's promises, the one who embodies and perfects the Law through His life, death, and resurrection. Historically, this fulfillment is seen in how Jesus' teachings and actions reveal the heart of God's covenant, inviting all to a deeper relationship with Him.

For truly I tell you
This phrase underscores the authority and certainty of Jesus' words. The Greek word "ἀμὴν" (amen) is used here, which is often translated as "truly" or "verily." It is a solemn affirmation, indicating that what follows is of utmost importance and truth. In the context of Jesus' teaching, it emphasizes His divine authority and the reliability of His message, inviting listeners to pay close attention and trust in His words.

until heaven and earth pass away
This phrase speaks to the enduring nature of the Law. The imagery of "heaven and earth" is a common biblical expression denoting the entirety of creation. The Greek word "παρέλθῃ" (parelthē) means "to pass away" or "to perish," suggesting a future event of cosmic significance. Historically, this reflects the Jewish understanding of the permanence of God's creation and His covenant, indicating that the Law remains relevant and binding until the end of the current age.

not a single jot
The "jot" refers to the smallest letter in the Hebrew alphabet, "yodh" (י). This highlights the precision and completeness of the Law. In a broader sense, it underscores the importance of every detail in God's Word. The meticulous care with which the Scriptures were copied and preserved throughout history reflects the reverence for even the smallest components of the text, affirming the belief in the divine inspiration and inerrancy of Scripture.

not a stroke of a pen
This phrase refers to the smallest stroke or mark used in Hebrew writing, known as a "tittle." It is a tiny extension or projection that distinguishes one letter from another. The emphasis here is on the absolute integrity and preservation of the Law. Theologically, it suggests that God's Word is complete and perfect, down to the smallest detail, and that His commands are to be upheld in their entirety.

will disappear from the Law
The Greek word "παρέλθῃ" (parelthē) is used again, meaning "to pass away" or "to disappear." This reinforces the idea that the Law is enduring and unchanging. The Law, as given by God, is not subject to alteration or obsolescence. In the conservative Christian perspective, this affirms the belief in the continuity and relevance of the Old Testament Law, fulfilled and illuminated by Christ.

until everything is accomplished
This phrase points to the fulfillment of God's redemptive plan. The Greek word "γένηται" (genētai) means "to become" or "to be accomplished." It indicates that the Law will remain in effect until God's purposes are fully realized. This reflects the eschatological hope in Christianity, where the Law finds its ultimate fulfillment in the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ, and in the consummation of God's kingdom. It inspires believers to live in anticipation of God's promises being fully realized.

So then
This phrase serves as a conclusion or a result of the preceding teachings. In the context of the Sermon on the Mount, Jesus is building upon His previous statements about the Law and the Prophets. The Greek word "οὖν" (oun) is often used to draw a logical conclusion, indicating that what follows is a direct consequence of what has been previously stated. It emphasizes the importance of the teachings that Jesus is about to expound upon.

whoever breaks
The Greek word for "breaks" is "λύσῃ" (lysē), which means to loosen, dissolve, or set aside. This implies not just a passive neglect but an active decision to disregard or undermine the commandments. In a historical context, this would have been a serious charge, as the Jewish audience of Jesus' time held the Law in high regard. The act of breaking even the smallest commandment is seen as a significant moral and spiritual failure.

one of the least of these commandments
The phrase "least of these commandments" suggests a hierarchy within the commandments, where some might be perceived as less significant. However, Jesus challenges this notion by emphasizing that even the smallest commandment holds great importance. The term "least" (ἐλαχίστων, elachistōn) underscores the comprehensive nature of God's Law, where every part is integral to the whole. This reflects the Jewish understanding of the Torah, where every commandment is a reflection of God's will.

and teaches others to do likewise
Teaching others to break commandments compounds the offense. The Greek word "διδάξῃ" (didaxē) implies a formal instruction or guidance. In the cultural context of Jesus' time, teachers held significant influence and responsibility. Thus, leading others astray by teaching them to disregard God's commandments is a grave matter. This highlights the responsibility of leaders and teachers within the Christian community to uphold and transmit the truth of God's Word faithfully.

will be called least in the kingdom of heaven
Being "called least" in the kingdom of heaven suggests a diminished status or recognition. The kingdom of heaven, in this context, refers to the reign and rule of God, both in the present spiritual sense and the future eschatological fulfillment. The phrase underscores the principle that earthly actions have eternal consequences. It serves as a warning that those who undermine God's commandments will face a loss of honor and reward in God's kingdom.

but whoever practices and teaches them
The contrast here is between those who break and teach others to break the commandments and those who practice and teach them. The Greek word for "practices" is "ποιήσῃ" (poiēsē), which means to do or to make. It implies an active, ongoing commitment to living out the commandments. Teaching (διδάξῃ, didaxē) in this positive sense involves guiding others in truth and righteousness. This dual commitment to practice and teach reflects the holistic nature of discipleship in the Christian life.

will be called great in the kingdom of heaven
Being "called great" signifies honor and recognition in God's kingdom. This greatness is not measured by worldly standards but by faithfulness to God's commandments. The phrase emphasizes the eternal value of obedience and the teaching of God's Word. It serves as an encouragement to believers to remain steadfast in their commitment to God's truth, knowing that their faithfulness will be rewarded in the kingdom of heaven.

For I tell you
This phrase underscores the authority of Jesus as a teacher and prophet. In the Greek, "λέγω ὑμῖν" (legō hymin) is a direct and personal address, emphasizing the importance of what follows. Jesus often uses this phrase to introduce teachings that challenge conventional wisdom, urging listeners to pay close attention.

unless your righteousness
The term "righteousness" (δικαιοσύνη, dikaiosynē) in this context refers to a state of moral integrity and ethical conduct that aligns with God's will. In the Jewish tradition, righteousness was often associated with adherence to the Law. However, Jesus is calling for a deeper, more heartfelt obedience that goes beyond mere legalism.

exceeds that of the scribes and Pharisees
The scribes and Pharisees were known for their meticulous observance of the Law and their role as religious leaders. The Greek word "περισσεύσῃ" (perisseusē) means to abound or exceed. Jesus is not dismissing the Law but is critiquing the superficial and often hypocritical practices of these groups. He calls for a righteousness that is genuine and surpasses the external compliance of the scribes and Pharisees.

you will never enter
The phrase "οὐ μὴ εἰσέλθητε" (ou mē eiselthēte) is a strong negation in Greek, indicating the impossibility of entering the kingdom without the requisite righteousness. This underscores the seriousness of Jesus' message and the high standard of holiness required for His followers.

the kingdom of heaven
This term refers to the reign and rule of God, both in the present spiritual sense and the future eschatological fulfillment. In Matthew's Gospel, "kingdom of heaven" is synonymous with "kingdom of God," reflecting a Jewish reverence for the divine name. Jesus is inviting His listeners to participate in this kingdom, which requires a transformation of heart and life that aligns with God's righteous standards.

