Then we turned
This phrase marks a transition in the journey of the Israelites. The Hebrew root for "turned" is "פָּנָה" (panah), which often implies a change in direction or focus. In the context of Deuteronomy, it signifies a divinely guided shift in the Israelites' path, emphasizing obedience to God's leading. This turning is not just physical but also spiritual, as it reflects a readiness to confront new challenges under God's command.

and went up the road
The phrase "went up" is derived from the Hebrew "עָלָה" (alah), meaning to ascend or rise. This ascent is both literal, as they move towards higher terrain, and metaphorical, symbolizing an elevation in their mission and purpose. The "road" signifies the path laid out by God, a journey of faith and trust in His promises. Historically, roads were crucial for trade and military movements, underscoring the strategic nature of their journey.

to Bashan
Bashan was a fertile and prosperous region east of the Jordan River, known for its rich pastures and strong cities. The name "Bashan" is associated with strength and abundance. Archaeological findings suggest it was a land of giants, which aligns with biblical descriptions. This setting highlights the formidable nature of the challenge before the Israelites, yet also the richness of the inheritance God promised them.

and Og king of Bashan
Og is depicted as a powerful and intimidating ruler, one of the last of the Rephaim, a race of giants. His name, "עֹג" (Og), is often associated with strength and might. The mention of Og underscores the magnitude of the opposition faced by the Israelites. Historically, Og's kingdom was known for its fortified cities and military prowess, making their victory a testament to God's power and faithfulness.

came out against us
This phrase indicates a proactive and aggressive stance by Og, as he confronts the Israelites. The Hebrew "יָצָא" (yatsa) for "came out" suggests a deliberate action, highlighting the imminent threat. This confrontation is a pivotal moment, testing the Israelites' faith and reliance on God. It serves as a reminder that spiritual battles often require facing formidable adversaries with courage and trust in divine support.

with his whole army
The phrase emphasizes the full strength and resources Og brought to the battle. The Hebrew "כָּל" (kol) for "whole" signifies completeness and totality. This overwhelming force represents the challenges believers may face, yet it also sets the stage for God to demonstrate His supremacy. The army's presence underscores the seriousness of the conflict and the need for divine intervention.

to fight at Edrei
Edrei was one of the royal cities of Og, strategically significant and well-fortified. The Hebrew "אֶדְרֶעִי" (Edrei) suggests a place of strength. The choice of Edrei as the battleground highlights the strategic and symbolic importance of the confrontation. Historically, battles at such locations were decisive, shaping the future of the region. For the Israelites, victory at Edrei would affirm God's promise and power, reinforcing their faith and commitment to His covenant.

But the LORD said to me
This phrase emphasizes the direct communication between God and Moses, highlighting the personal relationship and divine guidance that Moses received. The Hebrew word for "LORD" is "Yahweh," the covenant name of God, which signifies His eternal presence and faithfulness. This divine assurance is a reminder of God's sovereignty and His active role in the lives of His people.

Do not fear him
The command "Do not fear" is a recurring theme in Scripture, often given when God is about to perform a mighty act on behalf of His people. The Hebrew word for "fear" is "yare," which can mean to be afraid or to stand in awe. Here, it is a reassurance that God is in control, and there is no need to be afraid of earthly powers when God is on their side.

for I have delivered him into your hand
This phrase signifies God's promise of victory. The Hebrew verb "nathan," translated as "delivered," conveys the idea of giving or granting. It underscores the certainty of God's promise and His power to fulfill it. The victory is assured not by human strength but by divine intervention.

along with all his people and his land
This indicates the totality of the victory that God promises. The phrase encompasses not just the defeat of the king but also the subjugation of his people and the acquisition of his territory. It reflects the comprehensive nature of God's deliverance and His provision for His people.

Do to him as you did to Sihon king of the Amorites
This reference to Sihon serves as a reminder of past victories that God granted to Israel. The historical context is crucial here; Sihon was a formidable opponent, yet God delivered him into Israel's hands. This past success is meant to bolster the faith of the Israelites, reminding them of God's consistent faithfulness and power.

who lived in Heshbon
Heshbon was the capital city of Sihon, king of the Amorites. Mentioning Heshbon provides a geographical and historical anchor to the narrative, reminding the Israelites of the tangible reality of God's past deliverance. It serves as a testament to God's ability to overcome obstacles and fulfill His promises in specific, real-world contexts.

So the LORD our God
This phrase emphasizes the covenant relationship between the Israelites and Yahweh. The Hebrew word for "LORD" is "YHWH," the sacred and personal name of God, signifying His eternal presence and faithfulness. "Our God" underscores the personal and communal relationship the Israelites have with God, highlighting His role as their protector and deliverer. This relationship is foundational to the identity of the Israelites as God's chosen people, reminding them of His promises and their obligations to Him.

also delivered
The Hebrew root for "delivered" is "nathan," meaning to give or to hand over. This action is not merely a military victory but a divine intervention. It signifies God's active role in the affairs of His people, fulfilling His promises to give them the land. This deliverance is a continuation of God's faithfulness, as He had previously delivered Sihon, king of the Amorites, into their hands. It reassures the Israelites of God's ongoing support and power.

Og king of Bashan
Og was a formidable opponent, described elsewhere in the Bible as one of the last of the Rephaim, a race of giants. Bashan was a region known for its fertile land and strong cities. The defeat of Og symbolizes the overcoming of seemingly insurmountable obstacles through God's power. Historically, this victory would have been significant for the Israelites, as it demonstrated God's ability to conquer even the mightiest foes, reinforcing their trust in Him.

and all his people
This phrase indicates the totality of the victory. Not only was the king defeated, but his entire army was also vanquished. This comprehensive victory underscores the completeness of God's deliverance. It serves as a reminder that when God acts on behalf of His people, He does so thoroughly and decisively, leaving no room for doubt or fear.

into our hands
The phrase "into our hands" suggests a transfer of power and control. It implies that the victory was not achieved by the Israelites' strength alone but was a gift from God. This expression is a reminder of the Israelites' dependence on God for success and the importance of attributing their victories to His providence rather than their own abilities.

and we struck them down
The act of striking down the enemy is a fulfillment of God's command to the Israelites to conquer the land He promised them. It reflects the obedience of the Israelites to God's instructions and their role as instruments of His judgment against the wickedness of the Canaanite nations. This action is both a physical and spiritual victory, as it represents the triumph of God's righteousness over evil.

until no survivor was left
This phrase indicates the total annihilation of Og's forces, ensuring that no threat remained. It reflects the severity of God's judgment and the necessity of complete obedience to His commands. Historically, such total destruction was common in ancient warfare, especially in the context of divine mandate. Spiritually, it serves as a metaphor for the complete eradication of sin and evil in the life of a believer, emphasizing the need for total commitment to God's will.

