After this
This phrase indicates a transition from the previous events described in Revelation 18, where the fall of Babylon is detailed. The phrase "After this" serves as a narrative marker, guiding the reader into a new vision or scene. In the context of Revelation, it signifies a shift from judgment to celebration, highlighting the unfolding of God's divine plan. The Greek term "Μετὰ ταῦτα" (Meta tauta) underscores the sequential nature of John's visions, emphasizing the orderly revelation of God's purposes.

I heard a sound
The phrase emphasizes the auditory experience of John, the author of Revelation. The Greek word "ἤκουσα" (ēkousa) is used, which means "I heard." This highlights the importance of divine revelation being communicated through sound, a common theme in apocalyptic literature. The auditory nature of the vision underscores the reality and power of the heavenly proclamation, inviting the reader to engage with the text not just visually but also through the imagination of sound.

like the roar of a great multitude
This simile conveys the overwhelming and majestic nature of the sound John hears. The Greek word "ὄχλου" (ochlou) refers to a crowd or multitude, and the imagery of a "roar" suggests a powerful, unified voice. Historically, the imagery of a multitude is often associated with the people of God, gathered in worship or battle. This phrase evokes the grandeur and unity of heavenly worship, as the multitude praises God with one voice, symbolizing the collective joy and victory of the saints.

in heaven
The location of the multitude is significant, as it places the scene in the divine realm. The Greek word "οὐρανῷ" (ouranō) refers to heaven, the dwelling place of God and the angels. This heavenly setting contrasts with the earthly judgments described earlier, emphasizing the transcendence and holiness of the scene. The heavenly context assures believers of the ultimate triumph of God's kingdom, providing hope and encouragement amidst earthly trials.

shouting
The act of shouting indicates a loud, enthusiastic proclamation. The Greek word "λέγοντες" (legontes) is used, which can mean "saying" or "shouting," depending on the context. Here, it conveys the fervor and intensity of the heavenly praise. This expression of worship is not subdued but rather exuberant and full of conviction, reflecting the joy and certainty of God's victory and sovereignty.

Hallelujah!
This exclamation is a transliteration of the Hebrew phrase "הַלְלוּיָהּ" (halleluyah), meaning "Praise the Lord." It is a call to worship and adoration, acknowledging God's greatness and worthiness of praise. In the context of Revelation, "Hallelujah" is a declaration of God's triumph over evil and the fulfillment of His promises. It is a word of victory, used here to celebrate the justice and salvation brought by God.

Salvation and glory and power belong to our God!
This phrase is a doxology, a short hymn of praises to God. The Greek words "σωτηρία" (sōtēria), "δόξα" (doxa), and "δύναμις" (dynamis) refer to salvation, glory, and power, respectively. Each attribute is ascribed to God, acknowledging His role as the source of deliverance, the possessor of ultimate glory, and the holder of all power. This declaration affirms the centrality of God in the cosmic order and His rightful place as the object of worship. It serves as a reminder to believers of God's sovereignty and the assurance of His ultimate victory over all forces of evil.

For true and just are His judgments
This phrase emphasizes the divine nature of God's judgments. The Greek word for "true" is "alēthinos," which conveys the idea of being genuine, real, and faithful. In the context of Revelation, this underscores the authenticity and reliability of God's actions. His judgments are not arbitrary or capricious but are rooted in His unchanging nature. The word "just" comes from the Greek "dikaios," meaning righteous or equitable. This highlights that God's judgments are fair and morally right, reflecting His holiness and justice. Historically, this assurance would have been comforting to early Christians facing persecution, affirming that God sees and will rightly address all wrongs.

He has judged the great prostitute
The "great prostitute" is a symbolic representation of Babylon, often interpreted as a metaphor for corrupt systems and powers that oppose God. The Greek word "krinō" for "judged" implies a legal decision, indicating that God has rendered a verdict against this entity. This judgment is not just punitive but also purifying, as it removes the corrupting influence from the world. In the historical context of Revelation, this would have been seen as a promise of deliverance from oppressive regimes, offering hope to believers that God will ultimately triumph over evil.

who corrupted the earth with her immorality
The phrase "corrupted the earth" uses the Greek word "phtheirō," meaning to destroy or ruin. This suggests a profound moral and spiritual decay brought about by the "great prostitute." The term "immorality" is translated from "porneia," which encompasses a range of illicit sexual behaviors but also metaphorically refers to idolatry and unfaithfulness to God. This imagery would resonate with a first-century audience familiar with the pervasive influence of Roman culture and its moral excesses. It serves as a warning against compromising with worldly values and a call to remain faithful to God's standards.

He has avenged the blood of His servants
The word "avenged" comes from the Greek "ekdikeō," meaning to vindicate or exact justice. This reflects God's commitment to justice and His protective nature over His people. The "blood of His servants" refers to the martyrs who have suffered and died for their faith. In the scriptural context, this is a powerful reminder that God does not forget the sacrifices of His faithful ones. Historically, this would have been a source of encouragement to early Christians, assuring them that their suffering was not in vain and that God would ultimately bring justice on their behalf.

And a second time they called out
This phrase introduces a repeated proclamation, emphasizing the importance and intensity of the message. The act of calling out a second time signifies a confirmation or reinforcement of what has been previously declared. In the context of ancient Jewish tradition, repetition often serves to underscore the certainty and significance of a statement. The Greek word used here for "called out" is "εἶπαν" (eipan), which is a form of the verb "λέγω" (lego), meaning to speak or say. This repetition reflects the heavenly host's unwavering commitment to God's justice and the finality of His judgments.

Hallelujah!
The term "Hallelujah" is a transliteration of the Hebrew phrase "הַלְלוּ יָהּ" (halelu Yah), meaning "Praise Yahweh" or "Praise the Lord." It is a call to worship and an expression of adoration and reverence for God. In the context of Revelation, this exclamation is part of the heavenly chorus celebrating God's righteous judgment and the ultimate triumph of His kingdom. The use of "Hallelujah" here connects the New Testament with the Old Testament Psalms, where this phrase is frequently used to invite the congregation to praise God for His mighty works and faithfulness.

