After this
This phrase indicates a sequence of events, suggesting that what follows is a continuation or consequence of the previous visions. In the context of Revelation, it emphasizes the unfolding of divine prophecy. The Greek term "meta tauta" often marks a transition, underscoring the progressive revelation of God's plan. It invites readers to anticipate a new, significant vision that builds upon the preceding chapters.

I saw
The phrase "I saw" is a common Johannine expression, emphasizing the visionary nature of the Revelation. The Greek "eidon" implies not just physical sight but spiritual insight. John, the author, is not merely a passive observer but an active participant in the divine revelation, conveying the immediacy and vividness of the vision to his audience.

another angel
The mention of "another angel" suggests a continuation of the angelic activity seen throughout Revelation. Angels are messengers of God, and their presence signifies divine intervention. The Greek "allos" (another) indicates a distinct yet similar being to those previously mentioned, highlighting the organized and purposeful nature of God's heavenly host.

coming down from heaven
This phrase signifies divine origin and authority. The descent from heaven indicates that the angel is on a mission from God, bringing a message or executing judgment. The imagery of descending from heaven underscores the connection between the divine realm and earthly affairs, reminding believers of God's sovereign control over history.

having great authority
The angel's "great authority" signifies a special commission from God. The Greek "exousia" denotes power and jurisdiction, suggesting that this angel has been endowed with significant responsibility. This authority is not inherent but granted by God, emphasizing the angel's role as a divine emissary executing God's will.

and the earth was illuminated by his glory
The illumination of the earth by the angel's glory highlights the divine presence and the transformative power of God's glory. The Greek "doxa" (glory) refers to the visible manifestation of God's majesty. This imagery recalls Old Testament theophanies where God's presence is accompanied by light, symbolizing truth, purity, and revelation. The illumination signifies the pervasive impact of God's glory, dispelling darkness and revealing truth to the world.

Fallen, fallen is Babylon the great!
The repetition of "fallen" emphasizes the certainty and completeness of Babylon's downfall. In the Greek text, the word "πέπτωκεν" (peptōken) is used, indicating a past action with present consequences. This reflects the prophetic certainty of God's judgment. Historically, Babylon was a symbol of human pride and rebellion against God, often associated with idolatry and moral corruption. In the context of Revelation, "Babylon the great" represents a system of worldly power and influence that opposes God's kingdom. The fall of Babylon signifies the ultimate triumph of God's justice over evil.

She has become a lair for demons
The term "lair" suggests a dwelling place or habitation. In Greek, "κατοικητήριον" (katoikētērion) is used, meaning a place of residence. This imagery conveys the idea that Babylon, once a symbol of human achievement, has now become a desolate and cursed place, inhabited by evil spirits. The presence of demons indicates the spiritual corruption and depravity that have overtaken Babylon. This serves as a warning against the dangers of turning away from God and embracing wickedness.

a haunt for every unclean spirit
The word "haunt" implies a place frequently visited or inhabited. The Greek word "φυλακή" (phylakē) can mean a prison or a place of confinement. This suggests that Babylon has become a stronghold for unclean spirits, emphasizing its spiritual decay. The term "unclean spirit" refers to demonic forces that are opposed to God. This phrase highlights the complete moral and spiritual degradation of Babylon, serving as a stark contrast to the holiness and purity of God's kingdom.

every unclean bird
In biblical symbolism, birds often represent spiritual beings or influences. The mention of "unclean birds" draws from Old Testament imagery, where certain birds were considered unclean according to Levitical law (Leviticus 11). These birds symbolize impurity and defilement. The presence of every unclean bird in Babylon underscores the pervasive corruption and the absence of anything pure or holy. It serves as a vivid picture of the consequences of sin and rebellion against God.

and every detestable beast
The phrase "detestable beast" refers to creatures that are abominable or loathsome. In the Greek, "θηρίον" (thērion) is used, which can denote a wild or savage animal. This imagery is reminiscent of the beasts described in Daniel and earlier in Revelation, which symbolize oppressive and blasphemous powers. The inclusion of every detestable beast in Babylon highlights the complete moral collapse and the presence of evil in its most repugnant forms. It serves as a powerful reminder of the ultimate fate of those who reject God and align themselves with worldly powers.

For all the nations
This phrase indicates the universal scope of Babylon's influence. In the Greek, "πάντα τὰ ἔθνη" (panta ta ethnē) suggests a comprehensive reach, affecting every ethnic group and nation. Historically, Babylon is symbolic of a world system opposed to God, representing a pervasive cultural and spiritual corruption that transcends geographical boundaries. This highlights the global nature of sin and the widespread impact of Babylon's seduction.

have drunk the wine
The imagery of drinking wine is often used in Scripture to denote participation in sin or judgment. The Greek word "πέπωκαν" (pepōkan) implies an action that has been completed, suggesting that the nations have fully partaken in the corrupting influence of Babylon. This metaphor underscores the intoxicating and deceptive nature of sin, which dulls spiritual senses and leads to moral compromise.

of the passion of her immorality
The word "passion" in Greek is "θυμοῦ" (thymou), which can also mean wrath or intense desire. This indicates a fervent, consuming drive towards immorality, which in Greek is "πορνείας" (porneias), often translated as fornication or sexual immorality. This phrase suggests not just physical acts of immorality but a broader spiritual unfaithfulness and idolatry, reflecting a deep-seated rebellion against God's holiness.

The kings of the earth
This phrase refers to the political leaders and authorities who have aligned themselves with Babylon. In the historical context, kings often symbolize power and governance. Their involvement with Babylon indicates a complicity in her sins, showing how political systems can become entangled with corrupt spiritual influences, leading to moral decay at the highest levels of society.

were immoral with her
The Greek word "ἐπόρνευσαν" (eporneusan) is used here, indicating a past action of engaging in immorality. This suggests a deliberate and ongoing relationship with Babylon's corrupt practices. The phrase highlights the active participation of world leaders in the sinful systems and ideologies that Babylon represents, emphasizing the moral responsibility of those in power.

and the merchants of the earth
Merchants, or "ἔμποροι" (emporoi) in Greek, represent the economic forces and commercial interests that have thrived under Babylon's influence. This phrase points to the materialistic and consumer-driven aspects of society that prioritize wealth and luxury over righteousness and justice. It serves as a warning against the dangers of greed and the pursuit of wealth at the expense of spiritual integrity.

have grown wealthy from the extravagance of her luxury
The Greek word for "extravagance" is "δυνάμεως" (dynameōs), which can also mean power or might, suggesting an overwhelming abundance. "Luxury" in Greek is "στρήνους" (strēnous), indicating a lavish, indulgent lifestyle. This phrase reveals the seductive allure of material prosperity that Babylon offers, which ultimately leads to spiritual bankruptcy. It serves as a caution against the idolatry of wealth and the false security it promises, reminding believers to seek treasures in heaven rather than on earth.

