While Peter and John were speaking to the people
This phrase sets the scene for the unfolding events. Peter and John, two of the foremost apostles, are actively engaged in their mission to spread the Gospel. The Greek word for "speaking" (λαλέω, laleó) implies a continuous action, suggesting that they were in the midst of a passionate and ongoing discourse. This moment follows the miraculous healing of the lame man in Acts 3, which drew a crowd eager to hear their message. The apostles' boldness in proclaiming the resurrection of Jesus is a testament to their transformation by the Holy Spirit, as seen in Acts 2. Historically, this setting is the Temple in Jerusalem, a central place of worship and teaching, making it a strategic location for reaching a large audience.

the priests
The priests were religious leaders responsible for temple rituals and maintaining the spiritual life of the Jewish people. In the context of Acts, they represent the established religious authority, which often found itself at odds with the burgeoning Christian movement. The Greek term for "priests" (ἱερεύς, hiereus) denotes those who perform sacred rites. Their presence indicates the seriousness with which the religious establishment viewed the apostles' activities. The priests' involvement underscores the tension between the old covenant, centered on temple worship, and the new covenant, centered on faith in Christ.

the captain of the temple guard
This figure, known in Greek as the στρατηγός (stratēgos) of the temple, was second in command only to the high priest in terms of temple authority. His role was to maintain order and security within the temple precincts. The presence of the captain highlights the perceived threat that the apostles' message posed to the established order. Historically, the temple guard was a Levitical force tasked with protecting the sanctity of the temple, and their involvement suggests that the apostles' teaching was seen as a disruption to the peace and religious status quo.

and the Sadducees
The Sadducees were a sect of Judaism known for their aristocratic status and their denial of the resurrection, angels, and spirits, as noted in Acts 23:8. Their theological stance put them in direct opposition to the apostles' message, which centered on the resurrection of Jesus. The Greek term Σαδδουκαῖος (Saddoukaios) reflects their historical role as a powerful and influential group within the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council. Their opposition to the apostles is rooted in both theological disagreement and a desire to maintain their socio-political power, which they perceived as threatened by the growing Christian movement.

came up to them
This phrase indicates a direct confrontation. The Greek word προσέρχομαι (proserchomai) suggests an approach with intent, often implying a challenge or opposition. The religious leaders' approach to Peter and John is not merely a casual encounter but a deliberate act to address what they saw as a serious issue. This confrontation is emblematic of the early church's struggles against established religious authorities, as the apostles' message of Jesus' resurrection challenged the very foundations of the leaders' beliefs and authority. This moment foreshadows the persecution that the early Christians would face, as recorded throughout the book of Acts.

greatly disturbed
The Greek word used here is "diaponeomai," which conveys a sense of being deeply troubled or annoyed. This reaction from the religious leaders highlights their intense discomfort and agitation at the apostles' actions. Historically, the Sadducees, who were part of the religious leadership, did not believe in the resurrection, which was a core tenet of the apostles' teaching. This disturbance is not just emotional but also theological, as it challenges their authority and doctrinal beliefs.

they were teaching the people
The act of teaching, "didasko" in Greek, implies a systematic and authoritative instruction. The apostles were not merely sharing opinions but were imparting knowledge with authority. This teaching was directed at "the people," indicating a broad audience, likely including common folk who were often neglected by the religious elite. The apostles' teaching was accessible and inclusive, breaking down barriers that the religious leaders had erected.

and proclaiming
The Greek word "katangello" means to announce or declare openly. This is a public proclamation, not a private conversation. The apostles were bold and unashamed in their message, fulfilling the Great Commission to spread the Gospel. This public declaration was a direct challenge to the religious authorities who sought to control religious discourse.

in Jesus
The focus of the apostles' message was "in Jesus," emphasizing the centrality of Christ in their teaching. This phrase underscores the apostles' belief in Jesus as the Messiah and the source of salvation. Historically, this was a radical claim, as it shifted the focus from the traditional Jewish understanding of God to a new covenant through Jesus Christ.

the resurrection of the dead
The concept of resurrection, "anastasis" in Greek, was a contentious issue. The Pharisees believed in the resurrection, but the Sadducees did not. By proclaiming the resurrection "in Jesus," the apostles were asserting that Jesus' resurrection was the firstfruits of what believers could expect. This was a revolutionary message that offered hope and eternal life, challenging the existing religious paradigms and offering a new understanding of life after death.

They seized them
This phrase indicates a forceful action taken by the authorities. The Greek word used here is "ἐπέβαλον" (epibalon), which means to lay hands on or to arrest. This reflects the growing tension between the early Christian community and the Jewish leaders. Historically, this was a time when the early church was beginning to face persecution for preaching the resurrection of Jesus Christ. The act of seizing Peter and John demonstrates the threat that the message of Jesus posed to the established religious order.

because it was evening
The timing of the arrest is significant. According to Jewish law, trials were not to be conducted at night. The evening setting underscores the urgency and perhaps the irregularity of the proceedings. This detail highlights the leaders' desire to quickly suppress the apostles' message without breaching their own legal customs. It also reflects the cultural and religious practices of the time, where evening marked the end of the day and the beginning of a new one, emphasizing the transitional nature of this moment in the narrative.

they put them in custody
The Greek term "ἐν φυλακῇ" (en phylakē) is used here, meaning to guard or imprison. This action signifies the first recorded instance of the apostles being imprisoned for their faith. It marks the beginning of a pattern of persecution that would follow the early church. Theologically, this moment is pivotal as it demonstrates the cost of discipleship and the reality of suffering for the sake of the Gospel. It also serves as a testament to the apostles' unwavering commitment to their mission despite opposition.

until the next day
This phrase indicates a temporary holding, suggesting that the authorities intended to deal with the apostles more formally in the daylight. It reflects the procedural aspect of Jewish legal practices, where decisions and judgments were typically made during the day. This delay also provided an opportunity for the apostles to reflect on their situation and for God to work through their circumstances. In a broader sense, it symbolizes the waiting and endurance that believers often experience in the face of trials, trusting in God's timing and justice.

But many who heard the message
The phrase "many who heard the message" indicates the widespread impact of the apostles' preaching. The Greek word for "heard" is "ἀκούω" (akouo), which implies not just the act of hearing but also understanding and internalizing the message. This suggests that the Holy Spirit was actively working in the hearts of the listeners, opening their minds to comprehend the truth of the Gospel. Historically, this event follows Peter and John's bold proclamation of Jesus' resurrection, which was a radical and transformative message for the Jewish audience of the time.

believed
The Greek word for "believed" is "πιστεύω" (pisteuo), which means to have faith or trust. This belief was not merely intellectual assent but a deep, transformative faith that led to a change in allegiance and lifestyle. In the context of Acts, this belief was a response to the apostles' testimony about Jesus Christ, His resurrection, and His offer of salvation. This belief was the foundation of the early Christian community, marking a significant shift from traditional Jewish beliefs to the acceptance of Jesus as the Messiah.

and the number of men
The phrase "the number of men" uses the Greek word "ἀνήρ" (aner), which specifically refers to males. This detail highlights the patriarchal context of the time, where men were often counted separately in public records. However, it is important to note that the early Christian movement included both men and women, as seen in other parts of Acts. The focus on men here may reflect the societal norms of the time but does not diminish the inclusive nature of the Gospel message.

grew to about five thousand
The growth "to about five thousand" signifies the rapid expansion of the early church. This number likely refers to the total number of male believers at that time, indicating a substantial increase from the initial group of 120 disciples mentioned in Acts 1:15. The Greek word for "grew" is "γίνομαι" (ginomai), which means to become or come into existence. This growth is a testament to the power of the Holy Spirit working through the apostles' preaching and the compelling nature of the Gospel message. It also reflects the fulfillment of Jesus' promise in Acts 1:8 that the disciples would be His witnesses "to the ends of the earth." The early church's growth is a powerful reminder of the transformative power of the Gospel and the importance of faithful witness.