Her smoke rises forever and ever
This phrase refers to the eternal consequences of God's judgment on Babylon, symbolizing the complete and irreversible destruction of evil. The imagery of smoke rising "forever and ever" is reminiscent of the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, where smoke was a visible sign of divine judgment (Genesis 19:28). The Greek word for "smoke" is "καπνός" (kapnos), which can denote the visible evidence of burning. The phrase "forever and ever" translates the Greek "εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων" (eis tous aionas ton aionon), emphasizing the eternal nature of God's judgment. This serves as a sobering reminder of the finality of God's justice and the ultimate victory of righteousness over wickedness. The imagery assures believers of the permanence of God's triumph and the eradication of all that opposes His will.

And the twenty-four elders
The "twenty-four elders" are a significant group in the Book of Revelation, often interpreted as representing the fullness of God's people, encompassing both the Old and New Testament believers. The number twenty-four may symbolize the twelve tribes of Israel and the twelve apostles, uniting the old and new covenants. In the Greek, "presbyteroi" (elders) suggests maturity and authority, indicating their role as leaders or representatives in the heavenly realm. Historically, elders were respected leaders within the Jewish community, and their presence here underscores the continuity of God's covenantal promises.

and the four living creatures
The "four living creatures" are described earlier in Revelation as beings full of eyes and with faces like a lion, an ox, a man, and an eagle. These creatures are reminiscent of the cherubim in Ezekiel's visions and the seraphim in Isaiah's vision, symbolizing the entirety of creation and God's omniscience. The Greek term "zoa" (living creatures) emphasizes their vitality and active role in worship. They are often seen as representing all of creation, continually praising God and acknowledging His sovereignty.

fell down and worshiped
The act of falling down and worshiping is a profound expression of reverence and submission. In the ancient Near Eastern context, prostration was a common gesture of respect and acknowledgment of authority. The Greek word "proskuneo" (worshiped) conveys the idea of bowing down or kissing the hand, indicating deep adoration and honor. This act signifies the recognition of God's supreme authority and the rightful response of all creation to His majesty.

God who sits on the throne
The imagery of God sitting on the throne is a powerful depiction of His sovereignty and rule over the universe. The throne symbolizes authority, judgment, and kingship. In the biblical context, God's throne is often associated with His holiness and justice. The Greek word "kathemai" (sits) implies a continuous and unchanging position of power, emphasizing God's eternal reign and unassailable dominion.

saying 'Amen, Hallelujah!'
The declaration "Amen, Hallelujah!" is a profound affirmation of faith and praise. "Amen" is a Hebrew word meaning "truly" or "so be it," used to express agreement and certainty. It is a declaration of trust in God's promises and His righteous acts. "Hallelujah" is a Hebrew expression meaning "Praise the Lord," combining "halal" (to praise) and "Yah" (a shortened form of Yahweh). This exclamation is a call to worship and a recognition of God's glory and salvation. Together, these words encapsulate the response of heaven to God's ultimate victory and the fulfillment of His divine plan.

Then a voice came from the throne
This phrase signifies a divine proclamation, emanating from the very seat of God's authority. The "throne" in Revelation often symbolizes God's sovereign rule and ultimate authority over all creation. The Greek word for "voice" (φωνή, phōnē) can imply not just a sound, but a message or command. This voice is not identified with a specific being, suggesting it could be an angelic messenger or even the voice of God Himself, emphasizing the importance and divine origin of the message.

saying 'Praise our God
The command to "Praise" (αἰνέω, aineō) is a call to worship and glorify God, acknowledging His majesty and power. The use of "our God" personalizes the relationship between the speaker and the audience, indicating a shared faith and allegiance. This phrase invites all believers to join in a communal act of worship, recognizing God's sovereignty and grace.

all you His servants
The term "servants" (δοῦλοι, douloi) refers to those who are devoted followers of God, committed to His will and service. In the biblical context, being a servant of God is a position of honor and dedication, reflecting a life surrendered to His purposes. This call to praise is inclusive, addressing all who serve God, regardless of their status or role.

you who fear Him
To "fear" (φοβέω, phobeō) God in this context is to hold Him in reverent awe and respect. It is not about being afraid, but about recognizing His holiness and authority. This fear is a foundational aspect of wisdom and faith, as it acknowledges God's rightful place as the Creator and Judge of all.

small and great alike!
This phrase emphasizes the inclusivity of the call to worship. "Small and great" (μικροὶ καὶ μεγάλοι, mikroi kai megaloi) encompasses all people, regardless of their social, economic, or spiritual status. In God's kingdom, all are equal before Him, and all are invited to participate in the worship and adoration of the Almighty. This reflects the biblical theme of unity and equality among believers, as all are valued and cherished by God.

Then I heard
This phrase indicates a transition in John's vision, emphasizing the auditory nature of the revelation. The Greek word for "heard" is "ἤκουσα" (ēkousa), which implies not just hearing but understanding and perceiving. In the context of Revelation, this suggests a divine communication that is meant to be comprehended and shared with others. The act of hearing in biblical terms often signifies receiving a message from God, underscoring the importance of the revelation that follows.

what sounded like
This phrase suggests a comparison, indicating that the sound John heard was beyond ordinary description. The Greek word "ὡς" (hōs) is used here, which means "as" or "like," showing that the experience is metaphorical and transcendent. This prepares the reader for the grandeur and majesty of the sound, which is likened to something immense and powerful.

a great multitude
The term "great multitude" is significant in Revelation, often symbolizing the vast number of believers or heavenly beings. The Greek "ὄχλος πολύς" (ochlos polys) conveys an image of an innumerable assembly, reflecting the inclusivity and universality of God's kingdom. Historically, this multitude represents the collective voice of those redeemed by Christ, emphasizing the communal aspect of worship in heaven.

