Then
The word "Then" serves as a temporal marker, indicating a sequence of events. In the narrative of Exodus, it connects the preceding events with what is about to unfold. This word suggests a divine orchestration of events, emphasizing God's sovereignty and timing. The Israelites had just left Egypt, and this moment marks a pivotal point in their journey. It reminds us that God's plans unfold in His perfect timing, often beyond human understanding.

the LORD
The term "the LORD" is a translation of the Hebrew name Yahweh, the covenant name of God revealed to Moses at the burning bush (Exodus 3:14). This name signifies God's eternal, self-existent nature and His faithfulness to His promises. In the context of Exodus, Yahweh is the God who delivers His people, demonstrating His power over the gods of Egypt. This highlights the personal relationship between God and His people, as He is not a distant deity but one who is actively involved in their deliverance.

said
The word "said" indicates direct communication from God to Moses. In the Hebrew text, the verb "amar" is used, which conveys the act of speaking or declaring. This emphasizes the importance of divine revelation and guidance. God's words are authoritative and purposeful, providing direction and assurance to His chosen leader. It underscores the concept that God communicates with His people, guiding them through His word.

to Moses
Moses is the central human figure in the Exodus narrative, chosen by God to lead the Israelites out of bondage. His name, derived from the Hebrew "Mosheh," is believed to mean "drawn out," reflecting his own rescue from the Nile as a baby. Moses' role as a mediator between God and the Israelites is crucial, as he receives and conveys God's instructions. This highlights the importance of faithful leadership and obedience to God's call, as Moses is entrusted with the monumental task of guiding God's people to freedom.

Tell the Israelites
This phrase indicates a direct command from God to Moses, emphasizing the importance of divine guidance in the journey of the Israelites. The Hebrew root for "tell" (דַּבֵּר, dabar) implies not just speaking, but conveying a message of authority and purpose. This highlights the role of Moses as a mediator between God and His people, a theme that resonates throughout the Exodus narrative.

to turn back
The instruction to "turn back" suggests a strategic move orchestrated by God. In Hebrew, the word used here (שׁוּב, shuv) often means to return or to repent. This can symbolize a call to trust in God's plan, even when it seems counterintuitive. Historically, this maneuver would have seemed illogical, as it placed the Israelites in a vulnerable position, yet it set the stage for God's miraculous deliverance.

and camp before Pi-hahiroth
The location "Pi-hahiroth" is significant in the narrative. While its exact location is debated, it is believed to be near the northern end of the Red Sea. The name itself may mean "mouth of the gorges," suggesting a geographical feature that would have been recognizable to the Israelites. This setting underscores the theme of God leading His people into situations where only His power can deliver them.

between Migdol and the sea
"Migdol" means "tower" in Hebrew, possibly referring to a watchtower or fortress. This phrase situates the Israelites in a specific geographical context, emphasizing their entrapment between a fortified location and the sea. Historically, this would have heightened the sense of impending danger, making the subsequent miracle of the parting of the sea even more dramatic.

you are to camp by the sea
The command to camp by the sea further illustrates the precarious position of the Israelites. The sea, often a symbol of chaos and danger in ancient Near Eastern literature, becomes a place of divine intervention. This setting foreshadows the miraculous crossing, where God transforms a barrier into a pathway of salvation.

directly opposite Baal-zephon
"Baal-zephon" refers to a location associated with a Canaanite deity, Baal, who was believed to have power over the sea and storms. By positioning the Israelites opposite this site, the narrative sets up a confrontation between the God of Israel and the perceived powers of the pagan gods. This highlights the theme of God's supremacy over all other deities and forces of nature, reinforcing the message of His sovereignty and might.

For Pharaoh will say
This phrase introduces the foreknowledge of God regarding Pharaoh's thoughts and intentions. The Hebrew root for "say" is "אָמַר" (amar), which often implies not just speaking but also thinking or intending. This highlights God's omniscience, knowing the plans of even the most powerful earthly rulers. Historically, Pharaohs were seen as divine or semi-divine figures in Egyptian culture, yet here, God demonstrates His supreme authority over them.

of the Israelites
The term "Israelites" refers to the descendants of Jacob, also known as Israel. In Hebrew, "בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל" (B'nei Yisrael) emphasizes their identity as God's chosen people. This identity is crucial throughout the Exodus narrative, as it underscores the covenant relationship between God and His people. The Israelites' journey is not just a physical exodus but a spiritual journey towards fulfilling God's promises.

They are wandering the land in confusion
"Wandering" comes from the Hebrew "נָבַךְ" (navek), which can imply aimlessness or being lost. Pharaoh perceives the Israelites' movements as disorganized, reflecting a lack of understanding of God's divine guidance. The "land" here refers to the wilderness, a place of testing and reliance on God. "Confusion" suggests a state of disorder, yet from a divine perspective, it is a strategic positioning by God to demonstrate His power and deliverance.

the wilderness has boxed them in
The "wilderness" (מִדְבָּר, midbar) is often seen as a place of desolation and danger, yet it is also where God reveals His presence and provision. The phrase "boxed them in" uses the Hebrew "סָגַר" (sagar), meaning to shut in or enclose. This imagery suggests entrapment, but it is a divine setup for a miraculous deliverance. Historically, the wilderness was a formidable barrier, reinforcing the Israelites' need for divine intervention. This setting becomes the backdrop for one of the most significant demonstrations of God's power in the parting of the Red Sea.

And I will harden Pharaoh’s heart
This phrase reveals God's sovereign power over human hearts. The Hebrew word for "harden" is "חָזַק" (chazaq), which means to strengthen, make firm, or harden. In the context of Exodus, it signifies God's active role in fortifying Pharaoh's resolve against releasing the Israelites. This divine action serves a greater purpose in God's redemptive plan, demonstrating His authority over even the most powerful rulers. Historically, Pharaohs were seen as divine or semi-divine figures in Egyptian culture, making God's intervention a direct challenge to their perceived supremacy.

so that he will pursue them
The phrase indicates God's intention to draw Pharaoh into a pursuit. The Hebrew root "רָדַף" (radaph) means to chase or follow after. This pursuit is not merely a physical chase but a spiritual and moral confrontation. God orchestrates events to reveal His glory and power, setting the stage for a miraculous deliverance. The pursuit also serves as a test of faith for the Israelites, challenging them to trust in God's protection and provision.

But I will gain glory for Myself
Here, the focus shifts to God's ultimate purpose: His glory. The Hebrew word "כָּבוֹד" (kabod) refers to weightiness or honor. God's actions are designed to manifest His majesty and supremacy over all creation. In the ancient Near Eastern context, where gods were often associated with specific nations or territories, God's demonstration of power over Egypt underscores His universal sovereignty. This glory is not only for the benefit of the Israelites but also a testimony to the surrounding nations.

through Pharaoh and all his army
This phrase highlights the instruments of God's glory. Pharaoh and his army, symbols of earthly power and oppression, become tools in God's hands. The Hebrew word for "army" is "חַיִל" (chayil), which can mean strength, wealth, or force. By using Pharaoh's might to display His own, God subverts human expectations and reveals His ability to use even opposition for His purposes. This serves as a reminder that no earthly power can thwart God's plans.

and the Egyptians will know that I am the LORD
The culmination of God's actions is the revelation of His identity. The phrase "I am the LORD" uses the divine name "Yahweh," emphasizing His eternal, self-existent nature. The Egyptians, who worshipped a pantheon of gods, would come to recognize the uniqueness and supremacy of Yahweh. This acknowledgment is not just intellectual but experiential, as they witness His mighty acts. The historical context of polytheistic Egypt contrasts sharply with the monotheistic revelation of Yahweh, underscoring the transformative power of God's self-disclosure.

So the Israelites did this
The final phrase reflects the obedience of the Israelites. Their compliance with God's instructions is a testament to their growing faith and trust in His leadership. The Hebrew root "עָשָׂה" (asah) means to do or make, indicating action and response. This obedience is crucial for the unfolding of God's plan, as it positions the Israelites to witness His deliverance. It serves as an inspiration for believers to act in faith, trusting in God's promises and timing.