At that time
This phrase situates the events within a specific historical context, emphasizing the immediacy and divine timing of Israel's conquest. The Hebrew root for "time" (עֵת, 'et) often signifies an appointed or opportune moment, suggesting that this victory was orchestrated by God’s providence. It reminds believers of the importance of recognizing and seizing God-given opportunities in their own lives.

we captured
The Hebrew verb used here (לָכַד, lakad) implies a decisive and complete action. It reflects the totality of the victory granted by God to the Israelites. This word underscores the theme of divine empowerment, where God enables His people to achieve what would otherwise be impossible, encouraging believers to trust in God's strength rather than their own.

all his cities
The phrase highlights the comprehensive nature of the conquest. The word "all" (כָּל, kol) in Hebrew emphasizes completeness and totality. This serves as a testament to God's promise-keeping nature, as He had assured the Israelites of victory over their enemies. It reassures believers of God's faithfulness in fulfilling His promises.

there was not a city that we did not take from them
This repetition reinforces the totality of the victory. The emphasis on "not a city" (לֹא נִשְׁאַר, lo nish'ar) underscores the thoroughness of God's deliverance. It serves as a reminder that when God is for His people, no obstacle can stand against them, encouraging believers to have confidence in God's ability to overcome any challenge.

sixty cities
The specific number "sixty" (שִׁשִּׁים, shishim) indicates the vastness of the conquest. In biblical numerology, sixty can symbolize completeness and abundance. This detail highlights the magnitude of the victory and the richness of the land God was giving to His people, inspiring believers to recognize the abundance of God's blessings in their lives.

the whole region of Argob
Argob, a region known for its fortified cities and fertile land, represents a significant and strategic victory. The Hebrew word for "region" (חֶבֶל, chevel) can also mean "portion" or "inheritance," suggesting that this land was part of the inheritance God had promised to Israel. This encourages believers to see their spiritual inheritance in Christ as secure and abundant.

the kingdom of Og in Bashan
Og, the king of Bashan, was a formidable opponent, known for his strength and the size of his kingdom. The mention of "Bashan" (בָּשָׁן, Bashan) evokes images of a fertile and prosperous land. This victory over a powerful enemy serves as a reminder of God's supremacy over all earthly powers and His ability to deliver His people from seemingly insurmountable challenges. It inspires believers to trust in God's sovereignty and His ultimate victory over evil.

All these cities
This phrase refers to the cities of Bashan, a region east of the Jordan River, which the Israelites conquered under Moses' leadership. The Hebrew word for "cities" is "עָרִים" (arim), indicating not just urban centers but also places of significant strategic and economic importance. Historically, these cities were part of the Amorite kingdom, and their conquest demonstrated God's faithfulness in delivering the Promised Land to Israel.

were fortified
The Hebrew root "בָּצַר" (batsar) means to make inaccessible or to enclose. This suggests that these cities were well-defended and strategically important. The fortification of cities was a common practice in ancient Near Eastern cultures, serving as a defense against invaders. The fact that these cities were fortified highlights the miraculous nature of Israel's victory, emphasizing God's power and provision.

with high walls
The phrase "high walls" underscores the formidable nature of these cities. In ancient times, high walls were a primary defense mechanism, symbolizing strength and security. The Hebrew word "גָּבוֹהַּ" (gavoah) for "high" conveys not just physical height but also the imposing nature of these defenses. The Israelites' ability to conquer such cities is a testament to divine intervention.

and gates and bars
Gates were crucial for controlling access to a city, and bars provided additional security. The Hebrew word for "gates" is "שַׁעַר" (sha'ar), and "bars" is "בְּרִיחַ" (beriach). These elements of city defense illustrate the comprehensive security measures in place, which would have been daunting to any attacking force. The overcoming of such defenses by the Israelites highlights the theme of God's sovereignty and the fulfillment of His promises.

besides a great many unwalled villages
This phrase contrasts the fortified cities with the more vulnerable unwalled villages. The Hebrew word for "villages" is "פְּרָזוֹת" (perazot), indicating open or rural settlements. These villages, while numerous, lacked the defenses of the cities, making them easier targets. The mention of both fortified cities and unwalled villages demonstrates the thoroughness of Israel's conquest and God's provision of the land in its entirety.

We completely destroyed them
The Hebrew root for "completely destroyed" is "חָרַם" (charam), which implies a total devotion to destruction, often for religious purposes. This term is used in the context of holy war, where the destruction is seen as an act of obedience to God's command. Historically, this reflects the ancient Near Eastern practice of herem, where conquered peoples and their possessions were devoted to the deity, signifying total surrender and the removal of any potential idolatrous influence.

as we had done to Sihon king of Heshbon
This phrase refers back to the earlier conquest of Sihon, king of the Amorites, as recorded in Deuteronomy 2:24-37. The historical context here is significant, as it demonstrates a pattern of divine intervention and victory for the Israelites. Sihon's defeat is a testament to God's faithfulness in fulfilling His promises to Israel, reinforcing the idea that God is actively involved in the affairs of His people, guiding them to the Promised Land.

destroying the men, women, and children
The inclusion of "men, women, and children" in the destruction highlights the totality of the conquest. From a historical and archaeological perspective, this reflects the harsh realities of ancient warfare, where entire populations were often annihilated to prevent future rebellion and to ensure the security of the victors. Theologically, this difficult passage challenges readers to grapple with the justice and holiness of God, who commands such actions in the context of His divine plan for Israel.

of every city
The phrase "of every city" underscores the comprehensive nature of the conquest. Each city within the conquered territory was subjected to the same fate, emphasizing the thoroughness of Israel's obedience to God's command. This reflects the broader biblical theme of God's sovereignty over nations and His right to judge them according to His purposes. It also serves as a reminder of the seriousness with which God views sin and idolatry, and the lengths to which He will go to preserve the holiness of His people.

But all the livestock
The phrase "But all the livestock" indicates a transition from the previous verses where the Israelites were instructed by God to conquer the land. The Hebrew word for livestock, "mikneh," refers to domesticated animals, which were a significant measure of wealth and sustenance in ancient times. Livestock was essential for agricultural societies, providing food, clothing, and labor. In the context of the Israelites, acquiring livestock from conquered cities was not just about wealth but also about survival and establishing a stable community in the Promised Land.

and the plunder of the cities
The term "plunder" comes from the Hebrew word "shalal," which means spoil or booty taken in war. In ancient warfare, it was customary for the victors to take the goods of the defeated as a reward for their efforts. The "cities" refer to the fortified settlements of the Amorites, which the Israelites were commanded to conquer. This plunder was not merely material gain but a fulfillment of God's promise to provide for His people. It also served as a tangible sign of God's faithfulness and the Israelites' obedience to His commands.

we carried off for ourselves
The phrase "we carried off for ourselves" emphasizes the action taken by the Israelites in obedience to God's command. The Hebrew verb "laqach" means to take or seize, indicating a deliberate and purposeful action. This reflects the Israelites' role as active participants in God's plan, taking possession of what was divinely appointed to them. The phrase underscores the personal responsibility and agency of the Israelites in claiming God's promises. It also highlights the communal aspect of their journey, as the plunder was shared among the people, reinforcing their unity and collective identity as God's chosen nation.