Then I heard another voice from heaven say
This phrase introduces a divine command, emphasizing the authority and origin of the message. The "voice from heaven" signifies a direct communication from God, underscoring the importance and urgency of the message. In the biblical context, heavenly voices often convey divine will or judgment, as seen throughout Revelation. The Greek word for "voice" (φωνή, phōnē) can also imply a sound or tone, suggesting the clarity and power of God's communication.

‘Come out of her, my people,’
The call to "Come out of her" is a command for separation from Babylon, symbolizing a corrupt and sinful system. The Greek word for "come out" (ἐξέρχομαι, exerchomai) implies a decisive action of leaving or departing. This echoes the call to holiness and separation found throughout Scripture, such as in 2 Corinthians 6:17, where believers are urged to be distinct from the world. "My people" indicates God's ownership and covenant relationship with His followers, reminiscent of Old Testament language where God calls Israel His people.

so that you will not share in her sins
The phrase "so that you will not share in her sins" warns of the consequences of remaining within Babylon. The Greek word for "share" (συγκοινωνέω, synkoinōneō) means to participate or have fellowship with. This highlights the biblical principle that association with sin leads to complicity. The call is for believers to avoid the moral and spiritual contamination that comes from aligning with ungodly systems, reflecting the biblical theme of purity and holiness.

or contract any of her plagues
The warning "or contract any of her plagues" serves as a caution against the judgment that will befall Babylon. The Greek word for "contract" (λαμβάνω, lambanō) means to receive or take hold of, indicating the inevitability of judgment for those who remain. "Plagues" (πληγή, plēgē) refers to divine punishments, reminiscent of the plagues in Egypt, symbolizing God's righteous judgment against sin. This serves as a reminder of the consequences of disobedience and the protection offered to those who heed God's call.

For her sins
The phrase "for her sins" refers to the transgressions of Babylon, symbolizing a system or city characterized by immorality and opposition to God. The Greek word for "sins" here is "ἁμαρτίαι" (hamartiai), which denotes acts of missing the mark or falling short of God's standards. Historically, Babylon is often associated with rebellion against God, dating back to the Tower of Babel (Genesis 11). This phrase emphasizes the moral and spiritual failures that have accumulated over time, highlighting the pervasive nature of sin in societies that turn away from divine principles.

are piled up
The imagery of sins being "piled up" suggests an accumulation that has reached a critical point. The Greek word "κολλάω" (kollao) implies a joining or sticking together, indicating that these sins are not isolated incidents but a collective mass that has grown over time. This accumulation signifies the extent and severity of Babylon's transgressions, reaching a point where divine intervention becomes inevitable. The piling up of sins serves as a warning of the consequences of persistent disobedience and moral decay.

to heaven
The phrase "to heaven" signifies the extent to which these sins have reached, metaphorically ascending to the very presence of God. This echoes the imagery of the Tower of Babel, where human pride and rebellion sought to reach the heavens. In a spiritual sense, it indicates that the sins are so grievous that they demand divine attention and judgment. Theologically, this underscores the belief that no sin is hidden from God, and all actions are ultimately accountable to Him.

and God has remembered
The phrase "and God has remembered" is significant in biblical theology, where divine remembrance often precedes action. The Greek word "μνημονεύω" (mnēmoneuō) means to recall or bring to mind. In this context, it implies that God is now ready to act upon the accumulated sins of Babylon. This remembrance is not a lapse in divine memory but a deliberate decision to address the iniquities that have been long-standing. It reflects the justice of God, who, though patient, will not overlook persistent rebellion.

her iniquities
The term "iniquities" refers to moral corruption and wickedness. The Greek word "ἀδικία" (adikia) conveys a sense of injustice and unrighteousness. In the biblical narrative, iniquities are often associated with systemic evil and the perversion of justice. This phrase highlights the nature of Babylon's offenses, which are not merely personal sins but encompass broader societal injustices. The mention of iniquities serves as a reminder of the comprehensive nature of God's judgment, which addresses both individual and collective wrongdoing.

Give back to her as she has done
This phrase calls for a divine retribution that mirrors the actions of Babylon, symbolizing a principle of justice that is deeply rooted in biblical teaching. The Greek word for "give back" is "ἀπόδοτε" (apodote), which implies a repayment or recompense. This reflects the biblical principle of sowing and reaping, as seen in Galatians 6:7, where it is stated that "whatever a man sows, he will reap in return." The historical context here is the fall of Babylon, a city synonymous with rebellion against God, and the call for justice is a reminder of God's ultimate authority and righteousness.

Pay her back double for what she has done
The concept of "double" repayment is significant in biblical justice, often indicating a complete and thorough recompense. The Greek word "διπλῶσατε" (diplōsate) suggests an intensification of the repayment, emphasizing the severity of Babylon's sins. This reflects the Old Testament principle found in Exodus 22:4, where a thief must repay double for what he has stolen. The historical context of Babylon's opulence and oppression is met with a divine justice that is both fair and severe, underscoring the seriousness of sin and the certainty of God's judgment.

Mix her a double portion in her own cup
The imagery of a "cup" is frequently used in Scripture to symbolize God's wrath and judgment. The Greek word "ποτήριον" (potērion) refers to a drinking vessel, often used metaphorically to describe the experience of divine wrath, as seen in Psalm 75:8, where the wicked drink from the cup of God's judgment. The "double portion" signifies an overwhelming measure of retribution, reflecting the gravity of Babylon's iniquities. This phrase serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of sin and the inescapable nature of divine justice.