You have heard that it was said to the ancients
This phrase introduces a common teaching method used by Jesus, where He references the traditional understanding of the Law. The phrase "to the ancients" refers to the teachings given to the Israelites in the Old Testament, specifically the Ten Commandments. The Greek word for "ancients" (τοῖς ἀρχαίοις) indicates those who lived in earlier times, emphasizing the continuity of God's moral law through generations. This sets the stage for Jesus to deepen the understanding of the Law, not abolishing it but fulfilling and expanding its meaning.

‘You shall not murder,’
This is a direct quotation from the Sixth Commandment found in Exodus 20:13. The Greek word for "murder" (φονεύσεις) is specific to unlawful killing, distinguishing it from killing in war or capital punishment, which were sometimes permitted under the Mosaic Law. This commandment underscores the sanctity of human life, a principle rooted in the belief that humans are made in the image of God (Genesis 1:27). Jesus affirms this commandment but will soon reveal its deeper implications.

and whoever murders will be subject to judgment
The phrase "subject to judgment" refers to the legal proceedings that would follow an act of murder under Jewish law. The Greek word for "judgment" (κρίσει) implies a legal decision or condemnation. Historically, this would involve a trial before the local council or Sanhedrin. Jesus uses this phrase to highlight the seriousness of the offense and the certainty of divine justice, preparing His audience for a broader interpretation of what constitutes murder in the eyes of God.

But I tell you
This phrase signifies the authoritative teaching of Jesus, contrasting His interpretation with traditional understandings. In Greek, "ἐγὼ δὲ λέγω" (egō de legō) emphasizes Jesus' divine authority. Unlike the scribes and Pharisees, Jesus speaks with the authority of God Himself, offering a deeper, heart-focused interpretation of the law.

anyone who is angry
The Greek word "ὀργίζομαι" (orgizomai) refers to a deep-seated, ongoing anger. Jesus addresses not just outward actions but the internal emotions that lead to sin. This highlights the importance of heart purity, aligning with the broader biblical theme that God looks at the heart (1 Samuel 16:7).

with his brother
"Brother" (ἀδελφός, adelphos) extends beyond biological relationships to include fellow believers and, by extension, all humanity. This reflects the Christian call to love and unity within the body of Christ and the broader human family, emphasizing the relational aspect of God's kingdom.

will be subject to judgment
The phrase "ἔνοχος ἔσται τῇ κρίσει" (enochos estai tē krisei) indicates accountability before God. Judgment here is not merely human but divine, underscoring the seriousness of harboring anger. It serves as a warning that God evaluates the heart's intentions, not just external actions.

Again, anyone who says to his brother, ‘Raca,’
"Raca" is an Aramaic term of contempt, meaning "empty-headed" or "worthless." This reflects the cultural context where words carried significant weight. Jesus warns against demeaning others, as it violates the command to love one's neighbor and undermines the inherent dignity of every person made in God's image.

will be subject to the Sanhedrin
The Sanhedrin was the highest Jewish court, symbolizing the severity of the offense. By equating verbal insults with serious legal consequences, Jesus elevates the standard of righteousness, calling His followers to a higher ethical and moral standard.

But anyone who says, ‘You fool!’
The Greek word "μωρός" (mōros) implies moral and spiritual deficiency. This term goes beyond mere insult to attack a person's character. Jesus teaches that such words reveal a heart far from God, as they contradict the love and respect commanded by God.

will be subject to the fire of hell
"Gehenna" (γέεννα) refers to a place of final judgment and eternal separation from God. This stark warning emphasizes the gravity of unchecked anger and contempt. It serves as a call to repentance and transformation, urging believers to seek reconciliation and embody Christ-like love.

Therefore
This word serves as a connective, linking the preceding teachings of Jesus to the practical application He is about to present. In the context of the Sermon on the Mount, "therefore" indicates that the following instruction is a direct consequence of the principles of reconciliation and righteousness that Jesus has been discussing. It emphasizes the importance of internalizing His teachings and acting upon them.

if you are offering your gift at the altar
The phrase "offering your gift at the altar" refers to the Jewish practice of bringing sacrifices to the temple as an act of worship and atonement. The "altar" was central to Jewish religious life, symbolizing the place where humans meet God. In the Greek, the word for "gift" (δῶρον, dōron) implies a voluntary offering, highlighting the personal nature of worship. This phrase underscores the importance of approaching God with a pure heart, free from unresolved conflicts.

and there remember
The act of remembering here is significant. It suggests a moment of introspection and divine prompting. The Greek word for "remember" (μνησθῇς, mnēsthēs) implies a sudden recollection, possibly inspired by the Holy Spirit. This highlights the importance of being sensitive to God's leading, especially in matters of reconciliation.

that your brother
"Brother" in this context is not limited to biological siblings but extends to fellow believers and, by broader application, to all people. The Greek word (ἀδελφός, adelphos) emphasizes the familial bond among believers, reflecting the unity and love that should characterize the Christian community. This term reminds us of our interconnectedness and the call to live in harmony with one another.

has something against you
This phrase indicates that there is an unresolved issue or grievance. The Greek construction suggests an active state of conflict or offense. It is noteworthy that the responsibility for reconciliation is placed on the one who is aware of the grievance, regardless of who is at fault. This underscores the proactive nature of Christian love and the priority of mending relationships.

leave your gift there before the altar
In the context of ancient Jewish worship, the "altar" was central to religious life, symbolizing a place of sacrifice and offering to God. The Greek word for "leave" (ἀφίημι, aphiemi) implies a deliberate action of setting aside or letting go. This instruction emphasizes the priority of relational harmony over ritualistic practice. The "gift" represents offerings made to God, which, in the Jewish tradition, were acts of devotion and obedience. The act of leaving the gift underscores the importance of addressing interpersonal conflicts before engaging in worship, highlighting that God values the state of our hearts and relationships over mere ritual compliance.

First go
The word "first" (πρῶτον, prōton) indicates precedence and urgency. It suggests that reconciliation is not just an additional step but a primary one that must be addressed before proceeding with worship. The directive to "go" (ὕπαγε, hypage) is an imperative, calling for immediate action. This reflects the proactive nature of Christian ethics, where believers are encouraged to take initiative in mending broken relationships. The emphasis on "first go" aligns with the broader biblical theme that love and unity among believers are foundational to authentic worship and service to God.

and be reconciled to your brother
The term "reconciled" (διαλλάσσομαι, diallassomai) involves a mutual change or exchange, suggesting a restoration of relationship and harmony. It implies more than just forgiveness; it calls for a transformation of the relationship to its intended state of peace and unity. The use of "brother" (ἀδελφός, adelphos) extends beyond biological kinship to include fellow believers, emphasizing the familial bond within the Christian community. This reflects the teaching that believers are to live in peace and unity, mirroring the reconciliatory work of Christ. The call to reconciliation is a reflection of God's desire for His people to embody His love and grace in their relationships.

then come and offer your gift
The sequence "then come" (τότε ἐλθὼν, tote elthōn) indicates that once reconciliation is achieved, the believer is in the right spiritual posture to "offer" (προσφέρω, prospherō) their gift. This offering is not just a physical act but a spiritual one, symbolizing a heart aligned with God's will. The process of reconciliation transforms the act of offering from a mere ritual to a genuine expression of worship. The instruction to "offer your gift" after reconciliation underscores the biblical principle that true worship is integrally connected to the love and unity among God's people. It serves as a reminder that our relationship with God is deeply intertwined with our relationships with others, and that peace with our brethren enhances the sincerity and acceptability of our worship before God.