like the roar of many waters
This simile draws on the imagery of powerful, overwhelming natural forces. The Greek "ὡς φωνὴ ὑδάτων πολλῶν" (hōs phōnē hydatōn pollōn) evokes the sound of a mighty waterfall or ocean waves, symbolizing God's majesty and the overwhelming nature of His presence. In biblical literature, water often represents chaos and power, but here it is harnessed in praise, indicating God's sovereignty over creation.

and like the sound of mighty thunder
Thunder is frequently associated with God's voice in Scripture, symbolizing authority and awe. The Greek "ὡς φωνὴ βροντῶν ἰσχυρῶν" (hōs phōnē brontōn ischyron) suggests a sound that is both powerful and commanding. This imagery reinforces the idea of divine power and the reverence it inspires, reminding believers of God's ultimate authority and the fearsome nature of His judgment.

crying out
The act of crying out indicates a loud, passionate declaration. The Greek "λέγοντες" (legontes) implies a continuous proclamation, reflecting the fervor and intensity of the worship. This is not a mere statement but an exclamation of truth and praise, underscoring the joy and urgency of the message being conveyed.

‘Hallelujah!
This term is a transliteration of the Hebrew "הַלְלוּיָהּ" (halleluyah), meaning "Praise the Lord." It is a call to worship and an expression of adoration. In the context of Revelation, "Hallelujah" is a victory cry, celebrating God's triumph over evil and the establishment of His kingdom. It is a reminder of the ultimate purpose of creation: to glorify God.

For the Lord our God
This phrase emphasizes the personal relationship between God and His people. The Greek "ὁ Κύριος ὁ Θεὸς ἡμῶν" (ho Kyrios ho Theos hēmōn) highlights God's sovereignty and His covenantal relationship with believers. It reassures the faithful of God's presence and His role as both ruler and protector.

the Almighty
The title "Almighty" is translated from the Greek "ὁ Παντοκράτωρ" (ho Pantokratōr), meaning "all-powerful" or "omnipotent." This designation underscores God's supreme power and authority over all creation. It is a reminder of His ability to fulfill His promises and execute His will, providing comfort and assurance to believers.

reigns
The verb "reigns" is derived from the Greek "ἐβασίλευσεν" (ebasileusen), indicating a continuous and active rule. This affirms the present and eternal kingship of God, highlighting His control over history and the unfolding of His divine plan. It is a declaration of God's victory and the establishment of His eternal kingdom, inspiring hope and confidence in His ultimate justice and righteousness.

Let us rejoice and be glad
This phrase calls believers to a state of exuberant joy and celebration. The Greek word for "rejoice" is "chairō," which conveys a deep, abiding joy that is rooted in spiritual realities rather than temporal circumstances. Historically, this joy is reflective of the Jewish tradition of celebrating significant events with communal feasting and singing, such as weddings. The call to "be glad" further emphasizes an internal state of happiness that is visible externally, suggesting a profound, collective expression of worship and thanksgiving.

and give Him the glory
The phrase underscores the act of attributing honor and praise to God. The Greek word "doxa," translated as "glory," refers to the weightiness or worthiness of God, deserving of all honor. In the biblical context, giving glory to God is a central theme, seen throughout Scripture as the ultimate purpose of creation and redemption. Historically, this aligns with the practice of ascribing glory to God in both personal and communal worship settings, recognizing His sovereignty and majesty.

For the marriage of the Lamb has come
This phrase introduces the central event of the passage: the marriage of the Lamb. The "Lamb" is a title for Jesus Christ, emphasizing His role as the sacrificial Savior. The Greek word "gamos," meaning "marriage," signifies a covenantal union, drawing from Jewish wedding customs where the marriage was a time of great joy and celebration. Theologically, this marriage represents the consummation of the relationship between Christ and His Church, a theme that runs throughout the New Testament, symbolizing the ultimate fulfillment of God's redemptive plan.

and His bride has made herself ready
The "bride" refers to the Church, the collective body of believers. The Greek word "numphe," meaning "bride," is used to depict the Church's purity and devotion to Christ. The phrase "has made herself ready" suggests a process of preparation and sanctification, aligning with the biblical call for believers to live holy lives in anticipation of Christ's return. This preparation is both a divine work of grace and a human response of faithfulness, reflecting the historical and scriptural emphasis on the Church's role in actively participating in God's redemptive work.

She was given
The phrase "she was given" indicates a gift or a bestowal, emphasizing that the clothing is not something earned but granted. In the Greek, the word "ἐδόθη" (edothē) is used, which is a passive form, suggesting that the action is done to the subject, the bride, by an external source, namely God. This highlights the grace and generosity of God, who provides righteousness to His people. It reflects the theological concept of imputed righteousness, where believers are clothed in the righteousness of Christ, not by their own merit but by divine grace.

clothing of fine linen
The "fine linen" is significant in biblical symbolism, often representing purity, holiness, and righteousness. The Greek word "βύσσινον" (bussinon) refers to a high-quality, costly fabric, which in ancient times was associated with wealth and nobility. In the context of Revelation, it symbolizes the righteous acts of the saints (Revelation 19:8, BSB). This imagery is consistent with the Old Testament, where the priests wore linen garments as a sign of their consecration to God (Exodus 28:39-42). The fine linen signifies the sanctified life of believers, set apart for God's service.

bright and pure
The descriptors "bright and pure" further emphasize the holiness and sanctity of the garment. The Greek word for "bright" is "λαμπρόν" (lampron), which can also mean radiant or shining, suggesting a divine brilliance that reflects the glory of God. "Pure" is translated from "καθαρόν" (katharon), meaning clean or unblemished, indicating moral and spiritual purity. Together, these terms paint a picture of the church, the bride of Christ, being presented in a state of perfect holiness, ready for the marriage supper of the Lamb. This purity is not self-attained but is a result of the sanctifying work of Christ, who cleanses His church (Ephesians 5:25-27).