As much as she has glorified herself
This phrase highlights the self-exaltation and pride of Babylon, often interpreted as a symbol of worldly power and corruption. The Greek word for "glorified" is "edoxasen," which implies a self-bestowed honor and splendor. Historically, Babylon was known for its grandeur and opulence, often elevating itself above others. In a spiritual context, this self-glorification is a warning against pride and self-reliance, reminding believers of the importance of humility before God.

and lived in luxury
The phrase "lived in luxury" translates from the Greek "estreniasen," indicating a life of excessive indulgence and sensual pleasure. This reflects the materialism and hedonism that characterized ancient Babylon and serves as a metaphor for societies that prioritize wealth and comfort over spiritual values. The historical Babylon was a center of commerce and wealth, and this serves as a cautionary tale for Christians to avoid the trappings of material excess and to seek spiritual richness instead.

give her the same measure of torment and grief
Here, the principle of divine justice is emphasized. The Greek word "basanismon" for "torment" and "penthos" for "grief" suggest a retributive justice that matches the degree of Babylon's self-indulgence and pride. This reflects the biblical theme that God’s justice is proportional and fair. The historical context of Babylon's fall serves as a reminder that no earthly power is immune to God's righteous judgment, encouraging believers to live righteously and trust in God's ultimate justice.

In her heart she says
The phrase "in her heart" indicates an inner attitude or belief, often hidden from outward appearances. The heart, in biblical terms, is the center of thought and intention. This phrase suggests a deep-seated arrogance and self-deception within Babylon. It serves as a warning to believers to guard their hearts against pride and to ensure that their inner thoughts align with God's truth.

‘I sit as queen
The declaration "I sit as queen" reflects a sense of sovereignty and invulnerability. The imagery of a queen suggests authority, power, and a false sense of security. Historically, Babylon was a dominant empire, often seen as invincible. Spiritually, this is a caution against complacency and self-assuredness, reminding Christians that true security and authority come from God alone.

I am not a widow
The claim "I am not a widow" signifies a denial of loss or vulnerability. In ancient times, widowhood was associated with loss and dependency. Babylon's assertion of not being a widow reflects its belief in its enduring power and self-sufficiency. This serves as a metaphor for spiritual arrogance, warning believers against the illusion of self-sufficiency and the denial of their need for God.

and I will never see grief.’
The phrase "I will never see grief" underscores a false confidence in perpetual prosperity and immunity from suffering. This reflects a denial of reality and an overestimation of one's own strength. Historically, Babylon's eventual downfall illustrates the futility of such arrogance. For Christians, this serves as a reminder of the transient nature of worldly power and the importance of relying on God's eternal promises rather than temporal circumstances.

Therefore
This word connects the judgment described in this verse to the preceding context, where Babylon's sins and arrogance are detailed. The Greek word "διὰ τοῦτο" (dia touto) implies a direct consequence of her actions. It serves as a reminder of the biblical principle of sowing and reaping, emphasizing that divine justice is inevitable.

her plagues
The term "plagues" (Greek: "πληγαί," plēgai) refers to severe afflictions or calamities. In the biblical context, plagues are often seen as divine judgments, reminiscent of the plagues in Egypt (Exodus 7-12). These are not random disasters but purposeful acts of God to bring about repentance or judgment.

will come in one day
The phrase "in one day" underscores the suddenness and swiftness of Babylon's downfall. The Greek "ἐν μιᾷ ἡμέρᾳ" (en mia hēmera) suggests an unexpected and rapid execution of judgment, highlighting the certainty and decisiveness of God's actions.

death and grief and famine
These three elements—death, grief, and famine—represent comprehensive devastation. "Death" (Greek: "θάνατος," thanatos) signifies the end of life, "grief" (Greek: "πένθος," penthos) indicates deep sorrow, and "famine" (Greek: "λιμός," limos) denotes scarcity of food. Together, they paint a picture of total desolation, reflecting the complete reversal of Babylon's former opulence and security.

and she will be consumed by fire
Fire is a common biblical symbol of judgment and purification. The Greek "κατακαυθήσεται" (katakauthēsetai) means to be utterly burned up. This imagery is reminiscent of the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 19:24-25) and serves as a powerful metaphor for the total and irreversible nature of Babylon's judgment.

for mighty is the Lord God
This phrase emphasizes the omnipotence of God. The Greek "ὅτι ἰσχυρὸς Κύριος ὁ Θεός" (hoti ischyros Kyrios ho Theos) affirms that God's power is unmatched and His will is unassailable. It reassures believers that despite the apparent strength of worldly powers, God is ultimately in control.

who judges her
The act of judgment is central to this verse. The Greek "ὁ κρίνων αὐτήν" (ho krinōn autēn) indicates a present and active role of God as judge. This serves as a reminder of God's righteousness and justice, assuring believers that evil will not go unpunished and that God's moral order will be upheld.

Then the kings of the earth
This phrase refers to the rulers and leaders of the world who have aligned themselves with Babylon, the symbolic representation of a corrupt and idolatrous system. In the Greek, "kings" (βασιλεῖς, basileis) denotes those with authority and power. Historically, kings have often been seen as the ultimate earthly authority, and their actions and alliances have significant spiritual implications. The "earth" (γῆ, gē) signifies the worldly realm, contrasting with the heavenly kingdom of God. This highlights the global influence and reach of Babylon's corruption.

who committed sexual immorality
The Greek word for "sexual immorality" is πορνεύω (porneuō), which can refer to both literal and metaphorical unfaithfulness. In a spiritual sense, it represents idolatry and the pursuit of false gods or systems, betraying the covenant relationship with the true God. This imagery is consistent with the Old Testament prophets who often depicted Israel's idolatry as spiritual adultery. The kings' participation in this immorality underscores their complicity in Babylon's sins.

and lived in luxury with her
The phrase "lived in luxury" translates from the Greek word στρηνιάω (strēniaō), meaning to live indulgently or in excessive comfort. This suggests a lifestyle of opulence and self-indulgence, often at the expense of righteousness and justice. The partnership "with her" indicates a close association with Babylon, sharing in her wealth and excess. This reflects a prioritization of material wealth over spiritual integrity, a common theme in biblical warnings against the seduction of riches.

will weep and wail
The response of "weep and wail" (κλαίω, klaio and κόπτω, koptō) conveys profound grief and lamentation. This reaction is not one of repentance but of sorrow over the loss of Babylon's benefits. The Greek terms suggest a public and demonstrative mourning, indicating the depth of their despair. This mourning is self-centered, focused on the loss of luxury and power rather than genuine remorse for sin.

at the sight of the smoke rising
The "smoke rising" is a vivid image of destruction and judgment. In biblical literature, smoke often symbolizes the aftermath of divine judgment, as seen in the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah. The Greek word for "smoke" (καπνός, kapnos) emphasizes the visibility and permanence of Babylon's downfall. This imagery serves as a stark reminder of the consequences of sin and the ultimate triumph of God's justice.

from the fire that consumes her
The "fire" (πῦρ, pyr) is a common biblical symbol of judgment and purification. It represents God's holy wrath against sin and the complete eradication of evil. The word "consumes" (κατακαίω, katakaiō) implies total destruction, leaving nothing behind. This finality underscores the irreversible nature of God's judgment on Babylon, serving as a warning to all who would follow in her ways. The imagery of fire consuming Babylon is a powerful testament to the certainty of God's righteous judgment and the ultimate victory of His kingdom.