Settle matters quickly
The phrase "Settle matters quickly" emphasizes the urgency and importance of resolving disputes without delay. In the original Greek, the word "quickly" (ταχύ, tachy) conveys a sense of immediacy and swiftness. This instruction reflects a broader biblical principle of seeking peace and reconciliation, as seen in passages like Romans 12:18, "If it is possible, as far as it depends on you, live at peace with everyone." The historical context of Jesus' time involved a litigious society where disputes could lead to severe consequences, including imprisonment. Thus, Jesus' teaching underscores the wisdom of resolving conflicts before they escalate.

with your adversary
The term "adversary" (ἀντίδικος, antidikos) refers to an opponent in a legal dispute. In a broader spiritual sense, it can also represent any person with whom one is in conflict. The Bible consistently teaches the importance of loving one's enemies and seeking reconciliation, as seen in Matthew 5:44, "But I tell you, love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you." This phrase challenges believers to view their adversaries not as enemies to be defeated but as individuals with whom peace should be sought.

who is taking you to court
This phrase highlights the legal context of the dispute. In ancient Jewish and Roman societies, legal proceedings were common, and the consequences of losing a case could be severe. The mention of "court" (κριτήριον, kritērion) serves as a reminder of the potential judgment and the importance of resolving issues before they reach such a stage. It also serves as a metaphor for divine judgment, urging believers to reconcile with others before facing God's ultimate judgment.

Do it while you are still with him on the way
The imagery of being "on the way" suggests a journey or process. In the Greek, "on the way" (ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ, en tē hodō) implies a period of opportunity before reaching a final destination or judgment. This phrase encourages believers to take advantage of the time they have to make amends and seek reconciliation. It reflects the biblical theme of urgency in repentance and reconciliation, as seen in 2 Corinthians 6:2, "Now is the time of God’s favor, now is the day of salvation."

or he may hand you over to the judge
The potential consequence of being handed "over to the judge" (κριτής, kritēs) serves as a warning. In a legal sense, it refers to the risk of facing judgment and punishment. Spiritually, it symbolizes the divine judgment that awaits those who fail to reconcile with others. This phrase echoes the biblical teaching that unresolved sin and conflict can lead to spiritual consequences, as seen in Hebrews 10:30-31, "The Lord will judge His people. It is a fearful thing to fall into the hands of the living God."

and the judge may hand you over to the officer
The "officer" (ὑπηρέτης, hypēretēs) in this context is the one responsible for carrying out the judge's sentence. This phrase illustrates the progression of consequences that follow unresolved disputes. It serves as a metaphor for the chain of events that can lead to spiritual bondage and separation from God. The imagery warns believers of the dangers of allowing conflicts to go unresolved, emphasizing the need for immediate action to restore relationships.

and you may be thrown into prison
The final consequence of being "thrown into prison" (φυλακή, phylakē) represents the ultimate penalty for failing to settle disputes. In a literal sense, it refers to the physical imprisonment that could result from losing a legal case. Spiritually, it symbolizes the bondage and separation from God that result from unrepented sin and unresolved conflict. This phrase serves as a sobering reminder of the importance of reconciliation and the potential spiritual consequences of neglecting it, as seen in Matthew 18:34-35, where the unforgiving servant is handed over to the jailers.

Truly I tell you
This phrase is a solemn affirmation used by Jesus to emphasize the truth and importance of what He is about to say. The Greek word "ἀμὴν" (amen) is often translated as "truly" or "verily," and it signifies certainty and authority. In the context of Jesus' teachings, it underscores His divine authority and the reliability of His words. Historically, rabbis would use similar affirmations to stress the significance of their teachings, but Jesus uses it uniquely to assert His divine insight and the unchangeable truth of His message.

you will not get out
This phrase indicates a condition of confinement or imprisonment. The Greek word "ἐξέλθῃς" (exelthēs) suggests a release or departure from a place of restriction. In the cultural and historical context of the time, debtors' prisons were common, and individuals could be held until their debts were paid. Spiritually, this phrase can be seen as a metaphor for the consequences of sin and the need for reconciliation and repentance. It serves as a warning about the seriousness of unresolved conflicts and the importance of making amends.

until you have paid
The concept of payment here is tied to the idea of settling a debt or fulfilling an obligation. The Greek word "ἀποδῷς" (apodōs) implies a full repayment or restitution. In the broader scriptural context, this reflects the biblical principle of justice and accountability. It highlights the necessity of addressing wrongs and the moral responsibility to make things right. This phrase can inspire believers to consider the spiritual debts they owe to God and others, encouraging a life of integrity and reconciliation.

the last penny
The term "penny" is translated from the Greek word "κοδράντην" (kodrantēn), which refers to a small Roman coin, the quadrans, worth very little. This phrase emphasizes the completeness of the payment required, down to the smallest unit. In the historical context, it illustrates the thoroughness of justice and the expectation that every detail of a debt must be settled. Spiritually, it serves as a reminder of the comprehensive nature of God's justice and the thoroughness of His expectations for righteousness. It challenges believers to examine their lives for any unresolved issues, no matter how small, and to pursue holiness in every aspect.

You have heard that it was said
This phrase introduces a common teaching or understanding among the Jewish people of Jesus' time. The phrase "You have heard" indicates that Jesus is addressing a traditional interpretation of the Law, specifically the oral traditions that were passed down. The Greek word for "heard" is "ἀκούω" (akouo), which implies not just hearing but understanding and internalizing. Jesus is about to contrast this traditional understanding with His authoritative teaching, emphasizing His role as the fulfillment of the Law.

‘Do not commit adultery.’
This commandment is a direct reference to the seventh commandment found in Exodus 20:14. The Greek word for "adultery" is "μοιχεύω" (moicheuo), which refers to sexual relations with someone other than one's spouse. In the historical context, adultery was not only a sin against God but also a violation of the covenant of marriage, which was a sacred institution. Jesus is reminding His listeners of the seriousness of this commandment, but He is about to expand its meaning beyond the physical act to include the intentions of the heart.