So at that time
This phrase sets the historical context for the events being described. It refers to a specific period during the Israelites' journey to the Promised Land. The Hebrew root for "time" is "עֵת" (et), which often signifies a divinely appointed moment. This highlights God's sovereignty and timing in the unfolding of His plans for Israel.

we took
The use of "we" indicates collective action by the Israelites under the leadership of Moses. The Hebrew root "לָקַח" (laqach) means to take, capture, or seize. This suggests a decisive and forceful action, emphasizing the fulfillment of God's promise to give the land to His people.

the land
This refers to the territory east of the Jordan River, which was part of the inheritance promised to the descendants of Abraham. The Hebrew word "אֶרֶץ" (eretz) is used here, often denoting not just physical land but also a place of divine blessing and covenant fulfillment.

from the two kings of the Amorites
The Amorites were a significant Canaanite people, and their defeat symbolizes God's power over the nations and His ability to deliver His promises. The historical context shows that these kings, Sihon and Og, were formidable opponents, yet they were overcome by God's intervention.

across the Jordan
This geographical marker is significant as it delineates the boundary between the wilderness wanderings and the entry into the Promised Land. The Jordan River often symbolizes a transition from the old to the new, from wandering to settlement.

from the Valley of the Arnon
The Arnon Valley served as a natural boundary between Moab and the Amorite territory. Its mention here underscores the extent of the land conquered and the strategic victories achieved by the Israelites.

to Mount Hermon
Mount Hermon is a significant landmark in the northern part of the conquered territory. It represents the northernmost point of the land taken by the Israelites. The mountain is often associated with majesty and divine presence, reinforcing the idea of God's overarching authority in granting this land to His people.

the Sidonians
The Sidonians were the inhabitants of Sidon, a prominent ancient Phoenician city located in what is now modern-day Lebanon. Known for their seafaring and trade, the Sidonians were influential in the ancient Near East. Their mention here highlights the cultural and geographical interactions between different peoples in the region. The Sidonians' perspective on Mount Hermon reflects their own cultural and linguistic heritage, emphasizing the diversity of names and identities attributed to significant landmarks.

call Hermon
Mount Hermon is a significant mountain range in the Anti-Lebanon mountain range, straddling the borders of modern-day Syria and Lebanon. In biblical times, it marked the northern boundary of the Promised Land. The Hebrew root for "Hermon" (חֶרְמוֹן) suggests a sacred or devoted place, indicating its importance in the religious and cultural landscape of the region. The mountain's snow-capped peaks and strategic location made it a notable landmark for various peoples.

Sirion
This name for Mount Hermon, used by the Sidonians, reflects the linguistic diversity of the ancient Near East. "Sirion" (שִׂרְיוֹן) may derive from a root meaning "breastplate" or "armor," possibly alluding to the mountain's protective and formidable presence. The use of different names for the same geographical feature underscores the varied cultural perspectives and the significance of Mount Hermon to different groups.

the Amorites
The Amorites were a Semitic people who played a significant role in the history of the ancient Near East. They are frequently mentioned in the Old Testament as inhabitants of Canaan before the Israelite conquest. The Amorites' naming of Mount Hermon as "Senir" reflects their own cultural and linguistic identity. Their presence in the biblical narrative often symbolizes the challenges and obstacles faced by the Israelites in claiming the Promised Land.

call it Senir
"Senir" (שְׂנִיר) is another name for Mount Hermon, used by the Amorites. The root of "Senir" may be related to a word meaning "coat of mail" or "armor," similar to "Sirion." This parallel suggests a shared cultural understanding of the mountain's imposing and protective nature. The use of multiple names for Mount Hermon in this verse highlights the mountain's significance across different cultures and its role as a landmark in the biblical narrative.

We captured all the cities on the plateau
This phrase highlights the comprehensive victory of the Israelites over the Amorite territories. The Hebrew root for "captured" is לָכַד (lakad), which implies a decisive and complete conquest. The "plateau" refers to the elevated region east of the Jordan River, known for its strategic and fertile lands. Historically, this area was significant for its agricultural productivity and military advantage, underscoring the importance of this victory in securing the Promised Land.

and all Gilead
Gilead is a region east of the Jordan River, known for its balm and rugged terrain. The Hebrew name גִּלְעָד (Gil'ad) can mean "rocky region," reflecting its geographical features. Gilead's mention here emphasizes the extent of Israel's conquest, as it was a significant and challenging area to control. Biblically, Gilead is often associated with healing and refuge, symbolizing God's provision and protection for His people.

and all Bashan
Bashan was a fertile and prosperous region, famous for its rich pastures and strong cattle. The Hebrew בָּשָׁן (Bashan) suggests a place of abundance. Historically, Bashan was known for its mighty oaks and robust livestock, making it a valuable acquisition for the Israelites. This conquest demonstrates God's faithfulness in providing for Israel's needs and fulfilling His promises.

as far as Salecah and Edrei
Salecah and Edrei were key cities in the kingdom of Og, marking the boundaries of Israel's conquest in Bashan. Salecah, located on the eastern edge, and Edrei, a significant city in the region, represent the extent of Israel's territorial expansion. The mention of these cities highlights the thoroughness of the conquest and God's empowerment of Israel to overcome formidable foes.

cities of the kingdom of Og in Bashan
Og was the king of Bashan, a formidable opponent due to his reputation as a giant and his well-fortified cities. The Hebrew עוֹג (Og) is often associated with strength and might. The defeat of Og and the capture of his cities signify God's power over even the most daunting adversaries. This victory serves as a testament to God's sovereignty and His ability to deliver His people against overwhelming odds.

For only Og king of Bashan remained of the remnant of the Rephaim
The phrase "For only Og king of Bashan" introduces us to a significant figure in the narrative of Israel's conquest. Og was a formidable opponent, a king whose reputation was well-known. The Hebrew root for "Og" (עוג) suggests a roundness or circularity, possibly alluding to his strength or the completeness of his reign. "Bashan" was a fertile region east of the Jordan River, known for its rich pastures and strong cities. The "remnant of the Rephaim" refers to a group of ancient giants, often associated with great size and strength. The Rephaim were considered a mysterious and powerful people, and Og's survival as the last of them underscores his might and the significance of Israel's victory over him.

His bed was made of iron
The mention of Og's bed being "made of iron" is a testament to his extraordinary size and strength. Iron, in the ancient world, was a symbol of durability and power, often used for weapons and tools. The Hebrew word for iron, "barzel" (ברזל), conveys a sense of strength and resilience. This detail emphasizes the formidable nature of Og and the miraculous nature of Israel's triumph over him, as they were able to defeat a king who required such a massive and strong bed.

it is in Rabbah of the Ammonites
The location "Rabbah of the Ammonites" situates this narrative in a real historical and geographical context. Rabbah was the capital city of the Ammonites, a people often in conflict with Israel. The presence of Og's bed in Rabbah suggests that it was preserved as a relic or trophy, a testament to the might of Og and the victory of Israel. This detail highlights the historical reality of the biblical narrative and the tangible evidence of God's deliverance of His people.

It is nine cubits long and four cubits wide
The dimensions of Og's bed, "nine cubits long and four cubits wide," further emphasize his extraordinary size. A cubit, an ancient measure based on the length of the forearm, is approximately 18 inches. Thus, Og's bed would have been about 13.5 feet long and 6 feet wide, underscoring his giant stature. This detail serves to magnify the power of God in delivering Israel from such a formidable foe, reminding readers of the miraculous nature of God's interventions.

by the standard cubit
The phrase "by the standard cubit" indicates a specific and recognized measure, ensuring that the description of Og's bed is understood in its historical context. This precision underscores the authenticity and reliability of the biblical account. It serves as a reminder that the Bible is not merely a collection of accounts but a record of God's interactions with His people in real time and space. This detail invites readers to trust in the historical veracity of Scripture and the faithfulness of God in fulfilling His promises.