Then the angel told me to write
This phrase indicates a divine command given to John by an angelic messenger. The act of writing is significant in biblical context as it denotes the preservation and dissemination of divine revelation. The Greek word for "angel" (ἄγγελος, angelos) means "messenger," emphasizing the role of angels as conveyors of God's messages. The instruction to "write" underscores the importance of recording this vision for the benefit of the Church, ensuring that the message is communicated accurately and authoritatively.

Blessed are those
The term "blessed" (μακάριοι, makarioi) is a declaration of divine favor and happiness. In the Beatitudes of Matthew 5, the same word is used to describe those who are in a state of spiritual well-being and joy because of their relationship with God. Here, it signifies the ultimate joy and fulfillment of those who partake in the eschatological promise. This blessing is not merely a future hope but a present assurance for believers who are faithful to Christ.

who are invited
The concept of being "invited" (κεκλημένοι, keklēmenoi) reflects the gracious initiative of God in salvation. In the ancient world, invitations to banquets were a sign of honor and privilege. This invitation is extended to all who accept Christ, symbolizing the inclusivity of the Gospel. Theologically, it highlights the doctrine of election and the call to salvation, where God invites individuals to partake in His eternal kingdom.

to the marriage supper of the Lamb
The "marriage supper" is a metaphor for the consummation of the union between Christ (the Lamb) and His Church. In Jewish tradition, marriage feasts were grand celebrations, and this imagery conveys the joy and intimacy of the relationship between Christ and believers. The "Lamb" (ἀρνίον, arnion) refers to Jesus Christ, emphasizing His sacrificial role in redemption. This supper represents the fulfillment of God's redemptive plan and the eternal fellowship believers will enjoy with Christ.

And he added, 'These are the true words of God.'
The affirmation "true words of God" (ἀληθινοὶ λόγοι τοῦ Θεοῦ, alēthinoi logoi tou Theou) underscores the reliability and authority of the revelation. In a world filled with deception and falsehood, the assurance that these words are "true" provides comfort and certainty to believers. It emphasizes the infallibility of God's promises and the trustworthiness of His prophetic declarations. This statement serves as a seal of authenticity, assuring readers of the divine origin and unchanging nature of the message.

So I fell at his feet to worship him
The act of falling at someone's feet is a gesture of deep reverence and submission, often seen in ancient cultures as a sign of worship or honor. In the Greek, the word for "worship" is "proskuneo," which means to bow down or prostrate oneself. This action by John, the author of Revelation, reflects a natural human response to the divine or the extraordinary. However, it also serves as a cautionary tale about the object of our worship. In the historical context of the early church, there was a strong emphasis on ensuring that worship was directed solely to God, avoiding the idolatry prevalent in surrounding cultures.

But he said to me, 'Do not do that!'
The angel's immediate correction underscores the importance of directing worship appropriately. The Greek phrase "me poiei" translates to "do not do that," indicating a strong prohibition. This reflects the biblical principle that worship is reserved for God alone. The angel's response is a reminder of the hierarchy within the spiritual realm and the proper focus of adoration. In the historical context, this would have been a powerful reminder to early Christians surrounded by pagan practices.

I am a fellow servant with you and your brothers
The term "fellow servant" comes from the Greek "sundoulos," meaning a co-slave or co-servant. This highlights the equality and shared purpose among believers and heavenly beings in serving God. The phrase "your brothers" refers to the community of believers, emphasizing the unity and shared mission within the body of Christ. This serves as an encouragement to believers that they are part of a larger, divine mission, working alongside heavenly beings.

who rely on the testimony of Jesus
The "testimony of Jesus" is central to the Christian faith, referring to the witness or declaration of Jesus' life, death, and resurrection. The Greek word "marturia" for "testimony" implies a witness or evidence. This phrase underscores the foundation of Christian belief and the source of prophetic truth. Historically, the early church relied heavily on the apostolic testimony of Jesus as the cornerstone of their faith and practice.

Worship God!
This command is clear and unequivocal. The Greek word for "worship" here is again "proskuneo," reinforcing the idea of bowing down or showing reverence. The directive to "Worship God" serves as a central tenet of Christian doctrine, emphasizing monotheism and the exclusive devotion to the one true God. In the context of Revelation, this command is a call to remain faithful amidst persecution and false teachings.

For the testimony of Jesus is the spirit of prophecy
This profound statement links the testimony of Jesus with the essence of prophecy. The Greek word "pneuma" for "spirit" suggests the life-giving force or essence. Prophecy, in this context, is not just about foretelling the future but is deeply rooted in the revelation of Jesus Christ. The phrase indicates that true prophecy will always point back to Jesus and His redemptive work. Historically, this would have been a reassurance to the early church that their faith in Jesus was the fulfillment of prophetic promises and the guiding truth for their lives.

Then I saw
This phrase indicates a continuation of John's visionary experience. The Greek word for "saw" is "εἶδον" (eidon), which implies not just a physical sight but a spiritual revelation. John, the apostle, is granted a divine vision, emphasizing the prophetic nature of the Book of Revelation. This vision is a direct communication from God, revealing His ultimate plan for humanity.

heaven standing open
The imagery of "heaven standing open" signifies an unveiling of divine mysteries. The Greek word "ἀνεῳγμένον" (aneōgmenon) suggests a permanent opening, indicating that the events to follow are decreed by God and are part of His sovereign will. This open heaven symbolizes access to divine truth and the fulfillment of God's promises.

and there before me
This phrase underscores the immediacy and personal nature of the vision. John is not a distant observer but is directly confronted with the unfolding revelation. The Greek structure emphasizes the directness and clarity of the vision, highlighting its importance and urgency.

was a white horse
The "white horse" is a symbol of victory and purity. In ancient times, a white horse was often associated with a conquering hero or a king returning in triumph. The color white in the Bible often represents holiness and righteousness, indicating that the rider is divine and pure. This imagery sets the stage for the revelation of Christ as the victorious King.

