Truly, truly
The phrase "Truly, truly" is translated from the Greek "ἀμὴν ἀμὴν" (amen amen), which is a solemn affirmation of truth. In the Jewish tradition, "amen" is a declaration of affirmation, often used at the end of prayers. Here, Jesus uses it at the beginning of His statement to emphasize the importance and certainty of what He is about to say. This double use underscores the gravity and reliability of His message, inviting the listener to pay close attention to the profound truth He is about to reveal.

I tell you
This phrase indicates a direct communication from Jesus to His audience. In the context of the Gospel of John, Jesus often uses this phrase to introduce teachings that reveal His divine authority and insight. It is a personal and authoritative declaration, emphasizing that what follows is not merely opinion but divine truth. The use of "I" highlights Jesus' role as the ultimate teacher and shepherd, whose words carry the weight of divine wisdom.

whoever does not enter the sheepfold by the gate
The "sheepfold" refers to a protective enclosure for sheep, a common sight in ancient Israel. It symbolizes the community of believers or the kingdom of God. The "gate" represents the legitimate and rightful way to enter this community, which, in the broader context of John 10, is through Jesus Himself. The imagery draws on the pastoral life familiar to Jesus' audience, where shepherds would lead their sheep into a safe enclosure for the night. Entering by the gate signifies entering through the proper, God-ordained means.

but climbs in some other way
This phrase suggests an illegitimate or deceitful approach. In the context of the passage, it contrasts with entering through the gate, which is the proper and honest way. The imagery of climbing in "some other way" implies stealth and dishonesty, characteristics of those who seek to exploit or harm the sheep rather than care for them. It serves as a warning against false teachers and leaders who do not have the welfare of the flock at heart.

is a thief and a robber
The terms "thief" and "robber" are used to describe those who enter the sheepfold illegitimately. In the Greek, "thief" (κλέπτης, kleptes) implies stealth and cunning, while "robber" (λῃστής, lestes) suggests violence and open aggression. Together, they paint a picture of those who seek to harm or exploit the flock for personal gain. This stark warning from Jesus highlights the danger posed by false leaders and emphasizes the need for vigilance and discernment within the community of believers. The imagery underscores the protective role of the true shepherd, who enters by the gate and cares for the sheep.

But the one who enters
This phrase introduces a contrast to the previous verse, where Jesus speaks of those who do not enter by the gate. The Greek word for "enters" is "εἰσέρχεται" (eiserchomai), which implies a legitimate and rightful entry. In the context of shepherding, this signifies the proper and authorized approach, emphasizing the authenticity and authority of the true shepherd. Historically, shepherds were known to enter sheepfolds through the designated entrance, symbolizing their rightful role and responsibility.

by the gate
The "gate" (Greek: "θύρα," thyra) is a critical symbol in this passage. It represents the legitimate means of access to the sheep, contrasting with those who climb in by other ways. In the broader scriptural context, Jesus later identifies Himself as the "gate" (John 10:7), indicating that He is the legitimate way to salvation and relationship with God. The gate serves as a metaphor for divine order and the proper way to approach God's people.

is the shepherd
The term "shepherd" (Greek: "ποιμήν," poimēn) is rich with biblical significance. Shepherds were common in ancient Israel, and their role was to guide, protect, and care for the sheep. In the Old Testament, God is often depicted as the Shepherd of Israel (e.g., Psalm 23:1, Ezekiel 34:11-16). By using this term, Jesus aligns Himself with the divine role of caring for His people, emphasizing His leadership, guidance, and sacrificial love.

of the sheep
The "sheep" (Greek: "πρόβατα," probata) symbolize the people of God. Sheep are known for their need for guidance and protection, making them an apt metaphor for believers who rely on the Good Shepherd. In the historical context, sheep were valuable assets, and their well-being was of utmost importance to the shepherd. This imagery underscores the intimate relationship between Jesus and His followers, highlighting His commitment to their safety and spiritual nourishment.

The gatekeeper
In the context of ancient shepherding, the gatekeeper played a crucial role in protecting the sheep. The Greek word used here is "θυρωρός" (thyrōros), which refers to a doorkeeper or porter. Historically, a gatekeeper would be responsible for allowing only the rightful shepherds to enter the sheepfold. In a spiritual sense, this can be seen as a representation of God the Father, who grants access to the true Shepherd, Jesus Christ. The gatekeeper ensures that only those who are genuine and have rightful authority can lead the sheep, emphasizing the divine approval and authentication of Jesus' ministry.

opens the gate
The act of opening the gate signifies permission and access. In the Greek, "ἀνοίγει" (anoigei) is used, meaning to open. This action symbolizes the divine authority and the fulfillment of prophecy, as Jesus is the one who fulfills the Old Testament prophecies about the coming Messiah. The opening of the gate is an invitation to enter into a relationship with God through Jesus, who is the way, the truth, and the life (John 14:6).

for him
The phrase "for him" underscores the personal relationship and recognition between the gatekeeper and the shepherd. It highlights the exclusivity of Jesus as the true Shepherd. In the broader scriptural context, this points to the unique role of Christ as the mediator between God and humanity. The gate is opened specifically for Jesus, indicating His unique role and authority in the salvation narrative.

and the sheep hear his voice
The Greek word for "hear" is "ἀκούουσιν" (akouousin), which implies not just hearing but understanding and recognizing. This phrase emphasizes the intimate relationship between the shepherd and his sheep. The sheep are attuned to the voice of their shepherd, distinguishing it from others. Spiritually, this represents believers who recognize and respond to the voice of Christ, discerning His truth amidst the noise of the world. It is a call to spiritual discernment and obedience.

He calls his own sheep by name
The personal nature of the shepherd's call is highlighted here. The Greek "καλεῖ" (kalei) means to call, and "ἴδια" (idia) means his own, indicating possession and personal relationship. In ancient times, shepherds often named their sheep, signifying care and individual attention. This reflects the personal relationship Jesus has with each believer, knowing them intimately and calling them individually. It is a reminder of the personal nature of salvation and the care Jesus has for each of His followers.

and leads them out
The phrase "leads them out" uses the Greek "ἐξάγει" (exagei), meaning to lead out or bring forth. This action signifies guidance and direction. Historically, shepherds would lead their sheep to pastures, ensuring their safety and nourishment. Spiritually, this represents Jesus leading believers out of the bondage of sin into the freedom of salvation and abundant life. It is a call to follow Christ, trusting in His guidance and provision. The imagery of leading out also suggests a journey, one that requires trust and faith in the Shepherd's path.

When he has brought out all his own
This phrase emphasizes the personal relationship between the shepherd and his sheep. The Greek word for "brought out" is "ekballo," which can mean to lead out or to guide. This suggests a deliberate and caring action by the shepherd, who ensures that none of his sheep are left behind. Historically, shepherds in ancient Israel were known for their intimate knowledge of each sheep, often naming them and understanding their individual needs. This reflects the personal care and attention Jesus, the Good Shepherd, provides to His followers, ensuring that each one is accounted for and led to safety.

he goes on ahead of them
The shepherd's role is not only to gather but also to lead. The phrase "goes on ahead" indicates leadership and protection. In the Greek, "proago" means to lead forward or to go before. This reflects the cultural practice of shepherds in the Middle East, who would walk in front of their flock, guiding them to green pastures and protecting them from potential dangers. Spiritually, this illustrates Jesus' role as a leader who guides His followers through life's challenges, always moving ahead to prepare the way and ensure their well-being.

and his sheep follow him
The relationship between the shepherd and the sheep is built on trust and recognition. The Greek word "akoloutheo" means to follow or accompany. This implies a voluntary action by the sheep, who choose to follow the shepherd because of their trust in him. In the biblical context, this signifies the believer's response to Christ's call, willingly following Him out of faith and trust in His guidance and provision.

because they know his voice
The intimate knowledge between the sheep and the shepherd is highlighted here. The Greek word "oida" for "know" suggests a deep, experiential knowledge. Sheep in ancient times were known to recognize the unique voice of their shepherd, distinguishing it from others. This reflects the spiritual truth that believers are attuned to the voice of Christ, discerning His guidance and truth amidst the many voices in the world. It underscores the importance of a personal relationship with Jesus, cultivated through prayer, scripture, and the Holy Spirit, enabling believers to recognize and respond to His call.

But they will never follow a stranger
The phrase begins with "But," indicating a contrast to the previous verses where Jesus describes Himself as the Good Shepherd. The word "never" emphasizes the absolute certainty and assurance that true believers, represented as sheep, will not follow anyone other than their true Shepherd. The term "stranger" in the Greek is "allotrios," meaning someone who does not belong to the group or is foreign. This highlights the idea that false teachers or deceptive voices are alien to the flock of Christ. Historically, shepherds in the ancient Near East had a unique call or voice that their sheep recognized, and they would not respond to anyone else. This illustrates the intimate relationship between Christ and His followers, who discern His voice through the Holy Spirit and Scripture.

in fact, they will flee from him
The phrase "in fact" serves to reinforce the certainty of the sheep's reaction to the stranger. The Greek word for "flee" is "pheugō," which implies a strong, instinctive reaction to escape from danger. This reflects the natural response of believers to false teachings or influences that threaten their spiritual well-being. Historically, sheep are known for their vulnerability and instinct to flee from perceived threats, which underscores the protective nature of the Good Shepherd who guides them away from harm. This imagery serves as a powerful reminder for Christians to remain vigilant and discerning, relying on the guidance of the Holy Spirit to avoid spiritual deception.

because they do not recognize his voice
The word "because" introduces the reason for the sheep's behavior. The term "recognize" in Greek is "oida," which conveys a deep, intimate knowledge or awareness. This suggests that the sheep have a profound understanding of their Shepherd's voice, cultivated through a relationship built on trust and familiarity. The "voice" represents the teachings and character of Christ, which are distinct and recognizable to His followers. In the historical context, shepherds would spend significant time with their sheep, leading to a bond where the sheep could distinguish their shepherd's voice from others. This serves as an allegory for the believer's relationship with Christ, emphasizing the importance of knowing His Word and being attuned to His guidance amidst the myriad of competing voices in the world.