The next day
This phrase indicates a continuation from the events of the previous chapter, where Peter and John were arrested for preaching about Jesus and healing a man. The timing is significant as it shows the urgency and seriousness with which the Jewish leaders addressed the apostles' actions. In a broader biblical context, "the next day" often signifies a new beginning or a continuation of God's unfolding plan, reminding us of His sovereignty and the unfolding of His divine timeline.

the rulers, elders, and scribes
These groups represent the Sanhedrin, the highest Jewish council and court in Jerusalem. The "rulers" likely refer to the chief priests, including the high priest. The "elders" were respected leaders from among the people, often heads of families or tribes. The "scribes" were experts in the Law of Moses, responsible for teaching and interpreting the Scriptures. This assembly of diverse leaders underscores the gravity of the situation and the perceived threat that the apostles' message posed to the established religious order. Historically, the Sanhedrin wielded significant influence over Jewish religious and civil life, and their involvement highlights the tension between the nascent Christian movement and traditional Jewish authority.

assembled in Jerusalem
Jerusalem, the spiritual and political center of Jewish life, is the setting for this pivotal moment. The city is not only the location of the Temple but also a symbol of God's covenant with Israel. The assembly in Jerusalem signifies the centrality of the events taking place and the importance of the apostles' message being proclaimed in the heart of Jewish faith. Archaeologically, Jerusalem was a bustling city during this period, with the Temple serving as a focal point for worship and pilgrimage. The gathering of the Sanhedrin in this sacred city emphasizes the confrontation between the old covenant, represented by the Jewish leaders, and the new covenant, heralded by the apostles through the resurrection of Jesus Christ. This setting invites believers to reflect on the fulfillment of God's promises and the transformative power of the Gospel, which began in Jerusalem and spread to the ends of the earth.

the high priest Annas
Annas was a significant figure in the Jewish religious hierarchy during the time of Jesus and the early church. Although he was officially removed from the position of high priest by the Romans, he retained considerable influence and power, often acting as a patriarchal figure. The Greek name "Annas" (Ἄννας) reflects his enduring authority, as he was still referred to as the high priest, indicating his lasting impact on Jewish religious and political life. His presence in this verse underscores the continuity of opposition faced by the early Christians from established religious authorities.

Caiaphas
Caiaphas, the son-in-law of Annas, was the acting high priest during the time of Jesus' crucifixion and the early church. His Greek name, Καϊάφας, signifies his role as a central figure in the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council. Caiaphas was instrumental in the trial and condemnation of Jesus, and his mention here highlights the ongoing resistance from the same authorities who had opposed Jesus. His presence in this assembly serves as a reminder of the continuity of the challenges faced by the apostles.

John
The identity of "John" in this context is not explicitly clear, as the name Ἰωάννης was common in the Jewish world. Some scholars suggest he could be a member of the high priestly family or a prominent figure within the Sanhedrin. His inclusion in this list indicates the breadth of opposition from various influential leaders within the Jewish religious establishment, emphasizing the formidable nature of the challenge faced by the apostles.

Alexander
Like John, the specific identity of "Alexander" is not detailed in the text. The Greek name Ἀλέξανδρος was also common, and he is likely another influential member of the high priestly family or the Sanhedrin. His mention further illustrates the collective authority and power arrayed against the early Christian movement, highlighting the significant obstacles the apostles had to overcome in their mission.

and all who were of the high priest’s family
This phrase underscores the collective nature of the opposition from the Jewish religious elite. The Greek term for "family" (γένος) can also mean "race" or "kind," indicating a broader kinship or association. This suggests that the resistance to the apostles was not just from individual leaders but from an entire establishment committed to maintaining their religious and social order. The mention of the high priest's family highlights the entrenched power structures that the early church had to navigate and the divine empowerment needed to stand firm in their witness.

They had Peter and John brought in
This phrase indicates the authority and control exercised by the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council. Historically, the Sanhedrin was composed of religious leaders, including the high priest, elders, and scribes, who held significant power in Jewish society. The act of bringing Peter and John in for questioning reflects the tension between the early Christian movement and established Jewish authority. The Greek word for "brought in" (εἰσάγω, eisagō) suggests a formal and possibly intimidating process, highlighting the gravity of the situation for the apostles.

and began to question them
The questioning by the Sanhedrin was not merely a casual inquiry but a formal interrogation. The Greek word used here (ἐπερωτάω, eperōtaō) implies a thorough and possibly hostile examination. This reflects the Sanhedrin's concern over the growing influence of the apostles and their teachings, which challenged the religious status quo. Historically, such questioning was a common practice to maintain religious orthodoxy and control.

By what power
The word "power" (δύναμις, dynamis) in Greek denotes strength, ability, or miraculous power. The Sanhedrin's question reveals their awareness of the miraculous healing performed by Peter and John, as described earlier in Acts 3. This inquiry into the source of their power underscores the religious leaders' concern about the legitimacy and authority behind the apostles' actions, which were drawing public attention and challenging their own authority.

or what name
In ancient Jewish culture, a "name" (ὄνομα, onoma) carried significant weight, often representing authority, character, and identity. The Sanhedrin's question about the "name" reflects their understanding that the apostles were invoking a specific authority or divine endorsement. In the context of Acts, this refers to the name of Jesus Christ, whose resurrection and power were central to the apostles' message and miracles.

did you do this?
The phrase "did you do this" refers to the miraculous healing of the lame man at the temple gate, as recounted in Acts 3. The Greek verb used here (ποιέω, poieō) means to make or do, emphasizing the action taken by the apostles. The Sanhedrin's focus on the act itself highlights their concern over the implications of such miracles, which were seen as a direct challenge to their religious authority and an affirmation of Jesus' divine power and messianic identity.

Then Peter
The name "Peter" is derived from the Greek "Petros," meaning "rock" or "stone." This name was given to Simon by Jesus, signifying his foundational role in the early Church. Peter's leadership is evident here as he steps forward to address the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council. Historically, Peter's transformation from a fisherman to a bold apostle underscores the transformative power of Christ's calling.

filled with the Holy Spirit
The phrase "filled with the Holy Spirit" indicates a special empowerment and guidance by the third person of the Trinity. In Greek, "filled" is "plērēs," suggesting a completeness or fullness. This filling is not a one-time event but a continual process for believers. The Holy Spirit's presence equips Peter with wisdom and courage, fulfilling Jesus' promise in Acts 1:8 that the disciples would receive power when the Holy Spirit comes upon them.

said to them
The act of speaking here is significant. In the Greek, "said" is "eipen," which implies a declaration or proclamation. Peter's speech is not just a defense but a bold proclamation of the Gospel. This moment is pivotal as it demonstrates the apostles' transition from fear to fearless witnesses of Christ, fulfilling the Great Commission.

Rulers and elders of the people
This phrase addresses the Sanhedrin, composed of Jewish leaders and elders. The term "rulers" in Greek is "archontes," referring to those in positions of authority. "Elders" is "presbyteroi," indicating respected leaders within the community. By addressing them directly, Peter acknowledges their authority but also sets the stage for a powerful testimony about Jesus. This encounter reflects the early Church's interactions with Jewish authorities and highlights the tension between the new Christian movement and established religious structures.

If we are being examined today
This phrase sets the scene for a formal inquiry or trial. The Greek word for "examined" is "ἀνακρινόμεθα" (anakrinometha), which implies a thorough investigation or questioning. In the historical context, Peter and John are standing before the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council, which was known for its rigorous legal procedures. This examination reflects the early church's challenges and the apostles' boldness in the face of persecution. It serves as a reminder of the courage required to stand firm in one's faith, even when scrutinized by authorities.

about a kind service
The phrase "kind service" translates from the Greek "εὐεργεσία" (euergetesia), which denotes a good deed or act of beneficence. This highlights the apostles' actions as inherently good and compassionate, emphasizing the Christian call to serve others selflessly. Historically, acts of kindness were highly valued in Jewish culture, aligning with the teachings of the Torah. This service, performed in Jesus' name, underscores the transformative power of Christian love and charity, which transcends mere human effort and points to divine intervention.

to a man who was lame
The reference to "a man who was lame" recalls the miraculous healing of the crippled man at the temple gate, as described in Acts 3. The Greek word "χωλός" (chōlos) means lame or crippled, indicating a physical disability that rendered the man unable to walk. This miracle serves as a testament to the power of Jesus' name and the apostles' faith. In a broader scriptural context, it symbolizes spiritual restoration and the breaking of physical and spiritual chains through Christ's power.

and are asked how he was healed
The inquiry "how he was healed" points to the miraculous nature of the event. The Greek word for "healed" is "σέσωται" (sesōtai), which means to be saved or made whole. This term is often used in the New Testament to describe both physical healing and spiritual salvation, illustrating the holistic nature of Jesus' ministry. The question posed by the authorities reflects skepticism and a desire to understand the source of this power. For believers, it reaffirms the belief that true healing, both physical and spiritual, comes through faith in Jesus Christ. This moment in Acts serves as a powerful witness to the early church's reliance on divine power and the apostles' unwavering testimony to the truth of the Gospel.

then let this be known
This phrase is a declaration of boldness and clarity. The Greek word for "known" is "gnōston," which implies a deep, experiential knowledge. Peter, filled with the Holy Spirit, is making a public proclamation that demands attention and understanding. This is not merely information but a revelation that carries the weight of divine truth. In the context of the early church, such declarations were pivotal in establishing the authority and authenticity of the apostles' message.

to all of you and to all the people of Israel
Peter addresses both the immediate audience, the Sanhedrin, and the broader community of Israel. This dual address signifies the universal scope of the Gospel message. The phrase underscores the inclusivity of God's revelation through Jesus Christ. Historically, Israel was the chosen people, but the message of Jesus was to transcend ethnic and national boundaries, reaching all of humanity.