But I tell you
This phrase introduces a significant teaching of Jesus, emphasizing His authority. In the Greek, "ἐγὼ δὲ λέγω ὑμῖν" (egō de legō hymin) underscores the personal authority of Christ, contrasting with the traditional teachings of the scribes and Pharisees. Jesus, as the divine Logos, speaks with the authority of God Himself, offering a deeper, more spiritual interpretation of the Law.

anyone who looks
The Greek word "βλέπων" (blepōn) implies more than a casual glance; it suggests a deliberate and sustained gaze. This indicates that Jesus is addressing the intentionality behind the action. In the cultural context of the time, where women were often seen as property, Jesus elevates the moral responsibility of the individual, focusing on the purity of heart and intention.

at a woman
The term "γυναῖκα" (gynaika) refers to a woman, emphasizing the object of the gaze. In the historical context, women were often marginalized, and Jesus' teaching here challenges the objectification and dehumanization of women, calling for respect and honor towards them as fellow bearers of God's image.

to lust after her
The Greek phrase "πρὸς τὸ ἐπιθυμῆσαι αὐτὴν" (pros to epithymēsai autēn) conveys the idea of a strong desire or coveting. This is not merely an appreciation of beauty but a consuming desire that seeks to possess. The root "ἐπιθυμέω" (epithymeō) is often used in the Septuagint to translate the Hebrew "חָמַד" (chamad), which is associated with coveting in the Ten Commandments. Jesus is addressing the internal sin of covetousness, which is as serious as the external act of adultery.

has already committed adultery
The phrase "ἤδη ἐμοίχευσεν" (ēdē emoicheusen) indicates that the sin is complete in the heart, even without physical action. This radical teaching highlights the heart's condition as the true measure of righteousness. In the Jewish context, adultery was a grave sin, punishable by death, and Jesus extends this understanding to the internal realm, emphasizing the need for inner purity.

with her in his heart
The Greek "ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτοῦ" (en tē kardia autou) points to the heart as the center of human will and emotion. In biblical anthropology, the heart is the seat of thought, intention, and moral character. Jesus' teaching here aligns with the Old Testament understanding that God desires truth in the inward being (Psalm 51:6). This calls believers to a higher standard of holiness, where the transformation of the heart is paramount.

If your right eye causes you to sin
The "right eye" in ancient Jewish culture was often considered the more dominant or valuable eye, symbolizing something precious or significant in one's life. The Greek word for "causes you to sin" is "skandalizo," which means to cause to stumble or to lead into sin. This phrase emphasizes the seriousness with which Jesus addresses sin, urging believers to be vigilant about anything that might lead them astray, even if it is something as valuable as the right eye.

Gouge it out and throw it away
This hyperbolic language is not a literal command but a vivid illustration of the drastic measures one should be willing to take to avoid sin. The act of "gouging out" and "throwing away" signifies a decisive and complete removal of anything that leads to sin. It reflects the radical nature of repentance and the call to holiness, urging believers to prioritize spiritual integrity over physical or material attachments.

It is better for you to lose one part of your body
This phrase underscores the concept of sacrifice for the sake of righteousness. The Greek word "apollymi," translated as "lose," conveys the idea of destruction or ruin. Jesus is teaching that the temporary loss of something valuable is preferable to the eternal consequences of sin. This reflects the eternal perspective that should guide a believer's life, valuing spiritual well-being over temporal comforts.

Than for your whole body to be thrown into hell
The term "hell" here is translated from the Greek word "Gehenna," which historically referred to the Valley of Hinnom, a place outside Jerusalem associated with idolatry and child sacrifice, later becoming a symbol of divine judgment and eternal damnation. Jesus uses this imagery to convey the severity of sin's consequences, emphasizing the eternal stakes involved in moral and spiritual decisions. This serves as a sobering reminder of the reality of judgment and the importance of living a life aligned with God's will.

And if your right hand causes you to sin
The phrase "right hand" in ancient Jewish culture often symbolized power, authority, and action. The right hand was considered the hand of strength and skill. In this context, Jesus uses it metaphorically to represent anything valuable or significant in one's life that might lead to sin. The Greek word for "causes you to sin" is "σκανδαλίζει" (skandalizei), which means to cause to stumble or to become a stumbling block. This suggests that even the most cherished aspects of our lives must be scrutinized and, if necessary, removed if they lead us away from righteousness.

cut it off and throw it away
The directive to "cut it off and throw it away" is hyperbolic, emphasizing the radical measures one must take to avoid sin. The Greek verb "ἀπόκοψον" (apokopson) means to cut off or sever, indicating a decisive and permanent action. This reflects the seriousness with which Jesus views sin and the lengths to which believers should go to maintain spiritual integrity. The act of throwing it away signifies a complete and utter rejection of anything that leads to sin, underscoring the need for spiritual purity and holiness.

It is better for you to lose one part of your body
The phrase "lose one part of your body" highlights the concept of sacrifice for the greater good. The Greek word "συμφέρει" (sympherei) means it is profitable or advantageous, suggesting that the temporary loss of something valuable is worthwhile if it preserves one's spiritual well-being. This reflects the Christian principle of self-denial and the willingness to forsake earthly attachments for the sake of eternal life.

than for your whole body to depart into hell
The term "hell" is translated from the Greek word "γέενναν" (Geennan), referring to Gehenna, a valley outside Jerusalem associated with the burning of refuse and, symbolically, with final judgment and eternal damnation. This stark imagery serves as a warning of the consequences of unrepentant sin. The phrase "your whole body" emphasizes the totality of one's being, indicating that sin affects not just the physical but also the spiritual self. The choice presented is between temporary sacrifice and eternal separation from God, urging believers to prioritize their spiritual destiny over temporal comforts.

It has also been said
This phrase introduces a continuation of Jesus' teaching in the Sermon on the Mount, where He addresses the traditional interpretations of the Law. The Greek word for "said" (ἐρρέθη) indicates a formal declaration or teaching that was commonly accepted. Jesus is referencing the oral traditions and interpretations of the Mosaic Law that were prevalent among the Jewish people of His time. This sets the stage for His authoritative teaching, which often contrasts with the established norms.

Whoever divorces his wife
The Greek word for "divorces" (ἀπολύω) means to release or send away. In the historical context, divorce was a legal action that a husband could initiate, often leaving the wife vulnerable. The cultural backdrop of this statement is the Mosaic Law, specifically Deuteronomy 24:1-4, which allowed for divorce under certain conditions. Jesus is addressing the misuse and casual attitude towards divorce that had developed, emphasizing the sanctity and seriousness of the marital covenant.

must give her a certificate of divorce
The "certificate of divorce" (βιβλίον ἀποστασίου) was a legal document that formally ended a marriage, allowing the woman to remarry. This practice was intended to protect the rights of the woman, ensuring she was not left in a state of limbo. However, by Jesus' time, this provision had been exploited, leading to a lax view of marriage. Jesus' teaching here is not merely about the legalities but about the heart and intent behind the law, pointing to the deeper spiritual and moral implications of marriage and divorce.