Jesus spoke to them
The phrase highlights the direct communication of Jesus with His audience. In the Greek, "Jesus" is "Ἰησοῦς" (Iēsous), emphasizing His role as the Messiah and the divine Son of God. The act of speaking signifies the importance of His teachings and His desire to convey spiritual truths. Historically, Jesus often used parables and illustrations to communicate profound truths in a relatable manner, reflecting His role as the ultimate Teacher.

using this illustration
The term "illustration" in Greek is "παροιμίαν" (paroimian), which can also be translated as "parable" or "figure of speech." This indicates that Jesus was using a metaphorical or symbolic account to convey deeper spiritual meanings. In the context of John 10, Jesus is using the illustration of the Good Shepherd, a concept deeply rooted in Jewish tradition and Scripture, where God is often depicted as a shepherd caring for His flock (e.g., Psalm 23).

but they did not understand
The Greek word for "understand" is "ἔγνωσαν" (egnōsan), which implies a lack of comprehension or insight. This highlights a recurring theme in the Gospels where the spiritual truths Jesus conveyed were often misunderstood by His listeners, including His disciples. This lack of understanding can be attributed to spiritual blindness or hardness of heart, a condition that Jesus frequently addressed in His ministry.

what He was telling them
The phrase underscores the content and significance of Jesus' message. The Greek "ἐλάλει" (elalei) for "telling" suggests a continuous or repeated action, indicating that Jesus persistently communicated His message despite the lack of understanding. This persistence reflects His patience and commitment to revealing the truth of God's kingdom. The historical context of this passage is crucial, as Jesus was addressing a Jewish audience familiar with shepherd imagery, yet they struggled to grasp the full implications of His claim to be the Good Shepherd.

So He said to them again
This phrase indicates repetition and emphasis. Jesus is reiterating His message, underscoring its importance. In the context of the Gospel of John, repetition is a tool used by Jesus to ensure understanding among His listeners. The Greek word for "again" (πάλιν, palin) suggests a continuous effort to communicate a vital truth. Historically, this reflects the rabbinic teaching style, where repetition was a method to engrain teachings in the minds of disciples.

Truly, truly
The Greek words "ἀμὴν ἀμὴν" (amen amen) are used here, which are transliterated directly into English as "truly, truly." This double affirmation is unique to the Gospel of John and serves to emphasize the certainty and authority of Jesus' words. In Jewish tradition, "amen" is a declaration of affirmation, and its repetition here underscores the divine truth and reliability of what Jesus is about to declare. It is a call to pay close attention, as what follows is of utmost importance.

I tell you
This phrase is a direct address, indicating a personal and authoritative communication from Jesus to His audience. The Greek "λέγω ὑμῖν" (lego hymin) conveys not just the act of speaking, but the impartation of truth. In the context of Jesus' ministry, this phrase often precedes profound spiritual truths or revelations about His identity and mission.

I am
The Greek phrase "ἐγώ εἰμι" (ego eimi) is significant, echoing the divine name revealed to Moses in Exodus 3:14, "I AM WHO I AM." This self-identification by Jesus is a profound declaration of His divinity and eternal existence. In the Gospel of John, the "I am" statements are central to understanding Jesus' nature and mission. They reveal His role as the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies and His unity with the Father.

the gate
The Greek word "θύρα" (thyra) translates to "gate" or "door." In the pastoral context of first-century Palestine, a gate was essential for the protection and management of sheep. Jesus as "the gate" signifies His role as the sole means of access to spiritual safety and salvation. This metaphor highlights His function as the protector and provider for His followers, ensuring their security and well-being.

for the sheep
The term "sheep" (πρόβατα, probata) is a common biblical metaphor for God's people. In the agrarian society of ancient Israel, sheep were valuable and required constant care and guidance. By referring to His followers as sheep, Jesus emphasizes their need for guidance, protection, and sustenance, which He alone can provide. This imagery also connects to the Old Testament, where God is often depicted as the Shepherd of Israel, caring for His flock with compassion and diligence.

All who came before Me
This phrase refers to those who claimed to be the Messiah or spiritual leaders before Jesus. In the historical context of Israel, many false prophets and self-proclaimed messiahs arose, leading people astray. The Greek word for "before" (πρὸ ἐμοῦ, pro emou) can imply precedence in time or rank. Jesus asserts His unique authority and authenticity as the true Shepherd, contrasting Himself with those who lacked divine appointment.

were thieves and robbers
The terms "thieves" (κλέπται, kleptai) and "robbers" (λῃσταί, lēstai) are used to describe those who exploit and harm the flock for personal gain. In the cultural and historical context, a "thief" might sneak in stealthily, while a "robber" uses violence. Jesus is emphasizing the destructive nature of false leaders who do not have the welfare of the sheep at heart. This imagery would resonate with the audience familiar with the dangers posed by such figures in their agrarian society.

but the sheep did not listen to them
The "sheep" symbolize the true followers of God, who possess discernment to recognize the voice of the true Shepherd. The Greek word for "listen" (ἤκουσαν, ēkousan) implies not just hearing, but understanding and following. Historically, the faithful remnant of Israel did not follow false messiahs, as they were attuned to the voice of God through the Scriptures and the Holy Spirit. This highlights the intimate relationship between the Shepherd and His sheep, where the sheep are protected from deception by their connection to the true Shepherd.

I am the gate
In this phrase, Jesus identifies Himself as "the gate," which in Greek is "ἡ θύρα" (hē thyra). This metaphor is rich with meaning, drawing from the pastoral imagery familiar to His audience. In ancient times, sheepfolds often had a single entrance, and the shepherd would sometimes lie across the opening to protect the sheep, literally becoming the gate. This highlights Jesus' role as the sole means of access to spiritual safety and community with God. The exclusivity of this claim is significant, emphasizing that salvation and entry into the Kingdom of God are only possible through Him.

If anyone enters through Me
The phrase "enters through Me" underscores the necessity of coming to God through Jesus. The Greek word for "enters" is "εἰσέρχομαι" (eiserchomai), which implies an action of moving into a new state or condition. This suggests a transformative process, where entering through Jesus is not merely a physical act but a spiritual transition into a new life. Historically, this reflects the early Christian understanding that faith in Christ was the defining characteristic of the believer's life, setting them apart from both Jewish and pagan practices.

he will be saved
The promise "he will be saved" is central to the Christian message. The Greek word for "saved" is "σωθήσεται" (sōthēsetai), which conveys deliverance, preservation, and safety. This salvation is comprehensive, encompassing deliverance from sin, protection from spiritual harm, and the assurance of eternal life. In the historical context of the early church, this assurance was a source of hope and strength amidst persecution and trials, affirming the believer's secure position in Christ.

He will come in and go out
This phrase, "He will come in and go out," reflects the freedom and security found in Christ. The imagery here is of a shepherd leading sheep to pasture, suggesting provision and care. The Greek verbs "εἰσελεύσεται" (eiseleusetai) and "ἐξελεύσεται" (exeleusetai) imply movement and liberty, indicating that those who belong to Christ have the freedom to live abundantly under His protection. Historically, this would resonate with the Jewish understanding of peace and safety within the covenant community, now extended to all who believe in Jesus.

and find pasture
The promise of finding "pasture" speaks to the provision and sustenance that Jesus offers. The Greek word "νομήν" (nomēn) refers to grazing or feeding, symbolizing spiritual nourishment and fulfillment. This imagery is deeply rooted in the Old Testament, where God is depicted as the Shepherd of Israel, providing for His people (e.g., Psalm 23). In the New Testament context, it signifies the abundant life that Jesus promises to His followers, a life marked by spiritual growth, satisfaction, and peace. This assurance of divine provision would have been particularly comforting to early Christians facing uncertainty and hardship.

The thief
In the context of John 10, "the thief" refers to false teachers and leaders who exploit the flock for their gain. The Greek word used here is "kleptēs," which implies someone who takes what is not theirs through stealth and deceit. Historically, this can be seen as a reference to the religious leaders of Jesus' time who were more concerned with their power and status than the spiritual well-being of the people. This serves as a warning against those who would lead believers astray from the truth of the Gospel.

comes only to steal and kill and destroy
This phrase highlights the destructive intent of the thief. The Greek verbs "steal" (kleptō), "kill" (thuo), and "destroy" (apollymi) paint a vivid picture of the thief's purpose. "Thuo" can also mean to sacrifice, suggesting that the thief's actions are not just harmful but sacrificial in a perverse sense, offering up the flock for their gain. Historically, this reflects the oppressive religious systems that burdened the people, contrasting sharply with the life-giving mission of Christ.

I have come
This phrase marks a significant shift in the narrative. The Greek "ēlthon" indicates a purposeful arrival. Jesus' coming is intentional and mission-driven, contrasting with the thief's destructive presence. This echoes the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies about the Messiah who would come to shepherd and save His people, such as in Isaiah 61:1-2.

that they may have life
The word "life" here is "zōē" in Greek, which signifies not just physical existence but a quality of life that is abundant and eternal. This life is a gift from Jesus, who is the source of all life (John 1:4). In the historical context, this promise of life would have been revolutionary to a people living under Roman oppression and religious legalism, offering hope and freedom.

and have it in all its fullness
The phrase "in all its fullness" is translated from the Greek "perissos," meaning superabundant or overflowing. This suggests a life that exceeds mere survival, characterized by spiritual richness and joy. In a scriptural context, this fullness is not just for the future in heaven but begins here and now, as believers experience the transformative power of Christ in their lives. This fullness is a stark contrast to the emptiness offered by the thief, emphasizing the completeness and sufficiency found in a relationship with Jesus.