In fear of her torment
This phrase captures the overwhelming dread and terror that grips those who witness the judgment upon Babylon. The Greek word for "fear" here is "phobos," which conveys a sense of panic and alarm. Historically, Babylon represents a system of worldly power and corruption, and its downfall is a divine act of justice. The "torment" refers to the severe and righteous punishment that God administers. This serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of sin and the ultimate authority of God over all earthly powers.

they will stand at a distance
The imagery of standing "at a distance" suggests both physical separation and a desire to avoid sharing in Babylon's fate. The Greek word "makrothen" implies a safe distance, highlighting the instinct to self-preserve in the face of divine retribution. This reflects the human tendency to distance oneself from judgment, yet it also underscores the inevitability of God's justice reaching all, regardless of attempts to evade it.

and cry out
The act of crying out is one of desperation and helplessness. The Greek "kraugazo" indicates a loud, urgent shout, often associated with distress. This outcry is not just a lament for Babylon's fall but also an acknowledgment of the power and finality of God's judgment. It serves as a call to repentance and a recognition of the futility of opposing God's will.

Woe, woe to the great city
The repetition of "woe" emphasizes the severity and certainty of Babylon's destruction. In biblical literature, "woe" is a pronouncement of impending doom and sorrow. The "great city" symbolizes not just a physical location but an entire system of rebellion against God. This lament echoes the prophetic tradition, where cities and nations are often personified and judged for their iniquities.

the mighty city
Describing Babylon as "mighty" highlights its former power and influence. The Greek word "ischyros" denotes strength and might, yet this strength is shown to be futile against the sovereignty of God. Historically, Babylon was a symbol of human achievement and pride, yet its downfall illustrates the transient nature of earthly power compared to the eternal kingdom of God.

For in a single hour
The phrase "in a single hour" underscores the suddenness and swiftness of Babylon's judgment. The Greek "mia hora" conveys the idea of an unexpected and rapid event. This serves as a warning of the unpredictability of God's timing and the importance of being spiritually prepared. It reflects the biblical theme that God's intervention can be both immediate and decisive.

your judgment has come
The finality of "your judgment has come" signifies the completion of God's righteous verdict. The Greek "krisis" refers to a legal decision or decree, emphasizing the justice and authority of God's actions. This judgment is not arbitrary but is the culmination of Babylon's persistent rebellion and sin. It serves as a powerful reminder of the ultimate accountability all will face before God.

And the merchants of the earth
The term "merchants" refers to those who engage in trade and commerce. In the ancient world, merchants were vital for the distribution of goods and wealth. The Greek word used here is "emporoi," which signifies traders who traveled extensively, often across seas, to exchange goods. Historically, merchants were seen as the lifeblood of economic prosperity, and their activities were crucial for the flourishing of cities and nations. In the context of Revelation, these merchants symbolize the global economic system that thrives on materialism and wealth accumulation, often at the expense of spiritual values.

will weep and mourn over her
The imagery of weeping and mourning is profound, indicating deep sorrow and loss. The Greek words "klaio" (weep) and "pentheo" (mourn) are often used in the New Testament to describe intense grief, akin to the mourning for the dead. This emotional response underscores the catastrophic impact of Babylon's fall on the world's economic systems. Historically, mourning rituals in ancient cultures involved loud lamentations and public displays of grief, reflecting the depth of despair felt by those who relied on Babylon's wealth and influence.

because no one buys their cargo anymore—
The phrase highlights the cessation of trade and commerce, a direct consequence of Babylon's downfall. The Greek word "agorazo" (buys) implies the act of purchasing, which is central to economic activity. The cessation of buying indicates a complete collapse of the market, leading to economic ruin. In the historical context, cities like Babylon were centers of trade, and their destruction would have had far-reaching effects on global commerce. Scripturally, this serves as a warning against placing trust in material wealth, which is transient and ultimately unsatisfying.

cargo of gold, silver, precious stones and pearls
This phrase highlights the immense wealth and opulence associated with Babylon, symbolizing the materialism and idolatry that characterized the city. Gold and silver have been historically significant as symbols of wealth and power, often used in the construction of idols and temples. Precious stones and pearls further emphasize luxury and the pursuit of earthly treasures. In a spiritual context, these items can represent the misplaced priorities of those who value material wealth over spiritual riches. The Greek word for "cargo" (φόρτος, phortos) suggests a burden or load, indicating that such wealth can become a spiritual burden, distracting believers from their true purpose.

fine linen, purple, silk, and scarlet cloth
These textiles were highly valued in the ancient world, often associated with royalty, nobility, and religious ceremonies. Fine linen, known for its quality and purity, was used in the garments of priests, symbolizing righteousness and holiness. Purple and scarlet were colors of royalty and wealth, derived from expensive dyes. Silk, a luxurious fabric, was imported from distant lands, indicating the far-reaching trade networks of Babylon. The use of these materials in Revelation underscores the seductive allure of Babylon's wealth and the temptation to prioritize earthly status over spiritual integrity.

all kinds of citron wood and every article of ivory and precious wood
Citron wood, known for its fragrance and durability, was a luxury item in the ancient world, often used in the construction of fine furniture and decorative items. Ivory, sourced from elephant tusks, was another symbol of wealth and status, used in intricate carvings and inlays. Precious wood, such as cedar or ebony, was prized for its beauty and rarity. These materials reflect the opulence and excess of Babylon, serving as a warning against the dangers of materialism and the fleeting nature of earthly possessions. The Greek term for "article" (σκεῦος, skeuos) can also mean vessel or implement, suggesting that these items, while beautiful, are ultimately tools that should serve a higher purpose.

of bronze, iron, and marble
Bronze and iron were essential metals in the ancient world, used for tools, weapons, and construction. They symbolize strength and durability but also the potential for warfare and destruction. Marble, a prized building material, was used in the construction of temples and palaces, representing beauty and permanence. In the context of Revelation, these materials highlight the temporal nature of human achievements and the futility of relying on earthly power and beauty. The mention of these materials serves as a reminder that true strength and beauty are found in spiritual, not material, pursuits.