When the king of Egypt was told
The phrase begins with the acknowledgment of a report reaching the king, Pharaoh. In the Hebrew text, the word for "told" is "נֻגַּד" (nugad), which implies a formal announcement or declaration. This suggests that the departure of the Israelites was significant enough to warrant an official report, highlighting the magnitude of the event. Historically, Egypt was a powerful empire, and the exodus of such a large group would have been a matter of state concern, indicating the Israelites' importance to the Egyptian economy and society.

that the people had fled
The term "fled" is translated from the Hebrew "בָּרַח" (barach), which means to escape or run away. This word choice emphasizes the urgency and desperation of the Israelites' departure. It was not a mere relocation but an escape from bondage. Theologically, this flight represents a pivotal moment of liberation orchestrated by God, fulfilling His promise to deliver His people from slavery.

Pharaoh and his officials changed their minds
The phrase "changed their minds" is derived from the Hebrew "וַיֵּהָפֵךְ לְבָב" (vayehefech levav), literally meaning "their hearts were turned." This indicates a complete reversal of attitude and intention. In the biblical narrative, this change of heart is significant as it demonstrates the hardening of Pharaoh's heart, a recurring theme in Exodus. It reflects the spiritual blindness and stubbornness that can occur when one resists God's will.

about them and said, 'What have we done?'
This rhetorical question reveals a moment of regret and realization. The phrase "What have we done?" suggests a sudden awareness of the consequences of their actions. In the context of the narrative, it underscores the economic and social impact of losing the Israelite labor force. Spiritually, it serves as a reminder of the cost of disobedience to God's plan, as Pharaoh's resistance ultimately leads to further judgment.

We have released Israel from serving us
The word "released" comes from the Hebrew "שָׁלַח" (shalach), meaning to send away or let go. This term is significant as it contrasts with the earlier enslavement of the Israelites. The phrase "from serving us" highlights the Israelites' previous role as slaves, emphasizing the dramatic shift from bondage to freedom. In a broader theological context, this release symbolizes God's redemptive power and His desire for His people to serve Him rather than earthly masters. The liberation of Israel is a foreshadowing of the ultimate deliverance found in Christ, who frees believers from the bondage of sin.

So he made ready
This phrase indicates a decisive action taken by Pharaoh. The Hebrew root for "made ready" is "אסר" (asar), which can mean to bind or prepare. This preparation signifies Pharaoh's determination and readiness to pursue the Israelites. Historically, this reflects the urgency and the military precision of the Egyptian forces, known for their swift chariots and disciplined army. Spiritually, it serves as a reminder of the relentless pursuit of worldly powers against God's people, yet it also foreshadows God's ultimate deliverance.

his chariot
The chariot was a symbol of power and military might in ancient Egypt. The Hebrew word "רכב" (rekeb) refers to a vehicle used in warfare, often associated with speed and strength. Archaeological findings have shown that Egyptian chariots were advanced for their time, with lightweight construction and superior maneuverability. In a spiritual context, the chariot represents the reliance on human strength and technology, contrasting with the Israelites' dependence on divine intervention.

and took his army
The phrase underscores Pharaoh's mobilization of his entire military force. The Hebrew word for "army" is "חיל" (chayil), which can also mean strength or valor. This reflects the formidable nature of the Egyptian military, which was one of the most powerful in the ancient world. Historically, this demonstrates the extent of Pharaoh's commitment to recapturing the Israelites. Spiritually, it highlights the opposition believers may face from powerful adversaries, yet it also sets the stage for God's power to be displayed in overcoming such forces.

with him
This phrase indicates Pharaoh's personal involvement in the pursuit. The Hebrew "עמו" (imo) suggests not just physical presence but also leadership and responsibility. Pharaoh's decision to lead his army personally shows his desperation and pride. In a broader spiritual sense, it serves as a reminder of the personal nature of the struggles believers face, where leaders and individuals alike must confront challenges. It also emphasizes the personal nature of God's deliverance, as He is intimately involved in the lives of His people.

He took
This phrase indicates Pharaoh's decisive action. The Hebrew root "laqach" implies taking possession or seizing, reflecting Pharaoh's determination to pursue the Israelites. This action is a direct response to the hardening of his heart, a recurring theme in Exodus, showcasing God's sovereignty and Pharaoh's resistance.

six hundred of the best chariots
The number "six hundred" signifies a substantial military force, emphasizing the might of Egypt. Chariots were the pinnacle of military technology in ancient Egypt, symbolizing power and speed. The "best chariots" suggests a selection of elite units, indicating Pharaoh's commitment to reclaiming the Israelites. Historically, chariots were crucial in warfare, and their mention underscores the seriousness of Pharaoh's pursuit.

along with all the other chariots of Egypt
This phrase expands the scope of the military force, indicating that Pharaoh did not rely solely on the elite units but mobilized the entire chariotry. The comprehensive nature of this mobilization reflects the desperation and determination of Pharaoh to subdue the Israelites. It also highlights the vast resources of Egypt, a superpower of the ancient world.

with officers over all of them
The presence of "officers" suggests a structured and organized military campaign. The Hebrew term "shalishim" refers to commanders or captains, indicating a hierarchy and strategic planning. This organization contrasts with the seemingly vulnerable position of the Israelites, emphasizing the miraculous nature of their eventual deliverance. The officers' role underscores the seriousness of Pharaoh's intent and the formidable nature of the Egyptian military machine.

And the LORD hardened the heart of Pharaoh king of Egypt
The phrase "hardened the heart" is derived from the Hebrew word "חָזַק" (chazaq), which means to strengthen, make firm, or harden. In the context of Exodus, this hardening is a divine act that serves God's greater purpose. It is important to understand that this hardening is not God forcing Pharaoh to act against his will, but rather God allowing Pharaoh's own stubbornness to reach its full potential. This act demonstrates God's sovereignty and His ability to use even the rebellion of man to fulfill His divine plan. Historically, Pharaohs were seen as divine or semi-divine figures in Egyptian culture, and their hearts were considered the seat of wisdom and decision-making. By hardening Pharaoh's heart, God is showing His supremacy over the so-called divine ruler of Egypt.

so that he pursued the Israelites
The pursuit of the Israelites by Pharaoh is a pivotal moment in the Exodus narrative. The Hebrew word for "pursued" is "רָדַף" (radaph), which conveys a sense of relentless chasing or hunting. This pursuit is not just a physical chase but also a spiritual and symbolic one. It represents the ongoing struggle between the forces of oppression and the liberation that God offers. Historically, the Egyptians were known for their powerful chariots and military prowess, making this pursuit a formidable threat to the Israelites. Yet, it is precisely in this moment of danger that God's power and protection are most vividly displayed.

who were marching out defiantly
The phrase "marching out defiantly" is translated from the Hebrew "בְּיָד רָמָה" (beyad ramah), which literally means "with a high hand." This expression signifies confidence, boldness, and a sense of triumph. The Israelites, having witnessed the mighty acts of God through the plagues, are leaving Egypt not as fleeing slaves but as a liberated people under the protection of the Almighty. This defiance is not rooted in their own strength but in their trust in God's promises. Scripturally, this moment foreshadows the ultimate victory that believers have in Christ, who leads His people out of the bondage of sin with a high hand. Theologically, it serves as a reminder that true freedom and confidence come from reliance on God's power and faithfulness.