I am the good shepherd
In this phrase, Jesus identifies Himself as "the good shepherd," a title rich with Old Testament imagery and meaning. The Greek word for "good" is "kalos," which implies not only moral goodness but also beauty and nobility. The shepherd metaphor is deeply rooted in Jewish tradition, where leaders and kings were often depicted as shepherds of their people. In Psalm 23, David famously declares, "The LORD is my shepherd," highlighting God's guidance and care. By calling Himself the "good shepherd," Jesus is asserting His divine role as the ultimate leader and caretaker of His flock, surpassing all earthly shepherds.

The good shepherd lays down His life for the sheep
This part of the verse underscores the sacrificial nature of Jesus' mission. The Greek word for "lays down" is "tithēmi," which means to set, place, or lay down voluntarily. This indicates that Jesus' sacrifice is not forced but a willing act of love. The phrase "for the sheep" emphasizes the substitutionary aspect of His sacrifice, where He takes the place of the sheep, protecting them from harm. Historically, shepherds would risk their lives to protect their flock from predators, but Jesus goes beyond this by willingly giving His life. This act of laying down His life is a fulfillment of the prophecies and a demonstration of the ultimate love and commitment He has for His followers, as seen in Isaiah 53, where the suffering servant bears the iniquities of others.

The hired hand
This phrase refers to someone who is employed to care for the sheep but lacks a personal investment in their well-being. In the Greek, the term "misthōtos" implies a laborer who works for wages rather than out of love or duty. Historically, shepherds were often family members who had a vested interest in the flock's safety and prosperity. The hired hand symbolizes religious leaders or false prophets who serve for personal gain rather than genuine care for the spiritual welfare of the people.

is not the shepherd
The distinction here is crucial. The Greek word for shepherd, "poimēn," denotes one who tends, leads, and protects the sheep. In biblical times, a shepherd was a figure of authority and care, often risking his life for the sheep. This phrase emphasizes the lack of true leadership and commitment in the hired hand, contrasting with Jesus, the Good Shepherd, who lays down His life for His sheep.

and the sheep are not his own
Ownership implies responsibility and a deep, personal connection. The Greek word "idios" means one's own, highlighting the intimate relationship between the shepherd and his flock. In a spiritual context, this reflects Jesus' claim over His followers, who are His by creation and redemption. The hired hand's lack of ownership results in a lack of genuine concern for the sheep's welfare.

When he sees the wolf coming
The wolf represents danger, evil, or false teachings that threaten the flock. In the ancient Near East, wolves were common predators of sheep, symbolizing destructive forces. The hired hand's reaction to the wolf reveals his true character and priorities. Spiritually, this warns believers of leaders who fail to protect the church from harmful influences.

he abandons the sheep and runs away
This action demonstrates the hired hand's self-preservation instinct. The Greek verb "kataleipō" means to leave behind or forsake, indicating a deliberate choice to prioritize personal safety over duty. Historically, a true shepherd would never abandon his flock, even in the face of danger. This serves as a caution against leaders who lack the courage and commitment to stand firm in times of trial.

Then the wolf pounces on them and scatters the flock
The consequence of the hired hand's abandonment is chaos and destruction. The Greek word "harpazō" for pounces implies a sudden, forceful snatching away, while "skorpizō" for scatters suggests a breaking apart of unity. This imagery underscores the vulnerability of the sheep without a protective shepherd. In a spiritual sense, it highlights the importance of steadfast, faithful leadership to maintain the integrity and unity of the church.

The man
In this context, "the man" refers to the hired hand or hired servant, as opposed to the good shepherd. The Greek word used here is "anthrōpos," which is a general term for a human being. This highlights the distinction between a mere human worker and the divine nature of Jesus, the Good Shepherd. The hired man lacks the personal investment and commitment that the shepherd has for his flock, symbolizing those who lack genuine spiritual leadership and care.

runs away
The phrase "runs away" is translated from the Greek word "pheugei," which means to flee or escape. This action signifies a lack of courage and responsibility. In the face of danger, the hired servant prioritizes his own safety over the well-being of the sheep. This behavior contrasts sharply with the sacrificial nature of Christ, who lays down His life for His sheep. It serves as a warning against leaders who abandon their duties when challenges arise.

because he is a hired servant
The term "hired servant" comes from the Greek "misthōtos," indicating someone who works for wages rather than out of love or duty. This highlights the transactional nature of the hired hand's relationship with the sheep. Unlike the shepherd, who has a vested interest in the flock, the hired servant's primary concern is his own compensation. This reflects a broader spiritual truth about the difference between those who serve God out of love and those who do so for personal gain.

and is unconcerned
The word "unconcerned" is derived from the Greek "ou melei," meaning to have no care or interest. This lack of concern underscores the indifference of the hired servant towards the sheep. It is a stark reminder of the importance of genuine care and compassion in spiritual leadership. True shepherds, like Christ, are deeply invested in the welfare of their flock, while false leaders are indifferent to their needs.

for the sheep
The "sheep" symbolize the followers of Christ, who require guidance, protection, and care. In biblical times, sheep were highly dependent on their shepherd for survival, making the role of the shepherd crucial. This imagery emphasizes the vulnerability of believers and the necessity of having a shepherd who is truly committed to their well-being. Jesus, as the Good Shepherd, exemplifies the ultimate care and sacrifice for His sheep, contrasting with the neglect shown by the hired servant.

I am
This phrase is a powerful declaration of identity and authority. In the Greek, "Ego eimi" is used, which is the same phrase found in the Septuagint (the Greek translation of the Old Testament) in Exodus 3:14, where God reveals Himself to Moses as "I AM WHO I AM." This connection underscores Jesus' divine nature and His unity with God the Father. It is a profound assertion of His deity, reminding us that Jesus is not merely a teacher or prophet, but God incarnate.

the good shepherd
The term "good" in Greek is "kalos," which implies not only moral goodness but also beauty and nobility. Jesus as the "good shepherd" contrasts with the false shepherds of Israel who neglected their flocks. Historically, shepherds were responsible for the safety and well-being of their sheep, often risking their lives for them. This imagery is rich in Old Testament symbolism, where God is depicted as the shepherd of His people (e.g., Psalm 23). Jesus fulfills this role perfectly, caring for, guiding, and ultimately laying down His life for His sheep.

I know My sheep
The Greek word for "know" is "ginosko," which implies an intimate, personal knowledge. This is not a superficial acquaintance but a deep, relational understanding. In the biblical context, to "know" someone often implies a covenant relationship, as seen in God's relationship with Israel. Jesus' knowledge of His sheep signifies His personal care and commitment to each believer, affirming that He is aware of our needs, struggles, and desires.

and they know Me
The reciprocal nature of this relationship is emphasized here. The sheep, representing believers, also "know" Jesus. This knowledge is not merely intellectual but experiential and relational. It suggests a mutual recognition and trust, cultivated through a life of faith and obedience. In the historical context, sheep would recognize the voice of their shepherd and follow him, illustrating the trust and familiarity that believers are called to have with Christ. This mutual knowing is foundational to the Christian life, as it fosters a deep, abiding relationship with the Savior.

Just as the Father knows Me
This phrase emphasizes the intimate and profound relationship between Jesus and God the Father. The Greek word for "knows" here is "γινώσκω" (ginōskō), which implies a deep, personal, and experiential knowledge. This is not merely intellectual awareness but a profound, relational understanding. In the context of the Trinity, this knowledge is perfect and complete, reflecting the unity and co-equality of the Father and the Son. Historically, this relationship is foundational to Christian doctrine, affirming the divinity of Christ and His unique sonship.

and I know the Father
Here, Jesus reciprocates the knowledge, indicating a mutual and equal relationship with the Father. The same Greek word "γινώσκω" (ginōskō) is used, underscoring the depth of this divine relationship. This mutual knowledge signifies the perfect harmony and unity within the Godhead. In a conservative Christian perspective, this is a testament to the co-eternal and co-equal nature of Jesus with the Father, reinforcing the doctrine of the Trinity.

and I lay down My life
This phrase highlights the voluntary and sacrificial nature of Jesus' mission. The Greek word "τίθημι" (tithēmi) for "lay down" suggests a deliberate and willing act. Jesus' sacrifice is not coerced but is a conscious choice made out of love and obedience to the Father. This act is central to the Christian faith, as it is through Jesus' willing sacrifice that salvation is made available to humanity. Historically, this reflects the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies concerning the Messiah's suffering and sacrificial role.

for the sheep
The "sheep" symbolize the followers of Christ, those who belong to Him and are under His care. In the cultural and historical context of the Bible, sheep were highly valued and required constant care and protection from the shepherd. Jesus, as the Good Shepherd, lays down His life for the sheep, illustrating His deep love and commitment to His people. This imagery is rich in scriptural context, drawing from passages like Psalm 23 and Ezekiel 34, where God is depicted as the Shepherd of Israel. In a conservative Christian view, this underscores the personal and protective relationship Jesus has with believers, ensuring their spiritual safety and eternal life.