of cinnamon, spice, incense, myrrh, and frankincense
This phrase lists luxurious goods that were highly valued in the ancient world. "Cinnamon" and "spice" were rare and costly, often imported from distant lands, symbolizing the opulence and indulgence of Babylon. "Incense" and "myrrh" were used in religious rituals, indicating the intertwining of commerce and false worship. "Frankincense" was a precious resin used in temple offerings, highlighting the misuse of sacred items for profit. The Greek word for incense, "thymiama," suggests a fragrant offering, which in this context, is corrupted by Babylon's greed.

of wine and olive oil
"Wine" and "olive oil" were staples in the Mediterranean diet, representing both sustenance and celebration. In the biblical context, wine often symbolizes joy and abundance, while olive oil signifies anointing and blessing. However, in Revelation 18, these goods are part of the lament over Babylon's fall, illustrating how even essential and blessed items are tainted by excessive luxury and exploitation.

of fine flour and wheat
"Fine flour" and "wheat" are basic foodstuffs, essential for daily life. Their mention here underscores the comprehensive nature of Babylon's trade, encompassing both luxury and necessity. The Greek term for wheat, "sitos," emphasizes the fundamental sustenance that Babylon controlled, reflecting its economic dominance and the resulting moral corruption.

of cattle and sheep
"Cattle" and "sheep" were vital to the agrarian economy, providing meat, milk, and wool. Their inclusion in this list highlights the extensive reach of Babylon's commerce, affecting all aspects of life. Biblically, sheep often symbolize God's people, and the misuse of such resources points to the exploitation and oppression inherent in Babylon's system.

of horses and chariots
"Horses" and "chariots" represent power and military might. In ancient times, they were symbols of strength and conquest. The Greek word for chariot, "harma," suggests a vehicle of war, indicating Babylon's reliance on force and domination. This phrase underscores the militaristic and oppressive nature of Babylon's rule, contrasting with the peace and justice of God's kingdom.

of slaves and souls of men
This phrase starkly reveals the dehumanizing aspect of Babylon's trade. "Slaves" were considered property, and their mention here highlights the moral decay and exploitation at the heart of Babylon's economy. The phrase "souls of men" goes deeper, indicating not just physical enslavement but also spiritual bondage. The Greek word "psychas" for souls suggests the inner life and essence of a person, emphasizing the profound violation of human dignity and freedom. This serves as a powerful indictment of Babylon's corrupt system, which values profit over people, contrasting sharply with the biblical call to love and serve one another.

The fruit of your soul’s desire
This phrase speaks to the deep-seated longings and aspirations that drive human behavior. In the Greek, "fruit" (καρπός, karpos) often symbolizes the results or outcomes of one's actions or desires. Here, it represents the culmination of Babylon's (symbolizing worldly systems) pursuit of wealth, power, and pleasure. The "soul's desire" indicates a profound yearning that goes beyond mere physical needs, touching on the spiritual and emotional cravings that often lead individuals away from God. Historically, this reflects the opulence and decadence of ancient empires, which prioritized material wealth over spiritual integrity.

has departed from you
The Greek word for "departed" (ἀπέρχομαι, aperchomai) suggests a complete and irreversible separation. This indicates a divine judgment where the things once cherished and pursued are permanently removed. In the context of Revelation, this is a warning of the transient nature of worldly pursuits. Archaeologically, this can be seen in the ruins of once-great cities that now lie in desolation, serving as a testament to the fleeting nature of human glory.

all your luxury and splendor
"Luxury" (τρυφή, tryphē) and "splendor" (λαμπρότης, lamprotēs) denote not just wealth, but an extravagant lifestyle characterized by excess and indulgence. These terms highlight the allure of materialism and the temptation to prioritize earthly riches over spiritual wealth. Historically, this reflects the grandeur of cities like Rome and Babylon, known for their opulence and decadence. Scripturally, it serves as a reminder of the dangers of allowing material wealth to overshadow spiritual values.

have vanished
The word "vanished" (ἀπόλλυμι, apollymi) implies total destruction or disappearance. This is not merely a loss but an obliteration, emphasizing the finality of God's judgment on Babylon. It serves as a stark reminder of the impermanence of earthly treasures and the ultimate futility of placing hope in them. This echoes Jesus' teaching in Matthew 6:19-20 about storing treasures in heaven rather than on earth.

never to be seen again
This phrase underscores the permanence of Babylon's downfall. The Greek construction here emphasizes the irrevocable nature of this judgment. Historically, it reflects the fate of many ancient civilizations that once thrived but are now lost to history. Scripturally, it serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of turning away from God and the eternal nature of His judgments. It calls believers to focus on eternal values and the kingdom of God, which will never fade away.

The merchants who sold these things
The term "merchants" in this context refers to those who engaged in commerce and trade, particularly with the city of Babylon, which symbolizes a system of worldly wealth and corruption. In the ancient world, merchants were often seen as powerful figures due to their control over goods and resources. The Greek word for "merchants" is "emporoi," which implies those who travel for trade. This highlights the global influence and reach of Babylon's economic system. Historically, Babylon was a center of trade and wealth, and this imagery is used to depict the pervasive and seductive nature of materialism and greed.

and grew their wealth from her
This phrase indicates that the merchants' prosperity was directly tied to their association with Babylon. The Greek word for "wealth" is "ploutos," which signifies not just material riches but also abundance and opulence. The merchants' wealth was not merely financial but also symbolic of their participation in Babylon's corrupt practices. This reflects a broader biblical theme where reliance on worldly wealth is contrasted with spiritual poverty. The merchants' wealth is portrayed as fleeting and ultimately destructive, as it is rooted in a system that is destined for judgment.

will stand at a distance
The phrase "stand at a distance" suggests a sense of fear and helplessness. The Greek word "histemi" means to stand or to be set in place, and in this context, it conveys the idea of being unable to intervene or change the impending doom. The merchants' distance is both physical and emotional, as they are unable to save Babylon or themselves from the consequences of their actions. This imagery is reminiscent of the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, where onlookers could only watch from afar as judgment was executed.

weeping and mourning
The response of "weeping and mourning" indicates profound grief and lamentation. The Greek words "klaio" (to weep) and "pentheo" (to mourn) are often used in the New Testament to describe deep sorrow, typically associated with loss or death. This emotional response underscores the merchants' realization of the futility of their pursuits and the ultimate loss of their source of wealth. In a broader biblical context, this mourning is contrasted with the joy and hope found in Christ, emphasizing the transient nature of earthly riches compared to eternal spiritual treasures.

and cry out
This phrase indicates a vocal expression of lamentation and mourning. In the context of Revelation 18, it is the reaction of those who witness the fall of Babylon, a symbol of worldly power and corruption. The Greek word used here, "kraugazō," conveys a loud, public outcry, often associated with deep emotional distress. Historically, such cries were common in ancient Near Eastern cultures during times of disaster or judgment, reflecting the profound impact of Babylon's fall on those who benefited from its wealth and influence.