But I tell you
This phrase emphasizes the authority of Jesus as He speaks. In the Greek, "ἐγὼ δὲ λέγω" (egō de legō) underscores a contrast with traditional teachings. Jesus, as the divine lawgiver, is not merely offering an opinion but is establishing a higher standard of righteousness. This reflects His role as the fulfillment of the Law and the Prophets, calling His followers to a deeper understanding of God's will.

anyone who divorces his wife
The Greek word for "divorces" is "ἀπολύω" (apolyō), which means to release or send away. In the historical context, divorce was a legal action that a husband could initiate, often leaving the wife vulnerable. Jesus challenges the casual approach to divorce prevalent in His time, urging His followers to consider the sanctity and permanence of marriage as ordained by God.

except for sexual immorality
The term "πορνεία" (porneia) is translated as "sexual immorality" and encompasses a range of illicit sexual behaviors. This exception clause acknowledges the severe breach of the marital covenant that sexual immorality represents. Jesus recognizes the profound damage such actions inflict on the marriage bond, providing a legitimate ground for divorce while still upholding the ideal of marital fidelity.

brings adultery upon her
The phrase "ποιεῖ αὐτὴν μοιχευθῆναι" (poiei autēn moicheuthēnai) indicates that the act of divorcing a wife unjustly places her in a position where she may be forced into adultery. This reflects the societal realities of the time, where a divorced woman often had limited options for survival. Jesus highlights the moral responsibility of the husband, emphasizing the interconnectedness of actions and their consequences.

And he who marries a divorced woman commits adultery
Here, "μοιχᾶται" (moichatai) is the Greek term for "commits adultery." This statement underscores the sanctity of the original marriage covenant. By marrying a divorced woman, a man participates in the violation of that covenant. Jesus calls His followers to honor the sacredness of marriage, recognizing it as a divine institution that should not be entered or exited lightly.

Again, you have heard that it was said to the ancients
This phrase introduces a teaching that Jesus is about to address, which was part of the oral tradition passed down through generations. The word "again" suggests a continuation of a series of teachings where Jesus contrasts the traditional understanding with His authoritative interpretation. The phrase "you have heard" indicates the oral nature of the law's transmission, emphasizing the importance of listening and understanding. The "ancients" refers to the forefathers of the Jewish people, highlighting the long-standing nature of these teachings. In a conservative Christian perspective, this underscores the respect for tradition while also preparing the audience for a deeper revelation of God's will through Christ.

Do not break your oath
This command reflects the Old Testament teachings found in passages like Numbers 30:2 and Deuteronomy 23:21, where making and keeping vows was a serious matter. The Greek word for "oath" (ὅρκος, horkos) implies a solemn promise or vow made before God. The emphasis here is on the integrity and faithfulness expected of God's people. In the historical context, oaths were a way to ensure trust and truthfulness in a society where written contracts were not common. From a conservative Christian viewpoint, this phrase calls believers to a high standard of honesty and reliability, reflecting God's own faithfulness.

but fulfill your vows to the Lord
The phrase "fulfill your vows" emphasizes the completion and honoring of promises made, particularly those made to God. The Greek word for "fulfill" (ἀποδίδωμι, apodidōmi) conveys the idea of giving back or rendering what is due. This reflects the biblical principle that one's word, especially when given to God, is binding and sacred. The addition of "to the Lord" highlights the ultimate accountability to God for one's promises. In a conservative Christian context, this serves as a reminder that all actions and words are ultimately before God, and thus, integrity in speech and commitment is a reflection of one's relationship with Him.

But I tell you
This phrase signifies the authoritative teaching of Jesus, contrasting His words with the traditional interpretations of the Law. The Greek word for "tell" is "λέγω" (legō), which implies a declaration or command. Jesus, as the divine teacher, speaks with authority, emphasizing His role as the fulfillment of the Law and the Prophets. This introduction sets the stage for a deeper understanding of righteousness that surpasses mere legalistic adherence.

not to swear at all
The Greek word for "swear" is "ὀμνύω" (omnuō), which means to take an oath. In the historical context, oaths were common in Jewish culture as a way to guarantee truthfulness. However, Jesus calls His followers to a higher standard of integrity, where their word alone should be trustworthy. This teaching aligns with the call to live a life of honesty and transparency, reflecting the character of God without the need for additional assurances.

either by heaven
Heaven, in this context, is not merely the sky or the cosmos but represents the dwelling place of God. The Greek word "οὐρανός" (ouranos) is used here, which often signifies the divine realm. By instructing not to swear by heaven, Jesus underscores the sacredness of God's domain. This reflects a reverence for the divine and a recognition that invoking heaven in oaths trivializes its holiness.

for it is God’s throne
This phrase draws from the imagery found in Isaiah 66:1, where heaven is described as God's throne. The throne symbolizes authority, sovereignty, and the majesty of God. By highlighting this, Jesus reminds His listeners of the ultimate authority of God over all creation. It serves as a call to acknowledge God's supreme position and to live in a manner that honors His sovereignty, without resorting to oaths that might diminish His glory.

or by the earth
In this phrase, "earth" is translated from the Greek word "gē," which refers to the physical land or the world. In the biblical context, the earth is often seen as part of God's creation, reflecting His power and majesty. The earth as a footstool signifies God's sovereignty and dominion over all creation. This imagery is rooted in ancient Near Eastern royal symbolism, where a king's footstool represented his authority over the land. By instructing not to swear by the earth, Jesus emphasizes the sacredness of God's creation and the futility of invoking it in oaths, as it belongs to God alone.

for it is His footstool
The term "footstool" comes from the Greek "hypopodion," which literally means something under the feet. This metaphor is used in Scripture to illustrate God's supreme authority and the subservience of creation to Him. In Isaiah 66:1, God declares, "Heaven is My throne, and the earth is My footstool," underscoring His omnipotence. The use of "footstool" here reminds believers of the humility and reverence due to God, as even the vast earth is but a resting place for His feet. It calls Christians to recognize their place in the divine order and to approach God with awe and respect.

or by Jerusalem
"Jerusalem" is derived from the Hebrew "Yerushalayim," meaning "foundation of peace." Historically and theologically, Jerusalem holds a central place in Jewish and Christian thought. It is the city where God chose to dwell among His people, the site of the Temple, and the focal point of biblical prophecy. By mentioning Jerusalem, Jesus highlights its sacred status and warns against using it lightly in oaths. Jerusalem's significance as a spiritual center for worship and divine presence makes it inappropriate for trivial or deceitful swearing.

for it is the city of the great King
This phrase refers to the divine kingship of God, with "the great King" being a title for God Himself. In the Old Testament, Jerusalem is often depicted as the city where God reigns, as seen in Psalm 48:2, which calls it "the city of the Great King." This underscores the belief that God is the ultimate ruler, not only of Jerusalem but of the entire universe. By calling Jerusalem "the city of the great King," Jesus reaffirms its spiritual importance and the reverence it commands. It serves as a reminder that all oaths and promises should be made with the awareness of God's sovereignty and holiness.

