Now there was a man
This phrase introduces us to a specific individual, emphasizing the personal nature of the encounter that follows. The Greek word for "man" here is "ἄνθρωπος" (anthrōpos), which can refer to a human being in general, but in this context, it highlights the individuality and humanity of Nicodemus. This introduction sets the stage for a personal and transformative dialogue with Jesus, reminding us that the Gospel speaks to each person individually.

of the Pharisees
The Pharisees were a prominent religious group in Judaism during the time of Jesus. They were known for their strict adherence to the Law and traditions. The Greek term "Φαρισαῖος" (Pharisaios) indicates a member of this sect, which was influential in Jewish society. Understanding Nicodemus as a Pharisee provides insight into his initial perspective and the potential challenges he faced in approaching Jesus, who often critiqued Pharisaic practices. This context underscores the courage and openness required for Nicodemus to seek out Jesus.

named Nicodemus
The name "Nicodemus" is of Greek origin, "Νικόδημος" (Nikodēmos), meaning "victory of the people." This name may reflect his status or aspirations within Jewish society. Nicodemus is mentioned only in the Gospel of John, and his name signifies his unique role in the narrative. His journey from a secretive inquirer to a more open follower of Jesus (as seen later in John) illustrates the transformative power of faith and truth.

a leader of the Jews
This phrase identifies Nicodemus as a significant figure within the Jewish community. The Greek word "ἄρχων" (archōn) translates to "ruler" or "leader," indicating his position of authority, likely as a member of the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council. His status as a leader adds weight to his encounter with Jesus, as it suggests that even those in positions of power and knowledge are drawn to the truth of Christ. This highlights the universal appeal and authority of Jesus' message, transcending social and religious boundaries.

He came to Jesus at night
The phrase "He came to Jesus at night" introduces Nicodemus, a Pharisee and a member of the Jewish ruling council, who approaches Jesus under the cover of darkness. The Greek word for "night" (νύξ, nux) can symbolize both literal and metaphorical darkness. Nicodemus's choice to visit Jesus at night may reflect his fear of being seen by his peers or a deeper spiritual darkness, representing his initial lack of understanding of Jesus' true identity. This setting underscores the theme of light versus darkness found throughout the Gospel of John, where Jesus is the light of the world.

Rabbi
By addressing Jesus as "Rabbi," Nicodemus acknowledges Him as a respected teacher. The term "Rabbi" (רַבִּי, rabbi) is a Hebrew word meaning "my master" or "my teacher." This title shows Nicodemus's respect for Jesus' authority and wisdom, despite Jesus not having formal rabbinical training. It highlights the recognition of Jesus' divine wisdom and authority even among the Jewish leaders.

we know that You are a teacher who has come from God
Nicodemus uses the plural "we," suggesting that he is speaking on behalf of others who also recognize Jesus' divine mission. The phrase "a teacher who has come from God" acknowledges Jesus' divine origin and mission. The Greek word for "know" (οἴδαμεν, oidamen) implies a certainty or recognition of Jesus' divine authority. This acknowledgment is significant, as it shows that even some Jewish leaders recognized the divine nature of Jesus' teachings.

For no one could perform the signs You are doing if God were not with him
This statement reflects the belief that the miraculous signs Jesus performed were evidence of God's presence with Him. The Greek word for "signs" (σημεῖα, sēmeia) refers to miracles that point to a deeper spiritual truth. Nicodemus recognizes that these signs are not just acts of power but are indicative of God's endorsement and presence. This acknowledgment sets the stage for the deeper theological discussion that follows, as Nicodemus grapples with the implications of Jesus' divine authority and mission.

Jesus replied
The phrase indicates a direct response from Jesus, emphasizing His authority and the importance of His words. In the Greek, "Jesus" is "Ἰησοῦς" (Iēsous), a name that means "Yahweh is salvation." This highlights the divine mission of Christ as the Savior. The word "replied" suggests a dialogue, indicating that Jesus is engaging personally and directly with Nicodemus, a Pharisee and member of the Jewish ruling council, who sought understanding.

Truly, truly
In Greek, this is "ἀμὴν ἀμὴν" (amēn amēn), a double affirmation that underscores the certainty and importance of what follows. This phrase is unique to the Gospel of John and is used by Jesus to introduce statements of profound truth. It serves to capture the listener's attention, ensuring that the message is received with the gravity it deserves.

