Bible Thesaurus: Calf

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Thesaurus

Calf (39 Occurrences)
... The "fatted calf" was regarded as the choicest of animal food; it was frequently
also offered as a special sacrifice (1 Samuel 28:24; Amos 6:4; Luke 15:23). ...
/c/calf.htm - 49k

Calf's (2 Occurrences)
... Multi-Version Concordance Calf's (2 Occurrences). 1 Kings 10:19 There were
six steps to the throne, and the top of the throne was ...
/c/calf's.htm - 7k

Calf-Idol (2 Occurrences)
Calf-Idol. Calf, Calf-Idol. Calf-Idols . Multi-Version Concordance
Calf-Idol (2 Occurrences). Hosea 8:5 Cast off hath thy calf, O ...
/c/calf-idol.htm - 6k

Bull-calf (1 Occurrence)
Bull-calf. Bull, Bull-calf. Bullock . Multi-Version Concordance
Bull-calf (1 Occurrence). Leviticus 9:2 and he said ...
/b/bull-calf.htm - 6k

Calf-Idols (1 Occurrence)
Calf-Idols. Calf-Idol, Calf-Idols. Calf's . Multi-Version Concordance
Calf-Idols (1 Occurrence). Hosea 13:2 And now do they add ...
/c/calf-idols.htm - 6k

Fattened (19 Occurrences)
... Luke 15:23 Bring the fattened calf, kill it, and let us eat, and celebrate; (WEB
NAS NIV). ... (See NIV). 1 Samuel 28:24 The woman had a fattened calf in the house. ...
/f/fattened.htm - 12k

Fatted (17 Occurrences)
... FATLING; FATTED. See CALF. FOWL, FATTED. ... (DBY). Luke 15:23 And bring hither the fatted
calf, and kill it; and let us eat, and be merry: (KJV ASV DBY WBS YLT RSV) ...
/f/fatted.htm - 12k

Molten (41 Occurrences)
... Exodus 32:4 He received what they handed him, and fashioned it with an engraving
tool, and made it a molten calf; and they said, "These are your gods, Israel ...
/m/molten.htm - 22k

Rebekah (31 Occurrences)
... which men are snared or bound; The root is found in Hebrew only in the noun meaning
"hitching-place" or "stall," in the familiar phrase "fatted calf" or "calf...
/r/rebekah.htm - 21k

Bible Concordance

Calf (39 Occurrences)

Luke 15:23 Bring the fattened calf, kill it, and let us eat, and celebrate;
(WEB KJV WEY ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Luke 15:27 He said to him,'Your brother has come, and your father has killed the fattened calf, because he has received him back safe and healthy.'
(WEB KJV WEY ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Luke 15:30 But when this, your son, came, who has devoured your living with prostitutes, you killed the fattened calf for him.'
(WEB KJV WEY ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Acts 7:41 They made a calf in those days, and brought a sacrifice to the idol, and rejoiced in the works of their hands.
(WEB KJV WEY ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Revelation 4:7 The first creature was like a lion, and the second creature like a calf, and the third creature had a face like a man, and the fourth was like a flying eagle.
(WEB KJV ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS)

Genesis 18:7 Abraham ran to the herd, and fetched a tender and good calf, and gave it to the servant. He hurried to dress it.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS NAS RSV NIV)

Genesis 18:8 He took butter, milk, and the calf which he had dressed, and set it before them. He stood by them under the tree, and they ate.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS NAS RSV NIV)

Exodus 22:30 Likewise shalt thou do with thy calf, with thy sheep: seven days shall it be with its dam; on the eighth day thou shalt give it me.
(DBY)

Exodus 32:4 He received what they handed him, and fashioned it with an engraving tool, and made it a molten calf; and they said, "These are your gods, Israel, which brought you up out of the land of Egypt."
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Exodus 32:5 And Aaron seeth, and buildeth an altar before it, and Aaron calleth, and saith, 'A festival to Jehovah -- to-morrow;'
(See NIV)

Exodus 32:8 They have turned aside quickly out of the way which I commanded them. They have made themselves a molten calf, and have worshiped it, and have sacrificed to it, and said,'These are your gods, Israel, which brought you up out of the land of Egypt.'"
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Exodus 32:19 It happened, as soon as he came near to the camp, that he saw the calf and the dancing: and Moses' anger grew hot, and he threw the tablets out of his hands, and broke them beneath the mountain.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Exodus 32:20 He took the calf which they had made, and burnt it with fire, ground it to powder, and scattered it on the water, and made the children of Israel drink of it.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Exodus 32:24 I said to them,'Whoever has any gold, let them take it off:' so they gave it to me; and I threw it into the fire, and out came this calf."
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Exodus 32:35 Yahweh struck the people, because they made the calf, which Aaron made.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Leviticus 9:2 and he said to Aaron, "Take a calf from the herd for a sin offering, and a ram for a burnt offering, without blemish, and offer them before Yahweh.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Leviticus 9:3 You shall speak to the children of Israel, saying,'Take a male goat for a sin offering; and a calf and a lamb, both a year old, without blemish, for a burnt offering;
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Leviticus 9:8 So Aaron drew near to the altar, and killed the calf of the sin offering, which was for himself.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Deuteronomy 9:16 I looked, and behold, you had sinned against Yahweh your God; you had made yourselves a molten calf: you had turned aside quickly out of the way which Yahweh had commanded you.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Deuteronomy 9:21 I took your sin, the calf which you had made, and burnt it with fire, and stamped it, grinding it very small, until it was as fine as dust: and I cast its dust into the brook that descended out of the mountain.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)