And its rider is called Faithful and True
The rider, identified as "Faithful and True," is a direct reference to Jesus Christ. The Greek words "Πιστός" (Pistos) and "Ἀληθινός" (Alēthinos) convey reliability and authenticity. Christ is faithful to His promises and true in His judgments. This title assures believers of Christ's unwavering commitment to justice and truth.

With righteousness He judges
The phrase "with righteousness He judges" highlights the just nature of Christ's judgment. The Greek word "δικαιοσύνη" (dikaiosynē) refers to justice and moral integrity. Christ's judgments are not arbitrary but are based on divine righteousness, ensuring that justice is perfectly administered.

and wages war
The phrase "and wages war" indicates that Christ actively engages in spiritual warfare against evil. The Greek word "πολεμεῖ" (polemei) suggests a deliberate and strategic battle. This is not a physical war but a spiritual one, where Christ triumphs over sin, Satan, and all forms of evil. This imagery reassures believers of Christ's ultimate victory and the establishment of His kingdom.

He has eyes like blazing fire
This phrase evokes a powerful image of Christ's penetrating vision and divine insight. The Greek word for "eyes" is "ophthalmoi," which signifies not just physical sight but also spiritual perception. The "blazing fire" symbolizes purity, judgment, and the ability to see through the facades of humanity. In the context of Revelation, this imagery underscores Christ's role as the righteous judge who discerns the hearts and minds of all. Historically, fire has been associated with divine presence and purification, as seen in the burning bush (Exodus 3:2) and the tongues of fire at Pentecost (Acts 2:3). This description assures believers of Christ's omniscience and His ability to purify and refine His people.

and many royal crowns on His head
The "royal crowns" or "diadems" in Greek, "diadēmata," signify authority and sovereignty. Unlike the "stephanos," a victor's crown, the diadem is a symbol of kingly rule. The multiplicity of crowns indicates the fullness of Christ's dominion and His ultimate victory over all earthly and spiritual powers. In the historical context of the Roman Empire, a diadem was a mark of imperial authority. This imagery in Revelation affirms Christ's supreme kingship and His rightful claim over all creation, fulfilling prophecies such as those in Psalm 2:6-9 and Isaiah 9:6-7. For believers, this is a reminder of the assured triumph of God's kingdom.

He has a name written on Him that only He Himself knows
The concept of a "name" in biblical terms often represents one's character or essence. The Greek word "onoma" is used here, indicating a deep, intrinsic identity. The fact that this name is known only to Christ suggests a mystery and a depth to His nature that is beyond human comprehension. This echoes the Old Testament understanding of God's ineffable name, YHWH, which signifies His eternal and unchanging nature. In the ancient Near East, knowing someone's name was thought to give power over them, but here, the unknown name emphasizes Christ's transcendence and the mystery of His divine nature. For believers, this is an invitation to trust in the mystery of Christ's person and work, acknowledging that His ways and thoughts are higher than ours (Isaiah 55:8-9).

He was dressed in a robe dipped in blood
This phrase evokes a powerful image of Christ as the triumphant warrior. The Greek word for "robe" (χιτών, chitōn) refers to a garment worn next to the skin, often symbolizing one's identity or status. In the context of Revelation, this robe signifies Christ's divine authority and kingship. The phrase "dipped in blood" is particularly striking, suggesting both judgment and redemption. Historically, blood is a symbol of life and sacrifice. Here, it may represent the blood of Christ's enemies, indicating His victory over evil, or His own sacrificial blood, underscoring His role as the Redeemer. This duality reflects the comprehensive nature of Christ's mission—both as a judge and a savior.

and His name is The Word of God
The title "The Word of God" (Ὁ Λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ, Ho Logos tou Theou) is deeply significant, linking back to the prologue of John's Gospel (John 1:1), where Christ is identified as the Logos, the divine Word through whom all things were made. This title emphasizes Christ's preexistence, divinity, and active role in creation and revelation. In a historical and scriptural context, the Word of God is not merely spoken or written communication but a living, dynamic force that accomplishes God's will. By bearing this name, Christ is revealed as the ultimate revelation of God, the one who perfectly embodies and executes God's purposes. This underscores the authority and power of Christ, who is both the message and the messenger, the one who brings God's truth and justice to fruition.

The armies of heaven
This phrase evokes a powerful image of divine forces, suggesting a celestial host that accompanies Christ. The Greek word for "armies" is "στρατεύματα" (strateumata), which can refer to a military force or a group organized for a specific purpose. In the context of Revelation, these armies are not merely symbolic but represent the real and active participation of heavenly beings in God's final victory over evil. Historically, the concept of heavenly armies is rooted in Jewish apocalyptic literature, where angelic hosts are often depicted as God's agents in executing divine judgment. This imagery reassures believers of the ultimate triumph of good over evil, emphasizing that they are not alone in their spiritual battles.

dressed in fine linen
The attire of the heavenly armies is significant, as "fine linen" symbolizes purity and righteousness. The Greek word "βύσσινον" (bussinon) refers to a high-quality, bright, and clean fabric, often associated with priestly garments and the attire of the redeemed. In Revelation, fine linen is explicitly linked to "the righteous acts of the saints" (Revelation 19:8, BSB), underscoring the idea that those who follow Christ are clothed in righteousness. This imagery serves as an encouragement to believers to live lives of holiness and integrity, knowing that their faithfulness is recognized and honored by God.