I tell you
This phrase is a personal address, indicating that Jesus is speaking directly to Nicodemus. The Greek "σοι λέγω" (soi legō) conveys a sense of personal communication and authority. Jesus is not merely sharing an opinion but is imparting divine truth, which demands a response from the listener.

no one can see
The Greek "οὐδεὶς δύναται ἰδεῖν" (oudeis dynatai idein) implies an absolute impossibility without divine intervention. "See" (ἰδεῖν) goes beyond physical sight to mean understanding or experiencing. This suggests that spiritual insight and participation in God's kingdom are beyond human capability without a transformative act.

the kingdom of God
This phrase refers to the reign and rule of God, both in the present spiritual sense and the future eschatological fulfillment. In the Jewish context, the kingdom of God was a central hope, often associated with the coming of the Messiah. Jesus redefines this expectation, emphasizing a spiritual rebirth as the means of entry.

unless he is born again
The Greek "ἐὰν μή τις γεννηθῇ ἄνωθεν" (ean mē tis gennēthē anōthen) can be translated as "born from above" or "born again." The term "ἄνωθεν" (anōthen) carries a dual meaning, indicating both a second birth and a birth from a higher place, suggesting divine origin. This concept of rebirth is foundational to Christian theology, symbolizing a radical transformation and renewal of the individual through the Holy Spirit.

How can a man be born when he is old?
This question posed by Nicodemus reflects a literal understanding of Jesus' teaching on being "born again." The Greek word for "born" is "γεννηθῇ" (gennēthē), which means to be generated or brought forth. Nicodemus, a Pharisee and a member of the Jewish ruling council, struggles with the concept of spiritual rebirth, which is a radical departure from the Jewish understanding of physical lineage and adherence to the law as the path to righteousness. His question underscores the human tendency to interpret spiritual truths through a physical lens, highlighting the need for divine revelation to comprehend the mysteries of God's kingdom.

Nicodemus asked
Nicodemus is introduced in John 3:1 as a Pharisee and a ruler of the Jews. His name, of Greek origin, means "victory of the people." As a Pharisee, Nicodemus would have been well-versed in the Hebrew Scriptures and Jewish traditions. His approach to Jesus by night (John 3:2) suggests a cautious curiosity, possibly due to fear of reprisal from his peers. His questioning attitude reflects a genuine desire to understand Jesus' teachings, representing those who seek truth amidst the constraints of established religious systems.

Can he enter his mother's womb a second time to be born?
This rhetorical question reveals Nicodemus' confusion and literal interpretation of Jesus' statement about being "born again." The Greek word for "womb" is "κοιλίαν" (koilian), which refers to the belly or the innermost part of a person. Nicodemus' question is almost incredulous, emphasizing the impossibility of physical rebirth. This highlights the necessity of spiritual rebirth, a concept that Jesus is about to explain further. The imagery of re-entering the womb underscores the radical transformation required to enter the kingdom of God, a transformation that is not of human effort but of divine intervention.

Jesus answered
In this passage, Jesus is responding to Nicodemus, a Pharisee and member of the Jewish ruling council. The Greek word for "answered" is "apokrinomai," which implies a thoughtful and authoritative response. Jesus, as the divine teacher, provides clarity and truth to Nicodemus's inquiry about spiritual rebirth. This sets the stage for a profound revelation about the nature of salvation and the kingdom of God.

Truly, truly
The repetition of "truly" (Greek: "amen, amen") emphasizes the certainty and importance of Jesus' statement. In Jewish tradition, "amen" is an affirmation of truth. By doubling it, Jesus underscores the absolute reliability and divine authority of His words. This phrase invites the listener to pay close attention to the profound truth being revealed.

I tell you
This phrase indicates a direct and personal communication from Jesus to Nicodemus. The Greek "lego soi" conveys a sense of personal engagement and authority. Jesus is not merely sharing an opinion but is imparting divine truth that demands a response from the listener.

no one can enter
The phrase "no one" (Greek: "oudeis") is all-encompassing, indicating that there are no exceptions to this spiritual principle. The verb "enter" (Greek: "eiserchomai") suggests an active participation and acceptance into a new realm or state of being. This highlights the exclusivity and necessity of the conditions Jesus is about to describe.

the kingdom of God
The "kingdom of God" is a central theme in Jesus' teachings, representing God's sovereign rule and the realm of eternal life. In the Jewish context, it was often associated with the Messianic age and the fulfillment of God's promises. Jesus redefines it as a spiritual kingdom that requires a new birth, challenging Nicodemus's understanding of the kingdom as merely a physical or nationalistic entity.