So at that time
This phrase situates the events in a specific historical context, referring to the period after the Israelites' victory over King Og of Bashan. The Hebrew word for "time" (עֵת, 'et) often denotes a significant or appointed moment, emphasizing God's timing in the unfolding of His promises to Israel. This reflects the divine orchestration of events, reminding believers of God's sovereignty and perfect timing in their lives.

we took possession
The act of taking possession (Hebrew: יָרַשׁ, yarash) implies not just physical occupation but also a divinely sanctioned inheritance. This term is frequently used in the context of the Israelites receiving the land promised to their forefathers. It underscores the fulfillment of God's covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and serves as a testament to God's faithfulness in delivering His promises.

of this land
The land in question is part of the Transjordan region, east of the Jordan River. In biblical terms, "land" (אֶרֶץ, eretz) is not merely a geographical location but a symbol of God's blessing and provision. For the Israelites, possessing the land was integral to their identity as God's chosen people, and it represented a tangible manifestation of His covenantal relationship with them.

From Aroer on the Arnon Valley
Aroer was a city located on the northern edge of the Arnon Valley, marking the southern boundary of the territory given to the tribes of Reuben and Gad. The Arnon Valley served as a natural border and was significant in defining the territorial limits of the Israelite tribes. This geographical detail highlights the precision of God's promises and the importance of boundaries in the biblical narrative.

and half the hill country of Gilead
Gilead was a fertile and strategically important region known for its balm and rugged terrain. The division of Gilead (half given to Reuben and Gad) reflects the practical considerations in the allocation of land, ensuring that each tribe received a portion suitable for their needs. This allocation demonstrates God's wisdom in providing for His people according to their specific circumstances.

along with its cities
The inclusion of cities indicates the comprehensive nature of the inheritance. Cities were centers of administration, commerce, and community life. By granting these cities, God ensured that the tribes had the necessary infrastructure to thrive. This provision underscores the completeness of God's blessings, equipping His people with all they need to fulfill their calling.

I gave to the Reubenites and Gadites
The allocation to the Reubenites and Gadites was a response to their request to settle in the Transjordan area due to its suitability for their livestock (Numbers 32). This decision, sanctioned by Moses, reflects the flexibility within God's plan to accommodate the desires of His people while still fulfilling His overarching purposes. It serves as a reminder of God's willingness to listen to and provide for His people, aligning their desires with His divine will.

To the rest of the Gilead
The term "Gilead" refers to a mountainous region east of the Jordan River, known for its balm and fertile land. In Hebrew, "Gilead" (גִּלְעָד) can mean "heap of testimony" or "rocky region." This area was significant for its strategic location and resources. Historically, Gilead was a place of refuge and healing, symbolizing God's provision and protection for His people. The "rest" of Gilead indicates the portion not previously allocated, emphasizing God's abundant provision for the tribes of Israel.

and all of Bashan
Bashan was a fertile and prosperous region known for its rich pastures and strong cattle. The Hebrew name "Bashan" (בָּשָׁן) suggests a place of fertility and abundance. This area was renowned for its oak trees and livestock, symbolizing strength and prosperity. The inclusion of "all of Bashan" highlights the completeness of God's gift to His people, ensuring they had everything needed for sustenance and growth.

the kingdom of Og
Og was one of the last of the Rephaim, a race of giants, and his kingdom represented formidable opposition. The mention of "the kingdom of Og" underscores the miraculous victory God granted Israel over seemingly insurmountable foes. Historically, Og's defeat was a testament to God's power and faithfulness, reinforcing the belief that no enemy is too great for God to overcome on behalf of His people.

I gave to the half-tribe of Manasseh
The allocation to the "half-tribe of Manasseh" reflects the division of the tribe of Joseph into two half-tribes: Ephraim and Manasseh. This division was a fulfillment of Jacob's blessing in Genesis, where he adopted Joseph's sons as his own. The half-tribe of Manasseh receiving this land signifies God's faithfulness to His promises and the continuation of His covenant blessings through the generations.

(The whole region of Argob in Bashan
Argob was a district within Bashan, known for its fortified cities and strongholds. The Hebrew word "Argob" (אַרְגֹּב) can mean "heap of clods" or "stony." This region's mention highlights the strength and security provided by God to His people. Archaeological findings suggest that Argob was a well-defended area, symbolizing the spiritual fortification God offers to those who trust in Him.

used to be called the land of the Rephaim.)
The "Rephaim" were an ancient people known for their great size and strength, often associated with giants. The Hebrew term "Rephaim" (רְפָאִים) can also imply "shades" or "spirits," indicating a mysterious and formidable presence. The reference to the land of the Rephaim serves as a reminder of God's power to conquer even the most daunting challenges. It underscores the theme of divine victory and the transformation of a land once associated with fear into a place of blessing for God's people.

Jair the son of Manasseh
The name "Jair" in Hebrew means "he enlightens" or "he shines." Jair was a descendant of Manasseh, one of the sons of Joseph, who was one of the twelve tribes of Israel. This lineage is significant as it ties Jair to the promises given to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and through Joseph, to the blessings of fruitfulness and leadership. Historically, the tribe of Manasseh was known for its valor and strength, and Jair's actions in this verse reflect the fulfillment of these tribal characteristics.

took the whole region of Argob
The Hebrew word for "took" implies a decisive and forceful action, indicating that Jair conquered or claimed this territory. Argob was a region known for its fortified cities and fertile land, located in Bashan, east of the Jordan River. This area was strategically important and rich in resources, making it a valuable acquisition for the Israelites. The conquest of Argob demonstrates God's faithfulness in delivering the promised land to His people, as well as the fulfillment of His promises to the descendants of Abraham.

as far as the border of the Geshurites and the Maacathites
The Geshurites and Maacathites were neighboring peoples who lived in the region. The mention of these borders highlights the extent of Jair's conquest and the geographical boundaries of the land he controlled. Historically, these groups were often in conflict with Israel, and the inclusion of their borders signifies the comprehensive nature of Jair's victory. This also underscores the theme of God's provision and protection for Israel as they settled in the land He had promised them.

It was named after him
Naming a region after a person was a common practice in ancient times, signifying ownership or conquest. By naming the region after Jair, it not only commemorates his achievements but also establishes a lasting legacy. This act of naming serves as a reminder of God's faithfulness and the fulfillment of His promises through the actions of His people.

so that to this day Bashan is called Havvoth-jair
"Havvoth-jair" translates to "villages of Jair." The phrase "to this day" indicates that the name persisted for generations, emphasizing the lasting impact of Jair's conquest. Bashan was a region known for its lush pastures and strong cities, and the continued use of the name Havvoth-jair serves as a testament to Jair's influence and the enduring nature of God's promises. This phrase also invites readers to reflect on the continuity of God's work through history and His unchanging nature.

To Machir
The name "Machir" is significant in the context of Israel's tribal history. Machir was the firstborn son of Manasseh, Joseph's son, and his descendants were known for their valor and strength. The Hebrew root of "Machir" can be associated with the idea of "selling" or "bartering," which may metaphorically reflect the transactional nature of inheritance and land distribution among the tribes. Historically, the Machirites were a prominent clan within the tribe of Manasseh, and their role in the conquest and settlement of the land east of the Jordan River is well-documented. This allocation of land to Machir underscores the fulfillment of God's promises to the patriarchs, demonstrating His faithfulness and the importance of family lineage in the divine plan.