white and clean
The description of the linen as "white and clean" further emphasizes the themes of purity and holiness. The color white in biblical symbolism often represents purity, victory, and divine approval. The Greek word for "white" is "λευκός" (leukos), which conveys brightness and brilliance. "Clean" is translated from "καθαρός" (katharos), meaning free from impurity or blemish. Together, these terms highlight the sanctified state of those who are part of the heavenly armies, reflecting their moral and spiritual purity. This serves as a reminder to believers of the transformative power of Christ's redemption, which cleanses and prepares them for participation in His ultimate victory.

followed Him on white horses
The image of the armies following Christ on "white horses" is rich with symbolism. In ancient times, horses were associated with warfare and conquest, and a white horse, in particular, signified victory and triumph. The Greek word for "followed" is "ἀκολουθέω" (akoloutheō), which implies discipleship and allegiance. This suggests that the heavenly armies are not only accompanying Christ but are also fully aligned with His mission and purpose. The white horses symbolize the victorious nature of their mission, reinforcing the certainty of Christ's triumph over evil. For believers, this imagery is a powerful reminder of the call to follow Christ faithfully, assured of His ultimate victory and the promise of eternal life.

From His mouth proceeds a sharp sword
This phrase evokes the imagery of divine authority and judgment. The "sharp sword" symbolizes the power and effectiveness of Christ's word. In Greek, the word for sword is "ῥομφαία" (rhomphaia), which refers to a large, broad sword. This imagery is consistent with Hebrews 4:12, where the Word of God is described as "living and active, sharper than any double-edged sword." The sword proceeding from His mouth signifies that Christ's spoken word is sufficient to execute judgment and bring about His will. Historically, swords were symbols of power and authority, and here it emphasizes the ultimate authority of Christ over all creation.

to strike down the nations
The phrase "to strike down" comes from the Greek "πατάσσω" (patassō), meaning to smite or strike with a deadly blow. This indicates the decisive and powerful nature of Christ's judgment upon the nations. The "nations" (Greek: "ἔθνη," ethnē) refers to the peoples and kingdoms of the world that stand in opposition to God's kingdom. This reflects the fulfillment of prophecies such as those found in Psalm 2, where the Messiah is depicted as ruling over the nations with authority and power. The historical context of this imagery would resonate with early Christians who faced persecution from various nations and empires, offering them hope in the ultimate victory of Christ.

and He will rule them with an iron scepter
The "iron scepter" is a direct reference to Psalm 2:9, which speaks of the Messiah's rule. The Greek word for "rule" is "ποιμαίνω" (poimainō), which can also mean to shepherd. This dual meaning suggests both authority and care, as a shepherd leads and protects his flock. The "iron scepter" (Greek: "ῥάβδος σιδηρᾶ," rhabdos sidēra) symbolizes unbreakable authority and the ability to crush opposition. In a historical context, iron was known for its strength and durability, underscoring the invincibility of Christ's reign. This imagery reassures believers of the ultimate justice and righteousness of Christ's kingdom.

He treads the winepress of the fury of the wrath of God the Almighty
The imagery of the "winepress" is drawn from ancient practices of crushing grapes to produce wine, symbolizing the execution of divine judgment. The Greek word "πατέω" (pateō) means to tread or trample, indicating the thoroughness and completeness of this judgment. The "fury of the wrath" (Greek: "θυμός" and "ὀργή," thymos and orgē) emphasizes the intensity and righteousness of God's anger against sin and rebellion. This phrase echoes Isaiah 63:3, where God is depicted as treading the winepress in judgment. The title "God the Almighty" (Greek: "ὁ Θεὸς ὁ Παντοκράτωρ," ho Theos ho Pantokratōr) underscores God's supreme power and authority over all creation. This serves as a powerful reminder of the holiness and justice of God, inspiring believers to live in reverence and awe of His majesty.

And He has a name written
The phrase "a name written" signifies authority and identity. In ancient times, names were not merely labels but encapsulated the essence and authority of a person. The Greek word for "written" is "gegrammenon," which implies something that is permanently inscribed. This permanence indicates the eternal and unchanging nature of Christ's authority and identity. The act of writing on the robe and thigh suggests a public declaration, visible to all, of His supreme authority.

on His robe
The "robe" symbolizes majesty and righteousness. In biblical times, a robe was often a sign of one's status and role. The Greek word "himation" refers to an outer garment, often worn by kings and high priests. This imagery connects to the Old Testament, where robes were worn by those in positions of power and honor. The robe signifies Christ's role as the High Priest and King, emphasizing His purity and the righteousness He imparts to His followers.

and on His thigh
The "thigh" is a symbol of strength and power. In ancient cultures, the thigh was associated with one's ability to stand firm and wield power. The Greek word "meros" can refer to a part or portion, but in this context, it highlights the strength and authority of Christ. The inscription on the thigh indicates that His power is not hidden but is an integral and visible part of His being, reinforcing His role as the ultimate warrior King.

KING OF KINGS
This title, "KING OF KINGS," emphasizes Christ's supreme sovereignty over all earthly rulers. The Greek "Basileus basileōn" denotes the highest rank of kingship, surpassing all other authorities. Historically, this title was used by great emperors to assert their dominance over other kings. In the biblical context, it affirms that Jesus is the ultimate authority, fulfilling prophecies such as those in Daniel 7:14, where His dominion is described as everlasting and indestructible.

AND LORD OF LORDS
The title "LORD OF LORDS" complements "KING OF KINGS," underscoring Christ's ultimate dominion over all spiritual and earthly powers. The Greek "Kyrios kyriōn" conveys the idea of supreme lordship, a title that in the Old Testament was reserved for God alone (Deuteronomy 10:17). This declaration affirms the deity of Christ, His preeminence in all things, and His rightful place as the object of worship and obedience. It serves as a powerful reminder of His ultimate victory and the fulfillment of God's redemptive plan.