The Egyptians
This phrase refers to the people of Egypt, specifically the military forces under Pharaoh's command. In Hebrew, "Mitzrayim" is the term used, which not only denotes the nation but also symbolizes oppression and bondage, as Egypt was the land where the Israelites were enslaved. Historically, Egypt was a powerful and advanced civilization, known for its military prowess and strategic capabilities.

all Pharaoh’s horses and chariots
The mention of "all" emphasizes the totality and might of the Egyptian military force. Chariots were a significant part of ancient warfare, representing speed, strength, and technological advancement. The Hebrew word for chariot, "rekeb," indicates a formidable military unit. This phrase underscores the overwhelming odds against the Israelites, highlighting the miraculous nature of their eventual deliverance.

horsemen and troops
This phrase further details the composition of the Egyptian army. "Horsemen" refers to the cavalry, which was a crucial component of ancient military strategy, providing mobility and a tactical advantage. "Troops" indicates the foot soldiers, the backbone of any ancient army. The combination of these forces illustrates the comprehensive military effort Pharaoh employed to recapture the Israelites.

pursued and overtook
The verbs "pursued" and "overtook" convey a sense of urgency and determination. In Hebrew, "radaph" (pursued) implies a relentless chase, while "nasag" (overtook) suggests catching up with the intent to capture or destroy. This reflects Pharaoh's hardened heart and his refusal to let the Israelites go, despite the plagues and previous warnings from God.

the Israelites
This term refers to the descendants of Jacob, also known as Israel. In Hebrew, "Yisrael" means "God prevails," which is significant in this context as it foreshadows the divine intervention that will soon occur. The Israelites were God's chosen people, set apart to fulfill His covenant and purpose.

as they camped by the sea
This phrase sets the scene for the impending miracle. The Israelites were encamped by the Red Sea, a seemingly vulnerable position with no apparent escape route. The Hebrew word "chanah" (camped) suggests a temporary dwelling, indicating their transient state and dependence on God's guidance.

near Pi-hahiroth, opposite Baal-zephon
These geographical markers provide historical and archaeological context. "Pi-hahiroth" is believed to be a location near the Red Sea, though its exact location remains uncertain. "Baal-zephon" was likely a place associated with a Canaanite deity, symbolizing the spiritual battle between the God of Israel and the false gods of the surrounding nations. This setting underscores the theme of God's sovereignty and power over all creation.

As Pharaoh approached
This phrase sets the scene for a moment of intense drama and fear. Pharaoh, the ruler of Egypt, symbolizes the oppressive power that had enslaved the Israelites. The Hebrew root for "approached" (קָרַב, qarab) conveys a sense of imminent threat and confrontation. Historically, Pharaoh's approach represents the relentless pursuit of worldly powers against God's people. This moment is a test of faith, reminding believers that even when the enemy seems near, God’s deliverance is at hand.

the Israelites looked up
The act of looking up signifies a shift in focus. In Hebrew, "looked up" (נָשָׂא עֵינַיִם, nasa enayim) often implies seeking divine intervention or guidance. This phrase suggests a moment of realization and awareness of their dire situation. For Christians, it serves as a metaphor for turning one's eyes from earthly troubles to heavenly solutions, emphasizing the importance of seeking God in times of distress.

and saw the Egyptians marching after them
The sight of the Egyptians, their former captors, marching after them, would have been a terrifying reminder of their past bondage. The Hebrew word for "marching" (נָסַע, nasa) indicates a determined pursuit. This phrase highlights the persistence of spiritual and physical adversaries. It serves as a reminder that the Christian journey often involves facing past fears and challenges, but with the assurance of God’s protection.

and they were terrified
The Israelites' fear is palpable and understandable. The Hebrew word for "terrified" (יָרֵא, yare) conveys a deep, overwhelming fear. This reaction is a natural human response to danger, yet it also sets the stage for a divine intervention. In the Christian life, fear can be a catalyst for faith, driving believers to rely more fully on God’s promises and power.

and cried out to the LORD
In their fear, the Israelites turn to the LORD, which is a pivotal moment of faith. The Hebrew root for "cried out" (צָעַק, tsa'aq) implies a desperate plea for help. This act of crying out is a profound expression of dependence on God. It reflects the biblical principle that in times of trouble, believers are to call upon the Lord, trusting in His ability to save and deliver. This phrase encourages Christians to seek God earnestly, knowing that He hears and responds to the cries of His people.

They said to Moses
This phrase introduces the Israelites' complaint directed at Moses, their leader. The Hebrew root for "said" is "אָמַר" (amar), which is often used to denote speaking or declaring. This moment reflects a critical point of communication between the people and their leader, highlighting the tension and fear among the Israelites. Historically, Moses is seen as a mediator between God and the people, and this complaint underscores the challenges of leadership, especially when faith is tested.

Was it because there were no graves in Egypt
The phrase is steeped in irony and sarcasm. The Israelites reference "graves," which in Hebrew is "קֶבֶר" (qeber), a term that signifies a burial place. Egypt, known for its elaborate tombs and the practice of mummification, ironically becomes a symbol of death even as the Israelites face the threat of death in the wilderness. This rhetorical question reveals their fear and lack of faith, as they sarcastically suggest that Moses brought them out only to die elsewhere.

that you brought us out into the wilderness to die?
The "wilderness" or "מִדְבָּר" (midbar) in Hebrew, represents a place of desolation and testing. The Israelites' fear of dying in the wilderness reflects their struggle to trust in God's provision and protection. This phrase captures the tension between the promise of freedom and the immediate reality of danger, a common theme in the journey of faith. The wilderness becomes a metaphor for the trials believers face, where faith is refined and dependence on God is deepened.

What have you done to us
This accusatory question highlights the Israelites' perception of Moses' leadership. The Hebrew root "עָשָׂה" (asah) means "to do" or "to make," indicating their belief that Moses' actions have directly led to their peril. This reflects a human tendency to blame leaders in times of crisis, rather than trusting in divine providence. It challenges believers to consider how they respond to leadership and divine guidance, especially when circumstances seem dire.

by bringing us out of Egypt?
The act of "bringing out" or "יָצָא" (yatsa) in Hebrew, signifies deliverance and liberation. Egypt, or "מִצְרַיִם" (Mitzrayim), symbolizes bondage and oppression. This phrase encapsulates the tension between the memory of slavery and the fear of the unknown. It serves as a reminder of God's deliverance and the call to trust in His promises, even when the path forward seems uncertain. The Israelites' struggle to embrace their newfound freedom mirrors the spiritual journey of moving from bondage to liberation in Christ.

Did we not say to you in Egypt
This phrase reflects the Israelites' mindset while they were still in Egypt. The Hebrew word for "say" is "אָמַר" (amar), which can also mean to command or declare. This indicates that the Israelites had previously expressed their fears and reluctance to Moses. Historically, Egypt was a place of bondage, yet it was also a place of familiarity. The Israelites' statement reveals a common human tendency to prefer the known, even if it is oppressive, over the uncertainty of freedom. This reflects a lack of faith and trust in God's promises and deliverance.

Leave us alone
The plea to be left alone underscores a desire for comfort and stability, even at the cost of freedom. The Hebrew root "נ֫וּחַ" (nuach) implies rest or quietness. Ironically, the Israelites sought rest in servitude rather than in the freedom God was offering. This highlights a spiritual lesson: true rest and peace come from trusting in God's plan, not in clinging to past securities.

so that we may serve the Egyptians
The word "serve" comes from the Hebrew "עָבַד" (avad), which means to work or be enslaved. This phrase reveals the Israelites' skewed perspective, where they equate servitude with survival. Historically, the Egyptians were known for their harsh treatment of the Israelites, yet fear distorted their memory. This serves as a reminder of how fear can cloud judgment and lead to a preference for bondage over the challenges of faith and freedom.

For it would have been better for us
This expression of regret and doubt reflects a lack of faith in God's deliverance. The Hebrew word "טוֹב" (tov) means good or better, indicating a misguided belief that their past suffering was preferable to their current uncertainty. This highlights a spiritual struggle where the Israelites failed to see the goodness of God's plan amidst their trials.

to serve the Egyptians
Reiterating their willingness to serve the Egyptians emphasizes their fear-driven mindset. The repetition of "serve" (עָבַד, avad) underscores their internal conflict between the known oppression and the unknown promise of freedom. This serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of spiritual complacency and the importance of trusting in God's deliverance.

than to die in the wilderness
The wilderness represents a place of testing and transformation. The Hebrew word for wilderness, "מִדְבָּר" (midbar), can also mean a place of speaking, where God communicates with His people. The Israelites' fear of dying in the wilderness reveals their lack of understanding of God's purpose for their journey. Historically, the wilderness was a place where God provided and guided, yet the Israelites saw it as a place of death. This reflects a spiritual truth: the wilderness experiences in life are opportunities for growth and deeper reliance on God.