1 Samuel 28:24 The woman had a fattened calf in the house. She hurried and killed it; and she took flour, and kneaded it, and baked unleavened bread of it.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)

2 Samuel 6:13 It was so, that, when those who bore the ark of Yahweh had gone six paces, he sacrificed an ox and a fattened calf.
(WEB NIV)

2 Chronicles 11:15 and he appointed him priests for the high places, and for the satyrs, and for the calves which he had made.
(See NIV)

Nehemiah 9:18 Yes, when they had made them a molten calf, and said, This is your God who brought you up out of Egypt, and had committed awful blasphemies;
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Job 21:10 Their bull gendereth, and faileth not; their cow calveth, and casteth not her calf.
(KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS RSV)

Psalms 29:6 He makes them also to skip like a calf; Lebanon and Sirion like a young, wild ox.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Psalms 106:19 They made a calf in Horeb, and worshiped a molten image.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Proverbs 15:17 Better is a dinner of herbs, where love is, than a fattened calf with hatred.
(WEB NIV)

Isaiah 11:6 The wolf will live with the lamb, and the leopard will lie down with the young goat; The calf, the young lion, and the fattened calf together; and a little child will lead them.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Isaiah 27:10 For the fortified city is solitary, a habitation deserted and forsaken, like the wilderness. The calf will feed there, and there he will lie down, and consume its branches.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV)

Jeremiah 14:5 Yea, the hind also in the field calveth, and forsaketh her young, because there is no grass,
(See RSV)

Jeremiah 31:18 I have surely heard Ephraim bemoaning himself thus, You have chastised me, and I was chastised, as a calf unaccustomed to the yoke : turn me, and I shall be turned; for you are Yahweh my God.
(WEB JPS ASV NAS RSV NIV)

Jeremiah 34:18 I will give the men who have transgressed my covenant, who have not performed the words of the covenant which they made before me, when they cut the calf in two and passed between its parts;
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Jeremiah 34:19 the princes of Judah, and the princes of Jerusalem, the eunuchs, and the priests, and all the people of the land, who passed between the parts of the calf;
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Ezekiel 1:7 Their feet were straight feet; and the sole of their feet was like the sole of a calf's foot; and they sparkled like burnished brass.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Ezekiel 43:19 And thou hast given unto the priests, the Levites, who 'are' of the seed of Zadok -- who are near unto Me, an affirmation of the Lord Jehovah, to serve Me -- a calf from the herd, for a sin-offering.
(YLT)

Ezekiel 43:23 In thy finishing cleansing, thou dost bring near a calf, a son of the herd, a perfect one, and a ram out of the flock, a perfect one.
(YLT)

Hosea 8:5 Let Samaria throw out his calf idol! My anger burns against them! How long will it be until they are capable of purity?
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Hosea 8:6 For this is even from Israel! The workman made it, and it is no God; indeed, the calf of Samaria shall be broken in pieces.
(WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)

Smith's Bible Dictionary

Calf

The calf was held in high esteem by the Jews as food. (1 Samuel 28:24; Luke 15:23) The molten calf prepared by Aaron for the people to worship, (Exodus 32:4) was probably a wooden figure laminated with gold, a process which is known to have existed in Egypt. [AARON]

ATS Bible Dictionary

Calf

The young of the cow, a clean animal much used in sacrifice; hence the expression, "So will we render the calves of our lips," Hosea 14:2, meaning, we will offer as sacrifices the prayers and praises of our lips, Hebrews 13:15. The fatted calf was considered the choicest animal food, Genesis 18:7 Am 6:4 Luke 15:23.

In Jeremiah 34:18, "they cut the calf in twain, and passed between the parts thereof," there is an allusion to an ancient mode of ratifying a covenant; the parties thus signifying their willingness to be themselves cut in pieces if unfaithful, Genesis 15:9-18.

THE GOLDEN CALF worshipped by the Jews at mount Sinai, while Moses was absent in the mount, was cast by Aaron from the earrings of the people. Its worship was attended with degrading obscenities, and was punished by the death of three thousand men.

The golden calves of Jeroboam were erected by him, one at each extreme of his kingdom, that the ten tribes might be prevented from resorting to Jerusalem to worship, and thus coalescing with the men of Judah, 1 Kings 12:26-29. Thus the people "forgot God their Savior," and sank into gross idolatry. Jeroboam is scarcely ever mentioned in Scripture without the brand upon him, "who made Israel to sin," 2 Kings 17:21. The prophet Hosea frequently alludes to the calf at Bethel, to the folly and guilt of its worshippers, and to the day when both idol and people should be broken in pieces by the Assyrians.