I have other sheep
This phrase indicates the inclusivity of Jesus' mission. The Greek word for "sheep" here is "πρόβατα" (probaton), which is often used metaphorically in the New Testament to refer to followers or believers. Historically, sheep were a common part of daily life in ancient Israel, symbolizing innocence and dependence on a shepherd. Jesus, as the Good Shepherd, is extending His care beyond the immediate Jewish audience, suggesting a broader, universal scope of His ministry.

that are not of this fold
The term "fold" refers to a sheep pen or enclosure, symbolizing the Jewish people or the nation of Israel. The Greek word "αὐλῆς" (aulēs) implies a place of safety and belonging. By stating "not of this fold," Jesus is alluding to the Gentiles, indicating that His message and salvation are not limited to the Jews but are available to all humanity. This reflects the historical context of the early church's expansion beyond Jewish boundaries.

I must bring them also
The word "must" (Greek: "δεῖ," dei) conveys a sense of divine necessity or obligation. Jesus is expressing the imperative nature of His mission to unite all believers. This reflects the prophetic fulfillment of God's plan for salvation, as seen throughout the Old Testament, where the inclusion of the Gentiles is foretold (e.g., Isaiah 49:6).

and they will listen to My voice
Listening to the shepherd's voice is a key characteristic of sheep, symbolizing obedience and recognition of authority. The Greek word "ἀκούσουσιν" (akousousin) means to hear or listen with understanding. This implies that those who are called by Jesus will recognize His authority and respond to His call, a theme consistent with the scriptural emphasis on faith coming through hearing (Romans 10:17).

Then there will be one flock
The concept of "one flock" emphasizes unity among believers. The Greek word "ποίμνη" (poimnē) signifies a single, unified group under one shepherd. This reflects the early church's mission to break down barriers between Jews and Gentiles, creating a new, unified community in Christ, as echoed in Ephesians 2:14-16.

and one shepherd
The "one shepherd" is a direct reference to Jesus Himself, fulfilling the role of the divine shepherd prophesied in the Old Testament (e.g., Ezekiel 34:23). The Greek word "ποιμήν" (poimēn) underscores Jesus' role as the sole leader and caretaker of His people. This highlights the centrality of Christ in the life of the believer and the church, affirming His authority and the unity of His followers under His guidance.

The reason
This phrase introduces a causal relationship, indicating a purpose or explanation. In the Greek, the word used is "διὰ τοῦτο" (dia touto), which means "for this reason" or "because of this." It sets the stage for understanding the profound connection between the actions of Jesus and the love of the Father. This highlights the intentionality and divine purpose behind Jesus' mission.

the Father
In the context of the Gospel of John, "the Father" refers to God the Father, the first person of the Holy Trinity. The relationship between Jesus and the Father is central to John's Gospel, emphasizing unity and divine love. Historically, this reflects the Jewish understanding of God as a paternal figure, yet Jesus presents a more intimate and personal relationship.

loves Me
The Greek word for "loves" here is "ἀγαπᾷ" (agapaō), which denotes a deep, unconditional love. This is not merely affection but a profound, divine love that is active and purposeful. The Father's love for the Son is foundational to the Christian understanding of the Trinity, where love is eternally exchanged among the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.

is that I lay down My life
The phrase "lay down My life" is significant, as it indicates a voluntary act. The Greek word "τίθημι" (tithēmi) means "to place" or "to set," suggesting a deliberate and willing sacrifice. This reflects the sacrificial nature of Jesus' mission, aligning with the Old Testament concept of the sacrificial lamb, which is fulfilled in Christ's atoning death.

in order to take it up again
This phrase speaks to the resurrection, a cornerstone of Christian faith. The Greek "πάλιν λαβεῖν" (palin labein) means "to take again," indicating not just a return to life but a victorious reclaiming of life. This demonstrates Jesus' authority over life and death, affirming His divinity and the promise of eternal life for believers. The resurrection is not an afterthought but an integral part of the divine plan, showcasing the power and glory of God.

No one takes it from Me
This phrase emphasizes the voluntary nature of Jesus' sacrifice. The Greek word for "takes" is "airō," which means to lift up or take away. Historically, crucifixion was a method of execution imposed by others, yet Jesus clarifies that His life is not taken by force. This highlights His divine sovereignty and control over His destiny, underscoring the theological truth that His sacrifice was a willing act of love, not a tragic accident.

but I lay it down of My own accord
The phrase "lay it down" comes from the Greek "tithēmi," meaning to place or set. Jesus' use of "My own accord" (Greek: "emautou") indicates His autonomous decision. This reflects the profound truth of His willing submission to the Father's plan. In the historical context of Roman-occupied Judea, where life was often taken by force, Jesus' declaration of voluntary sacrifice was revolutionary, demonstrating His divine authority and purpose.

I have authority to lay it down
The word "authority" is translated from the Greek "exousia," meaning power or right. This signifies Jesus' divine prerogative. In a world where authority was often associated with political or military power, Jesus redefines it as the power to sacrifice. This authority is not derived from human institutions but from His divine nature and mission.

and authority to take it up again
Here, "take it up" is from the Greek "lambanō," meaning to receive or take back. This phrase speaks to the resurrection, a cornerstone of Christian faith. Jesus' authority over life and death is unique, affirming His divinity. Historically, resurrection was a concept with varied interpretations in Jewish thought, but Jesus' statement clarifies His power over death, offering hope and assurance of eternal life to believers.

This command I received from My Father
The word "command" is from the Greek "entolē," meaning an order or charge. This indicates that Jesus' actions are in perfect alignment with the Father's will, reflecting the unity within the Trinity. The historical context of a patriarchal society, where a father's command was binding, underscores the weight of this divine directive. It assures believers of the divine orchestration and purpose behind Jesus' mission, reinforcing the trustworthiness of God's plan for salvation.

Again
The use of "again" indicates a recurring theme or event. In the Gospel of John, division among the people is a frequent response to Jesus' teachings and miracles. This repetition underscores the persistent nature of the controversy surrounding Jesus' identity and mission. Historically, this reflects the ongoing tension between Jesus and the religious leaders, as well as the varied responses of the Jewish people to His message.

there was division
The Greek word for "division" is "schisma," which implies a split or a tear. This term is used to describe the deep and often contentious disagreements that arose among the people. In the context of John 10, this division is not merely a difference of opinion but a significant rift that challenges the unity of the Jewish community. This division is a fulfillment of Jesus' own words in Matthew 10:34, where He states that He came not to bring peace, but a sword, symbolizing the inevitable division His message would cause.

among the Jews
The phrase "among the Jews" refers to the Jewish people, particularly the religious leaders and those who were present during Jesus' teachings. In the Gospel of John, "the Jews" often signifies those who were skeptical or opposed to Jesus, especially the Pharisees and other religious authorities. This highlights the cultural and religious context of Jesus' ministry, where His radical teachings often clashed with established Jewish traditions and expectations of the Messiah.

because of these words
The "words" refer to the teachings and declarations of Jesus, particularly His claims of divinity and His role as the Good Shepherd, as seen earlier in John 10. These words were revolutionary and provocative, challenging the existing religious framework and authority. The division arose because Jesus' words demanded a response—either acceptance or rejection. This phrase emphasizes the power and impact of Jesus' teachings, which continue to provoke thought and division even today.

He is demon-possessed
This phrase reflects the accusation made by some of the Jews who were skeptical of Jesus' teachings and miracles. The Greek word for "demon-possessed" is "daimonizomai," which indicates being under the influence or control of a demon. In the historical context of first-century Judea, attributing unusual behavior or extraordinary claims to demonic influence was not uncommon. This accusation reveals the spiritual blindness and hardness of heart among those who refused to recognize Jesus as the Messiah. It underscores the spiritual battle between light and darkness, truth and deception, that is a recurring theme throughout the Gospel of John.

and insane
The term "insane" in this context is translated from the Greek word "mainomai," which means to be out of one's mind or to rave. This accusation of insanity was a way to discredit Jesus' authority and teachings. Historically, labeling someone as insane was a method used to dismiss their claims without engaging with the substance of their message. This reflects the resistance Jesus faced from those who could not comprehend His divine nature and mission. It challenges believers to consider how often truth is dismissed in contemporary times due to preconceived notions or societal pressures.

why would you listen to Him?
This rhetorical question is posed by those who doubted Jesus, aiming to sway others from following Him. It highlights the division among the people regarding Jesus' identity and message. The question implies that listening to someone perceived as demon-possessed or insane is illogical. However, it also serves as an invitation for introspection, prompting individuals to examine the evidence of Jesus' works and words. In a broader scriptural context, this question challenges believers to discern truth amidst conflicting voices and to remain steadfast in their faith despite opposition or ridicule.

Others said
This phrase introduces a contrasting opinion among the people who were present. In the context of John 10, there is a division among the Jews regarding Jesus' identity and the source of His power. The Greek word for "others" (ἄλλοι) indicates a different group or perspective, highlighting the diversity of thought and the ongoing debate about Jesus' nature and mission. This division is a recurring theme in the Gospels, reflecting the varied responses to Jesus' teachings and miracles.

These are not the words
The phrase underscores the importance of Jesus' teachings and the impact of His words. The Greek term for "words" (ῥήματα) refers to spoken words or sayings, emphasizing the power and authority inherent in Jesus' speech. Throughout the Gospels, Jesus' words are often a source of amazement and controversy, as they challenge existing religious norms and reveal deeper spiritual truths.

of a man possessed by a demon
This statement reflects the skepticism and discernment of some of the listeners. The Greek word for "possessed" (δαιμονιζομένου) suggests being under the control or influence of a demon. In the cultural and historical context of the time, demon possession was associated with madness or irrational behavior. The listeners are arguing that Jesus' coherent and profound teachings are inconsistent with the erratic behavior typically associated with demonic influence.

Can a demon open the eyes of the blind?
This rhetorical question points to the miraculous works of Jesus as evidence of His divine authority. The act of opening the eyes of the blind is a fulfillment of Messianic prophecies, such as those found in Isaiah 35:5. The question challenges the notion that Jesus' power could be demonic, as such a miracle aligns with God's redemptive work and compassion. The Greek word for "open" (ἀνοίγειν) implies not just physical healing but also spiritual enlightenment, reinforcing the idea that Jesus brings both physical and spiritual sight.