But Moses told the people
This phrase introduces Moses as the leader and prophet, chosen by God to guide the Israelites. Moses, whose name in Hebrew is "Moshe," meaning "drawn out," signifies his role in drawing the Israelites out of Egypt. Historically, Moses is a central figure in the Exodus narrative, representing God's chosen instrument to deliver His people. His leadership is pivotal at this moment of crisis, as he communicates God's message to the Israelites.

Do not be afraid
The Hebrew phrase "אַל־תִּירָאוּ" (al-tira'u) is a common biblical exhortation, often used to reassure God's people in times of fear or uncertainty. This command is not merely a suggestion but a divine imperative, encouraging trust in God's power and presence. In the historical context, the Israelites faced the daunting Egyptian army, and this command was meant to shift their focus from fear to faith.

Stand firm
The Hebrew word "הִתְיַצְּבוּ" (hityatzvu) implies taking a position of steadfastness and resolve. It suggests a posture of faith and confidence in God's deliverance. In the scriptural context, standing firm is an act of spiritual resistance against doubt and fear, emphasizing the need for the Israelites to trust in God's promise of salvation.

and you will see the LORD’s salvation
The term "salvation" in Hebrew is "יְשׁוּעַת" (yeshuat), which is closely related to the name Yeshua (Jesus), meaning "the LORD saves." This phrase foreshadows the ultimate salvation through Christ. In the immediate context, it refers to the miraculous deliverance from the Egyptians. Theologically, it underscores God's role as the Savior and Redeemer of His people.

which He will accomplish for you today
The phrase highlights God's active role in the deliverance of His people. The Hebrew verb "יַעֲשֶׂה" (ya'aseh) means "to do" or "to make," indicating that God Himself will bring about their salvation. This assurance of divine intervention is a central theme in the Exodus narrative, emphasizing God's sovereignty and faithfulness.

for the Egyptians you see today
The Egyptians, representing oppression and bondage, are a formidable force against the Israelites. Historically, Egypt was a powerful empire, and their pursuit of the Israelites symbolizes the struggle between God's people and worldly powers. This phrase sets the stage for God's miraculous intervention, demonstrating His supremacy over earthly powers.

you will never see again
This promise of permanent deliverance is a powerful assurance to the Israelites. The Hebrew phrase "לֹא־תֹסִפוּ לִרְאוֹתָם" (lo-tosifu lir'otam) indicates a complete and final separation from their oppressors. It signifies not only physical deliverance but also spiritual liberation from fear and bondage, pointing to the ultimate freedom found in God's salvation.

The LORD
The term "LORD" in this context is derived from the Hebrew name "Yahweh," which is the covenant name of God, emphasizing His eternal existence and faithfulness. This name is deeply rooted in the identity of God as the one who is self-existent and unchanging. In the context of Exodus, Yahweh is the God who has revealed Himself to Moses in the burning bush and has demonstrated His power through the plagues in Egypt. This highlights His sovereignty and His personal commitment to His people, Israel.

will fight
The Hebrew word for "fight" is "לחם" (lacham), which conveys the idea of engaging in battle or warfare. This term is significant as it underscores the active role that God takes in defending and delivering His people. Historically, this reflects the numerous instances where God intervened on behalf of Israel, such as the battles against the Amalekites and the conquest of Canaan. It reassures believers of God's willingness and ability to confront and overcome the forces that oppose His purposes.

for you
This phrase emphasizes the personal nature of God's intervention. It is not a distant or impersonal act; rather, it is a direct and intimate involvement in the lives of His people. The use of "for you" indicates God's protective and providential care, assuring the Israelites that they are not alone in their struggles. This personal assurance is a recurring theme throughout Scripture, where God is depicted as a shepherd, a father, and a refuge for His people.

you need only
This phrase suggests a requirement or condition on the part of the Israelites. It implies that their role is not to engage in the battle themselves but to trust in God's deliverance. This is a call to faith and reliance on God's power rather than their own strength or strategies. It reflects a broader biblical principle of dependence on God, as seen in passages like Proverbs 3:5-6, which encourages believers to trust in the Lord with all their heart.

to be still
The Hebrew word "חרש" (charash) can be translated as "to be silent" or "to be still." This command to be still is not merely a call to physical inactivity but a deeper spiritual posture of trust and surrender. In the historical context of the Exodus, it was a call to cease from fear and anxiety, trusting that God would act on their behalf. This concept is echoed in Psalm 46:10, "Be still, and know that I am God," which invites believers to recognize God's sovereignty and control over all circumstances.

Then the LORD said to Moses
This phrase indicates a direct communication from God to Moses, emphasizing the personal relationship and divine guidance that Moses received. In the Hebrew text, "LORD" is represented by the Tetragrammaton YHWH, which signifies God's eternal and unchanging nature. This divine name underscores God's sovereignty and His role as the covenant-keeping God of Israel. Historically, this moment occurs as the Israelites are trapped between the Red Sea and the pursuing Egyptian army, highlighting the necessity of divine intervention.

Why are you crying out to Me?
The phrase suggests a moment of crisis and desperation. The Hebrew word for "crying out" (צָעַק, tsa'aq) often conveys a loud call for help or a plea for deliverance. This rhetorical question from God implies that Moses, and perhaps the Israelites, were seeking divine assistance in a moment of fear. It serves as a reminder that faith requires action, not just supplication. The context here is crucial: God had already promised deliverance, and this question challenges Moses to trust in that promise.

Tell the Israelites
This directive places responsibility on Moses as the leader and mediator between God and His people. The Hebrew verb "tell" (דַּבֵּר, daber) is an imperative, indicating a command that requires immediate action. Moses is to convey God's instructions with authority, reinforcing his role as God's chosen leader. This moment is pivotal in the narrative, as it transitions from fear to faith-driven action.

to go forward
The command "to go forward" (וְיִסָּעוּ, veyisa'u) is a call to move ahead despite apparent obstacles. In the Hebrew, the verb suggests a journey or progression, often used in the context of traveling or setting out on a path. This instruction is both literal and metaphorical, urging the Israelites to advance towards the Red Sea, trusting in God's provision and power. Historically, this act of moving forward becomes a defining moment of faith, as God miraculously parts the sea, demonstrating His control over creation and His faithfulness to His promises.

And as for you
This phrase is directed specifically to Moses, highlighting his role as the leader and mediator between God and the Israelites. In the Hebrew text, the word "you" is emphasized, indicating a personal command and responsibility. Moses is called to act in faith, trusting in God's power and promise. This sets a precedent for leadership in the Bible, where leaders are often called to act in obedience to God's commands, even when the task seems impossible.

lift up your staff
The staff is a symbol of authority and divine power. In Hebrew, the word for staff is "מַטֶּה" (matteh), which can also mean "tribe" or "branch," symbolizing leadership and guidance. The staff had been used by Moses in previous miracles, such as turning the Nile to blood (Exodus 7:20) and bringing forth water from a rock (Exodus 17:5-6). Here, it serves as a tangible representation of God's power working through Moses.

and stretch out your hand
This action signifies Moses' active participation in God's miracle. The Hebrew verb "נָטָה" (natah) means to extend or stretch out, indicating an intentional and deliberate act. It reflects the cooperation between divine sovereignty and human agency, where God chooses to work through His chosen servants to accomplish His purposes.

over the sea
The "sea" refers to the Red Sea, a formidable barrier to the Israelites' escape from Egypt. In Hebrew, the word "יָם" (yam) can denote any large body of water, but here it specifically refers to the Red Sea. The crossing of the Red Sea is a pivotal event in Israel's history, symbolizing deliverance from bondage and the beginning of a new covenant relationship with God.

and divide it
The command to "divide" the sea is a miraculous act that defies natural laws. The Hebrew verb "בָּקַע" (baqa) means to split or cleave, emphasizing the supernatural intervention required to create a path through the waters. This act of division is reminiscent of the creation narrative, where God separates the waters to bring order out of chaos (Genesis 1:6-7).

so that the Israelites can go through
The purpose of the miracle is for the deliverance of the Israelites, God's chosen people. The phrase underscores God's faithfulness to His covenant promises, providing a way of escape and ensuring their survival. It also foreshadows the ultimate deliverance through Christ, who provides a way for believers to pass from death to life.

the sea on dry ground
The phrase "dry ground" highlights the completeness of the miracle. In Hebrew, "חָרָבָה" (charavah) means dry land, indicating that the path through the sea was not muddy or treacherous but firm and secure. This detail underscores God's provision and care for His people, ensuring their safe passage. It also serves as a testament to His power over creation, as He transforms the natural world to fulfill His purposes.