It is by the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth
The "name" in biblical terms signifies authority and character. The Greek word "onoma" is used here, emphasizing the power and presence of Jesus. "Jesus Christ of Nazareth" identifies Jesus specifically, countering any misconceptions or denials of His identity. Nazareth, a humble and often despised town, highlights the unexpected and humble origins of the Messiah, fulfilling prophecies and subverting human expectations.

whom you crucified
This phrase is a direct confrontation of the Jewish leaders' actions. The Greek word "estaurōsate" (crucified) is a stark reminder of the brutal and unjust execution of Jesus. Peter's boldness in accusing the leaders reflects the transformative power of the Holy Spirit, as he speaks truth to power without fear. This accusation is not merely to condemn but to convict and lead to repentance.

but whom God raised from the dead
The resurrection is the cornerstone of Christian faith. The contrast between human action ("you crucified") and divine action ("God raised") highlights the sovereignty and redemptive power of God. The Greek word "ēgeiren" (raised) signifies not just a return to life but a victorious overcoming of death. This event validates Jesus' divinity and mission, offering hope and assurance of eternal life to believers.

that this man stands before you healed
The healing of the lame man is a tangible demonstration of Jesus' power and authority. The Greek word "hugiēs" (healed) implies wholeness and soundness, not just physical recovery. This miracle serves as a sign of the in-breaking Kingdom of God, where restoration and renewal are manifest. It is a testament to the living presence of Jesus, working through His apostles, and a call to faith for all who witness it.

This Jesus
The phrase "This Jesus" emphasizes the specific identity of Jesus Christ, distinguishing Him from any other. In the Greek, "This" (οὗτος) serves to point directly to Jesus, underscoring His centrality in the narrative of salvation. Historically, Jesus of Nazareth was a well-known figure, and the apostles are making it clear that it is this very Jesus, whom the religious leaders knew and rejected, who is the subject of their proclamation.

is ‘the stone
The metaphor of "the stone" is deeply rooted in Jewish scripture and tradition. In the Hebrew Bible, stones often symbolize strength and permanence. The Greek word for stone, "λίθος" (lithos), is used here to draw a parallel to the prophecies found in the Old Testament, particularly in Psalms and Isaiah, where the stone is a symbol of God's chosen one. This imagery would resonate with the Jewish audience, familiar with the messianic prophecies.

you builders rejected
The "builders" in this context refer to the Jewish leaders and authorities who were responsible for guiding the spiritual and religious life of the people. The Greek word for "rejected" is "ἀποδοκιμάζω" (apodokimazō), meaning to reject after testing. This implies that the leaders examined Jesus and His claims but chose to dismiss Him, despite the evidence of His messianic identity. This rejection is a fulfillment of prophecy, highlighting the tragic irony that those entrusted with building God's spiritual house failed to recognize the true cornerstone.

which has become
The phrase "which has become" indicates a transformation or a change in status. The Greek verb "γίνομαι" (ginomai) suggests a process of becoming or being made into something. This transformation is divinely orchestrated, showing that despite human rejection, God's purposes prevail. Jesus' resurrection and exaltation are the ultimate demonstration of this divine reversal, where the rejected stone is elevated to the highest place of honor.

the cornerstone
The "cornerstone" is a critical architectural element, serving as the foundation upon which the entire structure is built. In Greek, "ἀκρογωνιαῖος" (akrogōniaios) refers to the chief cornerstone, the most important stone in the building. In the biblical context, this signifies Jesus as the foundation of the Church and the faith. The cornerstone imagery is drawn from Psalm 118:22 and Isaiah 28:16, where it is used to describe the Messiah. This cornerstone is not just foundational but also unifying, bringing together Jews and Gentiles into one spiritual house. The use of this metaphor underscores the essential role of Christ in God's redemptive plan and the futility of any spiritual edifice not built upon Him.

Salvation exists in no one else
The Greek word for "salvation" here is "sōtēria," which encompasses deliverance, preservation, and safety. In the context of Acts, it refers to the ultimate deliverance from sin and its consequences. The phrase "in no one else" underscores the exclusivity of salvation through Jesus Christ. Historically, this was a radical claim in a polytheistic society where many gods were worshipped. The apostles boldly proclaimed that salvation is found solely in Jesus, challenging the prevailing religious norms and affirming the Christian belief in the uniqueness of Christ as the sole mediator between God and humanity.

for there is no other name
The term "name" in the biblical context often signifies authority and character. The Greek word "onoma" implies more than just a label; it represents the essence and power of the person. In the ancient world, names held significant weight, often reflecting one's identity and authority. By stating "no other name," the apostles assert that Jesus' authority and character are unparalleled and divinely ordained. This declaration is a cornerstone of Christian doctrine, emphasizing that Jesus alone embodies the power and authority necessary for salvation.

under heaven
This phrase indicates the universal scope of the message. "Under heaven" is a Hebraic expression meaning throughout the entire world. It signifies that the offer of salvation through Jesus is not limited to a specific group or nation but is available to all humanity. This universality is a key aspect of the Christian gospel, breaking down ethnic and cultural barriers and inviting all people to partake in the salvation offered by Christ.

given to men
The word "given" in Greek is "didōmi," which implies a gift or something granted. Salvation is portrayed as a divine gift, not something earned by human effort. The phrase "to men" (Greek: "anthrōpois") indicates that this gift is intended for all people, regardless of status or background. This reflects the grace of God, who offers salvation freely to anyone who believes in Jesus Christ.

by which we must be saved
The necessity of salvation is emphasized by the word "must" (Greek: "dei"), indicating an essential requirement. The phrase "be saved" (Greek: "sōthēnai") is in the passive voice, highlighting that salvation is an act of God upon the believer, not a human achievement. This underscores the Christian belief in the necessity of faith in Jesus Christ for salvation, as it is only through Him that one can be reconciled to God. The apostles' message is clear: faith in Jesus is not just one option among many; it is the only path to eternal life.

When they saw the boldness
The Greek word for "boldness" is "παρρησία" (parrēsia), which conveys a sense of confidence and freedom in speaking. In the context of Acts, this boldness is a direct result of the Holy Spirit's empowerment. Historically, the early church faced significant opposition, and such boldness was a testament to the transformative power of the Gospel. This boldness is not merely human courage but a divine enablement to proclaim truth without fear.

of Peter and John
Peter and John were two of Jesus' closest disciples. Their transformation from fishermen to bold proclaimers of the Gospel is significant. Peter, who once denied Christ, now stands fearlessly before the Sanhedrin. This change underscores the impact of the resurrection and the indwelling of the Holy Spirit. Historically, these apostles were foundational in establishing the early church, and their witness is a model for Christian leadership and evangelism.

and realized that they were unschooled, ordinary men
The term "unschooled" comes from the Greek "ἀγράμματος" (agrammatos), meaning unlettered or uneducated in formal rabbinical training. "Ordinary" is translated from "ἰδιώτης" (idiōtēs), indicating common or laymen. This highlights the divine nature of their wisdom and authority, as it was not derived from human education but from their relationship with Christ. This serves as a reminder that God often chooses the humble and lowly to confound the wise, emphasizing His power and glory.

they marveled
The reaction of marveling, from the Greek "θαυμάζω" (thaumazō), indicates astonishment or wonder. The religious leaders were confounded by the apostles' wisdom and authority, which were unexpected given their backgrounds. This marveling is a recurring theme in the Gospels and Acts, where the works and words of God through Jesus and His followers often left onlookers in awe, pointing to the divine source of their mission.

and took note that these men had been with Jesus
The phrase "took note" suggests a recognition or realization. The Greek "ἐπιγινώσκω" (epiginōskō) implies a deeper understanding or acknowledgment. The religious leaders recognized that the apostles' boldness and wisdom were a direct result of their time with Jesus. This highlights the transformative power of discipleship and the importance of being in close relationship with Christ. Historically, this acknowledgment also serves as an implicit validation of Jesus' ministry and the truth of His resurrection, as His influence continued to manifest powerfully through His followers.