Nor shall you make an oath by your head
In this phrase, Jesus continues His teaching on the integrity of speech and the importance of truthfulness. The Greek word for "oath" is "ὅρκος" (horkos), which refers to a solemn promise or vow. In the cultural and historical context of the time, making oaths was a common practice to assert the truthfulness of one's words. However, Jesus challenges this practice by emphasizing that one's word should be sufficient without the need for additional guarantees. The phrase "by your head" indicates a personal guarantee, as the head was considered a symbol of one's life and identity. Jesus is teaching that even invoking something as personal as one's own head should not be necessary if one is living a life of integrity and truthfulness.

for you cannot make a single hair white or black
Here, Jesus underscores human limitations and the sovereignty of God. The phrase "a single hair" highlights the minutiae of human life, emphasizing that even the smallest aspects are beyond our control. The Greek word for "hair" is "θρίξ" (thrix), which is used to denote the individual strands of hair, symbolizing the detailed and intricate nature of God's creation. The mention of "white or black" refers to the natural aging process and the changes that occur beyond human control. This serves as a reminder of the divine authority over creation and the futility of human attempts to assert control over life. Jesus is teaching that since humans cannot control even the smallest details of their existence, they should rely on God's sovereignty and live with honesty and integrity, trusting in His providence.

Simply let your 'Yes' be 'Yes,' and your 'No,' 'No.'
Simply let
The phrase "simply let" emphasizes the straightforwardness and sincerity expected in communication. The Greek word used here, "ἔστω" (estō), is an imperative form of the verb "to be," suggesting a command for clarity and honesty. In a world where oaths and elaborate promises were often used to manipulate or deceive, Jesus calls His followers to a higher standard of truthfulness. This reflects the divine nature of God, who is truth itself, and calls believers to mirror that truth in their interactions.

your 'Yes' be 'Yes,' and your 'No,' 'No.'
This instruction underscores the importance of integrity and consistency in one's words. The repetition of "Yes" and "No" in the Greek text (ναὶ ναί, οὒ οὔ) serves to reinforce the idea that one's word should be reliable and trustworthy without the need for additional oaths or assurances. Historically, in Jewish culture, oaths were often invoked to guarantee the truth of one's statements. However, Jesus teaches that a person's character should be such that their simple affirmation or denial is sufficient. This teaching aligns with the broader biblical principle found in Proverbs 12:22, "Lying lips are detestable to the LORD, but those who deal faithfully are His delight." It calls believers to a life of authenticity, where their speech reflects their inner commitment to truth.

Anything more comes from the evil one
This concluding phrase, though not highlighted in the initial request, provides the rationale for the preceding command. The "evil one" refers to Satan, the father of lies, as described in John 8:44. By linking excessive or deceitful speech to the influence of the evil one, Jesus highlights the spiritual battle inherent in the use of language. The call to simplicity and honesty in speech is not merely a moral directive but a spiritual discipline that aligns believers with God's kingdom values, standing in opposition to the deceit and manipulation that characterize the fallen world.

You have heard that it was said
This phrase introduces a common teaching method used by Jesus in the Sermon on the Mount. The Greek word for "heard" (ἀκούω, akouō) implies not just hearing with the ears but understanding and internalizing a teaching. Jesus is addressing His audience's familiarity with the Mosaic Law, which they have been taught from a young age. This phrase sets the stage for Jesus to contrast the traditional interpretation of the law with His deeper, more spiritual understanding.

Eye for eye and tooth for tooth
This phrase is a direct reference to the Old Testament law, specifically found in Exodus 21:24, Leviticus 24:20, and Deuteronomy 19:21. The principle of "lex talionis" (law of retaliation) was intended to limit retribution and ensure justice was proportionate. In Hebrew, the phrase is "עַיִן תַּחַת עַיִן" (ayin tachat ayin), emphasizing equivalence in justice. Historically, this law was revolutionary in its time, as it sought to prevent excessive punishment and personal vendettas, promoting a fair and balanced legal system. However, Jesus is about to reveal a higher standard of righteousness that transcends mere legalistic adherence, pointing towards mercy and forgiveness as the ultimate fulfillment of the law.

But I tell you
This phrase marks a significant transition in Jesus' teaching, contrasting His message with traditional interpretations of the Law. The Greek word for "tell" is "λέγω" (legō), which implies a declaration of truth with authority. Jesus, as the divine Logos, speaks with the ultimate authority, offering a new understanding that fulfills and transcends the old covenant. This authoritative teaching is a hallmark of His ministry, emphasizing His role as the ultimate interpreter of God's will.

do not resist
The Greek word for "resist" is "ἀνθίστημι" (anthistēmi), which means to stand against or oppose. In the context of first-century Judea, this would have been a radical statement, as resistance against Roman occupation and oppression was common. Jesus is advocating for a different kind of response, one that does not rely on physical or violent opposition. This teaching aligns with the broader biblical theme of trusting in God's justice rather than taking matters into one's own hands.

an evil person
The term "evil" here is translated from the Greek word "πονηρός" (ponēros), which can refer to someone who is morally corrupt or harmful. In the historical context, this could refer to oppressors, persecutors, or anyone who acts unjustly. Jesus' instruction challenges His followers to respond to evil not with retaliation but with a higher standard of conduct, reflecting God's grace and mercy.

If someone slaps you on your right cheek
The act of slapping someone on the right cheek, particularly with the back of the hand, was considered a severe insult in the ancient Near Eastern culture. It was not just a physical attack but a demeaning gesture meant to humiliate. By addressing this specific scenario, Jesus is highlighting the importance of maintaining dignity and composure in the face of personal affronts. This teaching encourages believers to rise above the instinct for revenge and to embody the humility and patience that Christ exemplified.

turn to him the other also
This phrase encapsulates the radical nature of Jesus' teaching on non-retaliation. The Greek verb "στρέφω" (strephō) means to turn or change direction. By instructing His followers to offer the other cheek, Jesus is advocating for a response that defies conventional wisdom and societal norms. This act of turning the other cheek is not about passivity or weakness but about demonstrating strength through self-control and love. It reflects the transformative power of the Gospel, which calls believers to overcome evil with good and to break the cycle of violence and retribution.

if someone wants to sue you
This phrase introduces a legal context, reflecting the judicial practices of ancient Israel and the broader Greco-Roman world. The Greek word for "sue" (κριθῆναι) implies a formal legal action. In the historical context, lawsuits were common, and Jesus addresses the heart attitude of His followers when faced with legal disputes. The conservative Christian perspective emphasizes the call to transcend mere legalism and embrace a spirit of generosity and peace, even in adversarial situations.

and take your tunic
The "tunic" (χιτών) was a basic garment worn next to the skin, often made of linen or wool. It was an essential piece of clothing, symbolizing personal property and basic human needs. In the cultural context of Jesus' time, losing one's tunic in a lawsuit would be a significant loss, as it was a primary garment. The conservative interpretation sees this as a call to prioritize spiritual values over material possessions, reflecting a trust in God's provision.

let him have your cloak as well
The "cloak" (ἱμάτιον) was an outer garment, more valuable than the tunic, often used as a blanket at night. According to Jewish law, a cloak could not be kept overnight as collateral (Exodus 22:26-27), highlighting its importance. Jesus' instruction to offer the cloak as well is radical, urging believers to go beyond what is legally required. This reflects the principle of sacrificial love and non-retaliation, central to Christian ethics. From a conservative viewpoint, this teaching challenges believers to demonstrate Christ-like love and selflessness, trusting in God's justice and provision.