‘Woe, woe to the great city
The repetition of "woe" emphasizes the severity of the judgment and the depth of sorrow. In biblical literature, "woe" is a term of lament and impending doom. The "great city" refers to Babylon, representing the epitome of human pride and rebellion against God. This phrase echoes the prophetic tradition found in the Old Testament, where cities like Nineveh and Tyre were similarly denounced for their wickedness and eventual destruction.

clothed in fine linen and purple and scarlet
These materials symbolize wealth, luxury, and royal status. In the ancient world, fine linen was a costly fabric, and purple dye was rare and expensive, often associated with royalty and nobility. Scarlet, too, was a color of opulence. The description highlights Babylon's external splendor and allure, which ultimately masks its moral and spiritual corruption. This imagery serves as a warning against the seductive nature of materialism and the fleeting nature of earthly riches.

adorned with gold and precious stones and pearls!
The adornment with gold, precious stones, and pearls further underscores the city's immense wealth and the allure of its material prosperity. In biblical symbolism, such treasures often represent human achievement and the temptation to prioritize worldly success over spiritual fidelity. The use of these elements in Revelation contrasts with the New Jerusalem, which is also described with similar imagery but represents eternal, divine glory rather than temporal, corruptible wealth.

For in a single hour
This phrase emphasizes the suddenness and swiftness of the judgment that befalls Babylon, symbolizing the world system opposed to God. The Greek word for "hour" (ὥρα, hōra) can denote a specific time or moment, underscoring the immediacy and unexpectedness of the event. Historically, this reflects the biblical theme of divine judgment coming swiftly and unexpectedly, as seen in the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 19) and the fall of Jerusalem (Jeremiah 52). It serves as a warning to remain vigilant and prepared for the Lord's return, as echoed in Matthew 24:44.

such fabulous wealth
The term "fabulous wealth" highlights the immense prosperity and opulence of Babylon, representing the materialistic and hedonistic values of a society that prioritizes wealth over spiritual integrity. The Greek word for "wealth" (πλοῦτος, ploutos) conveys not just material riches but also abundance and prosperity. This reflects the historical context of ancient Babylon, known for its grandeur and luxury, as well as the broader biblical narrative that warns against the dangers of wealth leading to spiritual complacency and idolatry (1 Timothy 6:10).

has been destroyed
The phrase "has been destroyed" signifies the complete and utter ruin of Babylon's wealth and power. The Greek word for "destroyed" (ἠρημώθη, ērēmōthē) implies desolation and devastation, often used in the context of divine judgment. This echoes the prophetic declarations against ancient cities like Tyre and Nineveh, which were judged for their pride and wickedness (Ezekiel 26:19-21, Nahum 3). It serves as a sobering reminder of the transient nature of earthly wealth and the ultimate sovereignty of God over all nations and powers. The destruction of Babylon is a call to repentance and a return to Godly values, emphasizing the eternal over the temporal.

and cry out
The phrase "and cry out" reflects a deep, visceral reaction to the events unfolding. In the Greek, the word used here is "κράζω" (krazō), which conveys a loud, urgent cry, often associated with distress or lamentation. This outcry is not just a casual observation but a profound expression of shock and mourning. Historically, such cries were common in ancient times when cities fell, symbolizing the end of an era or the loss of something significant. In the context of Revelation, this cry underscores the magnitude of Babylon's fall, a city symbolic of worldly power and corruption.

at the sight of the smoke
The "sight of the smoke" is a vivid image that evokes the aftermath of destruction. Smoke in biblical literature often symbolizes judgment and the presence of God, as seen in the Old Testament with the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah. The Greek word "καπνός" (kapnos) for smoke suggests a visible, tangible sign of devastation. This imagery serves as a powerful reminder of the consequences of sin and the ultimate justice of God. The rising smoke is a testament to the irreversible nature of Babylon's judgment.

rising from the fire
The phrase "rising from the fire" indicates the source of the smoke and the cause of the city's destruction. Fire, in biblical terms, is frequently associated with purification and judgment. The Greek word "πῦρ" (pyr) for fire is used throughout scripture to denote divine judgment and the consuming nature of God's wrath against sin. This fire is not just a physical blaze but a representation of God's righteous judgment against the corruption and immorality symbolized by Babylon.

that consumes her
The word "consumes" highlights the totality of the destruction. In Greek, "κατασθίω" (katesthiō) means to devour or consume completely. This indicates that the judgment is thorough and complete, leaving nothing behind. The consumption by fire signifies the end of Babylon's influence and power, a complete eradication of its sinful legacy. This serves as a sobering reminder of the finality of God's judgment and the futility of opposing His will.

'What city was ever like this great city?'
This rhetorical question emphasizes the unparalleled nature of Babylon's greatness and subsequent fall. The phrase "this great city" in Greek, "ἡ πόλις ἡ μεγάλη" (hē polis hē megalē), underscores the city's former glory and influence. Historically, Babylon was a symbol of human achievement and pride, often seen as the epitome of worldly success. The lamentation here reflects the shock and awe of witnessing such a powerful entity brought to ruin. It serves as a cautionary tale of the dangers of pride and the transient nature of earthly power, reminding believers of the eternal kingdom of God that surpasses all earthly cities.