unless he is born
The concept of being "born" (Greek: "gennao") signifies a fundamental transformation and new beginning. This metaphor of birth implies a complete renewal of one's nature and identity, essential for entering God's kingdom. It suggests that spiritual rebirth is not a human achievement but a divine act of grace.

of water and the Spirit
This phrase has been the subject of much theological discussion. "Water" may symbolize baptism, repentance, or purification, drawing from Jewish purification rites and the ministry of John the Baptist. "The Spirit" (Greek: "pneuma") refers to the Holy Spirit, the divine agent of regeneration and renewal. Together, they signify the comprehensive work of God in cleansing and transforming the believer, emphasizing that both elements are essential for spiritual rebirth.

That which is born of the flesh is flesh
This phrase emphasizes the natural human condition. The Greek word for "flesh" is "sarx," which often refers to the human nature in its frailty and propensity to sin. In the context of the Gospel of John, "flesh" signifies the earthly, human nature that is distinct from the divine. Historically, this reflects the Jewish understanding of humanity's fallen state post-Eden, where the flesh is seen as weak and in need of redemption. Theologically, this phrase underscores the necessity of spiritual rebirth, as human efforts alone cannot achieve salvation.

and that which is born of the Spirit is spirit
Here, the contrast is drawn between the natural and the supernatural. The Greek word for "Spirit" is "pneuma," which can mean breath, wind, or spirit. In the biblical context, it refers to the Holy Spirit, the third person of the Trinity, who is active in the process of regeneration. The repetition of "spirit" highlights the transformative power of the Holy Spirit, which brings about a new creation in Christ. This aligns with the historical understanding of the early church, which saw baptism and the indwelling of the Holy Spirit as essential for entering the Kingdom of God. Theologically, this phrase assures believers of their new identity in Christ, empowered by the Spirit to live a life pleasing to God.

Do not be amazed
This phrase is a gentle admonition from Jesus to Nicodemus, urging him not to be surprised or bewildered by the spiritual truths being revealed. The Greek word used here is "thaumazō," which means to wonder or marvel. In the context of first-century Judaism, Nicodemus, a Pharisee and a teacher of the law, would have been well-versed in the Scriptures, yet Jesus challenges him to move beyond his traditional understanding. This call to not be amazed is an invitation to embrace the deeper, transformative work of God that transcends human logic and religious tradition.

that I said
Here, Jesus emphasizes the authority and intentionality behind His words. The Greek word "eipon" is used, which is a form of "legō," meaning to speak or to say. This highlights the importance of Jesus' teachings as divinely inspired and authoritative. In the historical context, Jesus' words carry the weight of divine revelation, challenging the established religious norms and inviting listeners into a new covenant relationship with God.

You must be born again
This phrase is central to the Christian doctrine of regeneration. The Greek word for "born" is "gennaō," which means to beget or bring forth. The term "again" is translated from "anōthen," which can mean "again" or "from above." This dual meaning underscores the necessity of a spiritual rebirth that is both a renewal and a divine act initiated by God. In the Jewish context, being "born again" was a radical concept, as it implied a transformation that went beyond ethnic or religious identity. It signifies a new creation, a fundamental change in one's nature and relationship with God, made possible through faith in Jesus Christ. This concept is foundational to the Christian faith, emphasizing the need for personal conversion and the indwelling of the Holy Spirit.

The wind blows where it wishes
The Greek word for "wind" here is "pneuma," which can also mean "spirit." This dual meaning is significant, as it reflects the mysterious and sovereign nature of both the wind and the Spirit. In the ancient world, wind was a powerful and uncontrollable force, much like the Spirit of God. The phrase "where it wishes" emphasizes the freedom and autonomy of the Spirit, which operates according to God's will, not human understanding. This reflects the biblical theme of God's sovereignty and the unpredictability of His actions, reminding believers that the Spirit's work in the world and in individual lives is beyond human control or comprehension.

You hear its sound
The Greek word for "sound" is "phōnē," which can also mean "voice." This suggests that while the Spirit's movements are invisible, their effects are perceptible and impactful. Just as the sound of the wind can be heard, the presence and work of the Spirit can be discerned through the transformation it brings in a believer's life. This aligns with the biblical teaching that faith comes by hearing (Romans 10:17), and it underscores the importance of being attuned to the Spirit's voice and guidance.

but you do not know where it comes from or where it is going
This phrase highlights the mystery and transcendence of the Spirit's work. The Greek word "oida" for "know" implies a deep, experiential knowledge, which humans lack regarding the Spirit's origin and destination. This reflects the biblical understanding that God's ways are higher than human ways (Isaiah 55:8-9). The Spirit's movements are not bound by human logic or prediction, reminding believers to trust in God's wisdom and timing, even when they cannot see the full picture.