I gave
The phrase "I gave" reflects the divine authority and theocratic leadership under which Moses operated. In the Hebrew context, the verb "to give" (נָתַן, natan) is often used to denote the granting of land or blessings by God. This act of giving is not merely a human decision but a divine mandate, emphasizing that the land distribution was orchestrated by God Himself. It highlights the concept of stewardship, where the land is a gift from God to His people, entrusted to them for a purpose. This divine giving also serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty and His role as the ultimate provider and sustainer of His people.

Gilead
Gilead is a region east of the Jordan River, known for its fertile land and balm, a valuable resin used for healing. The Hebrew root of "Gilead" (גִּלְעָד) can be associated with the idea of a "rocky region" or "heap of testimony." This area was strategically important and symbolically rich, representing both physical and spiritual sustenance. In the biblical narrative, Gilead is often depicted as a place of refuge and healing, reflecting God's provision and care for His people. The allocation of Gilead to Machir signifies the fulfillment of God's promises and the establishment of His people in a land that would sustain them and testify to His faithfulness. Historically, Gilead was a contested region, often at the center of conflicts, yet it remained a testament to God's enduring covenant with Israel.

To the Reubenites and Gadites
This phrase identifies the two tribes of Israel, Reuben and Gad, who were granted land on the east side of the Jordan River. Historically, these tribes requested this land because it was suitable for their large herds of livestock (Numbers 32:1-5). The Reubenites and Gadites were descendants of Jacob's sons, Reuben and Gad, and their settlement here reflects God's provision and the fulfillment of His promises to the patriarchs. The allocation of land to these tribes underscores the importance of community and shared heritage in the Israelite identity.

I gave
The use of "I gave" emphasizes the divine authority and sovereignty of God in the distribution of the land. It is a reminder that the land is a gift from God, not a result of human conquest or negotiation. This reflects the biblical principle that all blessings and provisions come from God, and it calls the Israelites to a posture of gratitude and stewardship.

from Gilead
Gilead is a region known for its balm, a healing ointment, and is often associated with fertility and abundance. The Hebrew root for Gilead can mean "heap of testimony," which may signify the region's role as a witness to God's faithfulness. Gilead's mention here highlights the richness of the land and God's desire to provide abundantly for His people.

as far as the Valley of the Arnon
The Valley of the Arnon served as a natural boundary between the territories of Moab and the land given to the Reubenites and Gadites. The Arnon River, flowing into the Dead Sea, was a significant geographical marker. This boundary setting reflects the importance of order and structure in the allocation of land, ensuring peace and clarity among neighboring tribes and nations.

with the middle of the valley as a border
This phrase indicates a precise demarcation of territory, which was crucial for maintaining peace and preventing disputes. The middle of the valley as a border signifies fairness and clarity in God's provision, ensuring that each tribe received its rightful inheritance. It also symbolizes the balance and justice inherent in God's governance.

as far as the Jabbok River
The Jabbok River is another significant geographical feature, marking the northern boundary of the land given to the Reubenites and Gadites. Historically, the Jabbok is where Jacob wrestled with God and was renamed Israel (Genesis 32:22-32). This connection adds a layer of spiritual significance to the land, reminding the Israelites of their covenant relationship with God and His transformative power.

the border of the Ammonites
The Ammonites were descendants of Lot and often in conflict with Israel. The mention of their border signifies the need for vigilance and the reality of living among other nations with different beliefs and practices. It serves as a reminder of the Israelites' call to be a distinct and holy people, set apart for God's purposes, while living in a world with diverse cultures and influences.

the Arabah also
The term "Arabah" refers to a desert plain or wilderness. In Hebrew, it is "עֲרָבָה" (Aravah), which denotes a dry, barren region. Historically, the Arabah is the area stretching from the Sea of Galilee to the Dead Sea, a significant geographical feature in Israel. This region is often associated with desolation but also with the journey of the Israelites, symbolizing a place of transition and preparation before entering the Promised Land. Spiritually, it can represent the trials and testing periods in a believer's life, where faith is refined.

with the Jordan as its border
The Jordan River, "יַרְדֵּן" (Yarden) in Hebrew, is a central waterway in biblical history, symbolizing life, transition, and purification. It served as a natural boundary for the land allotted to the tribes of Israel. The Jordan is where the Israelites crossed into the Promised Land, and where Jesus was baptized, marking the beginning of His public ministry. It represents a crossing over from old to new, from promise to fulfillment, and from death to life.

from Kinnereth
Kinnereth, or "כִּנֶּרֶת" (Kinneret), refers to the Sea of Galilee, a freshwater lake in Israel. The name is derived from the Hebrew word for "harp," due to its shape. This area is rich in biblical history, being the site of many of Jesus' teachings and miracles. It symbolizes abundance, life, and divine provision, contrasting with the surrounding desert regions.

to the Sea of the Arabah (the Salt Sea)
The "Sea of the Arabah" is another name for the Dead Sea, known in Hebrew as "יָם הַמֶּלַח" (Yam HaMelach), meaning "Salt Sea." It is one of the saltiest bodies of water on earth, located at the lowest point on the earth's surface. The Dead Sea is a place of stark contrast to the life-giving Jordan River, symbolizing judgment and death due to its barrenness. Yet, it also represents the transformative power of God, as its minerals are used for healing and restoration.

and the slopes of Pisgah on the east
Pisgah, or "פִּסְגָּה" (Pisgah), refers to a mountain range east of the Jordan River. It is most famously known as the place where Moses viewed the Promised Land before his death. The slopes of Pisgah symbolize vision, revelation, and the fulfillment of God's promises. They remind believers of the importance of faith and obedience, even when the full promise is not yet realized in this life.

At that time I commanded you, saying
This phrase sets the historical context of the passage. The speaker is Moses, who is recounting the instructions given to the Israelites. The Hebrew root for "commanded" is צָוָה (tsavah), which implies a directive with authority. This reflects the divine authority Moses held as God's chosen leader. Historically, this moment is part of Moses' final speeches to the Israelites before they enter the Promised Land, emphasizing the importance of obedience to God's commands.

The LORD your God has given you this land to possess
Here, "The LORD your God" is a reminder of the covenant relationship between God and Israel. The Hebrew name for God used here is יְהוָה (YHWH), the personal name of God, signifying His eternal presence and faithfulness. "Given" indicates a gift, underscoring the grace of God in providing the land. "To possess" comes from the Hebrew root יָרַשׁ (yarash), meaning to inherit or take possession, highlighting the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham.

All your men of valor shall cross over, armed, before your brothers, the Israelites
"Men of valor" refers to the warriors, emphasizing the need for courage and strength. The Hebrew word חַיִל (chayil) denotes not just physical strength but also moral courage. "Shall cross over" indicates movement and transition, both physically into the land and spiritually into a new phase of God's plan. "Armed" suggests preparation and readiness for battle, a reminder of the spiritual battles believers face. "Before your brothers" emphasizes unity and support within the community of Israel, a principle of mutual aid and responsibility.

The Israelites
This term identifies the descendants of Jacob, also known as Israel. It signifies the chosen people of God, bound by the covenant and recipients of His promises. The historical context here is crucial, as the Israelites are on the brink of entering the Promised Land, a pivotal moment in their history. This phrase serves as a reminder of their identity and mission as God's people.