At that time
This phrase situates the narrative within a specific temporal context, indicating a continuation of events. The Greek phrase "τότε" (tote) is often used to connect events in a sequence, suggesting that what follows is a direct continuation of Jesus' ministry and teachings. This connection emphasizes the unfolding revelation of Jesus' identity and mission, as He moves through different settings and encounters.

the Feast of Dedication
Known today as Hanukkah, this feast commemorates the rededication of the Second Temple in Jerusalem during the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire. The Hebrew term "Hanukkah" means "dedication," reflecting the historical and religious significance of the event. This feast is not one of the original Mosaic feasts but was established in the intertestamental period, highlighting the Jewish people's resilience and God's faithfulness in preserving their worship. The presence of Jesus at this feast underscores His connection to Jewish tradition and His role as the fulfillment of God's promises.

took place in Jerusalem
Jerusalem, the city of David, is central to Jewish identity and worship. It is the location of the Temple, the heart of Jewish religious life. The Greek word "Ἱεροσόλυμα" (Hierosolyma) emphasizes the city's sacred status. Jesus' presence in Jerusalem during this feast signifies His engagement with the religious and cultural life of His people. It also foreshadows the pivotal events of His passion, which will later unfold in this city.

It was winter
The mention of winter provides a literal and symbolic context. Literally, it indicates the time of year, as Hanukkah occurs in the month of Kislev (November-December). Symbolically, winter can represent a time of spiritual coldness or darkness, contrasting with the light of the world that Jesus embodies. The Greek word "χειμών" (cheimōn) can imply harsh or challenging conditions, reflecting the growing opposition Jesus faces from religious leaders. Yet, even in this season, Jesus' presence brings warmth and illumination to those who seek Him.

and Jesus was walking
The phrase "and Jesus was walking" indicates a continuous action, suggesting that Jesus was actively engaging with His surroundings. The Greek word for "walking" is "περιπατέω" (peripateo), which can also imply living or conducting oneself. This reflects Jesus' ministry style—He was always moving, teaching, and interacting with people. His walking signifies His accessibility and willingness to meet people where they were, both physically and spiritually.

in the temple courts
The "temple courts" refer to the outer areas of the Temple in Jerusalem, accessible to all people, including Gentiles. This setting is significant because it was a place of teaching and gathering, where rabbis would often discuss the Scriptures. Jesus' presence here underscores His role as a teacher and His mission to reach a broad audience. The temple courts were a hub of religious activity, symbolizing the heart of Jewish worship and tradition.

in Solomon’s Colonnade
"Solomon’s Colonnade," also known as Solomon's Porch, was a covered walkway on the eastern side of the Temple Mount. It was named after King Solomon, who built the first temple. This location is historically and theologically significant, as it was a place where early Christians, including the apostles, would later gather (Acts 5:12). The colonnade provided shelter and a space for teaching and dialogue. Jesus' presence here connects Him to the wisdom and legacy of Solomon, emphasizing His role as the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy and wisdom. Solomon's Colonnade was a place of gathering and reflection, symbolizing the continuity of God's work from the Old Covenant to the New.

So the Jews gathered around Him
The phrase "gathered around" suggests a sense of urgency and intensity. In the Greek, the word used is "ἐκύκλωσαν" (ekyklōsan), which implies encircling or surrounding. This indicates that the Jews were not merely approaching Jesus casually but were intent on confronting Him. Historically, this reflects the growing tension between Jesus and the Jewish leaders, who were increasingly concerned about His influence and teachings. The Jewish leaders were often depicted as being skeptical and resistant to Jesus' claims, which is consistent with the broader narrative of the Gospels.

and demanded
The word "demanded" conveys a sense of insistence and authority. In the original Greek, the term "ἔλεγον" (elegon) is used, which can mean to ask or to say, but in this context, it carries the weight of a demand. This reflects the authoritative stance the Jewish leaders believed they held over religious matters. Their demand for clarity from Jesus shows their impatience and perhaps their frustration with His parables and indirect answers.

How long will You keep us in suspense?
This phrase reveals the tension and anticipation among the Jewish leaders. The Greek word for "suspense" is "αἴρεις" (aireis), which can also mean to lift or to take away. The leaders are essentially asking Jesus to remove their uncertainty. This reflects a deeper spiritual blindness, as they are unable to see the truth of Jesus' identity despite the signs and teachings He has already provided. Historically, this question underscores the messianic expectations of the time, where many Jews were eagerly awaiting a political or military leader to deliver them from Roman rule.

If You are the Christ
The term "Christ" is the Greek equivalent of the Hebrew "Messiah," meaning "Anointed One." This title carries significant weight, as it is associated with the long-awaited deliverer prophesied in the Hebrew Scriptures. The Jewish leaders' use of "if" suggests doubt and skepticism. They are challenging Jesus to prove His messianic identity, reflecting their misunderstanding of the nature of His mission, which was spiritual rather than political.

tell us plainly
The request for Jesus to "tell us plainly" indicates a desire for straightforwardness and clarity. The Greek word "παρρησίᾳ" (parrēsia) means openly or boldly. This reflects the leaders' frustration with Jesus' use of parables and indirect language. However, it also highlights their spiritual blindness, as Jesus had already revealed His identity through His works and teachings. This plea for plainness is ironic, as the truth of Jesus' identity was evident to those with faith, yet hidden from those who were spiritually blind.

I already told you
This phrase underscores the patience and persistence of Jesus in His ministry. The Greek word for "told" is "εἶπον" (eipon), which implies a clear and direct communication. Jesus had repeatedly revealed His identity and mission through His teachings and parables. Historically, this reflects the Jewish expectation of the Messiah, which Jesus fulfilled, yet many failed to recognize Him due to preconceived notions of what the Messiah should be.

Jesus replied
The act of replying indicates a response to a question or challenge. In the context of John 10, Jesus is addressing the skepticism of the Jewish leaders. The Greek word "ἀπεκρίθη" (apekrithē) suggests a thoughtful and authoritative response. This highlights Jesus' role as a teacher and prophet, who engages with His audience, even when faced with disbelief.

but you did not believe
The Greek word for "believe" is "πιστεύω" (pisteuō), which means to have faith or trust. This phrase points to the spiritual blindness and hardness of heart among those who heard Jesus' message. In a broader scriptural context, belief is a central theme in the Gospel of John, emphasizing the necessity of faith in Jesus as the Son of God for salvation.

The works I do
Here, "works" refers to the miracles and acts of compassion performed by Jesus. The Greek word "ἔργα" (erga) encompasses deeds that demonstrate divine power and authority. These works are not merely acts of kindness but are signs pointing to Jesus' divine nature and mission. Historically, these miracles were a fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies concerning the Messiah.

in My Father’s name
This phrase signifies the divine authority and origin of Jesus' mission. The use of "Father" (Greek: "Πατήρ," Patēr) emphasizes the intimate relationship between Jesus and God. In the Jewish context, acting in someone's name meant representing their authority and character. Jesus' works were a direct reflection of God's will and purpose.

testify on My behalf
The Greek word for "testify" is "μαρτυρέω" (martyreō), which means to bear witness or provide evidence. This phrase indicates that Jesus' works serve as a divine testimony to His identity as the Messiah. In the legal and historical context of the time, testimony was crucial for establishing truth. Jesus' miracles and teachings were evidence of His divine mission, calling people to recognize and believe in Him.

But because you are not My sheep
This phrase is pivotal in understanding the relationship between Jesus and His followers. The term "sheep" is a metaphor used frequently in the Bible to describe those who belong to God. In the context of John 10, Jesus is speaking to the Pharisees, who are questioning His identity and authority. The Greek word for "sheep" is "πρόβατα" (probaton), which implies a sense of belonging and being under the care of a shepherd. Historically, sheep were highly valued in ancient Near Eastern cultures, symbolizing innocence and dependence. Jesus, as the Good Shepherd, indicates that His sheep are those who recognize His voice and follow Him. The implication here is that spiritual discernment and acceptance of Jesus' teachings are marks of His true followers.

you refuse to believe
This phrase highlights the willful rejection of Jesus by those who are not His sheep. The Greek word for "refuse" is "οὐ" (ou), which is a strong negation, indicating a deliberate choice not to believe. The act of believing, "πιστεύω" (pisteuō), is more than intellectual assent; it involves trust and reliance on Jesus as the Messiah. In the historical context, the religious leaders of the time were often resistant to Jesus' message because it challenged their authority and understanding of the law. This refusal to believe is not due to a lack of evidence or opportunity but is a matter of the heart. Theologically, this underscores the doctrine of election, where those who are not part of Jesus' flock do not recognize His voice and thus do not believe. This serves as a sobering reminder of the importance of spiritual openness and the willingness to accept divine truth.

My sheep
In this phrase, "my sheep" refers to those who belong to Jesus, the Good Shepherd. The imagery of sheep is deeply rooted in biblical tradition, symbolizing followers who are dependent on their shepherd for guidance, protection, and sustenance. In the Old Testament, God is often depicted as a shepherd (e.g., Psalm 23:1, "The LORD is my shepherd"). The Greek word for sheep here is "πρόβατα" (probaton), which emphasizes the idea of a flock under the care of a shepherd. This metaphor highlights the intimate relationship between Jesus and His followers, suggesting a community marked by trust and obedience.

hear My voice
The phrase "hear My voice" signifies recognition and response to the call of Jesus. In the Greek, the word for "hear" is "ἀκούω" (akouo), which implies not just hearing but understanding and obeying. This is not a passive listening but an active engagement with the teachings and commands of Christ. Historically, the voice of a shepherd was unique to his sheep, and they would follow only him. This reflects the spiritual discernment of believers who are attuned to the guidance of Christ amidst the noise of the world.