So it is with everyone born of the Spirit
The phrase "born of the Spirit" refers to the spiritual rebirth that Jesus speaks of earlier in John 3. The Greek word "gennaō" for "born" indicates a new beginning or creation, emphasizing the transformative power of the Spirit in bringing about new life in Christ. This rebirth is a divine act, not a human achievement, underscoring the grace and sovereignty of God in salvation. Just as the wind's path is mysterious, so is the journey of those who are led by the Spirit. This calls believers to live by faith, trusting in the Spirit's guidance and allowing His work to manifest in their lives in ways that may be beyond their understanding but are always aligned with God's perfect will.

How can this be?
This phrase captures the bewilderment and confusion of Nicodemus, a Pharisee and a member of the Jewish ruling council, as he grapples with the profound spiritual truths Jesus is revealing to him. The Greek phrase here, "Πῶς δύναται ταῦτα γενέσθαι;" (Pōs dynatai tauta genesthai?), reflects a deep sense of incredulity and a struggle to comprehend the concept of being "born again" or "born from above" that Jesus has just explained. Nicodemus, well-versed in the Jewish law and traditions, finds himself challenged by the radical nature of Jesus' teaching, which transcends the physical and enters the spiritual realm. This question is emblematic of the human struggle to understand divine mysteries and the necessity of faith to bridge the gap between human understanding and divine revelation.

Nicodemus asked
Nicodemus, whose name in Greek (Νικόδημος, Nikodēmos) means "victory of the people," represents a sincere seeker of truth. As a Pharisee, he is part of a group known for their strict adherence to the Law of Moses and their emphasis on ritual purity. His approach to Jesus by night, as described earlier in the chapter, suggests a cautious yet earnest desire to understand Jesus' teachings without the scrutiny of his peers. Nicodemus' question is not one of skepticism but of genuine curiosity and a desire to learn. His inquiry reflects the broader theme of the Gospel of John, which emphasizes the necessity of spiritual rebirth and the transformative power of faith in Christ. Historically, Nicodemus' interaction with Jesus highlights the tension between the old covenant, represented by the Jewish law, and the new covenant, which Jesus inaugurates through His life, death, and resurrection.

You are Israel’s teacher
In this phrase, Jesus addresses Nicodemus, acknowledging his role as a respected teacher of the Jewish people. The Greek word for "teacher" here is "διδάσκαλος" (didaskalos), which implies a person of authority and knowledge in religious matters. Nicodemus, being a Pharisee and a member of the Sanhedrin, held a position of significant influence. This highlights the expectation that someone in his position should possess a deep understanding of spiritual truths. Historically, teachers in Israel were expected to guide the people in the ways of God, drawing from the rich traditions and teachings of the Torah. Jesus' address underscores the responsibility of spiritual leaders to seek and understand divine truths.

said Jesus
This phrase emphasizes the authority of Jesus in the conversation. The Greek verb "λέγει" (legei) is in the present tense, indicating a continuous or repeated action, which can suggest the ongoing nature of Jesus' teaching and revelation. Jesus, as the ultimate teacher, speaks with divine authority, offering insights that transcend human understanding. His words are not just for Nicodemus but for all who seek truth, inviting listeners to a deeper comprehension of God's kingdom.

and you do not understand these things?
Here, Jesus challenges Nicodemus' lack of understanding. The Greek word for "understand" is "γινώσκω" (ginōskō), which means to know or perceive. It implies a deeper, experiential knowledge rather than mere intellectual assent. Jesus is pointing out that despite Nicodemus' extensive religious education, he has not grasped the spiritual truths that Jesus is revealing. This serves as a reminder that true understanding of God's kingdom requires spiritual insight, which comes from a relationship with God rather than just academic study. Historically, this reflects the tension between the established religious order and the new revelation brought by Jesus, urging believers to seek a heart-level understanding of God's work.