Easton's Bible Dictionary

Calves were commonly made use of in sacrifices, and are therefore frequently mentioned in Scripture. The "fatted calf" was regarded as the choicest of animal food; it was frequently also offered as a special sacrifice (1 Samuel 28:24; Amos 6:4; Luke 15:23). The words used in Jeremiah 34:18, 19, "cut the calf in twain," allude to the custom of dividing a sacrifice into two parts, between which the parties ratifying a covenant passed (Genesis 15:9, 10, 17, 18). The sacrifice of the lips, i.e., priase, is called "the calves of our lips" (Hosea 14:2, R.V., "as bullocks the offering of our lips." Comp. Hebrews 13:15; Psalm 116:7; Jeremiah 33:11).

The golden calf which Aaron made (Exodus 32:4) was probably a copy of the god Moloch rather than of the god Apis, the sacred ox or calf of Egypt. The Jews showed all through their history a tendency toward the Babylonian and Canaanitish idolatry rather than toward that of Egypt.

Ages after this, Jeroboam, king of Israel, set up two idol calves, one at Dan, and the other at Bethel, that he might thus prevent the ten tribes from resorting to Jerusalem for worship (1 Kings 12:28). These calves continued to be a snare to the people till the time of their captivity. The calf at Dan was carried away in the reign of Pekah by Tiglath-pileser, and that at Bethel ten years later, in the reign of Hoshea, by Shalmaneser (2 Kings 15:29; 17:33). This sin of Jeroboam is almost always mentioned along with his name (2 Kings 15:28 etc.).

Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary

1. (n.) The young of the cow, or of the Bovine family of quadrupeds. Also, the young of some other mammals, as of the elephant, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, and whale.

2. (n.) Leather made of the skin of the calf; especially, a fine, light-colored leather used in bookbinding; as, to bind books in calf.

3. (n.) An awkward or silly boy or young man; any silly person; a dolt.

4. (n.) A small island near a larger; as, the Calf of Man.

5. (n.) A small mass of ice set free from the submerged part of a glacier or berg, and rising to the surface.

6. (n.) The fleshy hinder part of the leg below the knee.

International Standard Bible Encyclopedia

CALF

kaf (`eghel; par, or par, often rendered "bullock"): The etymology of both words is uncertain, but the former has a close parallel in the Arabic `ijl, "calf." Par is generally used of animals for sacrifice, `eghel, in that and other senses. `Eghel is used of the golden calves and frequently in the expression, `eghel marbeq, "fatted calf," or "calf of the stall," the latter being the literal meaning (1 Samuel 28:24 Jeremiah 46:21 Amos 6:4 Malachi 4:2).

At the present day beef is not highly esteemed by the people of the country, but mutton is much prized. In the houses of the peasantry it is common to see a young ram being literally stuffed with food, mulberry or other leaves being forced into its mouth by one of the women, who then works the sheep's jaw with one hand. The animal has a daily bath of cold water. The result is deliciously fat and tender mutton. Such an animal is called a ma`luf. From the same root we have ma`laf, "manger," suggestive of the Hebrew marbeq, "stall."

The calf for sacrifice was usually a male of a year old. Other references to calves are: "to skip like a calf" (Psalm 29:6); "the calf and the young lion and the fatling together" (Isaiah 11:6); "a habitation deserted. there shall the calf feed, and there shall he lie down, and consume the branches thereof" (Isaiah 27:10).

See CATTLE.

Alfred Ely Day

CALF, GOLDEN

kaf, gol'-d'-n:

I. THE NAME

II. ANCIENT CALF WORSHIP

1. Narrative of Aaron's Golden Calf

2. Jeroboam's Golden Calves

III. ATTITUDE OF ELIJAH TO THE BULL SYMBOLS

IV. ATTITUDE OF AMOS AND HOSEA TO THE BULL SYMBOLS

LITERATURE

I. The Name.

The term `eghel, is the ordinary Hebrew name for a male calf and is as flexible as the English name, applying to any animal from one a year old (Micah 6:6) or perhaps younger (Leviticus 9:3; Leviticus 12:6) to one three years old (Genesis 15:9; compare Jeremiah 34:18, 19). It has been thought that the habitual use of this diminutive term for the golden bulls which Aaron and Jeroboam set up-especially as it is twice made feminine (Hosea 10:5; Hosea 13:2)-was intended to indicate their small size and thus to express contempt for them. This however, though plausible, is by no means certain. It was not their size which made these bulls contemptible in the eyes of the prophets, and besides there were no life-size bulls of molten gold in any surrounding countries so far as known. The reference to female calves that were kissed (Hosea 13:2), presumably at Bethel, may refer not to the worship of the bulls, but to their female counterparts, since in all other countries such female deities invariably accompanied the bull gods. Bethel may be especially mentioned because it was the "king's sanctuary" (Amos 7:13) or because of the multitude of altars and high places found there (Hosea 10:8; compare Hosea 8:11 Amos 5:26). False worship is also mentioned in connection with Jeroboam's apostasy, at Gilgal and Gilead (Hosea 4:15; Hosea 12:11 Amos 4:4; Amos 5:5), Samaria (Hosea 8:6; Hosea 10:5; Hosea 13:2, 16); and Beersheba (Amos 5:5; Amos 8:14) where no bulls had been set up by Jeroboam so far as stated. That these places receive more condemnation than Dan-which is explicitly mentioned in only one passage (Amos 8:14) though it was a chief center of the bull worship (1 Kings 12:30)-may be due to the fact that the worship of the female deity was the more popular. This was certainly true in neighboring countries and also in other cities in Palestine, as has recently been proved by the excavations (see below).

II. Ancient Calf Worship.

The origin of animal worship is hidden in obscurity, but reverence for the bull and cow is found widespread among the most ancient historic cults. Even in the prehistoric age the influence of the bull symbol was so powerful that it gave its name to one of the most important signs of the Zodiac, and from early historic times the horns of the bull were the familiar emblem of the rays of the sun, and solar gods were very commonly represented as bull-gods (Jensen, Kosmologie, 62-90; Winckler, Altorientalische Forschungen, 1901-5, passim; Jeremias, Das Alter der bah. Astronomie, 1909, passim). The Egyptians, close neighbors of the Hebrews, in all eras from that of the Exodus onward, worshipped living bulls at Memphis (not Mendes, as EB) and Hellopolls as incarnations of Ptah and Ra, while one of the most elaborate rituals was connected with the life-size image of the Hathor-cow (Naville, Deir el Bahari, Part I (1907), 163-67), while the sun was revered as the "valiant bull" and the reigning Pharaoh as "Bull of Bulls." But far more important in this connection is the fact that "calf" worship was almost if not quite universal among all the ancient Semitic peoples. If the immediate ancestors of Abraham did not revere this deity, they were certainly quite unlike their relatives, the Babylonians, among whom, according to all tradition, they lived before they migrated to Palestine (Genesis 11:28, 30; Josephus, Ant, I, vi, 5), for the Babylonians revered the bull as the symbol of their greatest gods, Ann and Sin and Marduk-the ideograph of a young bullock forming a part of the latter's name-while Hadadrimmon, an important Amorite deity, whose attributes remarkably resemble those of Yahweh (see Ward, AJSL, XXV, 175-85; Clay, Amurru (1909), 87-89), is pictured standing on the back of a bull. In Phoenicia also the bull was a sacred animal, as well as in northern Syria where it ranked as one of the chief Hittite deities its images receiving devout worship (see further, Sayce, Encyclopedia of Rel. and Ethics, under the word "Bull"). Among all these peoples the cow goddess was given at least equal honor. In Babylonia the goddess Ishtar has the cow for her symbol on very ancient seal cylinders, and when this nude or half-nude goddess appears in Palestine she often stands on a bull or cow (see William Hayes Ward, Cylinders and Other Ancient Oriental Seals), and under slightly different forms this same goddess is revered in Arabia, Moab, Phoenicia, Syria and elsewhere, while among the Semitic Canaanites the bull was the symbol of Baal, and the cow of Astarte (see particularly Barton, Hebraica, IX, 133-63; X, 1-74, and Semitic Origins, chapter vii; Driver, "Astarte" in DB). Recent excavations in Palestine have shown that during all eras no heathen worship was as popular as that of Astarte in her various forms (see S. A. Cook, Rel. of Ancient Palestine, 1909). That she once is found wearing ram's horns (PEFS (1903), 227) only reveals her nature more clearly as the goddess of fertility. Her relation to the sacred fish at Carnion in Gilead and to the doves of Ascalon, as well as to female prostitution and to Nature's "resurrection" and fruitage, had been previously well known, as also her relation to the moon which governs the seasons. Is there any rational motif which can account for this widespread "calf" worship? Is it conceivable that this cult could so powerfully influence such intelligent and rather spiritually-minded nations as the Egyptians and Babylonians if it were wholly irrational and contained no spiritual content? And is there no rational explanation behind this constant fusion of the deity which controls the breeding of cattle with the deity which controls vegetation? How did the bull come to represent the "corn spirit," so that the running of a bull through the corn (the most destructive act) came to presage good crops; and how did the rending of a bull, spilling his life blood on the soil, increase fertility? (See Fraser, Golden Bough, II, 291-93, 344.) The one real controlling motif of all these various representations and functions of the "calf" god may be found in the ancient awe, especially among the Semites, for the Mystery of Life. This seems to offer a sufficient reason why the bull, which is a most conspicuous example of life-giving power, should be so closely connected with the reproductive processes of the animal and vegetable kingdoms and also with the sun, which from earliest historic times was considered as preeminently the "giver of life." Bull worship was not always an exhibition of gross animalism, but, certainly in Bible times, often represented a concept which was the product of reflection upon one of the deepest mysteries of Nature. Few hymns in Egypt or Babylon express higher spiritual knowledge and aspiration than those addressed to the bull gods or to others honored with this title, e.g. this one to the god Sin of Ur, the "heifer of Anu," "Strong young bull; with strong horns,. with beard of lapislazuli color. self-created, full of developed fruit. Mother-womb who has taken up his abode, begetter of all things, exalted habitation among living creatures; O merciful gracious father, in whose hand rests the life of the whole world; O Lord, thy divinity is full of awe like the far-off heaven and the broad ocean!" (Rogers, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria (1908), 164). Many modern scholars believe that the primitive Egyptians and Babylonians really thought of their earthly and heavenly gods as animals (see especially Maspero, Bulletin critique, 1886; Revue de l'histoiredes religions, 1888), but it seems certain that at least as early as the date of the Exodus these stars and beasts were not regarded by all as being themselves deities, but rather as symbols or representations of deity (Davis and Cobern, Ancient Egypt, 281-89; Brugsch, Die Aegyptologie, I, 135; Chwolsohn, Die Ssabier u. der Ssabismus, II, 134).