But your wives, your children, and your livestock
This phrase highlights the familial and communal responsibilities of the Israelites. In the Hebrew context, the family unit was central to societal structure. The mention of "wives" and "children" underscores the importance of protecting and providing for one's family, a theme consistent throughout Scripture. The inclusion of "livestock" indicates the agrarian lifestyle of the Israelites and the significance of their possessions, which were vital for survival and prosperity. This reflects God's provision and care for all aspects of life.

I know that you have much livestock
Here, the acknowledgment of "much livestock" signifies God's awareness of the Israelites' material wealth and resources. In ancient times, livestock was a measure of wealth and status, and having "much" indicates God's blessing upon them. This phrase reassures the Israelites that God is attentive to their needs and circumstances, encouraging them to trust in His provision.

may remain in the cities
The instruction for the families and livestock to "remain in the cities" suggests a strategic and protective measure. In the historical context, cities offered security and stability, especially during times of conquest and transition. This reflects God's wisdom in ensuring the safety of the vulnerable while the men went to battle, emphasizing His care and foresight.

I have given you
This phrase is a reminder of God's sovereignty and generosity. The land and cities are described as gifts from God, reinforcing the idea that all blessings come from Him. It serves as a call to gratitude and recognition of God's hand in their lives, encouraging the Israelites to remain faithful and obedient to His commands.

until the LORD gives rest to your brothers
The concept of "rest" is deeply rooted in the Hebrew understanding of peace and fulfillment. It signifies not just physical rest but a state of spiritual and communal harmony. This promise of rest is contingent upon God's timing and provision, highlighting the need for patience and trust in His plan. It also points to the unity and shared destiny of the Israelite community, as they are to support one another until all have received God's promised rest.

as He has to you
This phrase emphasizes God's consistent and impartial nature. Just as He has provided for one group, He will do so for others, reinforcing the theme of divine justice and faithfulness. It serves as a reminder of God's past faithfulness as a basis for trusting Him with future promises.

and they too have taken possession of the land
The act of taking possession of the land is a fulfillment of God's covenant promises. It signifies not only a physical inheritance but also a spiritual one, as the land is tied to the identity and mission of the Israelites as God's chosen people. This phrase encourages the Israelites to persevere in faith and obedience, knowing that God's promises are sure and will come to fruition in His perfect timing.

until the LORD gives rest
The phrase "until the LORD gives rest" speaks to the divine promise of peace and security. The Hebrew word for "rest" is "נוח" (nuach), which implies a cessation from conflict and a state of tranquility. This rest is not merely physical but spiritual, symbolizing the fulfillment of God's promises and the establishment of His people in a place of blessing. Historically, this rest was a significant aspect of the Israelites' journey, as they sought a homeland where they could worship God freely and live according to His commandments.

to your brothers
"To your brothers" emphasizes the communal aspect of God's promises. The Israelites were not just individuals but a collective family, bound by covenant to support one another. This phrase underscores the importance of unity and shared destiny among God's people. In a broader theological context, it reflects the Christian principle of loving one's neighbor and bearing one another's burdens, as seen in the New Testament.

as He has to you
The phrase "as He has to you" serves as a reminder of God's faithfulness and past provision. It calls the Israelites to remember how God has already fulfilled His promises to them, providing a foundation of trust for future promises. This historical reflection is crucial for building faith and confidence in God's continued guidance and blessings.

and they also take possession of the land
"Take possession of the land" refers to the fulfillment of the Abrahamic covenant, where God promised the land of Canaan to Abraham's descendants. The Hebrew word for "possession" is "ירש" (yarash), which means to inherit or occupy. This act of taking possession is both a divine gift and a responsibility, requiring the Israelites to live according to God's laws in the land He has given them.

that the LORD your God is giving them
This phrase highlights the sovereignty and generosity of God. The land is not earned by the Israelites' efforts but is a gift from God, emphasizing His grace and the unmerited favor bestowed upon His people. It also serves as a reminder of God's ultimate authority over all creation, including the distribution of lands and nations.

across the Jordan
"Across the Jordan" locates the promise geographically and symbolically. The Jordan River was a significant boundary, representing the transition from the wilderness wanderings to the Promised Land. Crossing the Jordan was an act of faith and obedience, marking a new chapter in the Israelites' journey with God. It symbolizes the believer's journey from the old life of sin into the new life of grace and promise.

Then each of you may return
"Then each of you may return" indicates a future time of fulfillment and rest. It suggests a temporary duty or mission that, once completed, allows for a return to one's inheritance. This reflects the Christian hope of eternal rest and reward after the faithful completion of earthly duties.

to the possession I have given you
Finally, "to the possession I have given you" reiterates the personal and specific nature of God's promises. Each tribe and family had a designated inheritance, underscoring God's intimate knowledge and care for His people. This personal possession is a metaphor for the unique calling and blessings each believer receives from God, encouraging a life of gratitude and stewardship.

At that time
This phrase situates the events within a specific historical context. It refers to the period after the Israelites had defeated the Amorite kings, Sihon and Og. Historically, this was a pivotal moment for the Israelites as they were on the brink of entering the Promised Land. The phrase underscores the immediacy and relevance of God's actions and commands in the unfolding narrative of Israel's journey.

I commanded Joshua
The act of commanding Joshua highlights the transfer of leadership from Moses to Joshua. Joshua, whose name in Hebrew, "Yehoshua," means "Yahweh is salvation," is being prepared to lead the Israelites into the Promised Land. This command signifies a divine endorsement of Joshua's leadership and a continuation of God's covenant promises through him.

You have seen with your own eyes
This phrase emphasizes the importance of personal witness and experience in the faith journey. Joshua's firsthand observation of God's mighty works serves as a foundation for his faith and leadership. It reflects a biblical principle that personal experience of God's power strengthens faith and conviction.

all that the LORD your God has done
This phrase acknowledges the sovereignty and active involvement of God in the affairs of His people. The Hebrew name for God used here, "Yahweh," signifies His eternal presence and covenant faithfulness. The deeds of the LORD are a testament to His power and His commitment to fulfill His promises to Israel.

to these two kings
Referring to Sihon and Og, the kings of the Amorites, this phrase highlights specific victories that God granted to Israel. These victories were not just military successes but were seen as acts of divine intervention and fulfillment of God's promises. Historically, these conquests were crucial in establishing Israel's presence in the region.

The LORD will do the same
This phrase is a prophetic assurance of God's continued faithfulness and power. It reassures Joshua and the Israelites that just as God delivered them from past enemies, He will continue to do so in the future. It reflects the unchanging nature of God and His commitment to His people.

to all the kingdoms you are about to enter
This phrase points to the future conquests in the Promised Land. It is a promise of victory over the Canaanite kingdoms that lay ahead. Theologically, it signifies the unfolding of God's redemptive plan and the establishment of Israel in the land promised to their forefathers. It is a call to trust in God's promises and to move forward in faith.

Do not be afraid of them
This phrase is a direct command from God to the Israelites, delivered through Moses. The Hebrew root for "afraid" is יָרֵא (yare), which conveys a sense of fear or reverence. In the context of Deuteronomy, this command is significant because it addresses the natural human tendency to fear the unknown or the seemingly insurmountable. Historically, the Israelites were facing formidable enemies in the Promised Land, and God's command is a reminder of His sovereignty and faithfulness. The phrase encourages believers to trust in God's power rather than succumb to fear, a theme that resonates throughout Scripture.

for the LORD your God
This phrase emphasizes the personal relationship between God and His people. The use of "LORD" in all caps signifies the Hebrew name YHWH, the covenant name of God, which underscores His eternal and unchanging nature. "Your God" personalizes this relationship, reminding the Israelites that God is not a distant deity but their personal protector and guide. This relationship is foundational to the covenant established at Sinai and is a source of comfort and assurance for believers.