Truly, truly
The phrase "Truly, truly" is translated from the Greek "ἀμὴν ἀμὴν" (amen amen), which is a solemn affirmation of truth. In the Jewish tradition, "amen" is a declaration of certainty and faithfulness. By repeating it, Jesus emphasizes the absolute truth and importance of His message. This double affirmation is unique to the Gospel of John and underscores the divine authority and reliability of Jesus' words.

I tell you
The phrase "I tell you" signifies a direct and personal communication from Jesus. In the Greek, "λέγω ὑμῖν" (lego hymin) indicates a present, active declaration. Jesus is not merely sharing information; He is imparting divine revelation. This personal address highlights the intimate relationship Jesus seeks with His listeners, inviting them to trust and believe in His words.

we speak of what we know
The use of "we" here is intriguing. It suggests a collective testimony, possibly referring to Jesus and the prophets, or Jesus and the Father. The Greek "λαλοῦμεν ὃ οἴδαμεν" (laloumen ho oidamen) implies speaking from a place of intimate knowledge and experience. This is not hearsay or speculation; it is a declaration grounded in divine insight and understanding.

and we testify to what we have seen
The word "testify" comes from the Greek "μαρτυροῦμεν" (martyroumen), which means to bear witness. This term is often used in a legal context, indicating a formal and authoritative declaration. Jesus is not only speaking from knowledge but also from direct observation and experience. The phrase "what we have seen" underscores the firsthand nature of this testimony, rooted in the divine vision and mission of Christ.

yet you people do not accept our testimony
The phrase "you people do not accept" is a poignant observation of the spiritual resistance Jesus encounters. The Greek "οὐ λαμβάνετε" (ou lambanete) means to not receive or accept. Despite the clarity and authority of Jesus' testimony, there is a refusal to embrace it. This highlights the tragic reality of unbelief and the hardness of heart that can blind individuals to the truth. It serves as a call to self-examination and openness to the divine message.

If I have told you
This phrase indicates a conditional statement, suggesting a teaching moment. The Greek word for "told" is "eipon," which implies a declaration or a revelation. Jesus is emphasizing His role as a teacher and revealer of truth. In the context of His conversation with Nicodemus, Jesus is establishing His authority to speak on both earthly and heavenly matters, underscoring His divine insight and wisdom.

about earthly things
The term "earthly" comes from the Greek "epigeios," which refers to things pertaining to the earth or worldly matters. In this context, Jesus is likely referring to concepts that are tangible and understandable within human experience, such as the new birth or being born again, which He had just explained to Nicodemus. This highlights the accessibility of Jesus' teachings, even when they pertain to spiritual truths.

and you do not believe
The Greek word for "believe" is "pisteuō," which means to have faith or trust. Jesus is addressing the skepticism or lack of faith that Nicodemus and others might have. This phrase challenges the listener to examine their own faith and openness to Jesus' teachings. It serves as a call to trust in Jesus' words, even when they challenge existing understanding or beliefs.

how will you believe
This rhetorical question emphasizes the difficulty of accepting deeper spiritual truths without first accepting the foundational ones. The repetition of "believe" (pisteuō) underscores the importance of faith as a prerequisite for understanding. It suggests that spiritual insight is contingent upon a willingness to trust in Jesus' authority and message.

if I tell you about heavenly things?
"Heavenly" is translated from the Greek "ouranios," referring to things of the divine realm or pertaining to God. Jesus is contrasting the earthly with the heavenly to illustrate the greater complexity and depth of spiritual truths. This phrase invites the listener to aspire to a higher understanding and to seek divine wisdom. It also points to Jesus' unique position as the one who can reveal the mysteries of heaven, being Himself from above.

No one has ascended into heaven
This phrase emphasizes the unique and divine nature of Jesus Christ. The Greek word for "ascended" is "anabainō," which means to go up or rise. In the context of Jewish thought, heaven was the dwelling place of God, and no human had the ability to ascend there by their own power or merit. This statement underscores the exclusivity of Christ's divine authority and knowledge, as He alone has the heavenly origin and authority to speak of heavenly matters. Historically, figures like Enoch and Elijah were taken by God, but they did not ascend by their own power, highlighting the distinctiveness of Jesus' claim.

except the One who descended from heaven
The Greek word for "descended" is "katabainō," meaning to come down. This phrase points to the incarnation of Jesus Christ, affirming His pre-existence and divine mission. Jesus, being fully God, came down from heaven to dwell among humanity. This descent is a profound act of humility and love, as described in Philippians 2:6-8, where Christ, though in the form of God, took on human likeness. Theologically, this descent is essential for the work of salvation, as only one who is both fully God and fully man could mediate between God and humanity.

the Son of Man
This title, "Son of Man," is deeply rooted in the Old Testament, particularly in the book of Daniel 7:13-14, where it describes a messianic figure endowed with authority, glory, and sovereign power. In the New Testament, Jesus frequently uses this title for Himself, emphasizing both His humanity and His divine authority. The term "Son of Man" reflects Jesus' role as the representative of humanity and His fulfillment of messianic prophecy. It also highlights His mission to suffer, die, and rise again for the redemption of mankind. This title encapsulates the mystery of the incarnation—God becoming man to save humanity.