And as for Me
This phrase indicates a direct declaration from God, emphasizing His active role and sovereign will in the unfolding events. The Hebrew root here is "וַאֲנִי" (va'ani), which is a personal pronoun meaning "I" or "as for me." It underscores God's personal involvement and commitment to His people. In the context of Exodus, God is not a distant deity but one who is intimately involved in the deliverance of Israel. This personal engagement is a recurring theme throughout the Bible, where God often reassures His people of His presence and action.

I will harden
The Hebrew word used here is "חָזַק" (chazaq), which means to strengthen, make firm, or harden. This action by God is a deliberate act to fulfill His purposes. In the narrative of Exodus, the hardening of Pharaoh's heart serves to demonstrate God's power and glory. It is a reminder that God's plans are sovereign and that He can use even the resistance of human hearts to accomplish His divine will. This concept challenges believers to trust in God's ultimate plan, even when circumstances seem contrary to human understanding.

the hearts of the Egyptians
The heart, in Hebrew "לֵב" (lev), is often seen as the center of will, emotion, and intellect. By hardening the hearts of the Egyptians, God is influencing their decisions and actions. This phrase highlights the spiritual battle between God's will and human resistance. Historically, the Egyptians were a powerful nation, and their hearts being hardened signifies a divine intervention that overrides human power and pride. It serves as a lesson that no human authority can stand against God's purposes.

so that they will go in after them
This phrase indicates the purpose of God's action. The Egyptians pursuing the Israelites into the sea is a pivotal moment in the Exodus story. It demonstrates God's control over the situation, leading the Egyptians into a trap that will ultimately bring about their downfall. This action is a testament to God's strategic planning and His ability to use the intentions of His enemies to bring about His glory and the deliverance of His people.

And I will be glorified
The Hebrew root "כָּבֵד" (kavod) means to be heavy or weighty, often used to describe glory or honor. God's glorification is the ultimate aim of the events in Exodus. Through the miraculous deliverance of the Israelites and the defeat of the Egyptians, God's power and majesty are displayed to all. This phrase reminds believers that God's actions are always aimed at revealing His glory, and it encourages them to live in a way that reflects His honor and majesty.

through Pharaoh and all his army
Pharaoh, the ruler of Egypt, and his army represent the epitome of earthly power and opposition to God's people. By being glorified through them, God demonstrates His supremacy over all earthly authorities. This phrase serves as a powerful reminder that no matter how formidable the opposition, God's power is unmatched. Historically, the defeat of Pharaoh's army would have been a significant event, showcasing God's ability to protect and deliver His people against overwhelming odds.

through his chariots and horsemen
Chariots and horsemen were symbols of military strength and might in ancient times. By specifying these elements, the text highlights the complete and utter defeat of Egypt's military prowess. This serves as a metaphor for God's ability to dismantle any form of human strength that opposes His will. It reassures believers that God's protection and deliverance are not limited by human capabilities or resources. The destruction of these symbols of power is a testament to God's ultimate authority and the futility of relying on human strength against divine will.

Then the Egyptians will know
This phrase signifies a future revelation to the Egyptians, a people who worshiped a pantheon of gods. The Hebrew word for "know" is "yada," which implies an intimate understanding or recognition. In this context, it suggests that the Egyptians will come to a profound realization of the true God, Yahweh, through the events that are about to unfold. Historically, the Egyptians were known for their advanced civilization and religious practices, yet this moment is pivotal as it challenges their beliefs and demonstrates the supremacy of the God of Israel.

that I am the LORD
The phrase "I am the LORD" is a declaration of God's identity and sovereignty. The Hebrew name used here is "Yahweh," which is the personal name of God revealed to Moses at the burning bush (Exodus 3:14). This name signifies God's eternal existence and unchanging nature. In the context of Exodus, it is a powerful reminder to both the Israelites and the Egyptians that Yahweh is the one true God, distinct from the multitude of Egyptian deities.

when I am honored
The word "honored" in Hebrew is "kabad," which can also mean to be glorified or made heavy with respect. This indicates that God's actions will lead to His glorification. The events at the Red Sea are not just acts of deliverance for Israel but are also meant to display God's power and authority to the world. This glorification is not just for the benefit of Israel but serves as a testimony to all nations of God's might and justice.

through Pharaoh, his chariots, and his horsemen
Pharaoh, his chariots, and his horsemen represent the military might and pride of Egypt. In ancient times, chariots were a symbol of power and technological advancement in warfare. By mentioning these specifically, the text highlights the futility of human strength against divine will. The historical context shows that Egypt was a dominant force in the ancient Near East, yet even their greatest military assets are no match for the power of God. This serves as a humbling lesson that no earthly power can stand against the purposes of the LORD.

Then the Angel of God
The term "Angel of God" in Hebrew is "מַלְאַךְ אֱלֹהִים" (mal'akh Elohim). This phrase often refers to a divine messenger or a manifestation of God's presence. In the context of Exodus, the Angel of God is seen as a theophany, a visible manifestation of God to humankind. This angel is not merely a created being but represents God's direct intervention and guidance. Historically, this presence reassured the Israelites of God's protection and leadership as they faced the daunting challenge of escaping Egypt.

who had been traveling in front of the Israelite army
The phrase indicates the leadership and guidance provided by the Angel of God. The Hebrew word for "traveling" is "הָלַךְ" (halak), which means to walk or go. This suggests a continuous, active presence leading the Israelites. The historical context here is significant; the Israelites were a newly liberated people, unfamiliar with the wilderness, and in need of divine guidance. The Angel's position at the front symbolizes God's role as a shepherd leading His flock.

withdrew and went behind them
The action of withdrawing and repositioning signifies a strategic shift in divine protection. The Hebrew root "אָסַף" (asaf) for "withdrew" implies gathering or removing, indicating a deliberate and purposeful movement. This change in position highlights God's adaptability in providing protection. Historically, this move was crucial as it placed a barrier between the Israelites and the pursuing Egyptian army, demonstrating God's foresight and care.

The pillar of cloud also moved from before them and stood behind them
The "pillar of cloud" is a significant symbol of God's presence and guidance, known in Hebrew as "עַמּוּד הֶעָנָן" (ammud he'anan). This cloud served as a visible sign of God's presence, providing guidance by day and protection by night. The movement of the cloud from the front to the rear of the Israelite camp is a powerful image of divine protection. In the historical context of the Exodus, this movement was a tactical maneuver to shield the Israelites from the Egyptians, emphasizing God's role as a protector and defender. The cloud's dual function as guidance and protection underscores the comprehensive nature of God's care for His people.

So it came between
This phrase signifies the divine intervention of God, placing Himself as a barrier between the Israelites and the Egyptians. The Hebrew root for "came between" is "בּוֹא" (bo), which means to enter or come. This action demonstrates God's protective nature, ensuring the safety of His chosen people. Historically, this moment is pivotal as it underscores God's active role in the deliverance of Israel, a theme that resonates throughout the Exodus narrative.

the armies of Egypt and Israel
The mention of "armies" highlights the military aspect of the confrontation. The Egyptians, led by Pharaoh, were a formidable force, representing the might of one of the ancient world's greatest empires. In contrast, the Israelites, though referred to as an "army," were primarily a group of former slaves. This juxtaposition emphasizes the miraculous nature of their deliverance, as it was not by their own strength but by God's power that they were saved.