Then I saw
The phrase "Then I saw" is a common introductory formula in the Book of Revelation, indicating a new vision or scene being revealed to John. The Greek word for "saw" is "εἶδον" (eidon), which implies not just physical sight but also spiritual insight or understanding. This emphasizes the revelatory nature of the visions given to John, underscoring the divine origin and authority of the message.

an angel
The presence of "an angel" signifies a messenger of God, a common motif throughout Revelation. Angels are often depicted as executing God's will and delivering His messages. The Greek word "ἄγγελος" (angelos) means "messenger," highlighting the role of angels as intermediaries between God and humanity. This angel's appearance underscores the divine orchestration of the events being described.

standing in the sun
The imagery of the angel "standing in the sun" suggests a position of prominence and authority. The sun, a symbol of light and visibility, indicates that the angel's message is meant to be seen and heard by all. This positioning also reflects the glory and power associated with divine messengers, as the sun is often a symbol of God's majesty and righteousness.

and he cried out in a loud voice
The phrase "cried out in a loud voice" conveys urgency and authority. The Greek word for "cried out" is "ἔκραξεν" (ekraxen), which implies a strong, commanding proclamation. This loud voice ensures that the message is heard by all creation, emphasizing the importance and immediacy of the angel's announcement.

to all the birds flying overhead
The reference to "all the birds flying overhead" draws on Old Testament imagery, particularly from Ezekiel 39:17-20, where birds are summoned to feast on the flesh of defeated enemies. In the context of Revelation, these birds symbolize the agents of divine judgment, called to participate in the aftermath of God's victory over evil.

Come, gather together
The invitation "Come, gather together" is a call to action, urging the birds to assemble for a specific purpose. The Greek word "συνάγεσθε" (synagesthe) means "to gather" or "to assemble," indicating a divinely orchestrated event. This gathering signifies the culmination of God's judgment and the fulfillment of His righteous plans.

for the great supper of God
The phrase "for the great supper of God" contrasts with the "marriage supper of the Lamb" mentioned earlier in Revelation 19:9. While the marriage supper celebrates the union of Christ and His Church, the great supper of God represents the judgment and destruction of the wicked. This dual imagery highlights the ultimate triumph of good over evil and the establishment of God's kingdom. The "great supper" serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of rejecting God's grace and the certainty of His justice.

so that you may eat
This phrase is a continuation of the invitation to the birds in the previous verse, symbolizing a divine judgment. The Greek word for "eat" is "phagō," which implies consumption or devouring. In the context of ancient warfare, the aftermath of a battle often left the dead unburied, becoming food for scavengers. This imagery is a stark reminder of the totality of God's judgment against the wicked, emphasizing the finality and completeness of divine justice.

the flesh of kings
The term "kings" refers to those in positions of power and authority. In the Greek, "basileōn" denotes rulers or sovereigns. Historically, kings were seen as the ultimate authority on earth, often considered untouchable. However, this verse underscores that no earthly power can withstand the judgment of God. It serves as a humbling reminder that all human authority is subject to the sovereignty of God.

and commanders
The word "commanders" translates from the Greek "chiliarchōn," meaning leaders of a thousand. These were military leaders, emphasizing the military might and strategic power of the world. The inclusion of commanders highlights that not only political but also military powers are subject to divine judgment. It reflects the futility of relying on human strength and strategy against the will of God.

and mighty men
"Mighty men" comes from the Greek "ischyrōn," indicating those of great strength or influence. This term can refer to warriors or influential figures in society. The mention of mighty men illustrates that physical strength and societal influence are insignificant in the face of God's ultimate authority. It is a call to recognize that true power lies in spiritual, not physical, might.

of horses and riders
Horses and riders symbolize military power and mobility. In ancient times, cavalry units were a significant part of warfare, representing speed and strength. The Greek words "hippōn" (horses) and "kathemenōn" (riders) emphasize the complete dismantling of military prowess. This imagery serves as a metaphor for the dismantling of all human efforts to oppose God, reinforcing the theme of divine supremacy.

of everyone, slave and free
This phrase underscores the universality of God's judgment. The Greek words "pantōn" (everyone), "doulōn" (slave), and "eleutherōn" (free) indicate that all social and economic distinctions are irrelevant in the face of divine justice. It is a powerful reminder that God's judgment is impartial and all-encompassing, affecting every individual regardless of their earthly status. This serves as a call to humility and repentance, recognizing that all are equal before God.

Then I saw
The phrase "Then I saw" indicates a continuation of John's visionary experience. The Greek word for "saw" is "εἶδον" (eidon), which implies not just physical sight but also spiritual insight. This vision is a divine revelation, emphasizing the prophetic nature of the book of Revelation. John is being shown events that are to unfold in the eschatological future, providing assurance to believers of God's ultimate victory.

the beast
The "beast" here refers to the Antichrist, a figure of ultimate evil and opposition to God. The Greek word "θηρίον" (thērion) is used, which can mean a wild animal or a beast, symbolizing the ferocity and destructive nature of this entity. In the context of Revelation, the beast represents oppressive political power and false religion that stands against Christ and His kingdom.

and the kings of the earth
This phrase highlights the global scope of the opposition against Christ. The "kings of the earth" are the political leaders who have aligned themselves with the beast. Historically, this reflects the tendency of earthly powers to resist divine authority. The Greek word for "kings" is "βασιλεῖς" (basileis), indicating rulers who wield significant influence and control.

with their armies
The presence of "armies" signifies a formidable force gathered for battle. The Greek word "στρατεύματα" (strateumata) refers to organized military forces. This assembly of armies underscores the seriousness of the conflict and the determination of the beast and the kings to oppose Christ. It is a reminder of the spiritual warfare that believers face, as earthly powers often marshal their resources against the purposes of God.

assembled to wage war
The phrase "assembled to wage war" indicates a deliberate and organized effort to confront Christ. The Greek word "συνήχθησαν" (synēchthēsan) means to gather together, suggesting a coalition formed with a common purpose. This war is not just a physical battle but a spiritual confrontation between good and evil, light and darkness.

against the One seated on the horse
The "One seated on the horse" is a reference to Jesus Christ, depicted as a victorious warrior. The imagery of Christ on a white horse symbolizes purity, righteousness, and triumph. The Greek word "καθήμενον" (kathēmenon) means seated, indicating authority and sovereignty. This portrayal of Christ assures believers of His ultimate victory over all evil forces.

and against His army
The "army" of Christ consists of the saints and angels who accompany Him. The Greek word "στρατιὰν" (stratian) refers to a host or a multitude prepared for battle. This army represents the collective body of believers who stand with Christ in His final victory. It is a powerful reminder of the role of the faithful in God's redemptive plan and the assurance of their participation in His triumph.

