At that time Hannah prayed
The phrase sets the scene for a pivotal moment in Hannah's life. The Hebrew root for "prayed" is "palal," which means to intercede or to make supplication. This indicates a deep, heartfelt communication with God, reflecting Hannah's intimate relationship with Him. Historically, prayer was a central part of Hebrew worship, and Hannah's prayer is a model of personal devotion and thanksgiving.

My heart rejoices in the LORD
The "heart" in Hebrew, "leb," often represents the inner self, including emotions, will, and intellect. Hannah's joy is not superficial but deeply rooted in her being. The phrase "in the LORD" signifies that her joy is not based on circumstances but on her relationship with Yahweh, the covenant-keeping God of Israel. This reflects a profound trust and satisfaction in God's character and promises.

my horn is exalted in the LORD
The "horn" symbolizes strength and power in Hebrew culture, often associated with victory and honor. The exaltation of her horn "in the LORD" suggests that her strength and dignity are derived from God. This imagery is consistent with the ancient Near Eastern context, where horns of animals were seen as symbols of power and might.

My mouth speaks boldly against my enemies
The phrase "speaks boldly" comes from the Hebrew "rachab," meaning to open wide or enlarge. It implies confidence and fearlessness. Hannah's newfound boldness is a result of her faith in God's deliverance. Her "enemies" could be literal adversaries or symbolic of the trials and challenges she faced, including her previous barrenness and the taunts of Peninnah.

for I rejoice in Your salvation
The word "salvation" in Hebrew is "yeshuah," which means deliverance or victory. Hannah's rejoicing is rooted in the tangible experience of God's saving power in her life. This salvation is not just personal but also anticipates the broader deliverance God would bring to His people. Theologically, it points to the ultimate salvation found in Jesus Christ, whose name in Hebrew, "Yeshua," is derived from the same root.

(1) And Hannah prayed, and said.--"Prayed," not quite in the sense in which we generally understand prayer. Her prayer here asks for nothing; it is rather a song of thanksgiving for the past, a song which passes into expressions of sure confidence for the future. She had been an unhappy woman; her life had been, she thought, a failure; her dearest hopes had been baffled; vexed, tormented, utterly cast down, she had fled to the Rock of Israel for help, and in the eternal pity of the Divine Friend of her people she had found rest, and then joy; out of her own individual experience the Spirit of the Lord taught her to discern the general laws of the Divine economy; she had had personal experience of the gracious government of the kind, all-pitiful God; her own mercies were a pledge to her of the gracious way in which the nation itself was led by Jehovah--were a sign by which she discerned how the Eternal not only always delivered the individual sufferer who turned to Him, but would also at all times be ever ready to succour and deliver His people.

These true, beautiful thoughts the Spirit of the Lord first planted in Hannah's heart, and then gave her lips grace and power to utter them in the sublime language of her hymn, which became one of the loved songs of the people, and as such was handed down from father to son, from generation to generation, in Israel, in the very words which first fell from the blessed mother of the child-prophet in her quiet home of "Ramah of the Watchers."

My heart rejoiceth.--The first verse of four lines is the introduction to the Divine song. She would give utterance to her holy joy. Had she not received the blessing at last which all mothers in Israel so longed for?

Mine horn is exalted.--She does not mean by this, "I am proud," but "I am strong"--mighty now in the gift I have received from the Lord: glorious in the consciousness "I have a God-Friend who hears me." The image "horn" is taken from oxen and those animals whose strength lies in their horns. It is a favourite Hebrew symbol, and one that had become familiar to them from their long experience--dating from far-back patriarchal times--as a shepherd-people.