And seeing the man
The phrase "And seeing the man" indicates the undeniable evidence of the miracle performed by Peter and John. The Greek word for "seeing" (ὁρῶντες, horōntes) implies more than just a casual glance; it suggests a careful observation. This emphasizes the reality and tangibility of the miracle, which was witnessed by all present. In a historical context, this visual confirmation was crucial in a culture that valued eyewitness testimony.

who had been healed
The phrase "who had been healed" refers to the miraculous restoration of the lame man, as described earlier in Acts 3. The Greek word for "healed" (ἰαθείς, iatheis) is often used in the New Testament to denote a complete and divine healing, not just a temporary or partial recovery. This healing serves as a testament to the power of Jesus' name and the authority given to His apostles.

standing there with them
"Standing there with them" highlights the man's newfound ability to stand, a direct result of his healing. The act of standing, which he could not do before, serves as a powerful visual testimony to the miracle. In the Jewish culture of the time, standing was often associated with strength and readiness, further underscoring the completeness of his healing.

they had nothing to say in response
The phrase "they had nothing to say in response" indicates the inability of the religious leaders to refute the miracle. The Greek word for "response" (ἀντικεῖσθαι, antikeisthai) suggests opposition or contradiction. The leaders were left speechless, unable to deny the evidence before them. This silence is significant, as it demonstrates the power of God’s work through His apostles, leaving even the most skeptical without argument.

So they ordered them
This phrase indicates a command given by the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council. The Greek word for "ordered" is "παραγγέλλω" (parangellō), which implies a directive with authority. The Sanhedrin, composed of chief priests, elders, and scribes, held significant power in Jewish society. This command reflects their attempt to maintain control and authority over religious matters, especially in the face of the apostles' bold proclamation of Jesus Christ.

to leave the Sanhedrin
The Sanhedrin was the supreme religious body in Israel during the time of Jesus and the apostles. It functioned as both a judicial and legislative body. The Greek term "Συνέδριον" (Synedrion) refers to this assembly. By ordering the apostles to leave, the Sanhedrin sought to deliberate privately, indicating the seriousness of the situation. This action underscores the tension between the early Christian movement and the established Jewish authorities.

and then conferred together
The phrase "conferred together" comes from the Greek "συμβουλεύω" (symbouleuō), meaning to consult or deliberate. This reflects the Sanhedrin's need to discuss and decide on a course of action regarding the apostles' teaching. Historically, this moment is pivotal as it shows the early resistance faced by the apostles. The Sanhedrin's consultation highlights their concern over the growing influence of the apostles and the message of Jesus' resurrection, which threatened their religious authority and the status quo.

What shall we do with these men?
This phrase reflects the dilemma faced by the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council, as they grapple with the undeniable miracle performed by Peter and John. The Greek word for "do" (ποιήσωμεν, poiēsōmen) suggests an action or decision that needs to be made. Historically, the Sanhedrin was the supreme religious body in Israel, responsible for maintaining Jewish law and order. Their question reveals their struggle between acknowledging the miracle and maintaining their authority.

For it is clear to everyone living in Jerusalem
The phrase underscores the public nature of the miracle. The Greek word for "clear" (φανερόν, phaneron) means manifest or evident. This indicates that the miracle was not done in secret but was witnessed by many, making it impossible for the authorities to deny. Jerusalem, being the center of Jewish worship and culture, was a place where news spread quickly, and the impact of the miracle was widespread.

that a remarkable miracle has occurred through them
The term "remarkable" (γνωστὸν, gnōston) in Greek implies something that is well-known or recognized. The miracle, the healing of a man lame from birth, was indeed extraordinary and served as a testament to the power of Jesus' name. In the context of Acts, miracles often served to authenticate the message of the apostles and the early church.

and we cannot deny it
This admission by the Sanhedrin highlights their inability to refute the evidence of the miracle. The Greek word for "deny" (ἀρνεῖσθαι, arneisthai) means to contradict or disavow. Despite their authority and desire to suppress the apostles' message, the truth of the miracle was irrefutable. This moment illustrates the power of God’s work through the apostles, which even the most powerful religious leaders could not negate.

But to keep this message from spreading any further among the people
This phrase highlights the concern of the Jewish leaders about the rapid spread of the Christian message. The Greek word for "message" here is "λόγος" (logos), which can mean word, speech, or message. In the context of Acts, it refers to the teachings and the gospel of Jesus Christ. Historically, the early church was growing rapidly, and the Jewish authorities were alarmed by the influence of the apostles. The phrase "spreading any further" indicates their fear of losing control and influence over the people. The early Christian message was revolutionary, challenging the established religious norms and offering a new covenant through Jesus Christ.

we must warn them
The Greek word for "warn" is "ἀπειλέω" (apeileo), which can also mean to threaten or to command. This reflects the authoritative stance the Jewish leaders took against the apostles. They were not merely advising but issuing a stern warning, intending to intimidate the apostles into silence. This action underscores the tension between the nascent Christian movement and the established Jewish religious order. The leaders felt threatened by the apostles' boldness and the miracles performed in Jesus' name, which validated their message.

to speak no more to anyone in this name
The phrase "in this name" refers to the name of Jesus Christ. In Jewish culture, a name was not just a label but represented the essence and authority of a person. The apostles were performing miracles and preaching in the name of Jesus, which was a direct challenge to the authority of the Jewish leaders. The leaders' insistence that the apostles "speak no more" highlights their desperation to suppress the burgeoning Christian faith. This command was not just about silencing speech but about attempting to nullify the power and authority that came with invoking Jesus' name. Historically, this reflects the early persecution faced by Christians and the resilience of the apostles in the face of such opposition.

Then they called them in again
This phrase indicates a repeated action, suggesting persistence and determination on the part of the authorities. The Greek word for "called" (προσκαλέω, proskaleō) implies a summoning with authority. Historically, this reflects the Sanhedrin's role as the Jewish ruling council, which held significant power over religious and civil matters. The apostles, Peter and John, were brought before this council, highlighting the tension between the early Christian movement and established Jewish authority.

and commanded them
The Greek word for "commanded" (παραγγέλλω, parangellō) conveys a strong directive, often used in military contexts. This underscores the authoritative and forceful nature of the Sanhedrin's order. The historical context reveals the Sanhedrin's concern over the growing influence of the apostles and their teachings, which they perceived as a threat to their religious authority and the status quo.

not to speak or teach
The prohibition against "speak or teach" emphasizes the comprehensive nature of the command. The Greek words for "speak" (λαλέω, laleō) and "teach" (διδάσκω, didaskō) cover both informal conversation and formal instruction. This reflects the Sanhedrin's attempt to suppress the spread of the Gospel by any means. Theologically, this highlights the early church's commitment to evangelism and the inevitable conflict with worldly powers that oppose the message of Christ.

at all
The phrase "at all" (μηδέ, mēde) intensifies the prohibition, indicating a total ban without exception. This reflects the Sanhedrin's desperation to halt the apostles' influence. From a scriptural perspective, this absolute prohibition contrasts with the apostles' divine mandate to spread the Gospel, as seen in the Great Commission (Matthew 28:19-20).

in the name of Jesus
The "name of Jesus" signifies authority and identity. In Jewish culture, a name carried deep significance, often reflecting character and mission. The Sanhedrin's specific prohibition against speaking in Jesus' name highlights their recognition of the power and authority associated with Jesus. Historically, this reflects the early church's central focus on Jesus as the Messiah and the source of salvation. Theologically, it underscores the transformative power of Jesus' name, which the apostles were compelled to proclaim despite opposition.

But Peter and John replied
This phrase introduces the response of Peter and John, two of the most prominent apostles in the early Christian church. The Greek word for "replied" (ἀποκρίνομαι, apokrinomai) suggests a thoughtful and deliberate answer, indicating that their response was not impulsive but considered. Historically, Peter and John were known for their boldness and leadership among the apostles, and their reply here is consistent with their roles as defenders of the faith. Their response is a model of courage and conviction, demonstrating their unwavering commitment to the mission of spreading the Gospel.

Judge for yourselves
The phrase "Judge for yourselves" is an invitation to the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council, to consider the situation from a divine perspective. The Greek word for "judge" (κρίνω, krinō) implies a process of discernment and evaluation. This appeal to personal judgment underscores the apostles' confidence in the truth of their message and the righteousness of their actions. It challenges the authorities to reflect on their own understanding of justice and righteousness, urging them to align their judgments with God's will.

whether it is right
The word "right" (δίκαιος, dikaios) in Greek conveys the idea of righteousness, justice, and moral correctness. Peter and John are appealing to a higher standard of morality that transcends human authority. This appeal to divine justice is a central theme in Christian teaching, emphasizing that true righteousness is determined by God's standards, not human laws or decrees. The apostles' question implies that obedience to God is the ultimate measure of what is right.

in God’s sight
This phrase highlights the ultimate authority and perspective of God. The Greek word for "sight" (ἐνώπιον, enōpion) means "before" or "in the presence of." It suggests living and acting with an awareness of God's omnipresence and omniscience. For Peter and John, the approval of God is paramount, and their actions are guided by a desire to be faithful in His sight. This reflects a core Christian belief that one's life should be lived in accordance with God's will, seeking His approval above all else.

to listen to you rather than God
The contrast between "you" (the human authorities) and "God" emphasizes the apostles' allegiance to divine authority over human authority. The Greek word for "listen" (ἀκούω, akouō) implies not just hearing, but obeying and following. This statement is a declaration of the apostles' commitment to prioritize God's commands over human directives. It reflects the early Christian understanding that obedience to God takes precedence over all other loyalties, a principle that has inspired countless believers to stand firm in their faith despite opposition.