The cloud
The cloud is a manifestation of God's presence, often referred to as the Shekinah glory. In the Hebrew context, the cloud symbolizes divine guidance and protection. Throughout the Israelites' journey, the cloud by day and the pillar of fire by night served as a constant reminder of God's presence with them. This duality of the cloud and fire also represents God's ability to be both a shield and a light to His people.

was there in the darkness
Darkness in the Bible often symbolizes chaos, danger, or judgment. Here, the cloud's presence in the darkness signifies God's control over these elements. The Hebrew word for darkness, "חֹשֶׁךְ" (choshek), can also imply obscurity or secrecy, suggesting that God's ways and plans are often beyond human understanding, yet they are always for the good of His people.

but it lit up the night
This phrase illustrates the miraculous nature of God's intervention. While the cloud brought darkness to the Egyptians, it provided light to the Israelites. The dual function of the cloud as both darkness and light is a powerful metaphor for God's ability to protect and guide His people simultaneously. The light in the night is reminiscent of God's word being a "lamp to my feet and a light to my path" (Psalm 119:105), guiding His people through the darkest times.

So neither went near the other all night long
This final phrase underscores the completeness of God's protection. The Hebrew word for "near," "קָרַב" (qarab), implies approach or proximity. By preventing the Egyptians from approaching the Israelites, God ensured their safety throughout the night. This divine separation allowed the Israelites to prepare for their miraculous crossing of the Red Sea, a testament to God's faithfulness and power to deliver His people from seemingly insurmountable odds.

Then Moses stretched out his hand over the sea
The act of Moses stretching out his hand is symbolic of divine authority and obedience to God's command. In Hebrew, the word for "stretched out" is "נָטָה" (natah), which conveys the idea of extending or reaching out. This gesture signifies Moses' role as God's chosen leader, acting as an intermediary between God and the Israelites. The sea, or "יַם" (yam), represents the formidable barrier that stands between the Israelites and their freedom. This moment is a testament to the power of faith and obedience, as Moses acts in accordance with God's will, setting the stage for a miraculous deliverance.

and all that night the LORD drove the sea back
The phrase "all that night" emphasizes the duration and the divine orchestration of the event. The Hebrew word for "night" is "לַיְלָה" (laylah), which often symbolizes a time of trial or testing. The LORD, or "יְהוָה" (YHWH), is the covenant name of God, highlighting His faithfulness and power. The action of driving the sea back is described with the Hebrew verb "הוֹלֵךְ" (holek), meaning to cause to go or to lead. This underscores God's active role in the deliverance of His people, as He manipulates the natural elements to fulfill His promise.

with a strong east wind
The "strong east wind" is a natural phenomenon used supernaturally by God. In Hebrew, "רוּחַ" (ruach) means wind, spirit, or breath, indicating the life-giving and transformative power of God. The east wind, "קָדִים" (qadim), is often associated with judgment or change in the Bible. This wind is not merely a natural occurrence but a divine instrument, demonstrating God's sovereignty over creation. It serves as a reminder that God can use the ordinary to accomplish the extraordinary.

and turned it into dry land
The transformation of the sea into "dry land" is a miraculous event, echoing the creation narrative where God separates the waters to create habitable space. The Hebrew word for "dry land" is "חָרָבָה" (charavah), which signifies a place devoid of water, safe for passage. This act of turning the sea into dry land is a powerful symbol of salvation and new beginnings, as God provides a way where there seems to be none. It illustrates His ability to bring order out of chaos and deliver His people from bondage.

So the waters were divided
The division of the waters is the climax of this miraculous event. The Hebrew verb "בָּקַע" (baqa) means to split or cleave, indicating a decisive and powerful action. This division is not just a physical separation but a spiritual one, marking the transition from slavery to freedom for the Israelites. It is a testament to God's power and faithfulness, as He fulfills His promise to deliver His people. The divided waters stand as a monument to God's ability to overcome any obstacle, providing a path to redemption and hope.

and the Israelites
The term "Israelites" refers to the descendants of Jacob, also known as Israel. This group, chosen by God, represents His covenant people. Historically, the Israelites were enslaved in Egypt, and their journey through the Red Sea marks a pivotal moment of deliverance. Theologically, they symbolize the people of God, called to live in obedience and faithfulness. The Hebrew root for Israel, "Yisra'el," means "God prevails," underscoring the divine intervention and sovereignty in their journey.

went through the sea
The phrase "went through the sea" captures the miraculous nature of the event. The Hebrew word for "sea" is "yam," which often denotes a large body of water. This crossing is not merely a natural occurrence but a supernatural act of God, demonstrating His power over creation. The sea, a symbol of chaos and danger, is transformed into a pathway of salvation, prefiguring Christ's victory over sin and death.

on dry ground
"Dry ground" emphasizes the completeness of the miracle. The Hebrew term "charabah" indicates land that is completely dry, not muddy or damp. This detail highlights God's provision and care, ensuring safe passage for His people. It also signifies a new beginning, as the Israelites leave behind the bondage of Egypt and step into the freedom of God's promises.

with walls of water
The "walls of water" on either side of the Israelites are a testament to God's protective power. The Hebrew word "chomah" for "walls" suggests a strong, fortified barrier. This imagery conveys the idea of God as a refuge and fortress, safeguarding His people from harm. It also serves as a reminder of His ability to make a way where there seems to be none, reinforcing the theme of divine deliverance.

on their right and on their left
The specification of "on their right and on their left" underscores the totality of God's protection. It indicates that the Israelites were completely surrounded by God's miraculous provision. This phrase can be seen as a metaphor for God's omnipresence and His ability to shield His people from all sides. It reassures believers of God's constant presence and His commitment to guide and protect them through life's challenges.

The Egyptians
This phrase refers to the people of Egypt, specifically the army led by Pharaoh. In the context of Exodus, the Egyptians symbolize the oppressive forces that enslaved the Israelites. Historically, Egypt was a powerful and advanced civilization, known for its military prowess and architectural achievements. Theologically, the Egyptians represent the worldly powers that stand in opposition to God's people. Their pursuit of the Israelites into the Red Sea is a testament to their hardened hearts and defiance against God's will.

pursued
The Hebrew root for "pursued" is "רדף" (radaph), which conveys a sense of relentless chasing or hunting down. This pursuit is not just a physical chase but also symbolizes the spiritual and emotional oppression the Israelites faced. The Egyptians' pursuit is a vivid illustration of how sin and worldly powers can relentlessly chase after believers, seeking to recapture them into bondage.

and went in after them
This phrase highlights the Egyptians' boldness and determination. Despite witnessing the miraculous parting of the Red Sea, they still chose to follow the Israelites into the sea. This act of following the Israelites into the parted waters demonstrates a profound lack of reverence for God's power. It serves as a reminder of the dangers of pride and the blindness that can result from a hardened heart.

into the midst of the sea
The "midst of the sea" refers to the heart of the Red Sea, which God had miraculously parted for the Israelites. This miraculous event is central to the narrative of Exodus, symbolizing God's deliverance and protection of His people. Theologically, the sea often represents chaos and danger, and God's control over it demonstrates His sovereignty over all creation. The Egyptians entering the midst of the sea signifies their overconfidence and ultimate downfall.

all Pharaoh’s horses, chariots, and horsemen
This phrase emphasizes the full might of Pharaoh's military forces. Horses and chariots were symbols of military strength and technological advancement in ancient times. The inclusion of "all" indicates the totality of Pharaoh's commitment to recapturing the Israelites. This overwhelming show of force contrasts with the vulnerability of the Israelites, highlighting the miraculous nature of their deliverance. Spiritually, it serves as a reminder that no earthly power can stand against the will of God when He chooses to act on behalf of His people.