1. Narrative of Aaron's Golden Calf:

The text of Exodus 32 is certainly composite (see e.g. Bacon's "Exodus" in the place cited and DB), and some words and phrases are a verbal dupli care of the narrative of Jeroboam's calf worship (compare Exodus 32:4 with 1 Kings 12:28, and see parallel columns in Driver's Deteronomy). Some Bible critics so analyze the text as to make the entire calf story a later element, without ancient basis, added to some short original statement like Exodus 32:7-11, for the sake of satirizing Jeroboam's bull worship and its non-Levitical priesthood (see e.g. Kuenen, Hexateuch). Most recent critics have however accepted the incident as an ancient memory or historic fact attested by the oldest sources, and used thus by the Deuteronomist (Deuteronomy 9), though the verbal form may have been affected by the later editor's scorn of the northern apostasy. It seems clearly unreasonable to suppose that a Hebrew writer at any era would so fiercely abuse his own ancestors, without any traditional basis for his statements, merely for the sake of adding a little more which cast reproach upon his northern neighbors, and it seems equally unlikely that any such baseless charges would have been accepted as true by the slandered nation. The old expositors, accepting the essential historicity of the account, generally followed Philo and the early Fathers in supposing this calf of gold was an image of the Apis or Mnevis bulls of Egypt, and this is occasionally yet advocated by some Egyptologists (e.g. Steindorf, Ancient Egypt (1903), 167; compare also Jeremias, Old Testament in Light of Ancient East (1911), II, 138). The objections made to this view by the skeptics of the 18th century, based on the supposed impossibility of such chemical and mechanical skill being possessed at that era, have mostly been made obsolete by recent discovery. The common modern objection that this could not have been Apis worship because the Apis was a living bull, is by no means conclusive, since images of Apis are not uncommon and were probably worshipped in the temple itself. It may be added that a renaissance of this worship occurred at this very era. So Erman, Handbook of Egyptian Rel. (1907), 23-79. Modern Bible scholars, however, are practically unanimous in the opinion that the Golden Calf, if worshipped at all, must have been a representation of a Semitic, not an Egyptian, deity. In favor of this it may be suggested:

(1) It was an era when each deity was considered as the god of a particular country and it would seem impossible that a native Egyptian god should be thought of as joining with Egypt's enemies and assisting them to reach a land over which he had no control.

(2) The Israelite religion shows little influence from Egypt, but was immensely influenced from Canaan and Babylon, Apis only being mentioned once (Jeremiah 46:20 (translated "heifer"); compare Ezekiel 20:7, 8, and see Brugsch, Steininschrift und Bibelwort, passim, and Robertson, Early Religion of Israel, 217).

(3) The bull and cow are now known to have been ordinary symbols for the most popular deities which were worshipped by all the race-relatives of the Hebrews and nowhere more devoutly than in Canaan and in the adjoining districts (see above).

(4) Some of the chief gods of the pasture land of Goshen, where the Hebrews had resided for centuries (Genesis 47:6; Genesis 50:8), were Semitic gods which were worshipped not only by the Edomitic Bedouin and other foreigners living there by the "pools of Pithom" (compare Exodus 1:11) but by the native Egyptians, Ramses II even naming a daughter after one of these. The special god of this district had as its symbol a bull calf, and one inscription actually speaks of the statue of a "golden calf of 600 pounds weight" which it was the custom to dedicate annually to one of these Semitic gods, while another inscription mentions a statue of gold "a cubit in height" (Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt (1905), III, 630-38; Naville, Goshen, Store City of Pithom; Erman, Handbook; 173-74; Brugsch, op. cit.).