And they will throw dust on their heads
This phrase is a vivid expression of mourning and despair, rooted in ancient Near Eastern customs. Throwing dust on one's head was a traditional sign of deep sorrow and lamentation, often seen in the Old Testament (e.g., Job 2:12). The act symbolizes humility and the recognition of one's mortality, as dust is a reminder of human frailty and the curse of sin (Genesis 3:19). In the context of Revelation 18, it underscores the profound grief of those who witness the fall of Babylon, representing the collapse of a once-great power and the futility of worldly pursuits.

and cry out, weeping and wailing
The Greek words used here for "cry out," "weeping," and "wailing" convey intense emotional distress. This triad of expressions emphasizes the depth of the lamentation. The repetition of these terms highlights the overwhelming nature of the sorrow experienced by those who have placed their trust in Babylon's wealth and power. The imagery evokes the prophetic laments found in the Old Testament, where nations and cities are judged for their sins (e.g., Isaiah 13, Jeremiah 50-51). It serves as a warning to believers to place their hope in God rather than in temporal powers.

‘Woe, woe to the great city
The double use of "woe" is a common biblical literary device to express intense grief or impending doom. The "great city" refers to Babylon, a symbol of human pride and rebellion against God. Historically, Babylon was a powerful empire known for its wealth and idolatry. In Revelation, it represents the culmination of worldly systems opposed to God. The lament over Babylon's fall echoes the prophetic oracles against cities like Tyre and Nineveh, which were judged for their arrogance and wickedness (Ezekiel 27, Nahum 3). This serves as a reminder of the ultimate futility of human endeavors apart from God.

where all who had ships on the sea
This phrase highlights the economic impact of Babylon's fall. The mention of "ships on the sea" points to the extensive trade networks and commercial prosperity associated with the city. In the ancient world, maritime trade was a key component of economic power, and those who engaged in it were often wealthy and influential. The lament of the merchants and sailors underscores the interconnectedness of global commerce and the far-reaching consequences of Babylon's destruction. It serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of placing one's security in material wealth.

were enriched by her wealth!
The Greek term for "enriched" suggests an abundance of material gain. The wealth of Babylon was not only vast but also alluring, drawing many into its orbit. This phrase reflects the seductive nature of materialism and the temptation to prioritize earthly riches over spiritual values. The prosperity of Babylon, however, is shown to be fleeting and ultimately destructive. The fall of Babylon serves as a stark reminder of Jesus' teaching that one cannot serve both God and money (Matthew 6:24). It calls believers to seek treasures in heaven rather than on earth.

For in a single hour she has been destroyed.’
The phrase "in a single hour" emphasizes the suddenness and totality of Babylon's downfall. Despite its apparent strength and stability, the city's destruction is swift and complete, illustrating the sovereignty and justice of God. This echoes the biblical theme that God's judgment, though sometimes delayed, is certain and decisive (Isaiah 47:9, Daniel 5:30). The imagery serves as a powerful reminder of the transient nature of human achievements and the ultimate triumph of God's kingdom. It encourages believers to remain steadfast in faith, knowing that God's purposes will prevail.

Rejoice over her
The call to "rejoice" is a command directed towards the heavenly realm and the faithful. The Greek word for "rejoice" is "χαίρω" (chairō), which implies a deep, abiding joy that transcends mere happiness. This joy is rooted in the fulfillment of God's justice. Historically, this reflects the biblical theme of divine retribution against evil, as seen in the fall of Babylon, a symbol of worldly corruption and opposition to God. The rejoicing is not in the destruction itself but in the vindication of God's righteousness and the triumph of His kingdom.

O heaven
"Heaven" here represents the dwelling place of God and the realm of the divine. It is often depicted in Scripture as the ultimate place of purity and holiness. The inclusion of heaven in this call to rejoice underscores the cosmic significance of God's judgment. It is a reminder that the events on earth are part of a larger, divine narrative that involves the entire creation. The heavenly perspective offers assurance that God's sovereign plan is being fulfilled.

O saints and apostles and prophets
This phrase highlights the community of the faithful who have been witnesses to God's truth throughout history. "Saints" refers to all believers who are set apart for God's purposes. "Apostles" are those specifically chosen and sent by Christ to spread the Gospel, and "prophets" are those who have spoken God's word throughout the ages. The Greek roots for these terms emphasize their roles as holy, sent, and inspired individuals. Their inclusion in this call to rejoice signifies their vindication and the fulfillment of their hope in God's justice.

because God has pronounced for you His judgment against her
The phrase "God has pronounced" indicates a divine decree, emphasizing the authority and finality of God's judgment. The Greek word "ἔκρινεν" (ekrinen) suggests a legal decision, underscoring the righteousness and justice of God's actions. "For you" indicates that this judgment is in favor of the saints, apostles, and prophets, affirming their faithfulness and endurance. "Against her" refers to Babylon, symbolizing the corrupt systems and powers opposed to God. This judgment is a pivotal moment in the biblical narrative, where God's justice is enacted, and His people are vindicated. It serves as a powerful reminder of the ultimate triumph of good over evil and the faithfulness of God to His promises.

Then a mighty angel
The phrase "Then a mighty angel" introduces a powerful celestial being, emphasizing the authority and strength of God's messengers. In the Greek, "angel" (ἄγγελος, angelos) means "messenger," and "mighty" (ἰσχυρός, ischyros) denotes strength and power. This angel's might underscores the seriousness of the message and the divine authority behind the impending judgment. Historically, angels are seen as executors of God's will, and their involvement here signifies the divine orchestration of Babylon's downfall.

picked up a stone the size of a great millstone
The imagery of a "stone the size of a great millstone" is vivid and symbolic. Millstones were large, heavy stones used for grinding grain, and their size indicates something substantial and weighty. In the Greek, "millstone" (μύλος, mylos) conveys the idea of something burdensome and crushing. This symbolizes the irreversible and complete nature of Babylon's destruction. Archaeologically, millstones were essential in ancient economies, and their mention here highlights the total cessation of Babylon's influence and power.

and cast it into the sea
The act of casting the stone "into the sea" signifies a decisive and final action. The sea, in biblical literature, often represents chaos and destruction. The Greek verb "cast" (βάλλω, ballo) implies a forceful and deliberate action. This imagery echoes Jeremiah 51:63-64, where a stone is thrown into the Euphrates as a symbol of Babylon's fall. The sea swallowing the stone illustrates the complete and utter disappearance of Babylon, never to rise again.

saying 'With such violence
The phrase "With such violence" indicates the manner of Babylon's fall. The Greek word for "violence" (ὁρμή, horme) suggests a sudden and forceful action. This reflects the swift and overwhelming nature of God's judgment. The use of this term emphasizes that Babylon's destruction is not a gradual decline but an abrupt and catastrophic event, underscoring the power and decisiveness of divine retribution.