I know them
"I know them" speaks to the deep, personal relationship Jesus has with His followers. The Greek word "γινώσκω" (ginosko) is used here, which means to know experientially and intimately. This is not mere intellectual knowledge but a profound connection that encompasses love, care, and understanding. In the biblical context, to be known by God is to be in a covenant relationship with Him, where He acknowledges and cherishes His people.

and they follow Me
The phrase "and they follow Me" indicates the response of the sheep to the shepherd's call. The Greek word "ἀκολουθέω" (akoloutheo) means to accompany or to go along with. This implies a continuous, active choice to walk in the path set by Jesus. Following Christ involves discipleship, commitment, and a willingness to submit to His leadership. Historically, disciples would literally follow their rabbi, learning from his teachings and lifestyle. In the same way, believers are called to follow Jesus, emulating His example and adhering to His teachings.

I give
The phrase "I give" is significant in understanding the nature of the relationship between Jesus and His followers. The Greek word used here is "δίδωμι" (didōmi), which implies a voluntary and generous act. This highlights the grace and sovereignty of Christ in bestowing eternal life. It is not earned or merited by human effort but is a gift from the divine Savior, emphasizing the unmerited favor that is central to the Christian faith.

them
The word "them" refers to the sheep, or the followers of Christ, as described earlier in John 10. This personal pronoun underscores the intimate relationship between Jesus and His believers. It is a reminder that the promise of eternal life is specific and personal, intended for those who hear His voice and follow Him, as described in the preceding verses.

eternal life
"Eternal life" is a profound concept in Christian theology, rooted in the Greek words "ζωὴν αἰώνιον" (zōēn aiōnion). This life is not merely an unending existence but a quality of life that begins now and continues forever in the presence of God. It is characterized by a deep, abiding relationship with God through Jesus Christ. The promise of eternal life is central to the Gospel message, offering hope and assurance to believers.

and they will never perish
The phrase "and they will never perish" is a powerful assurance of the security of the believer. The Greek word "ἀπόλωνται" (apolōntai) means to be destroyed or to perish. Jesus is emphatically stating that those who belong to Him are safe from eternal destruction. This promise is a source of great comfort and confidence, affirming the eternal security of the believer in Christ.

No one can snatch them
"No one can snatch them" uses the Greek word "ἁρπάσει" (harpasei), which means to seize or snatch away by force. This imagery conveys the strength and protection of Christ over His followers. It reassures believers that no external force, whether spiritual or physical, can remove them from the safety and security of Jesus' care. This is a testament to the omnipotence of Christ and His ability to protect His own.

out of My hand
The phrase "out of My hand" signifies the personal and powerful grip of Jesus on His followers. The hand is often a symbol of power and authority in biblical literature. Here, it represents the divine authority and protection of Christ. The imagery of being held in Jesus' hand conveys a sense of security and belonging, emphasizing that believers are under the sovereign care of the Good Shepherd, who is both willing and able to keep them safe for eternity.

My Father
The phrase "My Father" signifies the intimate and unique relationship between Jesus and God. In the Greek, "Pater" is used, emphasizing a familial bond that is both personal and authoritative. This relationship is foundational to understanding the Trinity, where Jesus acknowledges God as His Father, highlighting both His divinity and His submission to the Father's will. Historically, this claim would have been radical to Jesus' Jewish audience, who revered God as the Father of Israel but did not claim such personal sonship.

who has given them to Me
This phrase underscores the divine sovereignty and the predetermined plan of salvation. The Greek word "dedoken" (has given) indicates a completed action, suggesting that the believers are a gift from the Father to the Son. This reflects the doctrine of election, where God, in His omniscience and omnipotence, has chosen those who will come to faith in Christ. It is a comforting assurance of the believer's security in God's eternal plan.

is greater than all
Here, the supremacy of God is declared. The Greek word "meizon" (greater) conveys not just size or power but also authority and preeminence. This statement affirms the monotheistic belief that God is above all creation, all powers, and all authorities. In a historical context, this would have been a profound assertion against the backdrop of Roman polytheism and the pantheon of gods, reinforcing the Christian belief in one sovereign God.

No one can snatch them
The phrase "No one can snatch them" provides a powerful assurance of the believer's security. The Greek word "harpasei" (snatch) implies a forceful or violent taking away. This imagery suggests that no external force, whether spiritual or physical, can remove the believers from their secure position in Christ. It is a promise of eternal security, emphasizing the strength and protection provided by God.

out of My Father’s hand
The imagery of "My Father’s hand" symbolizes protection, possession, and power. In the ancient Near Eastern context, the hand was often a symbol of strength and authority. The phrase assures believers of their secure position within the protective grasp of God. It echoes the Old Testament imagery of God as a shepherd who holds His flock securely, reinforcing the theme of divine care and eternal security found throughout Scripture.

I
The Greek word for "I" here is "ἐγώ" (egō), which is a personal pronoun emphasizing the speaker's identity. In the context of the Gospel of John, Jesus frequently uses "ἐγώ" to assert His divine identity and mission. This pronoun is significant because it highlights Jesus' self-awareness and His unique relationship with the Father. In the broader scriptural context, Jesus' use of "I" often precedes profound declarations about His nature and purpose, such as the "I am" statements found throughout the Gospel of John, which echo God's self-revelation to Moses in Exodus 3:14.

and
The conjunction "and" in Greek is "καί" (kai), which serves to connect Jesus with the Father in a manner that implies unity and equality. This small word is crucial in understanding the relationship between Jesus and the Father, as it does not suggest a hierarchy or separation but rather a partnership and oneness in essence and purpose. Theologically, this conjunction supports the doctrine of the Trinity, where the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are distinct persons yet one in essence.

the Father
The term "the Father" in Greek is "ὁ πατήρ" (ho patēr), which denotes a familial and authoritative relationship. In the Jewish context, referring to God as "Father" was a profound acknowledgment of His role as Creator and Sustainer. Jesus' use of "the Father" emphasizes His intimate and unique relationship with God, which is central to His identity and mission. This term also reflects the Trinitarian understanding of God, where the Father is the first person of the Trinity, distinct yet one with the Son and the Holy Spirit.

are
The verb "are" in Greek is "ἐσμέν" (esmen), which is the first person plural of "to be." This verb is significant because it indicates a present and continuous state of being. In this context, it underscores the ongoing and eternal unity between Jesus and the Father. The use of "are" rather than "were" or "will be" suggests that this unity is not bound by time but is an eternal truth. This aligns with the Christian belief in the eternal nature of the Godhead.

one
The Greek word for "one" is "ἕν" (hen), which signifies unity and singularity. In this context, "one" does not merely imply agreement or harmony but rather an essential oneness in nature and essence. This is a profound statement of Jesus' divinity, as it asserts that He and the Father share the same divine essence. Historically, this declaration was controversial and led to accusations of blasphemy from the Jewish leaders, as it equated Jesus with God. Theologically, this statement is foundational for the doctrine of the Trinity, affirming that while the Father and the Son are distinct persons, they are one in essence and being.

At this
This phrase indicates a reaction to a preceding event or statement. In the context of John 10, Jesus had just declared, "I and the Father are one" (John 10:30, BSB). This assertion of unity with God was a profound theological claim, perceived as blasphemous by His audience. The phrase "at this" underscores the immediate and intense response to Jesus' declaration, highlighting the tension between Jesus and the religious leaders of His time.

the Jews
In the Gospel of John, "the Jews" often refers to the Jewish religious leaders or those in opposition to Jesus, rather than the Jewish people as a whole. This distinction is crucial for understanding the narrative. Historically, the Jewish leaders were protective of their religious traditions and wary of any perceived threats to their authority or the established order. Jesus' teachings and claims challenged their understanding of God and the Law, leading to frequent confrontations.

again
The use of "again" indicates that this was not the first time the Jewish leaders sought to stone Jesus. Earlier in John 8:59, they attempted to stone Him after He declared, "before Abraham was born, I am!" (BSB). This repetition emphasizes the persistent hostility and rejection Jesus faced from the religious authorities, who were unwilling to accept His divine identity and mission.

picked up stones
Stoning was a method of execution prescribed in the Law of Moses for certain offenses, including blasphemy (Leviticus 24:16). The act of picking up stones signifies a readiness to carry out this severe punishment. It reflects the leaders' belief that Jesus' claim to be one with the Father was blasphemous, warranting death according to their interpretation of the Law.

to stone Him
The intention "to stone Him" reveals the gravity of the situation. Stoning was not only a physical act of violence but also a communal judgment, symbolizing the leaders' collective rejection of Jesus. This phrase highlights the stark contrast between Jesus' message of life and the leaders' response of death. It serves as a poignant reminder of the cost of truth and the resistance it often faces.

But Jesus replied
This phrase introduces the response of Jesus, indicating a direct and personal engagement with His audience. The Greek word for "replied" (ἀπεκρίθη) suggests a thoughtful and deliberate answer, emphasizing Jesus' role as a teacher and a communicator of divine truth. In the context of the Gospel of John, Jesus often uses His replies to reveal deeper spiritual truths and to challenge the misconceptions of His listeners.