At morning watch
The "morning watch" refers to the last of the three watches of the night, typically from 2 a.m. to 6 a.m. This was a time when the Israelites, having crossed the Red Sea, were being pursued by the Egyptians. The timing is significant as it symbolizes a new beginning, a dawn of deliverance for the Israelites. In the Hebrew context, the "watch" was a period of vigilance and prayer, emphasizing the importance of spiritual readiness and trust in God's timing.

the LORD looked down
The phrase "the LORD looked down" anthropomorphizes God, attributing human characteristics to Him to convey His active involvement in the events. In Hebrew, the verb "looked down" (שָׁקַף, shaqaph) implies a focused and intentional observation. This highlights God's sovereignty and His intimate awareness of the situation. It reassures believers that God is not distant but is actively watching over His people, ready to intervene on their behalf.

on the army of the Egyptians
The "army of the Egyptians" represents the formidable force that pursued the Israelites. Historically, Egypt was a powerful empire, and its army was a symbol of oppression and bondage for the Israelites. This phrase underscores the magnitude of the threat and the miraculous nature of God's deliverance. It serves as a reminder that no earthly power can withstand the will of God when He chooses to act on behalf of His people.

from the pillar of fire and cloud
The "pillar of fire and cloud" was a visible manifestation of God's presence with the Israelites. By day, it appeared as a cloud, and by night, as fire, guiding and protecting them. This duality symbolizes God's guidance and protection in both light and darkness. Theologically, it represents the Holy Spirit's role in leading believers through life's journey, providing both direction and comfort.

and He threw them into confusion
The phrase "He threw them into confusion" describes God's intervention in disrupting the Egyptian army. The Hebrew word for "confusion" (הָמַם, hamam) suggests a state of panic and disorder. This divine action demonstrates God's power to overturn human plans and protect His people. It serves as a powerful reminder that God can bring victory out of seemingly impossible situations, turning the schemes of the enemy into chaos.

He caused their chariot wheels to wobble
This phrase highlights the divine intervention of God in the natural world. The Hebrew root for "wobble" is "נָהַג" (nahag), which can mean to lead, drive, or guide. In this context, it signifies a disruption in the normal function of the chariots, symbolizing God's direct action against the Egyptians. Historically, chariots were a symbol of military power and technological advancement in ancient Egypt. By causing the wheels to wobble, God demonstrates His supremacy over human strength and ingenuity, reminding us that no earthly power can stand against His will.

so that they had difficulty driving
This phrase underscores the frustration and helplessness of the Egyptian forces. The difficulty in driving their chariots is a direct result of God's intervention. The Hebrew word for "difficulty" is "כָּבֵד" (kaved), which can also mean heavy or burdensome. This suggests that the Egyptians were weighed down by their own reliance on human strength and technology. In a broader spiritual sense, it serves as a reminder that reliance on worldly power without acknowledging God's sovereignty leads to inevitable failure and frustration.

Let us flee from the Israelites
Here, the Egyptians recognize the futility of their pursuit. The word "flee" in Hebrew is "נָס" (nas), which conveys a sense of urgency and panic. This marks a turning point where the Egyptians, once confident in their military might, are now in retreat. The Israelites, who were once enslaved and powerless, are now seen as a force to be reckoned with because of God's presence with them. This reversal of roles is a powerful testament to God's ability to elevate the humble and bring down the proud.

for the LORD is fighting for them
This phrase is a profound acknowledgment of God's active role in the deliverance of His people. The Hebrew name for "LORD" here is "יהוה" (YHWH), the covenant name of God, emphasizing His faithfulness and commitment to His promises. The word "fighting" is "לָחַם" (lacham), which means to battle or wage war. This illustrates that God is not a distant observer but an active participant in the struggles of His people. It reassures believers that God is always on the side of those who trust in Him, fighting their battles and ensuring their victory.

against Egypt
This final phrase identifies the object of God's judgment. Egypt, in the biblical narrative, often symbolizes oppression, idolatry, and defiance against God. By fighting against Egypt, God is executing judgment on a nation that has resisted His will and oppressed His people. This serves as a warning to all nations and individuals who oppose God's purposes. It also provides hope and encouragement to believers, affirming that God will ultimately deliver them from all forms of bondage and oppression.

Then the LORD said to Moses
This phrase emphasizes the direct communication between God and Moses, a central theme in the Exodus narrative. The Hebrew word for "LORD" is "YHWH," the sacred name of God, highlighting His covenant relationship with Israel. This divine instruction underscores God's sovereignty and His active role in delivering His people. Historically, this moment is pivotal, as it demonstrates God's power over nature and His commitment to fulfilling His promises to the Israelites.

Stretch out your hand over the sea
The act of stretching out the hand is symbolic of divine authority and power. In Hebrew, "stretch out" is "natah," which conveys the idea of extending or reaching out with purpose. Moses' obedience in this act is a demonstration of faith and trust in God's command. The sea, likely the Red Sea or "Yam Suph" in Hebrew, represents a barrier that God miraculously controls, showcasing His dominion over creation.

so that the waters may flow back
The phrase "flow back" indicates a reversal of the miraculous parting of the sea. The Hebrew word "shub" means to return or go back, signifying a restoration of the natural order. This action is a divine intervention that serves as both a means of deliverance for the Israelites and a judgment against the Egyptians. It highlights God's ability to manipulate the elements to achieve His purposes.

over the Egyptians and their chariots and horsemen
The Egyptians, representing the oppressive forces against God's people, are the recipients of divine judgment. The mention of "chariots and horsemen" underscores the military might of Egypt, which was formidable in the ancient world. Archaeological evidence supports the prominence of chariots in Egyptian warfare, making their defeat by divine means even more significant. This phrase illustrates the futility of human power against the will of God and serves as a reminder of His ultimate authority and justice.

So Moses stretched out his hand over the sea
This phrase highlights the obedience and faith of Moses, acting as God's chosen leader. The act of stretching out his hand signifies a command given by God, demonstrating Moses' role as an intermediary between God and His people. The Hebrew root for "stretched out" (נָטָה, natah) implies an extension or reaching out, symbolizing Moses' active participation in God's miraculous deliverance. This act is reminiscent of earlier instances where Moses' obedience led to divine intervention, reinforcing the theme of faith leading to salvation.

and at daybreak the sea returned to its normal state
The timing of "daybreak" is significant, symbolizing new beginnings and the light of God's deliverance after a night of fear and uncertainty. The Hebrew word for "daybreak" (בֹּקֶר, boqer) often signifies a time of revelation and divine action. The sea returning to its "normal state" underscores the power of God over creation, as He restores order after the miraculous parting. This return to normalcy also serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty and the natural order He established, which He can alter according to His divine will.

As the Egyptians were fleeing toward it
This phrase captures the desperation and panic of the Egyptians, who, in their pursuit of the Israelites, find themselves caught in a divine trap. The historical context reveals the might of the Egyptian army, yet their power is rendered futile against God's intervention. The irony of their flight "toward it" highlights their misunderstanding of the situation and the futility of opposing God's plan. This serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of pride and the ultimate futility of resisting God's will.

the LORD swept them into the sea
The phrase "the LORD swept them" emphasizes God's direct involvement in the deliverance of His people and the judgment of their enemies. The Hebrew root for "swept" (נָעַר, naar) conveys a sense of shaking or casting away, illustrating the decisive and powerful nature of God's action. This act of divine judgment serves as a fulfillment of God's promise to protect His people and defeat their oppressors. It also foreshadows the ultimate victory of God over evil, a theme that resonates throughout Scripture, offering hope and assurance to believers of God's justice and faithfulness.