Himself
The word "Himself" highlights the personal involvement of God in the affairs of His people. It is not through intermediaries or distant actions that God works, but through His direct intervention. This personal involvement is a testament to God's love and commitment to His people, assuring them that He is actively engaged in their battles and challenges.

will fight for you
The phrase "will fight for you" is a powerful declaration of God's role as a divine warrior on behalf of Israel. The Hebrew verb לָחַם (lacham) means to fight or to engage in battle. This assurance is rooted in the historical context of the Israelites' journey from Egypt, where God fought for them against Pharaoh's army. It is a promise of divine intervention and victory, encouraging believers to rely on God's strength rather than their own. This concept is echoed throughout the Bible, reinforcing the idea that God is the ultimate source of victory and deliverance for His people.

At that time
This phrase situates the verse within a specific historical context. The Israelites are on the brink of entering the Promised Land after years of wandering in the wilderness. "At that time" refers to a pivotal moment in Israel's history, emphasizing the urgency and significance of Moses' plea. Historically, this was a period of transition and anticipation, as the Israelites prepared to claim the land promised to their forefathers. The phrase underscores the immediacy of Moses' request and the critical juncture at which it was made.

I also pleaded
The Hebrew root for "pleaded" is "חָנַן" (chanan), which conveys a sense of seeking favor or grace. Moses, despite his leadership and close relationship with God, approaches with humility and earnestness. This reflects the deep, personal nature of his request and his understanding of God's sovereignty. The act of pleading indicates Moses' recognition of his own limitations and his dependence on God's mercy. It serves as a model for believers, illustrating the importance of approaching God with a humble and contrite heart.

with the LORD
The use of "the LORD" here is significant, as it translates the Hebrew "יהוה" (YHWH), the covenant name of God. This name emphasizes God's eternal, unchanging nature and His faithfulness to His promises. Moses' plea is directed to the covenant-keeping God, highlighting the relational aspect of his appeal. It reminds readers of the personal and intimate relationship that God desires with His people. The invocation of "the LORD" underscores the seriousness of Moses' request and his reliance on God's character and promises.

O Lord GOD
The Hebrew phrase here is "Adonai Yahweh," which emphasizes both the sovereignty and the covenantal nature of God. "Adonai" signifies Lordship, indicating God's supreme authority and control over all creation. "Yahweh" is the personal name of God, often associated with His eternal and unchanging nature. This dual title reflects a deep reverence and acknowledgment of God's intimate relationship with His people, as well as His ultimate power and authority.

You have begun to show
The Hebrew root for "begun" is "ḥālal," which can mean to initiate or to commence. This suggests that what Moses has witnessed is just the beginning of God's mighty works. It implies a continuous revelation of God's power and glory, encouraging believers to anticipate even greater manifestations of His presence and action in their lives.

Your greatness
The term "greatness" comes from the Hebrew word "gādōl," which conveys the idea of magnitude and majesty. It speaks to the vastness and incomprehensibility of God's nature. In the context of Deuteronomy, it reflects the awe-inspiring acts God performed for Israel, such as the deliverance from Egypt and the provision in the wilderness, which serve as a testament to His unparalleled power.

and Your strong hand
The "strong hand" is a metaphor for God's power and might, often used in the Old Testament to describe His ability to deliver and protect His people. The Hebrew word "ḥāzāq" for "strong" implies firmness and strength. This phrase reassures believers of God's capability to uphold and sustain them through any trial or challenge.

to Your servant
The term "servant" here is "ʿeḇeḏ" in Hebrew, which denotes one who is in service to a master. Moses, as God's servant, exemplifies humility and obedience. This relationship underscores the idea that true greatness in God's kingdom is found in servanthood and submission to His will.

For what god is there in heaven or on earth
This rhetorical question highlights the uniqueness and supremacy of Yahweh. The Hebrew word "ʾĕlōhîm" for "god" is often used to refer to deities, but here it underscores the monotheistic belief that no other being can compare to the God of Israel. It challenges the polytheistic beliefs of surrounding nations and affirms the singularity of God's divine nature.

who can perform deeds and mighty acts like Yours?
The phrase "deeds and mighty acts" refers to the miraculous works and interventions of God throughout history. The Hebrew words "maʿăśîm" (deeds) and "gĕḇūrôt" (mighty acts) emphasize the extraordinary and supernatural nature of God's actions. This statement serves as a declaration of faith, recognizing that God's power is unmatched and His works are beyond human comprehension.

Please let me cross over
This phrase captures Moses' heartfelt plea to God, expressing his deep desire to enter the Promised Land. The Hebrew root for "cross over" is "עָבַר" (avar), which conveys the act of passing through or over a boundary. This is significant as it symbolizes a transition from the wilderness wanderings to the fulfillment of God's promise. Moses' request is not just a physical crossing but a spiritual longing to witness the culmination of God's covenant with Israel. Historically, this moment underscores the gravity of Moses' leadership and the consequences of his earlier disobedience, as God had previously decreed that Moses would not enter the land (Numbers 20:12).

and see the good land
The phrase "the good land" reflects the richness and abundance of the Promised Land, often described as "a land flowing with milk and honey" (Exodus 3:8). The Hebrew word for "good" is "טוֹב" (tov), which implies not only physical prosperity but also moral and spiritual goodness. This land was a tangible representation of God's faithfulness and blessing. For Moses, seeing the land was a deep-seated hope to witness God's promise fulfilled, even if he could not partake in it himself. Theologically, this highlights the theme of divine promise and human limitation, reminding believers of the ultimate goodness of God's plans.

beyond the Jordan
The Jordan River served as a significant geographical and symbolic boundary for the Israelites. Crossing the Jordan represented entering into a new phase of God's promise. The river itself is a recurring symbol of transition and transformation in the Bible, marking the end of the Israelites' wilderness journey and the beginning of their settlement in Canaan. This phrase emphasizes the anticipation and hope associated with reaching the other side, a metaphor for spiritual breakthroughs and new beginnings in the Christian life.

that pleasant hill country
The "pleasant hill country" refers to the fertile and desirable regions of Canaan, particularly the areas that would later be known as the hill country of Judah and Ephraim. The Hebrew word for "pleasant" is "הַטּוֹב" (hatov), which conveys beauty and delight. This description not only highlights the physical allure of the land but also its suitability for sustaining the nation of Israel. Historically, these regions were known for their strategic and agricultural value, making them highly coveted. Spiritually, this phrase invites believers to reflect on the beauty and abundance of God's provision.

and Lebanon
Lebanon, with its famous cedar trees, was renowned for its natural beauty and resources. The mention of Lebanon extends the vision of the Promised Land beyond immediate borders, symbolizing the vastness and richness of God's promise. The cedars of Lebanon were used in the construction of the Temple (1 Kings 5:6), signifying strength and durability. In a broader sense, Lebanon represents the far-reaching scope of God's blessings and the grandeur of His creation. For Moses, envisioning Lebanon was part of understanding the full extent of what God had prepared for His people.