And if someone forces you
The phrase "forces you" is derived from the Greek word "ἀγγαρεύσει" (angareusei), which refers to the act of compelling or pressing someone into service. Historically, this term is rooted in the practice of the Persian Empire, where couriers could requisition help from civilians to carry messages or goods. In the Roman context, soldiers could compel civilians to carry their gear for a mile. This imposition was often resented, as it represented an infringement on personal freedom. Jesus' teaching here challenges His followers to respond to such impositions not with resentment, but with a spirit of generosity and willingness that transcends the legalistic requirement.

to go one mile
The "mile" mentioned here is the Roman mile, approximately 1,000 paces or about 4,854 feet. In the Roman Empire, this was a common measure of distance, and the practice of compelling someone to carry a load for a mile was a legal obligation. The context of this phrase is crucial, as it reflects the everyday reality of Roman occupation in Judea, where Jews were often subject to such demands. Jesus uses this familiar scenario to illustrate a radical principle of going beyond what is required, turning an obligation into an opportunity for witness and service.

go with him two miles
The instruction to "go with him two miles" is a call to exceed expectations and to demonstrate a spirit of love and service that goes beyond mere compliance. The Greek word "δύο" (duo) simply means "two," but its implication here is profound. By willingly going the extra mile, a follower of Christ embodies the principles of grace and selflessness. This act of going beyond what is demanded not only subverts the power dynamics of the oppressor and the oppressed but also serves as a testimony to the transformative power of Christ's love. It is an invitation to live out the Kingdom values of generosity, humility, and love in practical, everyday situations.

Give
The Greek word used here is "δίδωμι" (didōmi), which means to give or to grant. In the context of Jesus' Sermon on the Mount, this command to "give" is not merely about the physical act of handing over possessions but is deeply rooted in the spirit of generosity and selflessness. The act of giving is a reflection of God's own nature, who gives abundantly and without reservation. Historically, this teaching would have been radical, as it challenges the natural human inclination towards self-preservation and accumulation of wealth.

to the one who asks you
The phrase emphasizes the openness and readiness to respond to those in need. The Greek "τῷ αἰτοῦντί σε" (tō aitounti se) suggests a personal and direct request. In the cultural context of the time, asking for help was a common practice, especially in a society where social safety nets were limited. This directive encourages believers to be attentive and responsive to the needs of others, reflecting the love and compassion of Christ.

and do not turn away
The phrase "do not turn away" is translated from the Greek "μὴ ἀποστραφῇς" (mē apostraphēs), which implies a deliberate action of not avoiding or ignoring someone. This instruction calls for an active engagement with those who seek assistance, challenging believers to confront their own prejudices and fears. In a historical context, turning away from someone in need could mean denying them their dignity and humanity, something Jesus consistently opposed.

from the one who wants to borrow from you
The Greek "ἀπὸ τοῦ θέλοντος ἀπὸ σοῦ δανίσασθαι" (apo tou thelontos apo sou danisasthai) refers to someone who desires to borrow. This part of the verse highlights the importance of being willing to lend without expecting repayment, echoing the Old Testament principles found in Deuteronomy 15:7-11, where God commands His people to be open-handed towards the poor and needy. In the ancient world, lending was often associated with interest and exploitation, but Jesus calls His followers to a higher standard of generosity and trust in God's provision.

You have heard that it was said, 'Love your neighbor and hate your enemy.'
You have heard
This phrase indicates that Jesus is addressing a common teaching or understanding among His audience. The Greek word for "heard" is ἀκούω (akouo), which implies not just hearing with the ears but understanding and internalizing a message. In the historical context, Jesus is speaking to a Jewish audience familiar with the oral traditions and teachings of the Pharisees and scribes. This phrase sets the stage for Jesus to contrast traditional interpretations with His deeper, more radical teaching.

that it was said
The phrase suggests a reliance on oral tradition rather than written Scripture. The Greek word for "said" is ῥέω (rheo), which means to speak or declare. This reflects the rabbinic tradition of interpreting the Torah, where teachings were passed down verbally. Jesus is about to challenge these interpretations, emphasizing His authority to provide the true meaning of the Law.

Love your neighbor
This command is rooted in Leviticus 19:18, where the Hebrew word for "love" is אָהַב (ahav), meaning to have affection or care for someone. The term "neighbor" in Hebrew is רֵעַ (rea), which traditionally referred to fellow Israelites. Jesus acknowledges this command but will expand its scope. In the historical context, loving one's neighbor was a well-accepted moral duty, but its application was often limited to one's immediate community.

and hate your enemy
This phrase is not a direct quotation from the Old Testament but reflects a common interpretation or addition by some Jewish teachers of the time. The Greek word for "hate" is μισέω (miseo), which means to detest or abhor. Historically, this reflects the human tendency to create in-groups and out-groups, often justifying animosity towards those outside one's community. Jesus challenges this notion, as it contradicts the broader biblical principle of love and mercy.

But I tell you
This phrase marks a significant transition in Jesus' teaching, contrasting His divine authority with the traditional interpretations of the Law. The Greek word for "tell" is "λέγω" (legō), which implies a declaration or proclamation. Jesus is not merely offering an opinion; He is asserting a truth with authority. In the historical context, rabbis would often cite other teachers to support their interpretations, but Jesus speaks on His own authority, underscoring His divine nature and the new covenant He is establishing.

love your enemies
The Greek word for "love" here is "ἀγαπάω" (agapaō), which refers to a selfless, sacrificial love that seeks the best for others, regardless of their actions towards us. This command was revolutionary in the historical context of first-century Judaism, where the prevailing thought was to love one's neighbor but hate one's enemy. Jesus challenges His followers to transcend natural inclinations and societal norms, embodying a love that reflects God's unconditional love for humanity.

and pray for those who persecute you
The act of praying for one's persecutors is a profound expression of love and forgiveness. The Greek word for "pray" is "προσεύχομαι" (proseuchomai), which denotes a deep, earnest communication with God. In the historical and scriptural context, persecution was a real and present danger for early Christians. By instructing His followers to pray for their persecutors, Jesus is teaching them to respond to hostility with grace and to entrust their struggles to God, who is just and merciful. This command not only transforms the believer's heart but also has the potential to transform the hearts of those who oppose them.