(5) The chief proof, however, is the statement of the text that the feast in connection with this worship was a "feast to Yahweh" (Exodus 32:5). When Moses disappeared for forty days in the Mount, it was not unnatural that the people should turn back to the visible symbols worshipped by their ancestors, and should give to them the new name or new attributes which had been attached to deity by Moses. The worship was condemned for much the same reason as that of Jeroboam's calves (see next section).

2. Jeroboam's Golden Calves:

Though this passage (1 Kings 12:26-33; compare 2 Chronicles 10:14, 15) may have been reedited later, "there is no reason to infer that any detail of fact is underived from the olden time" (Burney, Hebrew Text of Kings (1902), and DB). These calves which Jeroboam set up were doubtless bulls (1 Kings 12:28, Hebrew) but at least as early as Hosea's time it seems probable (see above) that the more licentious worship of the feminine principle had been added to the official worship (Hosea 10:5; Hosea 13:2, Hebrew). This which else here naturally and universally accompanied the bull worship could most truly be called "the sin of Samaria" (Amos 8:14) and be classed as the "sin of Jeroboam" (1 Kings 14:9, 16; 1 Kings 16:26 2 Kings 10:29). There is no sufficient reason for explaining the term "molten" in any other an its most natural and usual sense (Exodus 32:8, 24 2 Kings 17:16 Deuteronomy 9:16), for molded metal idols were common in all eras in Palestine and the surrounding countries, though the core of the image might be molten or graven of some inferior metal overlaid with gold (Isaiah 30:22; Isaiah 40:19, Hebrew; Deuteronomy 7:25 Exodus 32:4). These bull images were undoubtedly intended to represent Yahweh (yet compare Robertson, op. cit., and Orr, Problem of Old Testament (1906), 145). The text explicitly identifies these images with Aaron's calf (1 Kings 12:28), so that nearly all the reasons given above to prove that Aaron's image represented not an Egyptian but an ancient Semitic deity are equally valid here. To these various other arguments may be added:

(1) The text itself states that it is Yahweh who brought them from Egypt (Hosea 2:15; Hosea 12:13; Hosea 13:4), whom they call "My lord," and to whom they swear (Hosea 2:16, King James Version margin; Hosea 4:15); and to whom they present their wine offerings, sacrifices and feasts (Hosea 8:13; Hosea 9:4, 5, Hebrew; compare Amos 5:8).

(2) Jehu, though he destroyed all Baal idols, never touched these bulls (2 Kings 10:28, 29).

(3) The ritual, though freer, was essentially that of the Jerusalem temple (1 Kings 12:32 Hosea 5:6 Amos 4:5; Amos 5:22, 23; see, Oettli, Greifswalder Studien (1895), quoted in DB, I, 342).

(4) Even the southern prophets recognized that it was Yahweh who had given Jeroboam the kingdom (1 Kings 11:31; 1 Kings 12:15, 24) and only Yahweh worship could have realized Jeroboam's purpose of attaching to the throne by this cult such devout citizens as would otherwise be drawn to Jerusalem to worship. It was to guard against this appeal which the national sanctuary made to devout souls that this counter worship had been established. As Budde says, "A foreign cult would only have driven the devout Ephraimites the more surely over to Jerusalem" (Rel. of Israel (1899), 113). Jeroboam was not attempting to shock the conscience of his religious adherents by making heathenism the state religion, but rather to win these pious worshippers of Yahweh to his cause.

(5) The places selected for the bull worship were places already sacred to Yahweh. This was preeminently true of Bethel which, centuries before Jerusalem had been captured from the Jebusites, had been identified with special revelations of Yahweh's presence (Genesis 13:3, 4; Genesis 28:19; Genesis 31:13; Genesis 35:15 1 Samuel 7:16 Hosea 12:4).

(6) The story shows that the allegiance of his most pious subjects was retained (1 Kings 12:20) and that not even Elijah fled to the Southern, supposing that the Northern Kingdom had accepted the worship of heathen gods as its state religion. Instead of this, Elijah, though the boldest opponent of the worship of Baal, is never reported as uttering one word against the bull worship at Dan and Bethel.

III. Attitude of Elijah to the Bull Symbols.

This surprising silence is variously explained. A few scholars, though without any historic or textual evidence for the charge, are sure that the Bible narratives (though written by southern men) are fundamentally defective at this point, otherwise they would report Elijah's antagonism to this cult. Other few, equally without evidence, are comfortably sure that he fully approved the ancient ancestral calf cult. Others, with more probability, explain his position on the ground that, though he may not have favored the bull symbol-which was never used by the Patriarchs so far as known, and certainly was not used as a symbol of Yahweh in the Southern Kingdom, or Hosea the northern prophet would have spoken of it-yet being himself a northern man of old ideals and simple habits, Elijah may have believed that, even with this handicap, the freer and more democratic worship carried on al the ancient holy places in the North was less dangerous than the elaborate and luxurious ritual of the aristocratic and exclusive priesthood of the South, which insisted upon political and religious centralization, and was dependent upon such enormous revenues for its support (compare 1 Kings 12:10, 14). At any rate it is self-evident that if Elijah had turned against Jeroboam and the state religion, it would have divided seriously the forces which needed to unite, in order to oppose with all energy the much fouler worship of Baal which just at this crisis, as never before or afterward, threatened completely to overwhelm the worship of Yahweh.