I have shown you
The phrase "I have shown you" underscores the visible and tangible nature of Jesus' ministry. The Greek verb "δείκνυμι" implies a demonstration or manifestation, suggesting that Jesus' works were not hidden but openly displayed for all to see. This highlights the transparency and authenticity of His mission, as His actions were meant to reveal the character and power of God.

many good works
"Many good works" refers to the numerous miracles and acts of compassion performed by Jesus. The Greek word for "good" (καλός) conveys not only moral goodness but also beauty and excellence. These works were a testament to Jesus' divine authority and His alignment with the will of the Father. Historically, these acts were signs pointing to the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies and the inauguration of God's kingdom on earth.

from the Father
This phrase emphasizes the divine origin of Jesus' works. The preposition "from" (ἐκ) indicates source and origin, affirming that Jesus' actions were not self-initiated but were in perfect harmony with the Father's will. This relationship between Jesus and the Father is a central theme in the Gospel of John, highlighting the unity and co-operation within the Trinity.

For which of these
Here, Jesus challenges His accusers to consider the specific reason for their hostility. The phrase "for which" (διὰ ποῖον) invites reflection and discernment, urging the audience to evaluate the evidence of His works. This rhetorical question exposes the irrationality of their intent to stone Him, as His actions were undeniably good and beneficial.

do you stone Me?
The act of stoning was a severe form of punishment in Jewish law, reserved for grave offenses. By asking "do you stone Me?" Jesus confronts the injustice and irony of their actions. The Greek verb "λιθάζω" (to stone) is a strong term that conveys violence and rejection. This question not only highlights the hostility Jesus faced but also serves as a poignant reminder of the world's resistance to divine truth and goodness.

We are not stoning You for any good work
The phrase begins with a clear denial of the Jews' intentions being related to Jesus' actions. The Greek word for "stoning" (λιθάζω, lithazō) indicates a form of capital punishment reserved for severe transgressions, reflecting the gravity of the accusation. The Jews acknowledge Jesus' "good work" (καλὸν ἔργον, kalon ergon), which implies that His miracles and teachings were recognized as beneficial and righteous. This acknowledgment highlights the paradox of their rejection, as they could not fault His deeds but took issue with His claims.

said the Jews
The term "Jews" (Ἰουδαῖοι, Ioudaioi) in the Gospel of John often refers to the religious leaders or those in opposition to Jesus, rather than the Jewish people as a whole. Historically, this reflects the tension between Jesus and the religious authorities of His time, who felt threatened by His growing influence and His challenges to their interpretations of the Law.

but for blasphemy
"Blasphemy" (βλασφημία, blasphēmia) in the Jewish context was a serious charge, often involving speaking irreverently about God or claiming divine status. According to Levitical law (Leviticus 24:16), blasphemy was punishable by death. The accusation here is not just a legal charge but a theological one, as it challenges the core of Jesus' identity and mission.

because You, who are a man
This phrase underscores the humanity of Jesus, which was evident to His contemporaries. The Greek word for "man" (ἄνθρωπος, anthrōpos) emphasizes His human nature, which was undeniable to those who interacted with Him. This acknowledgment of His humanity sets the stage for the perceived scandal of His divine claims.

declare Yourself to be God
The crux of the accusation lies in Jesus' self-identification as God. The Greek verb "declare" (ποιεῖς, poieis) suggests an active, intentional claim. This was a radical assertion, as it equated Jesus with Yahweh, the God of Israel, which was considered blasphemous by the Jewish leaders. The historical and scriptural context reveals that Jesus' claim was not a misunderstanding but a deliberate revelation of His divine nature, aligning with Old Testament prophecies and His role as the Messiah. This declaration challenges believers to recognize the dual nature of Christ as both fully human and fully divine, a cornerstone of Christian faith.

Jesus replied
This phrase indicates a direct response from Jesus, showcasing His role as a teacher and authority. The Greek word for "replied" is "ἀπεκρίθη" (apekrithē), which implies a thoughtful and authoritative answer. Jesus often used questions and responses to challenge prevailing interpretations and to reveal deeper truths. His reply here is not just a defense but an invitation to deeper understanding.

Is it not written
This phrase underscores the authority of Scripture in Jesus' teaching. The Greek "γέγραπται" (gegraptai) means "it is written," a term used to affirm the enduring and unchanging nature of the Scriptures. Jesus frequently used this phrase to point back to the Old Testament, emphasizing its divine inspiration and relevance.

in your Law
Here, "Law" refers to the Torah, the first five books of the Old Testament, but can also broadly encompass the entire Hebrew Scriptures. The Greek word "νόμος" (nomos) is used, which can mean law, principle, or instruction. By saying "your Law," Jesus is addressing the Jewish leaders, highlighting their responsibility to understand and interpret the Scriptures correctly.

I have said
This phrase is a direct quotation from Psalm 82:6, where God addresses human judges. The Greek "εἶπον" (eipon) is used, which is a simple past tense, indicating a statement made with authority. Jesus uses this to remind His audience of their own Scriptures, which they held in high regard.

you are gods
This is a reference to Psalm 82:6, where the term "gods" (Hebrew "אֱלֹהִים," elohim) is used to describe human judges or leaders who were given authority by God. In the Greek, "θεοί" (theoi) is used, which can mean gods or divine beings. Jesus uses this to illustrate that if Scripture can use such language for humans, His claim to be the Son of God is not blasphemous. This challenges the audience to reconsider their understanding of divinity and authority.

If he called them gods
This phrase refers to a passage in Psalm 82:6, where God addresses human judges as "gods" (elohim) due to their role in executing divine justice. The term "gods" here is not to be understood as divine beings but as representatives of God's authority on earth. In the historical context, judges were seen as God's mouthpiece, and their judgments were to reflect His justice and righteousness. The use of "gods" underscores the gravity and responsibility of their role. Jesus uses this reference to argue that if human judges can be called "gods" due to their divine commission, how much more can He, the Son of God, claim a unique relationship with the Father.

to whom the word of God came
This phrase emphasizes the divine origin and authority of the message delivered to the judges. The "word of God" (logos tou Theou) signifies the divine revelation and command that was entrusted to them. In the broader scriptural context, the "word of God" is powerful, creative, and authoritative, as seen in Genesis 1 and throughout the prophetic writings. The historical context suggests that these judges were expected to administer justice according to God's revealed will, highlighting the sacred trust placed upon them. Jesus implies that if these judges received such a designation through God's word, His own claim is even more legitimate, given His unique relationship with the Father.

and the Scripture cannot be broken
This phrase asserts the inviolability and enduring truth of Scripture. The Greek word for "broken" (luo) means to loosen or dissolve, indicating that Scripture cannot be nullified or disregarded. From a conservative Christian perspective, this underscores the belief in the inerrancy and infallibility of the Bible. Historically, Jewish tradition held Scripture in the highest regard, considering it the ultimate authority in matters of faith and practice. Jesus' statement affirms that every word of Scripture is binding and must be fulfilled. This serves as a foundation for His argument, as He appeals to the authority of Scripture to validate His claims and teachings.

then what about
This phrase introduces a rhetorical question that Jesus poses to His accusers. In the Greek, the word "then" (οὖν, oun) serves as a logical connector, indicating a conclusion or inference from the preceding argument. Jesus is challenging the logic of the Jewish leaders, urging them to reconsider their accusations in light of the evidence He presents. This approach is consistent with rabbinic teaching methods, where questions are used to provoke deeper thought and reflection.

the One whom the Father sanctified
The term "sanctified" (ἡγίασεν, hēgiasen) is derived from the Greek root "hagios," meaning "holy" or "set apart." In the Jewish tradition, sanctification implies being set apart for a divine purpose. Jesus is emphasizing His unique role and divine mission, having been consecrated by the Father Himself. This sanctification is not merely ceremonial but signifies a profound spiritual authority and purpose, aligning with Old Testament practices where priests and prophets were set apart for God's work.

and sent into the world
The phrase "sent into the world" underscores the divine mission and pre-existence of Jesus. The Greek word "sent" (ἀπέστειλεν, apesteilen) is often used in the context of a mission or commission. This reflects the Johannine theme of Jesus as the divine emissary, echoing the Old Testament prophets who were sent by God to deliver His message. The world (κόσμον, kosmon) here represents humanity in its fallen state, highlighting the redemptive purpose of Jesus' mission.

How can you accuse Me of blasphemy
The accusation of blasphemy (βλασφημεῖς, blasphēmeis) is a serious charge under Jewish law, punishable by death. Jesus challenges this accusation by questioning the basis of their claim. In the historical context, blasphemy involved speaking against God or claiming divine attributes. Jesus' question exposes the inconsistency in their logic, as His works and words consistently align with the Father's will, demonstrating His divine authority.

for stating that I am the Son of God?
The declaration "I am the Son of God" is central to Jesus' identity and mission. The Greek phrase "υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ" (huios tou Theou) signifies a unique and intimate relationship with the Father, going beyond the general sense of being a child of God. This claim is rooted in Old Testament messianic prophecies and is a cornerstone of Christian belief. Jesus' assertion is not merely a title but a revelation of His divine nature and authority, inviting His listeners to recognize and accept His true identity.

If I am not doing
This phrase introduces a conditional statement, emphasizing the importance of action in validating Jesus' claims. The Greek word for "doing" is "ποιῶ" (poió), which implies continuous action or practice. In the context of Jesus' ministry, this highlights the ongoing nature of His works as evidence of His divine mission. Historically, Jesus' actions were a fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies, serving as a testament to His identity as the Messiah.

the works
The term "works" (Greek: "ἔργα," erga) refers to the miraculous deeds and teachings of Jesus. These works are not merely acts of power but are deeply rooted in the character and mission of God. In the Jewish context, works were seen as a reflection of one's relationship with God. Jesus' works were a direct manifestation of divine authority and compassion, aligning with the prophetic expectations of the Messiah.

of My Father
This phrase underscores the intimate relationship between Jesus and God the Father. The Greek word for "Father" is "Πατρός" (Patros), indicating a familial and authoritative connection. In the historical and scriptural context, Jesus consistently attributes His works to the Father, reinforcing His divine sonship and the unity of purpose between Him and God. This relationship is central to understanding the nature of Jesus' mission and His authority.

then do not believe Me
Here, Jesus presents a logical conclusion: if His works do not align with the Father's, then belief in Him is unwarranted. The Greek word for "believe" is "πιστεύετε" (pisteuete), which implies trust and faith. In the conservative Christian perspective, faith is not blind but is based on the evidence of Jesus' works and teachings. This statement challenges the audience to discern the truth of Jesus' identity through the lens of His actions, which consistently reveal His divine nature and mission.