But because of you
This phrase indicates a direct cause-and-effect relationship between the actions of the Israelites and the consequences faced by Moses. In the Hebrew text, the word "because" (יַעַן, ya'an) suggests a reason or motive. Historically, this reflects the collective responsibility and the communal nature of the Israelite society, where the actions of the people had direct implications for their leader. It underscores the importance of obedience and faithfulness to God’s commands.

the LORD was angry with me
The Hebrew word for "angry" (קָצַף, qatsaph) conveys a deep, intense displeasure. This anger is not arbitrary but is a response to disobedience and lack of faith. In the broader scriptural context, God's anger is always just and serves as a corrective measure. It is a reminder of God's holiness and the seriousness of sin, especially for those in leadership positions like Moses.

and would not listen to me
The phrase "would not listen" (שָׁמַע, shama) implies a refusal to heed or consider. In the ancient Near Eastern context, listening was often equated with obedience and action. God's refusal to listen to Moses' plea highlights the finality of His judgment in this matter. It serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of disobedience and the importance of aligning with God's will.

'That is enough,'
This phrase marks a boundary set by God. The Hebrew word used here (רַב, rav) can mean "enough" or "too much," indicating that the discussion on this matter is closed. It reflects God's authority to set limits and the need for His people to accept His decisions, even when they are difficult to understand or accept.

the LORD said to me
The use of "the LORD" (יְהוָה, Yahweh) emphasizes the personal and covenantal relationship between God and Moses. It is a reminder of God's sovereignty and His right to direct the course of events according to His divine wisdom and purpose. This personal communication underscores the unique role of Moses as a prophet and leader, yet also highlights his humanity and fallibility.

'Do not speak to Me again about this matter.'
This command from God is definitive and underscores the seriousness of the situation. The Hebrew construction here is imperative, indicating a direct and non-negotiable order. It serves as a lesson in submission to God's will and the acceptance of His judgments. For believers, it is a call to trust in God's perfect plan, even when it involves personal sacrifice or unfulfilled desires.

Go up to the top of Pisgah
The phrase "Go up" is a directive from God to Moses, indicating an ascent both physically and spiritually. The Hebrew root for "go up" is "עָלָה" (alah), which often implies a movement towards God or a higher place. Pisgah is a peak in the Abarim mountain range, traditionally identified with Mount Nebo. This location is significant as it represents a vantage point where Moses can view the Promised Land, symbolizing the culmination of his leadership journey. Historically, Pisgah is a place of revelation and vision, where Moses receives a divine glimpse of the future inheritance of Israel.

and look to the west and north and south and east
The command to "look" is an invitation to perceive and understand. The Hebrew word "רָאָה" (ra'ah) means to see with intention and insight. This comprehensive view in all directions signifies the vastness of God's promise to Israel. Each direction—west, north, south, and east—encompasses the entirety of the Promised Land, underscoring the fulfillment of God's covenant with Abraham. This panoramic vision serves as a reminder of God's faithfulness and the expansive nature of His blessings.

See the land with your own eyes
"See" reiterates the act of witnessing God's promise firsthand. The phrase "with your own eyes" emphasizes personal experience and validation. Moses, despite not entering the land, is granted the privilege to witness its reality. This moment is both poignant and profound, as it reflects the bittersweet nature of Moses' journey. It highlights the importance of faith and trust in God's plan, even when personal desires remain unfulfilled.

for you will not cross this Jordan
The phrase "you will not cross" is a solemn reminder of the consequences of disobedience. The Hebrew root "עָבַר" (avar) means to pass over or cross. The Jordan River represents a boundary between the wilderness and the Promised Land. Moses' inability to cross is a result of his earlier actions at Meribah (Numbers 20:12), where he did not uphold God's holiness. This serves as a sobering lesson on the importance of obedience and reverence for God. Yet, it also underscores God's grace, as Moses is still honored and cherished as a faithful servant, allowed to see the fulfillment of God's promise to His people.

But commission Joshua
The Hebrew word for "commission" is "tsavah," which means to appoint, command, or charge. This is a significant moment of leadership transition. Moses, who has led the Israelites out of Egypt and through the wilderness, is now instructed by God to appoint Joshua as his successor. This act of commissioning is not merely a formal appointment but a divine mandate, emphasizing the continuity of God's plan for His people. Joshua, whose name means "The LORD is salvation," is to be the instrument through which God will fulfill His promise to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.

and encourage and strengthen him
The Hebrew words here are "chazaq" (encourage) and "amats" (strengthen). "Chazaq" implies a sense of making firm or resolute, while "amats" suggests making strong or courageous. Moses is instructed to build up Joshua's confidence and resolve, preparing him for the immense task ahead. This dual command highlights the importance of spiritual and emotional support in leadership. It is a reminder that leaders need encouragement and strength from both God and their community to fulfill their roles effectively.

for he will cross over ahead of this people
The phrase "cross over" is derived from the Hebrew "abar," which means to pass over or through. This is a prophetic statement about Joshua's role in leading the Israelites across the Jordan River into the Promised Land. The imagery of crossing over signifies a transition from the wilderness wanderings to the fulfillment of God's promise. Joshua's leadership is pivotal in this transition, as he goes "ahead of this people," indicating his role as a guide and protector.

and enable them to inherit the land
The word "inherit" comes from the Hebrew "yarash," meaning to take possession of or to occupy. This is a fulfillment of the covenant promise made to the patriarchs. Joshua's leadership is instrumental in the Israelites' ability to claim their inheritance. This phrase underscores the idea that the land is a divine gift, and Joshua's role is to facilitate the people's reception of this gift. It is a reminder of God's faithfulness and the importance of obedience and trust in His promises.

that you will see
This phrase is a poignant reminder to Moses of his own limitations. Although he will see the land from a distance, he will not enter it. This serves as a humbling reminder of the consequences of disobedience, as Moses was barred from entering the Promised Land due to his actions at Meribah (Numbers 20:12). Yet, it also highlights Moses' faithfulness in preparing the next generation to receive God's promises. Moses' vision of the land is both a fulfillment of God's promise to him and a testament to his leadership in bringing the people to the brink of their inheritance.

So we stayed
This phrase indicates a period of waiting or dwelling. In the Hebrew context, the word used here is "וַנֵּשֶׁב" (vanneshev), which comes from the root "יָשַׁב" (yashav), meaning to sit, dwell, or remain. This suggests a deliberate pause in the journey of the Israelites, a time of reflection and preparation. In the broader narrative of Deuteronomy, this staying is not just physical but also spiritual, as the Israelites are being prepared to enter the Promised Land. It is a reminder of the importance of waiting on God's timing and being patient in His plans.

in the valley
The term "valley" here is significant both geographically and symbolically. Valleys in the biblical context often represent places of fertility and life, but also of trials and testing. The Hebrew word "בַּגָּיְא" (bagay) can denote a low place, which contrasts with the high places often associated with divine encounters. This setting underscores the humility and dependence on God required of the Israelites as they prepare to enter a new phase of their journey.

opposite Beth-peor
Beth-peor is a location with a significant history for the Israelites. The name "Beth-peor" means "house of Peor," and it is associated with the worship of Baal-peor, a Moabite deity. This place is a reminder of past failures and idolatry, as recounted in Numbers 25, where the Israelites fell into sin with the Moabites. The mention of Beth-peor serves as a cautionary tale, urging the Israelites to remain faithful to God and avoid the temptations that led to previous downfalls. It highlights the constant need for vigilance and faithfulness in the face of spiritual challenges.