For we cannot stop speaking
This phrase reflects the apostles' unwavering commitment to their mission. The Greek word for "cannot" (οὐ δυνάμεθα, ou dynametha) implies an inherent inability to refrain from action. This suggests that the apostles are compelled by a force greater than themselves, which is the Holy Spirit. Historically, this boldness is significant as it occurs in the face of persecution from the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council. The apostles' determination serves as an inspiration for Christians to remain steadfast in their faith, regardless of external pressures.

about what we have seen
The word "seen" (ἑωράκαμεν, heōrakamen) is derived from the Greek verb "horaō," which means to see with the eyes or to perceive. This indicates that the apostles are eyewitnesses to the events they proclaim, particularly the resurrection of Jesus Christ. In a historical context, eyewitness testimony was crucial for establishing the credibility of an account. The apostles' firsthand experiences provide a solid foundation for the truth of the Gospel, emphasizing the importance of personal testimony in the Christian faith.

and heard
The term "heard" (ἠκούσαμεν, ēkousamen) comes from the Greek verb "akouō," meaning to hear or listen. This highlights the apostles' direct reception of Jesus' teachings and the divine revelations they received. In the scriptural context, hearing is often associated with understanding and obedience. The apostles' proclamation is not just about relaying information but also about sharing the transformative message of Christ that they have internalized. This underscores the importance of both seeing and hearing in the process of witnessing, as both senses contribute to a fuller understanding and communication of the Gospel message.

After further threats
The phrase "after further threats" indicates the persistence of the Sanhedrin's opposition to the apostles. The Greek word for "threats" (ἀπειλέω, apeileō) suggests a strong, intimidating warning. Historically, the Sanhedrin was the supreme religious council in Jerusalem, wielding significant power. Their threats were not empty but carried the weight of potential punishment. This reflects the early church's environment, where believers often faced severe opposition for their faith.

they let them go
The decision to release the apostles, despite the threats, underscores the divine protection over the early church. The Greek verb "let go" (ἀπολύω, apolyō) implies a release from custody or obligation. This act of letting them go, despite the council's authority, highlights God's sovereignty and the apostles' unwavering commitment to their mission. It serves as an encouragement to believers that God's purposes prevail even amidst human opposition.

They could not find a way to punish them
This phrase reveals the dilemma faced by the Sanhedrin. The Greek word for "punish" (κολάζω, kolazō) means to chastise or discipline. The inability to punish the apostles was not due to a lack of desire but rather a lack of justification. This reflects the power of truth and righteousness, which often leaves adversaries without legitimate grounds for persecution. It is a testament to the integrity and divine backing of the apostles' message.

because all the people were glorifying God
The public's reaction played a crucial role in the apostles' release. The Greek word for "glorifying" (δοξάζω, doxazō) means to honor or praise. The people's glorification of God indicates widespread recognition of the miraculous healing that had occurred. This collective acknowledgment of God's work served as a protective shield for the apostles, demonstrating how public testimony can influence outcomes and protect the faithful.

for what had happened
The phrase "for what had happened" refers to the miraculous healing of the lame man, as recounted earlier in Acts 3. This event was undeniable and served as a powerful testament to the truth of the apostles' message. The historical context of miracles in the early church was a means of authenticating the apostles' authority and the gospel's truth. It reminds believers of the power of God to work through His people, confirming His word with signs and wonders.

For the man
This phrase refers to the specific individual who was the recipient of a miraculous healing. In the context of Acts 3 and 4, this man was lame from birth and was healed by Peter and John at the temple gate called Beautiful. The Greek word for "man" here is "ἀνήρ" (anēr), which often denotes an adult male, emphasizing his maturity and the significance of his healing. This healing serves as a testament to the power of Jesus' name and the authority given to the apostles.

who was miraculously healed
The phrase highlights the supernatural nature of the healing. The Greek word for "healed" is "ἰάομαι" (iaomai), which means to cure or restore to health. This miraculous event was not just a physical restoration but also a sign pointing to the spiritual restoration available through Christ. The healing was a public demonstration of God's power and served as a catalyst for the apostles' bold proclamation of the gospel.

was over forty years old
This detail underscores the gravity and authenticity of the miracle. The Greek phrase "πλειόνων τεσσεράκοντα ἐτῶν" (pleionōn tesserakonta etōn) indicates that the man was more than forty years old. In the cultural and historical context of the time, being lame for such a long period would have been seen as a permanent condition, making the healing even more astonishing. This age detail also serves to validate the miracle, as many in the community would have known the man and his condition, leaving no room for doubt about the authenticity of the apostles' testimony.

On their release
This phrase marks a significant moment of transition from captivity to freedom. The Greek word used here, "ἀπολυθέντες" (apoluthentes), implies a release or dismissal, often used in the context of being set free from confinement. Historically, this release signifies the early church's resilience and God's providence in protecting His messengers. It serves as a reminder of the divine intervention that often accompanies the faithful in their trials.

Peter and John
These two apostles are central figures in the early church. Peter, known for his boldness and leadership, and John, the beloved disciple, represent the strength and unity of the apostolic witness. Their partnership in ministry reflects the importance of fellowship and mutual support in the Christian journey. Historically, Peter and John were among the closest to Jesus, and their actions and teachings laid foundational stones for the burgeoning church.

returned to their own people
The phrase "their own people" indicates the early Christian community, often referred to as "the brethren" or "the believers." The Greek term "ἰδίους" (idious) suggests a sense of belonging and shared identity. This return highlights the importance of community and fellowship in the Christian faith, where believers find encouragement and strength. The early church was characterized by a strong sense of unity and shared purpose, as seen in their communal living and mutual support.

and reported all
The act of reporting signifies transparency and accountability within the community. The Greek word "ἀπήγγειλαν" (apēngeilan) means to announce or declare. This sharing of experiences is crucial for building faith and understanding among believers. It reflects the early church's commitment to truth and the dissemination of the gospel message, ensuring that all members were informed and encouraged by the apostles' experiences.

that the chief priests and elders had said to them
This phrase underscores the opposition faced by the early church from established religious authorities. The chief priests and elders were influential leaders within the Jewish community, and their words carried significant weight. The apostles' encounter with these leaders highlights the tension between the nascent Christian movement and traditional Jewish authority. Historically, this opposition was a catalyst for the spread of Christianity, as it forced believers to rely on the Holy Spirit and each other for strength and guidance.

When they heard this
This phrase indicates a collective response from the early Christian community. The Greek word for "heard" is "ἀκούσαντες" (akousantes), which implies not just the act of hearing but also understanding and internalizing the message. This reflects the unity and shared purpose among the believers, emphasizing the importance of communal discernment and action in the early Church.

they raised their voices together in prayer to God
The act of raising their voices "together" signifies the unity and harmony within the early Christian community. The Greek word "ὁμοθυμαδόν" (homothumadon) is used here, which means with one mind or purpose. This unity in prayer underscores the power of collective intercession and the strength found in communal faith. It reflects the early Church's reliance on prayer as a foundational practice for guidance and empowerment.

Sovereign Lord
The term "Sovereign Lord" is translated from the Greek word "Δέσποτα" (Despota), which denotes a master or ruler with absolute authority. This acknowledgment of God's sovereignty is crucial, as it sets the tone for the prayer that follows. It reflects a deep recognition of God's ultimate control over all circumstances, a comforting and empowering truth for believers facing persecution.

who made the heaven and the earth and the sea and everything in them
This phrase is a declaration of God's creative power and authority over all creation. It echoes the language of Genesis and the Psalms, affirming God's role as the Creator. By acknowledging God as the maker of "heaven and earth and the sea," the early Christians are reminded of His omnipotence and the vastness of His dominion. This serves to bolster their faith, knowing that the God who created all things is also the one who sustains and protects them.