But the beast was captured
The term "beast" in Revelation is often understood to symbolize a powerful, oppressive political or religious system that stands in opposition to God. The Greek word used here is "θηρίον" (thērion), which can mean a wild animal or beast. In the context of Revelation, it represents the ultimate manifestation of evil in the world. The capture of the beast signifies the triumph of divine justice over evil. Historically, this reflects the hope and assurance that God will ultimately defeat all forms of tyranny and oppression.

and with it the false prophet
The "false prophet" is a figure who supports the beast, performing deceptive miracles to lead people astray. The Greek word "ψευδοπροφήτης" (pseudoprophētēs) combines "pseudo" (false) and "prophet," indicating someone who falsely claims to speak for God. This highlights the danger of spiritual deception and the importance of discernment. The false prophet's capture alongside the beast underscores the comprehensive nature of God's judgment against all who oppose His truth.

who had performed the signs on its behalf
The "signs" refer to miraculous acts intended to validate the authority of the beast. The Greek word "σημεῖα" (sēmeia) is often used for miracles or wonders. These signs are counterfeit, designed to mimic the true miracles of God and deceive the faithful. This serves as a warning to believers to remain vigilant and grounded in Scripture, recognizing that not all supernatural acts are from God.

By these signs he had deceived
Deception is a central theme in Revelation, with the false prophet using signs to lead people away from the truth. The Greek word "πλανάω" (planaō) means to lead astray or cause to wander. This deception is a deliberate act to mislead those who are not firmly rooted in their faith. It emphasizes the need for spiritual discernment and the dangers of being swayed by appearances rather than truth.

those who had the mark of the beast
The "mark of the beast" is a symbol of allegiance to the beast and rejection of God. The Greek word "χάραγμα" (charagma) refers to an engraving or stamp, indicating ownership or loyalty. In the historical context, it reflects the pressure on early Christians to conform to societal norms that conflicted with their faith. Spiritually, it represents the choice between following God or succumbing to worldly pressures.

and worshiped its image
Worshiping the "image" of the beast signifies idolatry and the ultimate betrayal of God. The Greek word "εἰκών" (eikōn) means image or likeness, often used in the context of idol worship. This act of worship is a direct violation of the first commandment and represents the spiritual adultery of turning away from God to serve false gods. It serves as a reminder of the importance of exclusive devotion to God.

Both of them were thrown alive
The phrase "thrown alive" indicates the immediacy and severity of God's judgment. The Greek word "ζῶντες" (zōntes) means living, emphasizing that the beast and the false prophet are conscious and aware as they face their punishment. This underscores the reality of divine justice and the certainty of accountability for those who oppose God.

into the fiery lake of burning sulfur
The "fiery lake of burning sulfur" is a vivid depiction of eternal punishment. The Greek word "λίμνη" (limnē) means lake, and "πῦρ" (pyr) means fire, while "θείον" (theion) refers to sulfur, known for its intense heat and suffocating fumes. This imagery is consistent with other biblical descriptions of hell, serving as a sobering reminder of the consequences of rejecting God. It highlights the ultimate victory of God's righteousness and the finality of His judgment.

And the rest
This phrase refers to those who remain after the initial judgment described earlier in the chapter. In the context of Revelation, "the rest" often signifies those who have not aligned themselves with Christ and are thus subject to divine judgment. Historically, this reflects the biblical theme of a remnant, where those who do not follow God's ways face consequences.

were killed
The Greek word used here is "apokteinō," which means to kill or put to death. This is a direct action of divine judgment, emphasizing the finality and seriousness of God's wrath against sin. It is a sobering reminder of the ultimate justice that God will enact upon those who oppose Him.

with the sword
The "sword" symbolizes the Word of God, as seen in Ephesians 6:17, where the "sword of the Spirit" is the Word of God. This imagery underscores the power and authority of God's Word to execute judgment. Historically, swords were instruments of war and justice, and here it signifies the decisive and righteous judgment of Christ.

that proceeded from the mouth
This phrase highlights the divine origin of the judgment. The sword proceeding from the mouth of Christ signifies that His Word is the instrument of judgment. In the Greek, "stoma" (mouth) indicates the spoken word, reinforcing the power of Christ's declarations. This aligns with the biblical theme that God's Word is living and active (Hebrews 4:12).

of the One seated on the horse
This refers to Jesus Christ, depicted as the victorious warrior-king. The imagery of Christ on a white horse symbolizes triumph, purity, and authority. Historically, conquerors rode horses as a sign of victory, and here it signifies Christ's ultimate victory over evil.

And all the birds
The mention of "birds" is a reference to the scavengers that consume the remains of the defeated. In the ancient world, birds of prey were often seen as agents of divine retribution, cleaning the land of the wicked. This imagery is consistent with Old Testament prophecies, such as in Ezekiel 39:17-20, where birds feast on the flesh of the fallen.

gorged themselves on their flesh
This graphic imagery serves as a stark reminder of the consequences of opposing God. The Greek word "chortazō" means to be filled or satisfied, indicating the completeness of the judgment. It reflects the biblical principle that God's justice is thorough and leaves no room for the wicked to escape. This scene is a fulfillment of divine prophecy and a sobering call to repentance and alignment with God's will.