that you may be sons
The phrase "that you may be sons" speaks to the transformative purpose of Jesus' teaching. In the Greek, the word for "sons" is "huioi," which implies not just biological offspring but those who reflect the character and nature of their father. In a spiritual sense, this means embodying the attributes of God, such as love, mercy, and grace. The call to be "sons" is an invitation to live in a way that mirrors the divine nature, emphasizing the relational aspect of being part of God's family.

of your Father in heaven
The term "Father" here is "Pater" in Greek, denoting a personal and intimate relationship with God. This is a radical concept, as it portrays God not as a distant deity but as a loving parent. The phrase "in heaven" underscores God's sovereignty and transcendence, reminding believers of His ultimate authority and the heavenly standard to which they are called. This relationship is foundational to Christian identity, encouraging believers to live in a manner worthy of their heavenly Father.

He causes His sun to rise
The imagery of the sun rising is a powerful metaphor for God's providence and impartiality. The Greek word "anatellei" means to cause to rise or to bring forth, indicating God's active role in creation. The sun, a source of life and energy, symbolizes God's sustaining power and His benevolent care for all creation. This phrase highlights God's grace, which is extended to all people, regardless of their moral standing.

on the evil and the good
This phrase illustrates the concept of common grace, where God extends His blessings to all humanity, irrespective of their righteousness. The Greek words "ponērous" (evil) and "agathous" (good) represent moral categories, yet God's grace transcends these distinctions. This challenges believers to emulate God's impartial love, showing kindness and compassion to all, just as God does.

and sends rain
Rain, in the agrarian society of biblical times, was essential for survival and prosperity. The Greek word "brechei" means to send rain, signifying God's provision and care. Rain is a symbol of blessing and sustenance, reinforcing the idea that God provides for the needs of all people. This act of sending rain is a demonstration of God's ongoing involvement in the world and His desire to nurture and sustain life.

on the righteous and the unrighteous
The terms "dikaious" (righteous) and "adikous" (unrighteous) further emphasize the indiscriminate nature of God's grace. This phrase challenges the notion of divine favoritism, illustrating that God's love and provision are not limited to those who are morally upright. It serves as a call to believers to reflect God's character by loving and serving others without prejudice, recognizing that all are recipients of God's grace.

If you love
The Greek word for "love" here is "agapate," derived from "agapao," which signifies a selfless, sacrificial love. This is the same love that God shows humanity, a love that is unconditional and not based on merit. In the context of Jesus' teaching, this love transcends natural human affection and calls believers to emulate the divine love that God has for all people, regardless of their actions or attitudes towards us.

those who love you
This phrase highlights the natural human tendency to reciprocate affection. In the cultural and historical context of Jesus' time, relationships were often transactional, based on mutual benefit. Jesus challenges this norm by calling His followers to a higher standard of love that is not limited to those who are easy to love or who offer something in return.

what reward will you get?
The concept of "reward" in the Greek is "misthos," which can refer to wages or compensation. In a spiritual sense, Jesus is asking what eternal or divine benefit there is in loving only those who love us back. The implication is that true discipleship involves seeking a heavenly reward, which comes from loving as God loves, without expectation of earthly recompense.

Do not even tax collectors do the same?
Tax collectors in Jesus' time were often despised by the Jewish people because they were seen as collaborators with the Roman occupiers and were notorious for their corruption and greed. By using tax collectors as an example, Jesus emphasizes that even those considered morally questionable or sinful are capable of loving those who love them. This rhetorical question serves to challenge His followers to rise above the common standards of love and to reflect the radical, inclusive love of God.

And if you greet
The word "greet" in Greek is "ἀσπάζομαι" (aspazomai), which means to salute, welcome, or embrace. In the cultural context of the time, greeting someone was more than a simple acknowledgment; it was an expression of goodwill and peace. Jesus challenges His followers to extend this gesture beyond their immediate circle, emphasizing the radical nature of Christian love that transcends social and ethnic boundaries.

only your brothers
The term "brothers" (ἀδελφοὺς, adelphous) refers to fellow believers or those within one's own community. In the Jewish context, this would have been fellow Jews. Jesus is urging His followers to break the confines of their social and religious circles, promoting a love that is inclusive and universal. This teaching aligns with the broader biblical narrative of God's love for all humanity, as seen in the Great Commission (Matthew 28:19).

what are you doing more than others?
This phrase challenges believers to examine their actions and motivations. The Greek word for "more" (περισσόν, perisson) implies going above and beyond the norm. Jesus calls His followers to a higher standard of love and righteousness, one that surpasses the ordinary expectations of society. This reflects the transformative power of the Gospel, which calls believers to be salt and light in the world (Matthew 5:13-16).

Do not even the Gentiles do the same?
The term "Gentiles" (ἐθνικοί, ethnikoi) refers to non-Jews, often perceived as outsiders or pagans in the Jewish context. By highlighting the behavior of the Gentiles, Jesus underscores the universality of basic human kindness and challenges His followers to exceed it. This statement serves as a call to distinguish Christian love from mere cultural norms, urging believers to embody the sacrificial love exemplified by Christ Himself.

Be perfect
The Greek word used here is "τέλειοι" (teleioi), which means complete, mature, or fully developed. In the context of Matthew 5:48, Jesus is calling His followers to strive for spiritual maturity and completeness in their moral and ethical lives. This is not about achieving flawlessness but about growing in love, holiness, and righteousness. The call to perfection is a call to reflect God's character in our lives, to be whole-hearted in our devotion to Him, and to pursue a life that aligns with His will.

Therefore
This word connects the command to be perfect with the preceding teachings in the Sermon on the Mount. Jesus has been outlining the characteristics of the Kingdom of Heaven, emphasizing love, mercy, and righteousness. The use of "therefore" indicates that the call to perfection is a logical conclusion of living out the principles Jesus has been teaching. It serves as a reminder that our actions and attitudes should be a response to the grace and truth we have received.

As your heavenly Father
This phrase emphasizes the relationship between believers and God. The term "heavenly Father" highlights God's role as a loving, caring, and authoritative figure who desires the best for His children. It also underscores the intimate relationship believers have with God, who is not distant or detached but actively involved in their lives. This relationship is foundational to understanding the call to perfection, as it is rooted in the desire to emulate the character of our Father.

Is perfect
The Greek word for perfect here is "τέλειος" (teleios), similar to the word used earlier. It describes God's nature as complete, whole, and lacking nothing. God's perfection is the ultimate standard for believers, and while we cannot achieve this on our own, we are called to aspire to it through the transformative power of the Holy Spirit. This perfection is characterized by love, mercy, and holiness, and it is the goal of the Christian life to reflect these attributes in our daily walk.