You spoke by the Holy Spirit
This phrase emphasizes the divine inspiration behind the words of Scripture. The Holy Spirit, the third person of the Trinity, is the source of prophetic utterance and revelation. In the original Greek, the word for "spoke" is "εἶπας" (eipas), which conveys the act of speaking or declaring. This underscores the belief that the Scriptures are not merely human words but are divinely inspired, as the Holy Spirit moved the prophets to speak and write. This aligns with 2 Peter 1:21, which states that prophecy never had its origin in human will, but prophets spoke from God as they were carried along by the Holy Spirit.

through the mouth of your servant
The phrase "through the mouth" indicates the means by which God communicated His message. The Greek word "στόματος" (stomatos) refers to the physical mouth, symbolizing the human instrument used by God to convey His divine message. The term "servant" is translated from the Greek "παῖδος" (paidos), which can mean servant, child, or son. This highlights the humility and obedience of the prophets, who served as vessels for God's word. The use of "servant" also reflects the biblical theme of servanthood as a noble calling, exemplified by figures like Moses and ultimately fulfilled in Jesus Christ, the Suffering Servant.

our father David
This phrase identifies King David as the author of the quoted psalm, specifically Psalm 2. David, revered as a man after God's own heart, is acknowledged as a prophet and a king. The reference to "our father" signifies a spiritual lineage and connection to the promises made to David, which are fulfilled in Jesus Christ. Historically, David's reign is seen as a golden age for Israel, and his psalms are considered prophetic, pointing to the Messiah. The mention of David here reinforces the continuity of God's plan from the Old Testament to the New Testament.

said
The word "said" is translated from the Greek "εἶπεν" (eipen), which is a simple past tense verb indicating a statement or declaration. This verb is used to introduce direct quotations, emphasizing the authority and importance of the words that follow. In this context, it underscores the belief that the Scriptures are a record of God's spoken word, preserved for instruction, correction, and encouragement.

Why do the nations rage
This rhetorical question, quoted from Psalm 2:1, reflects the futility and rebellion of the nations against God's sovereign rule. The word "nations" is translated from the Greek "ἔθνη" (ethnē), which refers to Gentiles or peoples outside of Israel. The term "rage" comes from the Greek "ἐφρύαξαν" (ephryaxan), meaning to be in tumult or uproar. This imagery conveys the chaotic and futile opposition of worldly powers against God's anointed. Historically, this has been seen in the opposition faced by Israel and, in the New Testament context, the early church's persecution. It serves as a reminder of God's ultimate authority and the futility of resisting His will.

and the peoples plot in vain?
The phrase "plot in vain" highlights the futility of human schemes against God's purposes. The Greek word for "plot" is "μελετῶσιν" (meletōsin), which means to meditate or devise. The addition of "in vain" underscores the ultimate failure of these plans. This reflects the biblical theme that no weapon formed against God's people will prosper (Isaiah 54:17). Historically, this has been evident in the repeated failure of those who oppose God's plans, from Pharaoh's resistance to the crucifixion of Jesus, which ultimately led to the salvation of mankind. This serves as an encouragement to believers to trust in God's sovereignty and the certainty of His promises.

The kings of the earth
This phrase refers to the earthly rulers and authorities who often stand in opposition to God's divine plan. In the Greek, "kings" is "basileis," which denotes those with power and authority. Historically, this can be seen in the context of Roman and Jewish leaders who opposed the early Christian movement. Theologically, it underscores the tension between worldly power and God's kingdom, reminding believers that earthly authority is temporary and ultimately subject to God's sovereign will.

take their stand
The Greek word here is "parestēsan," meaning to set oneself against or to oppose. This phrase paints a vivid picture of defiance and rebellion against God's anointed. It suggests a deliberate and conscious decision to resist God's purposes. In a broader scriptural context, this reflects the ongoing spiritual battle between the forces of good and evil, where human pride often leads to opposition against divine authority.

and the rulers
"Rulers" in Greek is "archontes," referring to those in positions of leadership and governance. This term is often used in the New Testament to describe both secular and religious leaders who wield influence over the people. Historically, this includes figures like Herod and Pontius Pilate, who played roles in the trial and crucifixion of Jesus. Theologically, it serves as a reminder that human leadership is accountable to God and should align with His justice and righteousness.

gather together
The Greek word "synēchthēsan" implies a coming together or assembling, often with a negative connotation of conspiracy or plotting. This gathering is not for a noble cause but rather to conspire against God's anointed. It highlights the unity of opposition that can arise against God's purposes, yet also serves as a reminder that such unity is ultimately futile against God's sovereign plan.

against the Lord
"Lord" here is "Kyrios" in Greek, a title of respect and authority, often used to refer to God or Jesus Christ. This phrase indicates that the opposition is not merely against a human leader but against God Himself. It underscores the gravity of the rebellion and the audacity of human pride in challenging divine authority. In a broader biblical context, it serves as a warning against setting oneself against God's will.

and against His Anointed One
"Anointed One" is "Christos" in Greek, referring to the Messiah, Jesus Christ. This phrase directly connects the opposition to the rejection of Jesus as the Messiah. It echoes Psalm 2, which prophesies the futility of nations and rulers who plot against God's chosen king. For believers, it reaffirms the identity of Jesus as the Christ and the ultimate victory of God's anointed over all earthly opposition. It inspires confidence in the triumph of God's plan through Jesus, despite any present challenges or opposition.

In fact, in this city
This phrase sets the geographical and historical context for the events being described. The "city" refers to Jerusalem, a central location in Jewish history and the early Christian church. Jerusalem was the site of significant biblical events, including the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus Christ. The use of "in fact" emphasizes the certainty and reality of the events that transpired there, underscoring the fulfillment of prophecy and divine orchestration.

Herod and Pontius Pilate
Herod Antipas and Pontius Pilate were key political figures during the time of Jesus' ministry. Herod, a tetrarch of Galilee, and Pilate, the Roman governor of Judea, represent both Jewish and Gentile authorities. Their involvement in the trial and crucifixion of Jesus highlights the collaboration between different powers against Christ, fulfilling the prophecy of Psalm 2:1-2, where rulers conspire against the Lord's Anointed.

conspired together
The Greek word used here, "συνήχθησαν" (synechthēsan), implies a deliberate and united effort. This conspiracy was not a random occurrence but a fulfillment of God's sovereign plan. Despite their intentions, Herod and Pilate's actions were part of the divine narrative that led to the salvation of humanity through Jesus' sacrifice.

with the Gentiles and the people of Israel
This phrase indicates the broad scope of opposition against Jesus, involving both Gentiles and Jews. The inclusion of "Gentiles" signifies the Roman authorities and other non-Jewish groups, while "the people of Israel" refers to the Jewish leaders and populace. This collective opposition underscores the universal nature of sin and the need for redemption across all humanity.

against Your holy servant Jesus
The term "holy servant" reflects Jesus' unique role as the Messiah, set apart for God's purpose. The Greek word "παῖς" (pais) can mean servant or son, emphasizing both Jesus' humility and divine sonship. This phrase highlights the injustice of the conspiracy, as it was directed against the sinless and consecrated Son of God, who came to serve and save.

whom You anointed
The anointing of Jesus signifies His divine appointment and empowerment by God for His messianic mission. The Greek word "ἔχρισας" (echrisas) relates to the Hebrew "Messiah," meaning "Anointed One." This anointing fulfills Old Testament prophecies and confirms Jesus' identity and authority as the Christ, chosen to bring salvation to the world. The verse as a whole reflects the paradox of human opposition to God's plan, which ultimately leads to the fulfillment of His redemptive purposes.

They carried out
This phrase refers to the actions of the people involved in the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. The Greek word used here is "ποιέω" (poieō), which means to make or do. It emphasizes the active role of the individuals who executed the events leading to Jesus' death. From a historical perspective, this highlights the collaboration between Jewish leaders and Roman authorities, fulfilling the prophecies about the Messiah's suffering. It serves as a reminder of human responsibility in the divine narrative.

what Your hand
The "hand" of God is a metaphorical expression used throughout Scripture to denote God's power and authority. In the Hebrew context, the hand symbolizes strength and action. This phrase underscores the belief that God's sovereign power was at work, orchestrating events according to His divine plan. It reassures believers of God's omnipotence and His ability to bring about His purposes, even through human actions.

and will
The Greek word for "will" is "βούλημα" (boulēma), which refers to a deliberate intention or purpose. This highlights the intentionality behind God's plan, emphasizing that the events were not random but were part of a divine strategy. It reflects the theological concept of God's providence, where His will is ultimately accomplished despite human intentions. This provides comfort to believers, knowing that God's purposes are always good and for His glory.

had decided beforehand
This phrase comes from the Greek "προορίζω" (proorizō), meaning to predetermine or foreordain. It speaks to the doctrine of predestination, where God, in His omniscience, has determined the course of events before they occur. This concept is deeply rooted in the biblical narrative, affirming that God is not surprised by history but is the author of it. It encourages believers to trust in God's eternal wisdom and His perfect timing.

would happen
The certainty of the phrase "would happen" reflects the fulfillment of God's predetermined plan. The Greek verb "γίνομαι" (ginomai) means to become or to come into being. It signifies the transition from divine intention to historical reality. This assures believers that God's promises are reliable and will come to pass. It inspires faith in God's unchanging nature and His ability to bring His plans to fruition, reinforcing the hope found in His sovereign will.