IV. Attitude of Amos and Hosea to the Bull Symbols.

It is easy to see why Hosea might fiercely condemn a ritual which Elijah might rightly tolerate.

(1) This calf worship may have deteriorated. Elijah lived closer to the time when the new state ritual was inaugurated and would naturally be at its best. Hosea lived at an era when he could trace the history of this experiment for nearly two cents, and could see clearly that these images had not helped but greatly hindered the development of the ethical and spiritual religion of Yahweh. Even if at first recognized as symbols, these images had become common idols (Hosea 12:11; Hosea 13:2, and passim). "This tiring became a sin" (1 Kings 12:30; 1 Kings 13:34). The history of religion shows many such instances wher the visible or verbal symbol which in one era had been a real aid to devotion at a later time became positively antagonistic to it (see IMAGES). As Baal was also worshipped under the form of a calf and as Yahweh himself was at times called "Baal" (Isaiah 54:5 Jeremiah 31:32 Hosea 2:16 Hebrew) this unethical tendency would be accelerated, as also by the political antagonism between Judah and Ephraim and the bitter hatred between the two rival priesthoods (compare 2 Chronicles 11:15; 2 Chronicles 13:9). Certain it is that by the middle of the 8th century the worship at Dan and Bethel had extended itself to many other points and had become so closely affiliated with the heathen worship as to be practically indistinguishable-at least when viewed from the later prophetic standpoint. But

(2) it cannot be doubted that the prophetic standpoint had changed in 200 years. As the influence of the northern worship had tended toward heathenism, so the influence of the southern worship of an imageless god had tended toward higher spiritual ideals. Elijah could not have recognized the epoch-making importance of an imageless temple. The constant pressure of this idea-God is Spirit-had developed a new spiritual conscience, which by the 8th century was so keen that the worship of Yahweh under the form of an image was not improperly considered as almost if not quite as bad as out-and-out heathenism, just as the Reformers of the 16th century regarded the Roman Catholic images as little better than idols (Hosea 8:5, 6; Hosea 11:2; Hosea 13:2; compare 2 Kings 17:16, 17). The ifluence of this new conscience is also seen in the fact that it is not simply or perhaps chiefly the "calves" which are condemned, but the spirit of ungodliness and unkindness which also made the orthodox worship in Jerusalem little if any better than that at Bethel (Hosea 6:4; Hosea 5:12, 14). The influence of this theology-God is Spirit-had so filled the souls of these prophets that even the sacrifices had lost their importance when unaccompanied by kindness and spiritual knowledge (Hosea 6:6; Hosea 7:1), and it is the absence of this essential spirit, rather than the form of worship, which Amos and Hosea condemn in the Northern Kingdom (Amos 2:6-8; Amos 3:10; Amos 4:1; Amos 5:7, 12-15, 21-24; 6:12; 8:4-6 Hosea 4:2, 3; Hosea 9:1; Hosea 10:12-14). These later prophets could also see, as Elijah could not possibly have seen, that unity of worship was imperatively needed, and that sacrifices in the old sacred "high places" must be discontinued. Only thus could superstitious fanaticism and religious disintegration be avoided. A miscellaneous and unregulated Yahweh cult might become almost as bad as heathenism. Indeed it might be worse if it gave the Baal spirit and interpretation to Yahweh worship.

See also ASTROLOGY, sec. II, 2.

LITERATURE.

Besides references above, see especially commentaries of Dillmann and Driver on Exodus; Kuenen, Religion of Israel; W. R. Smith, Religion of Semites, 93-113 and index; Konig, Hauptprobleme der altisraelitischen Religionsgeschichte; Baeth gen, Beitr. zur semit. Religionsgeschichte; Kittel, History of Hebrews; "Baal" and "Ashtoreth" in Encyclopedia of Rel. and Ethics (full lit.); "Golden Calf" in Jewish Encyclopedia for Rabbinical and Mohammedan lit.

Camden M. Cobern

GOLDEN CALF

gold'-'-n: Probably a representation of the sun in Taurus.

See ASTROLOGY, 7; CALF, GOLDEN.

CALF IMAGE

See IMAGES.