But if I am doing them
This phrase emphasizes the conditional nature of Jesus' appeal. The Greek word for "doing" is "poieō," which implies not just performing an action but fulfilling a purpose or mission. Jesus is referring to His miracles and works, which are tangible evidence of His divine authority and mission. In the historical context, these works were signs that validated His claims to be the Messiah, fulfilling Old Testament prophecies and demonstrating His unity with the Father.

even though you do not believe Me
Here, Jesus acknowledges the skepticism of His audience. The Greek word for "believe" is "pisteuō," which means to have faith or trust. Despite their disbelief in His words, Jesus invites them to consider the evidence of His works. This reflects a compassionate approach, understanding human doubt and providing a pathway to faith through observable evidence.

believe the works themselves
The emphasis on "works" (Greek: "erga") highlights the miraculous deeds of Jesus as a testament to His divine nature. These works are not merely acts of power but are deeply connected to the character and mission of Jesus. They serve as a bridge for faith, inviting observers to move from skepticism to belief based on the undeniable evidence of divine intervention in the world.

so that you may know and understand
The Greek words "ginōskō" (to know) and "ginōskō" (to understand) suggest a deep, experiential knowledge that goes beyond intellectual assent. Jesus desires His audience to have a profound realization and comprehension of His identity and mission. This knowledge is transformative, leading to a deeper relationship with God.

that the Father is in Me, and I in the Father
This statement encapsulates the profound unity between Jesus and the Father. The Greek preposition "en" (in) signifies an intimate, indwelling relationship. This unity is central to the Christian understanding of the Trinity, where the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are distinct yet one in essence. Historically, this claim was revolutionary, challenging the prevailing Jewish understanding of God and affirming Jesus' divine nature. It invites believers to enter into this divine relationship, experiencing the love and presence of God through Christ.

At this
This phrase indicates a reaction to the preceding events or statements. In the context of John 10, Jesus has been speaking about His unity with the Father, which provoked a strong reaction from the Jewish leaders. The phrase "at this" serves as a pivotal moment, highlighting the tension between Jesus' divine claims and the disbelief of His audience. Historically, this reflects the growing opposition Jesus faced from religious authorities who were threatened by His teachings and His challenge to their understanding of God.

they tried again
The word "again" suggests a repeated effort, indicating that this was not the first time the Jewish leaders attempted to seize Jesus. This persistence underscores their determination to silence Him, reflecting the ongoing conflict between Jesus and the religious establishment. The Greek root for "tried" (ἐζήτουν) implies a deliberate and concerted effort, emphasizing the intensity of their opposition. This historical context reveals the increasing hostility Jesus faced as His ministry progressed.

to seize Him
The act of seizing implies an intention to arrest or detain Jesus forcibly. This reflects the leaders' perception of Jesus as a threat to their authority and religious order. The Greek word used here (πιάσαι) conveys a sense of laying hold of or capturing, which aligns with the leaders' desire to stop Jesus' influence. This moment foreshadows the eventual arrest and crucifixion of Jesus, highlighting the escalating conflict between Him and the religious authorities.

but He escaped
The phrase "He escaped" indicates Jesus' ability to avoid capture, suggesting divine intervention or wisdom in eluding His adversaries. The Greek word (ἐξῆλθεν) can also mean "went out" or "departed," implying a calm and controlled exit rather than a frantic escape. This demonstrates Jesus' sovereignty and control over the situation, reinforcing His divine nature and mission. It also reflects the biblical theme of God's protection over His chosen ones until their appointed time.

their grasp
The term "grasp" symbolizes the leaders' desire to exert control over Jesus, both physically and spiritually. The inability to hold Him signifies their lack of power over His mission and destiny. This moment serves as a reminder of the futility of human efforts against God's divine plan. The historical and scriptural context emphasizes that Jesus' life and mission were guided by a higher purpose, one that could not be thwarted by human opposition.

Then Jesus went back across the Jordan
This phrase marks a significant transition in the ministry of Jesus. The act of going "back across the Jordan" is not merely a geographical movement but a symbolic return to a place of beginnings. The Jordan River holds deep historical and spiritual significance in the Bible. It was the site where the Israelites crossed into the Promised Land (Joshua 3:14-17) and where John the Baptist conducted his ministry of repentance and baptism (John 1:28). By returning to this area, Jesus is reconnecting with the foundational elements of His mission and the prophetic traditions that preceded Him. The Greek word for "went back" (ἀπῆλθεν) suggests a deliberate and purposeful action, indicating that Jesus is intentionally retreating to a place of spiritual significance and preparation.

to the place where John had been baptizing
This phrase emphasizes the importance of the location where John the Baptist had been active. John’s ministry was characterized by a call to repentance and preparation for the coming Messiah (Matthew 3:1-3). The "place" mentioned here is likely Bethany beyond the Jordan, a site associated with spiritual renewal and divine encounters. The Greek term for "baptizing" (βαπτίζων) is rooted in the concept of immersion, symbolizing purification and the washing away of sins. By returning to this place, Jesus is reaffirming the continuity of His mission with that of John’s, highlighting the fulfillment of prophetic expectations and the inauguration of a new covenant.

in the early days
The phrase "in the early days" refers to the initial period of Jesus' public ministry. This time was marked by the gathering of His first disciples and the initial proclamation of the Kingdom of God. The Greek word for "early" (πρῶτος) can also mean "first" or "foremost," suggesting a return to foundational principles and the original fervor of His mission. This return to the beginnings serves as a reminder of the purity and simplicity of the Gospel message. It is a call to remember the initial zeal and commitment that characterized the early days of faith, both for Jesus and for His followers. This reflection on the past serves to inspire a renewed dedication to the mission and message of Christ.

Many came to Him
This phrase indicates the drawing power of Jesus' ministry. The Greek word for "came" is "ἦλθον" (ēlthon), which implies movement towards a person or place. Historically, this reflects the growing interest and curiosity among the people about Jesus, despite the religious leaders' opposition. The multitude's approach to Jesus signifies a collective recognition of His authority and the truth of His message, which resonates with the human longing for spiritual truth and fulfillment.

and said
The act of speaking here is significant. The Greek word "εἶπαν" (eipan) suggests a declaration or testimony. This reflects the communal acknowledgment and verbal affirmation of Jesus' identity and mission. In a historical context, verbal testimony was a powerful tool for spreading news and confirming truth, especially in a culture that valued oral tradition. This phrase underscores the importance of witness and confession in the Christian faith.

Although John never performed a sign
This phrase highlights the ministry of John the Baptist. The Greek word for "sign" is "σημεῖον" (sēmeion), which refers to miraculous acts that point to divine authority. John the Baptist's ministry was characterized by preaching repentance and preparing the way for Jesus, rather than performing miracles. This distinction emphasizes that the power of John's ministry lay in his prophetic message and the truth he proclaimed, rather than in miraculous signs. It serves as a reminder that God's work is not always accompanied by the spectacular, but often through faithful proclamation.

everything he said about this man was true
This statement is a powerful affirmation of the reliability and truthfulness of John the Baptist's testimony about Jesus. The Greek word for "true" is "ἀληθής" (alēthēs), meaning genuine or in accordance with fact. Historically, this reflects the fulfillment of John's prophetic declarations about Jesus as the Messiah. Scripturally, it underscores the consistency and harmony between the Old Testament prophecies, John's testimony, and Jesus' life and work. This phrase inspires confidence in the truth of the Gospel message and the reliability of God's promises.

And many
The phrase "And many" indicates a significant number of people. In the context of the Gospel of John, this suggests a notable response to Jesus' presence and message. The Greek word for "many" is "πολλοί" (polloi), which often implies a multitude or a large group. This highlights the impact of Jesus' ministry and the widespread nature of His influence. Historically, this reflects the growing movement of people who were drawn to Jesus, despite the opposition from religious leaders.

believed
The Greek word for "believed" is "ἐπίστευσαν" (episteusan), derived from "πιστεύω" (pisteuō), meaning to have faith or trust. In the Gospel of John, belief is a central theme, often associated with recognizing Jesus as the Messiah and the Son of God. This belief is not merely intellectual assent but involves a deep trust and commitment to Jesus. Theologically, this belief is seen as a work of the Holy Spirit, drawing individuals to faith in Christ.

in Him
The phrase "in Him" signifies the object of their belief, which is Jesus Himself. This is crucial because it underscores that their faith was not in a set of doctrines or teachings alone, but in the person of Jesus Christ. In the Johannine context, believing "in Him" is synonymous with accepting Jesus' identity and mission as the Savior. This personal trust in Jesus is foundational to Christian faith and salvation.

there
The word "there" refers to the location where this belief took place. In the context of John 10, this is likely referring to the region beyond the Jordan where John the Baptist had been baptizing (John 10:40). This geographical reference is significant because it connects Jesus' ministry to the preparatory work of John the Baptist. It also highlights the continuity of God's redemptive plan, as those who had been prepared by John's message were now coming to faith in Jesus. Historically, this area was a place of spiritual awakening and renewal, making it a fitting backdrop for the belief in Jesus to flourish.