And now, Lord
This phrase marks a transition from recounting past events to a direct appeal to God. The Greek word for "Lord" here is "κύριε" (kurie), which denotes authority and sovereignty. In the context of Acts, the early Christians are acknowledging God's supreme power over the situation they face. Historically, this reflects the early church's reliance on divine intervention amidst persecution, emphasizing a deep trust in God's providence.

consider their threats
The Greek word for "consider" is "ἔπιδε" (epide), which means to look upon or take notice. The early Christians are asking God to be aware of the threats they face from religious and political leaders. This reflects a common biblical theme where God's people call upon Him to be mindful of their adversaries, trusting that He will act justly. The historical context here involves the Sanhedrin's opposition to the apostles' preaching, a significant challenge to the nascent church.

and enable Your servants
The word "enable" comes from the Greek "δοῦναι" (dounai), meaning to give or grant. The apostles are requesting divine empowerment, recognizing that their ability to fulfill their mission comes from God. "Your servants" indicates their role as humble and obedient followers of Christ, committed to His service. This reflects a biblical understanding of servanthood, where believers are called to serve God and others, often in the face of adversity.

to speak Your word
The phrase "to speak" is translated from "λαλεῖν" (lalein), which means to utter or proclaim. "Your word" refers to the message of the Gospel, the good news of Jesus Christ. The early church's mission was to spread this message despite opposition. This highlights the centrality of the Gospel in Christian life and mission, emphasizing the importance of proclaiming truth in a world often hostile to it.

with complete boldness
The Greek word for "boldness" is "παρρησίᾳ" (parrēsia), which conveys the idea of confidence and fearlessness. The apostles are asking for the courage to speak openly and without fear. This boldness is not self-derived but is a result of the Holy Spirit's empowerment. Historically, this reflects the transformative power of the Holy Spirit in the lives of believers, enabling them to stand firm in their faith and witness, even under threat of persecution.

as You stretch out Your hand
This phrase evokes the imagery of God's direct intervention in the world. The "hand" of God is a powerful biblical metaphor for His action and authority. In the Old Testament, the hand of God is often associated with deliverance and power, as seen in Exodus 15:6, "Your right hand, O LORD, is majestic in power." The Greek word for "stretch out" (ἐκτείνω, ekteino) implies an active, deliberate action, suggesting that God is not passive but actively involved in the affairs of humanity. This phrase reassures believers of God's willingness to intervene in their lives, providing healing and deliverance.

to heal
Healing is a central theme in the ministry of Jesus and the early church. The Greek word for "heal" (ἰάομαι, iaomai) encompasses physical, emotional, and spiritual restoration. In the context of Acts, healing serves as a sign of the in-breaking Kingdom of God, demonstrating God's compassion and power. The early church, empowered by the Holy Spirit, continues Jesus' healing ministry, affirming that God cares for the whole person. This phrase encourages believers to seek God's healing in all aspects of life, trusting in His ability to restore and renew.

and perform signs and wonders
"Signs and wonders" are miraculous events that point to the divine authority and presence of God. The Greek words σημεῖα (semeia) and τέρατα (terata) are often used together in the New Testament to describe miracles that authenticate the message of the Gospel. These acts are not mere displays of power but serve a greater purpose: to draw people to faith in Jesus Christ. In the historical context of Acts, signs and wonders were crucial for the spread of Christianity, confirming the apostles' message and demonstrating the reality of the risen Christ. This phrase inspires believers to expect and recognize God's miraculous work in the world today.

through the name
The "name" in biblical terms represents the character and authority of a person. In the New Testament, the name of Jesus is synonymous with His power and presence. The Greek word for "name" (ὄνομα, onoma) signifies more than just a label; it embodies the essence of who Jesus is. Praying and acting "through the name" of Jesus implies reliance on His authority and acknowledgment of His lordship. This phrase encourages believers to approach God with confidence, knowing that Jesus' name grants them access to the Father and His resources.

of Your holy servant Jesus
The designation "holy servant" highlights Jesus' unique role and mission. The Greek word for "servant" (παῖς, pais) can also mean "child" or "son," emphasizing Jesus' relationship with the Father. The term "holy" (ἅγιος, hagios) underscores His purity and divine nature. In the context of Acts, this title affirms Jesus as the Messiah, the anointed one who fulfills God's redemptive plan. Historically, the early church faced opposition for proclaiming Jesus as the Messiah, yet they boldly declared His identity and mission. This phrase calls believers to recognize Jesus' holiness and servanthood, inspiring them to follow His example of humility and obedience.

After they had prayed
This phrase underscores the power and importance of communal prayer in the early church. The Greek word for "prayed" here is "proseuchomai," which implies a deep, earnest communication with God. The early Christians understood prayer as a vital connection to the divine, a practice that not only sought God's intervention but also aligned their hearts with His will. Historically, prayer was a cornerstone of Jewish tradition, and the early church continued this practice, emphasizing its role in seeking guidance and strength from the Holy Spirit.

the place where they were meeting
The "place" refers to a physical location, likely a house or a designated gathering spot for believers. In the early church, Christians often met in homes due to the lack of formal church buildings and the need for secrecy amidst persecution. The Greek word "topos" indicates a specific location, highlighting the tangible reality of their gathering. This setting reflects the intimate and communal nature of early Christian worship, where believers came together in unity and purpose.

was shaken
The shaking of the place is a physical manifestation of God's presence and power. The Greek word "saleuō" means to shake or cause to tremble, often used in Scripture to describe an act of divine intervention. This event echoes the Old Testament instances where God's presence was accompanied by physical phenomena, such as Mount Sinai trembling when God descended upon it (Exodus 19:18). The shaking signifies God's approval and empowerment of the believers, reinforcing their mission and filling them with courage.

And they were all filled with the Holy Spirit
Being "filled with the Holy Spirit" is a recurring theme in Acts, signifying empowerment for service and witness. The Greek word "plēthō" means to fill or to be full, indicating a complete and overwhelming presence of the Spirit. This filling is not a one-time event but a continual experience for believers, enabling them to carry out God's work with boldness and authority. The Holy Spirit's filling is both a personal and communal experience, equipping the church to fulfill its mission.

and spoke the word of God boldly
The phrase "spoke the word of God boldly" highlights the transformation and empowerment that comes from the Holy Spirit. The Greek word for "boldly" is "parrēsiazomai," which means to speak freely, openly, and with confidence. This boldness is a direct result of the Spirit's filling, enabling the apostles to proclaim the gospel without fear, despite opposition and persecution. The "word of God" refers to the message of Jesus Christ, the core of the apostles' teaching and the foundation of the Christian faith. This bold proclamation is a testament to the transformative power of the Holy Spirit in the lives of believers.

All the believers
This phrase emphasizes the unity and collective identity of the early Christian community. The Greek word for "believers" is "πιστεύοντες" (pisteuontes), which means those who have faith or trust. In the context of Acts, this refers to those who have accepted Jesus Christ as the Messiah and are committed to living according to His teachings. Historically, this group was diverse, including Jews and Gentiles, yet they were united by their faith in Christ. This unity is a powerful testament to the transformative power of the Gospel, breaking down social and cultural barriers.

were one in heart and soul
The phrase "one in heart and soul" reflects a profound spiritual and emotional unity among the believers. The Greek words "καρδία" (kardia) for heart and "ψυχή" (psyche) for soul indicate the depth of their connection. This unity is not merely organizational but deeply relational, rooted in their shared experience of the Holy Spirit. In a historical context, such unity would have been countercultural, as the ancient world was often divided by class, ethnicity, and religion. This oneness is a model for the Church today, calling believers to transcend differences and live in harmony.

No one claimed that any of his possessions was his own
This phrase highlights the radical generosity and communal living of the early Church. The Greek word "ἴδιος" (idios) means one's own, indicating personal ownership. However, the believers did not hold tightly to their possessions. This reflects the teachings of Jesus about the dangers of materialism and the call to love one's neighbor as oneself. Archaeologically, this communal lifestyle is supported by findings that suggest early Christians often shared resources to support one another, especially in times of persecution or need.

but they shared everything they owned
The act of sharing "everything they owned" underscores the selflessness and sacrificial love that characterized the early Christian community. The Greek word "κοινός" (koinos) means common, indicating that their possessions were held in common for the benefit of all. This practice is reminiscent of the communal aspects of Jewish life, such as the Year of Jubilee, where debts were forgiven, and land was returned. Scripturally, this sharing is an embodiment of the love and generosity that Jesus taught, serving as a powerful witness to the surrounding culture of the transformative impact of the Gospel.