Greek

3448. moschos -- a young shoot, a calf
... a young shoot, a calf. Part of Speech: Noun, Masculine Transliteration: moschos
Phonetic Spelling: (mos'-khos) Short Definition: a calf Definition: a calf ...
//strongsnumbers.com/greek2/3448.htm - 6k

3447. moschopoieo -- to make a calf (as an image)
... to make a calf (as an image). Part of Speech: Verb Transliteration: moschopoieo
Phonetic Spelling: (mos-khop-oy-eh'-o) Short Definition: I make a model of a ...
//strongsnumbers.com/greek2/3447.htm - 6k

Strong's Hebrew

5695. egel -- a calf
... 5694, 5695. egel. 5696 . a calf. Transliteration: egel Phonetic Spelling:
(ay-ghel) Short Definition: calf. Word Origin from an ...
/hebrew/5695.htm - 6k

5697. eglah -- a heifer
... heifer. Word Origin fem. of egel Definition a heifer NASB Word Usage calf
(1), heifer (10), heifer's (1). calf, cow, heifer. Feminine ...
/hebrew/5697.htm - 6k

1241. baqar -- cattle, herd, an ox
... Word Origin from baqar Definition cattle, herd, an ox NASB Word Usage bull (1),
bull* (21), bulls (9), bulls* (5), calf* (2), calves* (1), cattle (13), cow's (1 ...
/hebrew/1241.htm - 6k

6499. par -- young bull, steer
... bull (2), young bulls (4). young bullock, calf, ox. Or par {pawr}; from parar;
a bullock (apparently as breaking forth in wild strength ...
/hebrew/6499.htm - 6k

7921. shakol -- to be bereaved
... bereave of children, barren, cast calf fruit, make childless, deprive, destroy.
A primitive root; properly, to miscarry, ie Suffer ...
/hebrew/7921.htm - 6k

1121. ben -- son
... 1), Babylonians* (3), beasts (1), being* (1), Ben-hinnom* (7), bough (2), breed
(1), brothers* (1), builders (1), bull* (21), bulls* (5), calf* (2), calves (2 ...
/hebrew/1121.htm - 8k

Library

The Golden Calf
... THE BOOK OF EXODUS THE GOLDEN CALF. ... And the Lord plagued the people, because
they made the calf, which Aaron made.'"Exodus 32:1-8; 30-35. ...
/.../maclaren/expositions of holy scripture k/the golden calf.htm

The Golden Calf. Ex 32:4,31
... EXODUS Hymn 18 The golden calf. Ex 32:4,31. John Newton 8,6,8,6. The golden calf.
Ex 32:4,31. When Israel heard the fiery law,. From Sinai's top proclaimed; ...
//christianbookshelf.org/newton/olney hymns/hymn 18 the golden calf.htm

A Hint from a Caribou
... One day a man was out in a stumpy pasture-field beside a woods in Canada, and he
saw a mother caribou and her little calf feeding quietly down in a valley ...
/.../chidley/fifty-two story talks to boys and girls/a hint from a caribou.htm

Salvation Army Publications
... Half Calf, 5s.; Cloth, 2s.; Paper, 1s. The Training of Children. Important to Parents. ...
Half Calf, 5s.; Cloth, Gilt, 2s.6d.; Cloth, 2s.; Paper, 1s. Godliness. ...
/.../howard/standards of life and service/salvation army publications.htm

Spirit Alchemy.
... When Moses coming down from the presence of God saw the shocking sight of the people
worshiping a calf made of gold, he reproached Aaron for permitting it. ...
//christianbookshelf.org/gordon/quiet talks on service/spirit alchemy.htm

Under the Three Pastors, --There were Manifold Shepherds
... 5. Aaron stripped off from the ears,"the earrings and made a calf."That lifeless
calf in secret,"pierced and slaughtered the camp:"those who had ...
/.../ephraim/hymns and homilies of ephraim the syrian/hymn xiv under the three.htm

Of the Four Living Creatures in the Apocalypse, which have Been ...
... living creatures in the Apocalypse as significant of the four evangelists, those
who have taken the lion to point to Matthew, the man to Mark, the calf to Luke ...
/.../augustine/the harmony of the gospels/chapter vi of the four living.htm

Of the Law.
... Now the law is the decalogue, which the Lord promulgated to them with an audible
voice, [3266] before the people made that calf which represented the Egyptian ...
/.../various/constitutions of the holy apostles/sec iv of the law.htm

From the Fourth Chapter.
... 7-10. "The first living creature was like to a lion, and the second was like to
a calf, and the third had a face like to a man, and the fourth was like to a ...
/.../commentary on the apocolypse of the blessed john/from the fourth chapter.htm

The Lake Samochonitis [Or Semechonitis. ]
... render it thus, "The springs which, nourishing Little Jordan, as it is called, send
it out into the Great, under the temple of the golden calf": but then a ...
/.../lightfoot/from the talmud and hebraica/chapter 69 the lake samochonitis.htm

Subtopics

Calf

Calf Image

Calf of Gold was Made of the Ornaments of the Women

Calf of Gold was Made: After an Egyptian Model

Calf of Gold was Made: To Go Before the Congregation

Calf of Gold was Made: To Represent God

Calf of Gold: An Altar Built Before

Calf of Gold: Destroyed by Moses

Calf of Gold: Fashioned With a Graven Tool

Calf of Gold: Made on Account of the Delay of Moses in the Mount

Calf of Gold: Making of a Forgetting of God