Verse 1. - And Hannah prayed and said. Like the Magnificat, Hannah's hymn of thanksgiving begins with the temporal mercies accorded to herself, but rises immediately into the realms of prophecy, foretelling Christ's kingdom and the triumphs of the Church. From this prophetic element, common more or less to all the hymns of the Bible, most of them have been used in Christian worship, and still merit a place in it, though we in the liturgy of the Church of England now use only two, taken both from the New Testament. In ver. 1, in four strophes of equal length, Hannah declares how, first, her heart, the centre with the Hebrews, not merely of the physical, but also of the moral and intellectual life, rejoices in Jehovah; while the exaltation of her horn, the symbol of strength and vigour, signifies that this inward joy is accompanied, or even occasioned, by the changed circumstances of her outward lot. Her mouth, therefore, is opened wide over her enemies, yet not for cursing and in bitterness, but for joyful praise of the God who has answered her prayers. It is his salvation, the being delivered by him, that makes her thus burst forth into thanksgiving. It is a proof too of her faith and spirituality that she thus refers all to Jehovah. In ver. 2 she gives her reasons for this holy joy. The first is God's absolute holiness; the second his absolute existence, in which she finds the proof of his holiness. Hannah may have meant to express only the language of piety, but she also stated a primary philosophical truth, which was early grasped by the deeply religious instinct of the Hebrews, that outside of God is no existence. Many necessary deductions follow from this fundamental truth, that God alone absolutely exists, and that all other existence is secondary and derived; but no deduction is more certain than Hannah's own, that such a Being must be absolutely holy. In calling him a rock she assigns to him strength, calm, immovable, enduring, but a strength which avails for the safety of his people (comp. Deuteronomy 32:4, 15; Psalm 18:2). For rocks, as being capable of easy defence, formed the nucleus of most ancient towns, and continued to serve as their citadels. In ver. 3 she appeals to God's omniscience, "for Jehovah is a God of knowledges," the pl. being intensive, and signifying every kind of knowledge. As too he weighs and judges human actions, how can men venture to talk so arrogantly before him, lit. so proudly, proudly. The last clause is one of those numerous places in which there is a doubt whether the Hebrew word lo means not, or by him. If the negative sense be taken, which the Hebrew spelling favours, the rendering will be "though actions be not weighed." Though wicked actions be not immediately punished, yet Jehovah is cognisant of them, and in due time will requite. In vers. 4-8 Hannah illustrates the working of this attribute of the Deity by enumerating the vicissitudes of human events, which are not the result of chance, but of that omniscience combined with holiness which she has claimed for Jehovah in vers. 2, 3. She begins with the vicissitudes of war; but these are not more remarkable than those of peace, by which the full, the rich and wealthy, have to descend to the position of a hireling; while those previously hungry have ceased, i.e. from labour, and keep holiday. In a nation of small proprietors, where the land was tilled by the owner and those "born in his house," the position of the hireling, the "mean white" of the southern States of America, was lower than that of the slave, especially in Judaea, where the slave was more in the position of a vassal than of a serf or forced labourer. In the next clause the translation may either be, "She that was long barren hath borne seven," or, "Until the barren" etc.; i.e. these vicissitudes may even reach so far as to make a barren woman the mother of seven, i.e. of a perfect number of children, happily generalised in Psalm 113:9 into "a joyful mother of children." But see Ruth 4:15; Jeremiah 15:9. In this there is also a typical reference to the long barrenness of the Gentile world, to be followed by a fruitfulness far exceeding that of the Jewish Church, while it, prolific once in patriarchs, and prophets, and saints, is now comparatively sterile. In ver. 6 "the grave, Hebrews Sheol, is "the pit," the hollow vault underground, which is the dwelling of the dead. Lit., therefore, Hannah's words might seem to imply a belief in the resurrection; but her meaning rather was that God brings a man to the very brink of the grave, and then, when all hope seems past, raises him up again. In ver. 8 beggar is simply needy, but the expressions dust and dunghill add dishonour to his poverty. To set might more correctly be translated to make them sit; sitting, especially on a raised seat, being a mark of honour among Orientals, who generally squat on mats on the ground. In the next clause the A.V. particularises what in the Hebrews is quite general. "He will make them possess (or enjoy) a glorious throne." Their seat among the princes is not inherited, but acquired; and though promoted thus to a place among men of hereditary rank, and given an honourable position among them, yet it was not necessarily "the throne of glory," the highest seat. Still even this was quite possible; for while the tribal chiefs and heads of fathers' houses obtained their rank by inheritance, nevertheless, in early days the judges, and among them Eli and Samuel, acquired rank and power for themselves. Subsequently, under the kings, the great officers of state took their place along with the hereditary princes, but were dependent upon royal favour. In the last clause the word rendered pillars is rare, being found only here and in 1 Samuel 14:4. In both places the ancient versions are uncertain as to its signification, but in the latter it can only mean a crag, or mass of rock. If then the rock masses of the earth are Jehovah's, and he can lift up and poise upon them the inhabited world (Hebrews rebel), how much more easily can he raise up a man!

Parallel Commentaries ...


At that time Hannah
חַנָּה֙ (ḥan·nāh)
Noun - proper - feminine singular
Strong's 2584: Hannah -- mother of Samuel

prayed:
וַתִּתְפַּלֵּ֤ל (wat·tiṯ·pal·lêl)
Conjunctive waw | Verb - Hitpael - Consecutive imperfect - third person feminine singular
Strong's 6419: To judge, to intercede, pray

“My heart
לִבִּי֙ (lib·bî)
Noun - masculine singular construct | first person common singular
Strong's 3820: The heart, the feelings, the will, the intellect, centre

rejoices
עָלַ֤ץ (‘ā·laṣ)
Verb - Qal - Perfect - third person masculine singular
Strong's 5970: To jump for, joy, exult

in the LORD
בַּֽיהוָ֔ה (Yah·weh)
Preposition-b | Noun - proper - masculine singular
Strong's 3068: LORD -- the proper name of the God of Israel

in [whom]
בַּֽיהוָ֑ה (Yah·weh)
Preposition-b | Noun - proper - masculine singular
Strong's 3068: LORD -- the proper name of the God of Israel

my horn
קַרְנִ֖י (qar·nî)
Noun - feminine singular construct | first person common singular
Strong's 7161: A horn, a flask, cornet, an elephant's tooth, a corner, a peak, a ray, power

is exalted.
רָ֥מָה (rā·māh)
Verb - Qal - Perfect - third person feminine singular
Strong's 7311: To be high actively, to rise, raise

My mouth
פִּי֙ (pî)
Noun - masculine singular construct | first person common singular
Strong's 6310: The mouth, edge, portion, side, according to

speaks boldly
רָ֤חַב (rā·ḥaḇ)
Verb - Qal - Perfect - third person masculine singular
Strong's 7337: To be or grow wide or large

against
עַל־ (‘al-)
Preposition
Strong's 5921: Above, over, upon, against

my enemies,
א֣וֹיְבַ֔י (’ō·wy·ḇay)
Verb - Qal - Participle - masculine plural construct | first person common singular
Strong's 341: Hating, an adversary

for
כִּ֥י (kî)
Conjunction
Strong's 3588: A relative conjunction

I rejoice
שָׂמַ֖חְתִּי (śā·maḥ·tî)
Verb - Qal - Perfect - first person common singular
Strong's 8055: To brighten up, be, blithe, gleesome

in Your salvation.
בִּישׁוּעָתֶֽךָ׃ (bî·šū·‘ā·ṯe·ḵā)
Preposition-b | Noun - feminine singular construct | second person masculine singular
Strong's 3444: Something saved, deliverance, aid, victory, prosperity


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OT History: 1 Samuel 2:1 Hannah prayed and said: My heart exults (1Sa iSam 1 Sam i sa)