With great power
The phrase "with great power" underscores the divine enablement and authority bestowed upon the apostles. The Greek word for "power" here is "dynamis," which conveys not just strength but miraculous power and ability. This power is not of human origin but is a manifestation of the Holy Spirit working through the apostles. Historically, this period in the early church was marked by signs and wonders, affirming the truth of the apostles' message and the presence of God among them.

the apostles continued
The apostles, as the chosen messengers of Christ, were steadfast in their mission. The Greek word "apostolos" means "one who is sent away" or "messenger." This highlights their role as emissaries of Christ, tasked with spreading the Gospel. Their continuation in this work, despite persecution, reflects their unwavering commitment and the sustaining power of the Holy Spirit.

to give their testimony
The act of giving testimony, or "martyria" in Greek, is a legal term that implies bearing witness to the truth. The apostles were not merely sharing opinions but were providing a factual account of what they had seen and experienced. This testimony was central to the spread of Christianity, as it was based on the eyewitness accounts of Jesus' life, death, and resurrection.

about the resurrection of the Lord Jesus
The resurrection is the cornerstone of Christian faith, and the apostles' testimony focused on this pivotal event. The Greek word "anastasis" means "a raising up" or "resurrection," signifying Jesus' victory over death. This event validated Jesus' divine nature and His teachings. Historically, the resurrection was a radical claim that set Christianity apart from other beliefs, and it was the primary message that the apostles proclaimed.

And abundant grace was upon them all
The phrase "abundant grace" indicates the overwhelming favor and blessing of God. The Greek word "charis" for grace implies kindness, favor, and a gift freely given. This grace was not limited to the apostles but extended to the entire community of believers, empowering them to live out their faith boldly and in unity. The early church's growth and resilience can be attributed to this divine grace, which enabled them to overcome challenges and persecution.

There were no needy ones among them
This phrase highlights the remarkable unity and generosity within the early Christian community. The Greek word for "needy" is "endeēs," which implies a lack or deficiency. In the context of the early church, this reflects the fulfillment of the communal ideal where believers took care of one another's needs. Historically, this mirrors the Old Testament principle found in Deuteronomy 15:4-5, where God promises that there will be no poor among His people if they obey His commands. The early church, empowered by the Holy Spirit, lived out this principle, demonstrating a radical departure from the societal norms of the time, where poverty was prevalent.

because those who owned lands or houses
The phrase "owned lands or houses" indicates that some members of the early church were property owners, which was a sign of wealth and social status in ancient times. The Greek word "ktētores" refers to possessors or owners, suggesting that these individuals had significant assets. This detail is crucial because it shows that the early Christians were diverse in their socioeconomic backgrounds. The willingness of these property owners to part with their possessions underscores the transformative power of the Gospel, which prompted them to prioritize the needs of the community over personal wealth.

would sell their property
The act of selling property is significant both spiritually and culturally. The Greek verb "pipraskō" means to sell, and it implies a deliberate and voluntary action. In the historical context of first-century Judea, land was a valuable and often inherited asset, deeply tied to one's identity and family heritage. By selling their property, these believers were making a profound statement of faith and trust in God's provision. This act of selling was not mandated by the apostles but was a voluntary expression of love and commitment to the community, reflecting the teachings of Jesus about storing treasures in heaven (Matthew 6:19-21).

bring the proceeds from the sales
The phrase "bring the proceeds" indicates the next step in the process of communal sharing. The Greek word "pherō" means to bring or carry, suggesting an intentional and active participation in the life of the community. The proceeds, or "timē," refer to the value or price received from the sale. This act of bringing the proceeds to the apostles was a tangible expression of the believers' faith and trust in the leadership of the church. It also reflects the early church's understanding of stewardship, where material resources were seen as tools for advancing God's kingdom and meeting the needs of the body of Christ. This practice of sharing resources is a powerful testimony to the unity and love that characterized the early Christian community, serving as an inspiration for believers today to live generously and selflessly.

and lay them
The act of laying something down, particularly at the feet of another, signifies an act of submission and trust. In the Greek, the word used here is "τίθημι" (tithēmi), which means to place or set. This action reflects the early Christian community's deep commitment to unity and mutual support. It symbolizes the relinquishing of personal ownership for the greater good of the community, a radical departure from the individualism prevalent in the surrounding Greco-Roman culture.

at the apostles’ feet
The phrase "at the apostles’ feet" indicates a position of humility and respect. In ancient times, sitting at someone's feet was a posture of learning and submission. The apostles, as the leaders and teachers of the early church, were entrusted with the responsibility of stewarding the community's resources. This act of laying resources at their feet underscores the trust and authority bestowed upon them by the early believers, reflecting the apostolic leadership's role in guiding the nascent church.

and it was distributed
The Greek word "διαδίδωμι" (diadidōmi) means to distribute or divide among. This distribution was not arbitrary but was carried out with intentionality and care. The early church's practice of distribution highlights the principle of stewardship and the importance of ensuring that resources were allocated according to need. This reflects the biblical principle of generosity and the call to care for one another, as seen in the teachings of Jesus and the Old Testament laws regarding provision for the poor and needy.

to each
The phrase "to each" emphasizes the inclusivity and equity of the distribution process. Every member of the community was considered, and no one was left out. This reflects the early church's commitment to the principle that all believers are equal in the eyes of God, a revolutionary concept in a society marked by social hierarchies and divisions.

as anyone had need
The phrase "as anyone had need" underscores the community's focus on meeting genuine needs rather than desires or wants. The Greek word for need, "χρεία" (chreia), implies necessity or requirement. This practice reflects the early church's commitment to living out the teachings of Jesus, who emphasized caring for the least among us. It also serves as a model for Christian stewardship and charity, reminding believers of the importance of discerning and addressing the true needs of others in a spirit of love and compassion.

Joseph
The name "Joseph" is of Hebrew origin, meaning "He will add" or "Jehovah increases." In the context of the early church, Joseph is a common name, but this particular Joseph is distinguished by his actions and the nickname given to him by the apostles. His Hebrew roots suggest a heritage of faith and a connection to the promises of God to increase and bless His people.

a Levite
Levites were members of the tribe of Levi, set apart for religious duties and service in the temple. This background indicates that Joseph, later known as Barnabas, was well-versed in Jewish law and traditions. His Levitical heritage would have given him a unique perspective on the fulfillment of the Old Testament prophecies in Jesus Christ, and it underscores his role as a bridge between Jewish and Gentile believers in the early church.

from Cyprus
Cyprus is an island in the eastern Mediterranean, known in antiquity for its strategic location and cultural diversity. Joseph's origin from Cyprus highlights the spread of the Gospel beyond the confines of Judea and Galilee, illustrating the early church's mission to reach all nations. This geographical detail also suggests that Joseph was familiar with diverse cultures and languages, equipping him for his future missionary journeys.

whom the apostles called Barnabas
The apostles' decision to rename Joseph as "Barnabas" reflects a common biblical practice of assigning names that capture a person's character or destiny. This renaming signifies the apostles' recognition of Joseph's unique gifts and his vital role in the community. It also indicates the close relationship and trust between Joseph and the apostolic leaders.

(meaning Son of Encouragement)
The name "Barnabas" is derived from the Aramaic "Bar" (son) and "Nabas" (encouragement or consolation). This title encapsulates Joseph's ministry and character, as he was known for his ability to uplift and support others. His encouragement was not merely emotional but deeply spiritual, rooted in the truth of the Gospel and the power of the Holy Spirit. Barnabas's role as an encourager was crucial in the early church, fostering unity and growth among believers.

sold a field he owned
This phrase highlights the sacrificial nature of the early Christian community. The Greek word for "sold" (πέπρακεν, pepraken) indicates a completed action, emphasizing the decisiveness and commitment of the act. In the historical context of first-century Judea, land ownership was a significant aspect of one's identity and security. By selling his field, the individual demonstrated a profound trust in God's provision and a willingness to prioritize the needs of the community over personal wealth. This act reflects the early church's radical approach to communal living and sharing, as described in Acts 2:44-45, where believers had "everything in common."

brought the money
The act of bringing the money signifies a deliberate and public offering. The Greek term for "brought" (ἤνεγκεν, ēnenken) suggests a sense of carrying or bearing, which implies effort and intention. This action is not merely transactional but is an act of worship and devotion. In the cultural context, bringing money to the apostles was a way of supporting the mission of the church and ensuring that the needs of the less fortunate were met. This reflects the biblical principle of stewardship, where believers are called to use their resources for the glory of God and the benefit of others.

laid it at the apostles’ feet
This phrase conveys submission and trust in the leadership of the apostles. The Greek word for "laid" (ἔθηκεν, ethēken) indicates a deliberate placement, suggesting respect and acknowledgment of the apostles' authority. In the ancient world, laying something at someone's feet was a gesture of humility and deference. By placing the money at the apostles' feet, the giver was entrusting them with the responsibility of distributing the resources according to the needs of the community. This act underscores the unity and mutual trust within the early church, as well as the apostles' role as stewards of the community's resources. It also reflects the biblical teaching that leaders are to be servant-leaders, accountable to God and the community they serve.