the great city of Babylon
"Babylon" is a symbolic representation of a city characterized by sin, idolatry, and opposition to God. Historically, Babylon was a literal city known for its grandeur and wickedness. In Revelation, it represents the epitome of human pride and rebellion against God. The "great city" (πόλις μεγάλη, polis megale) signifies its influence and prominence in the world, yet despite its greatness, it is not immune to God's judgment.

will be cast down
The phrase "will be cast down" conveys the certainty of Babylon's fall. The Greek verb "cast down" (καταβαίνω, katabaino) implies a descent from a high place, symbolizing the humbling of the proud and powerful. This reflects the biblical theme that those who exalt themselves will be humbled (Matthew 23:12). The assuredness of this action highlights the inevitability of divine justice.

never to be seen again
The finality of "never to be seen again" underscores the complete and permanent nature of Babylon's destruction. The Greek phrase (οὐ μὴ εὑρεθῇ ἔτι, ou me heurethei eti) is emphatic, indicating absolute certainty. This echoes the prophetic declarations of the Old Testament, where the downfall of wicked nations is depicted as total and irreversible. It serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of defying God and the ultimate triumph of His righteousness.

And the sound of harpists and musicians, of flute players and trumpeters, will never ring out in you again
And the sound of harpists and musicians, of flute players and trumpeters
This phrase paints a vivid picture of the cultural and artistic life that once thrived in Babylon. The mention of "harpists and musicians, of flute players and trumpeters" signifies the richness of music and celebration. In the ancient world, music was a central part of both religious and secular life, often used in worship, festivals, and royal courts. The Greek word for "musicians" (μουσικός, mousikos) encompasses all who are skilled in music, indicating a broad spectrum of artistic expression. Historically, Babylon was known for its grandeur and cultural achievements, and music was a significant aspect of its identity. The absence of these sounds symbolizes the complete desolation and judgment that has befallen the city, reflecting the broader biblical theme of the fall of worldly powers that oppose God.

will never ring out in you again
The phrase "will never ring out in you again" underscores the finality and totality of Babylon's downfall. The Greek word for "never" (οὐ μή, ou mē) is a strong double negative, emphasizing that this is an irreversible state. The cessation of music signifies not only the end of joy and celebration but also the silencing of a culture that was once vibrant and influential. In a broader scriptural context, this serves as a warning to all nations and peoples who live in opposition to God's will. The prophetic imagery here is a call to repentance and a reminder of the ultimate sovereignty of God over all earthly powers. The silence of Babylon is a testament to the fulfillment of divine justice and the establishment of God's eternal kingdom, where true joy and music will never cease.

The light of a lamp will never shine in you again
This phrase signifies the complete and utter desolation of Babylon, often interpreted as a symbol of worldly corruption and rebellion against God. The "light of a lamp" in biblical times was a symbol of life, guidance, and presence. In the Greek, "lamp" (λύχνος, lychnos) often represents spiritual illumination and truth. The absence of this light indicates a total spiritual darkness and the withdrawal of God's presence. Historically, lamps were essential for daily life, and their extinguishing would mean the end of normalcy and hope. This imagery is a powerful reminder of the consequences of turning away from God and embracing sin.

and the voice of bride and groom will never be heard in you again
The "voice of bride and groom" symbolizes joy, celebration, and the continuation of life. In ancient Jewish culture, weddings were significant communal events, representing hope and future generations. The Greek word for "voice" (φωνή, phōnē) can also mean sound or proclamation, indicating the cessation of joyful proclamations and celebrations. The absence of these voices in Babylon signifies the end of community and the cessation of life as it was known. This serves as a stark warning of the ultimate emptiness and destruction that comes from living in opposition to God's will.

For your merchants were the great ones of the earth
The "merchants" here are described as "the great ones of the earth," indicating their significant influence and power. In the historical context, merchants were often seen as powerful figures due to their wealth and control over trade. The Greek word for "merchants" (ἔμποροι, emporoi) suggests those who engage in trade and commerce. This phrase highlights the corrupting influence of wealth and power when it is used for selfish gain rather than for God's glory. It serves as a caution against the idolatry of materialism and the pursuit of wealth at the expense of spiritual integrity.

because all the nations were deceived by your sorcery
The term "sorcery" (φαρμακεία, pharmakeia) in Greek can refer to the use of magic or enchantments, often associated with idolatry and false religion. This phrase indicates that Babylon's influence was not just economic but also spiritual, leading nations away from the truth of God. The deception of the nations suggests a widespread acceptance of falsehoods and a turning away from divine truth. Historically, sorcery was condemned in the Bible as it represented reliance on powers other than God. This serves as a warning against the allure of false teachings and the importance of discerning truth from deception in our spiritual lives.

And there was found
The phrase "And there was found" suggests a discovery or revelation of something hidden. In the Greek, the word "found" (εὑρέθη, heurethē) implies a judicial examination or a divine uncovering. This indicates that the judgment upon Babylon is not arbitrary but based on evidence that has been revealed. The uncovering of this evidence is a divine act, showing God's omniscience and justice.

in her
The pronoun "her" refers to Babylon, symbolizing a corrupt system or city that stands in opposition to God. Historically, Babylon was a literal city known for its wealth, power, and idolatry. In Revelation, it represents a broader system of worldly corruption and rebellion against God. The use of "her" personifies this system, emphasizing its seductive and deceptive nature.

the blood of prophets and saints
The "blood of prophets and saints" signifies the persecution and martyrdom of God's faithful servants. Prophets, in the biblical context, are those who speak God's truth, often facing opposition. Saints refer to all believers who are set apart for God. The Greek word for "blood" (αἷμα, haima) is often used to denote life given or taken violently. This phrase underscores the gravity of Babylon's sins, as it has been responsible for the death of those who bore witness to God's truth.

and of all who had been slain
This phrase expands the indictment against Babylon to include all innocent bloodshed. The Greek word for "slain" (ἐσφαγμένων, esphagmenōn) conveys the idea of slaughter or sacrifice, often used in the context of martyrdom. It highlights the extent of Babylon's violence and injustice, encompassing not only the prophets and saints but all victims of its tyranny.

on the earth
The phrase "on the earth" indicates the global impact of Babylon's influence and corruption. It suggests that the reach of this system is not limited to a single location but affects the entire world. This aligns with the apocalyptic vision of Revelation, where the struggle between good and evil is universal. The earth, in biblical symbolism, often represents humanity and the realm of human activity, emphasizing the widespread nature of Babylon's sins.