The waters returned
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in the narrative of the Exodus. The Hebrew word for "returned" is "שׁוּב" (shuv), which conveys the idea of turning back or restoring. In this context, it signifies the miraculous reversal of the waters of the Red Sea, which had been parted to allow the Israelites to escape. This act of divine intervention underscores God's sovereignty over creation and His ability to manipulate natural elements to fulfill His purposes. Historically, this event is a cornerstone of Jewish identity, symbolizing deliverance and divine protection.

and covered the chariots and horsemen
The imagery of the waters covering the Egyptian chariots and horsemen is both vivid and dramatic. Chariots and horsemen were symbols of military might and power in ancient Egypt, representing the strength of Pharaoh's army. The Hebrew word for "covered" is "כָּסָה" (kasah), which means to conceal or overwhelm. This act of covering signifies the total and complete defeat of the Egyptian forces, emphasizing that no human power can stand against the will of God. It serves as a reminder of the futility of opposing God's plans and the ultimate triumph of His people.

the entire army of Pharaoh
This phrase highlights the comprehensive nature of the destruction. The Hebrew word for "entire" is "כֹּל" (kol), meaning all or whole. The inclusion of the entire army signifies the totality of God's judgment against Egypt. Pharaoh's army, which had pursued the Israelites with the intent to enslave them once more, was completely annihilated. This serves as a powerful testament to God's justice and His commitment to the liberation of His people. It also foreshadows the ultimate victory of God's kingdom over the forces of evil.

that had followed them into the sea
The phrase underscores the relentless pursuit of the Egyptians. The Hebrew word for "followed" is "בָּא" (ba), which can also mean to come or enter. This pursuit into the sea was an act of desperation and defiance against God's command to let His people go. The Egyptians' decision to follow the Israelites into the parted sea reflects their hardened hearts and unwillingness to submit to God's authority. This serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of pride and the consequences of resisting God's will.

Not one of them survived
The finality of this statement is striking. The Hebrew word for "survived" is "נִשְׁאַר" (nish'ar), meaning to remain or be left. The complete destruction of Pharaoh's army is a testament to the thoroughness of God's deliverance. It assures the Israelites of their freedom from Egyptian oppression and reinforces their faith in God's promises. This phrase also serves as a sobering reminder of the seriousness of God's judgment and the importance of aligning oneself with His purposes. It inspires believers to trust in God's protection and to remain faithful to His calling.

But the Israelites
The term "Israelites" refers to the descendants of Jacob, also known as Israel. This designation highlights their identity as God's chosen people, set apart for His purposes. Historically, the Israelites were enslaved in Egypt, and their deliverance is a central theme in the book of Exodus. The use of "But" signifies a contrast to the fate of the Egyptians, emphasizing God's favor and protection over His people.

walked through the sea
The act of walking through the sea is a miraculous event, demonstrating God's power over nature. The Hebrew word for "walked" (הָלַךְ, halak) implies a deliberate and confident action, suggesting the Israelites' trust in God's provision. This event is a pivotal moment in Israel's history, symbolizing their transition from slavery to freedom and foreshadowing the Christian journey from sin to salvation.

on dry ground
The phrase "on dry ground" underscores the miraculous nature of the event. The Hebrew word for "dry" (חָרָבָה, charabah) indicates a completely dry and firm surface, which would have been impossible without divine intervention. This detail highlights God's ability to provide a safe path for His people, reinforcing His role as their protector and guide.

with a wall of water
The imagery of a "wall of water" on either side of the Israelites is both awe-inspiring and terrifying. The Hebrew word for "wall" (חוֹמָה, chomah) suggests a solid and protective barrier. This miraculous formation not only provided a safe passage but also served as a testament to God's power and presence. It symbolizes the protection God offers His people, shielding them from harm as they follow His path.

on their right and on their left
The specification of "on their right and on their left" emphasizes the completeness of God's protection. It suggests that the Israelites were surrounded by God's power, with no avenue for the waters to return and harm them. This detail reinforces the theme of divine deliverance and the assurance that God is with His people in every direction, guiding and safeguarding them on their journey.

That day
This phrase marks a specific moment in time, emphasizing the immediacy and significance of the event. In the Hebrew context, "that day" often signifies a divine intervention or a pivotal moment in the history of God's people. It underscores the miraculous nature of the event, highlighting that it was not just any day, but a day ordained by God for deliverance.

the LORD
The Hebrew name used here is "Yahweh," the covenant name of God, which signifies His eternal presence and faithfulness. This name is deeply rooted in the identity of God as the one who is self-existent and unchanging. It reminds the reader of God's promises to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and His commitment to fulfill those promises through acts of salvation and deliverance.

saved
The Hebrew word "yasha" is used here, which means to deliver or rescue. This word is often associated with God's intervention in times of distress. It is a powerful reminder of God's role as the Savior of His people, not just in a physical sense, but also spiritually. This act of salvation is a foreshadowing of the ultimate salvation through Jesus Christ.

Israel
Referring to the descendants of Jacob, this term signifies the chosen people of God. Israel's identity is deeply connected to their covenant relationship with Yahweh. This deliverance reinforces their identity as God's people, set apart for His purposes, and serves as a testament to the nations of God's power and faithfulness.

from the hand of the Egyptians
The "hand" symbolizes power and control. The Egyptians, under Pharaoh's rule, had enslaved the Israelites, representing oppression and bondage. God's deliverance from the "hand of the Egyptians" signifies liberation from tyranny and a transition from slavery to freedom, both physically and spiritually.

and Israel saw
The act of seeing is significant in the Hebrew tradition, often implying understanding or realization. This moment of witnessing the Egyptians' defeat is not just a physical sight but a spiritual revelation of God's power and faithfulness. It serves as a confirmation of God's promises and a catalyst for Israel's faith.

the Egyptians dead on the shore
This phrase highlights the complete and irreversible nature of God's deliverance. The sight of their oppressors defeated and lifeless on the shore serves as a tangible proof of God's victory. It symbolizes the end of an era of oppression and the beginning of a new chapter in Israel's journey with God. This imagery also serves as a warning to those who oppose God's will, demonstrating His ultimate authority over life and death.

When Israel saw
The phrase "When Israel saw" indicates a moment of revelation and realization for the Israelites. The Hebrew root for "saw" is "ra'ah," which means to perceive or understand. This is not merely a physical sight but a deep comprehension of God's intervention. Historically, this moment marks a turning point where the Israelites witness firsthand the divine power that has been guiding them, reinforcing their faith and trust in God's promises.

the great power
The term "great power" in Hebrew is "gadol yad," literally translating to "great hand." This expression is often used in the Old Testament to describe God's mighty acts of deliverance and judgment. Archaeologically, the crossing of the Red Sea is a pivotal event that underscores God's sovereignty over nature and nations. This "great power" is a testament to God's ability to protect and deliver His people against overwhelming odds.

that the LORD had exercised
The phrase "that the LORD had exercised" emphasizes God's active role in the events. The Hebrew name for "LORD" here is "Yahweh," the covenant name of God, highlighting His faithfulness and commitment to His people. The word "exercised" suggests deliberate and purposeful action, reinforcing the idea that God is not a distant deity but one who is intimately involved in the lives of His people.

against the Egyptians
"Against the Egyptians" signifies the specific target of God's judgment. The Egyptians, representing the oppressive forces against God's people, are a historical symbol of bondage and sin. This phrase reminds us of the broader biblical narrative of God delivering His people from slavery, a theme that resonates throughout Scripture and finds its ultimate fulfillment in Christ's redemptive work.

the people feared the LORD
"The people feared the LORD" reflects a profound reverence and awe for God. The Hebrew word for "feared" is "yare," which encompasses both fear and reverence. This fear is not terror but a recognition of God's holiness and power. It is a foundational aspect of the Israelites' relationship with God, leading them to worship and obedience.

and believed in Him
"Believed in Him" indicates a deep trust and faith in God's character and promises. The Hebrew word "aman" for "believed" conveys a sense of firmness and reliability. This belief is not just intellectual assent but a wholehearted trust that God is who He says He is and will do what He has promised. It is a faith that transforms and sustains the community of believers.

and in His servant Moses
The phrase "and in His servant Moses" highlights the role of Moses as God's chosen leader and mediator. Moses, as a servant, is a model of obedience and faithfulness. His leadership is validated by God's power and presence, and the people's belief in Moses is an extension of their faith in God. This underscores the importance of godly leadership and the responsibility of leaders to guide their people in faith and obedience.