Just as Moses
This phrase refers to the historical account found in the Old Testament, specifically in Numbers 21:4-9. Moses, the leader of the Israelites, is a central figure in the Hebrew Bible. The comparison here is significant because it draws a parallel between Moses' actions and the forthcoming actions of Jesus. The Greek word used for "just as" (καθώς) indicates a direct comparison, suggesting that the events involving Moses are a foreshadowing of what is to come in the life of Jesus.

lifted up the snake
The lifting up of the snake refers to the bronze serpent that Moses made and set upon a pole. In the original Hebrew context, the word for "snake" (נָחָשׁ, nachash) is used. This act was a divine instruction given to Moses to provide a means of healing for the Israelites who were bitten by venomous snakes. The lifting up of the snake symbolizes an act of salvation and deliverance, which is a precursor to the salvation offered through Jesus Christ.

in the wilderness
The wilderness represents a place of testing and trial for the Israelites. It is a significant setting in the biblical narrative, symbolizing both physical and spiritual challenges. The Greek term for "wilderness" (ἔρημος, erēmos) conveys a sense of desolation and isolation, yet it is also a place where God’s provision and presence are profoundly experienced. This context underscores the desperation and need for divine intervention.

so the Son of Man
The title "Son of Man" is a messianic term that Jesus frequently uses to refer to Himself. It has roots in the Old Testament, particularly in the book of Daniel 7:13-14, where it describes a heavenly figure endowed with authority and glory. The Greek phrase "ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου" emphasizes both the humanity and the divine mission of Jesus, highlighting His role as the mediator between God and humanity.

must be lifted up
The phrase "must be lifted up" is a direct reference to the crucifixion of Jesus. The Greek word for "lifted up" (ὑψωθῆναι, hypsōthēnai) carries a dual meaning: it refers to both the physical act of being raised on the cross and the exaltation that follows through His resurrection and ascension. This necessity ("must") indicates the divine plan and purpose for Jesus' sacrificial death, which is central to the Christian faith as the means of redemption for humanity.

that everyone
The phrase "that everyone" signifies the universality of the Gospel message. In the Greek, "everyone" is translated from "πᾶς" (pas), which means all or every. This indicates that the offer of salvation through Jesus is not limited by ethnicity, social status, or past sins. It is an open invitation to all humanity, reflecting God's inclusive love and desire for all to come to repentance and faith.

who believes
The Greek word for "believes" is "πιστεύων" (pisteuōn), which implies more than mere intellectual assent. It encompasses trust, reliance, and a personal commitment to Jesus Christ. In the historical context of the New Testament, belief was not a passive state but an active, ongoing trust in Jesus as the Messiah and Son of God. This belief is the key to accessing the promises of God, as it aligns one's life with His will and purpose.

in Him
"In Him" refers specifically to Jesus Christ, the central figure of the Christian faith. The preposition "in" (Greek: "εἰς," eis) suggests a movement towards and a resting in Jesus. It denotes a relationship that is intimate and personal. Historically, this was a radical shift from the Jewish understanding of faith, which was centered on adherence to the Law. Here, faith is centered on a person, Jesus, who fulfills the Law and the Prophets.

may have
The phrase "may have" indicates a present and continuous possession. The Greek verb "ἔχῃ" (echē) is in the subjunctive mood, suggesting potentiality and purpose. It implies that eternal life is not just a future promise but a present reality for those who believe. This reflects the "already but not yet" tension of the Kingdom of God, where believers experience a foretaste of eternal life now, even as they await its full realization.

eternal life
"Eternal life" is translated from the Greek "ζωὴν αἰώνιον" (zōēn aiōnion). "Zōē" refers to life in its fullest sense, not just biological existence but a quality of life that is abundant and everlasting. "Aiōnion" denotes perpetuity, a life that transcends time and is characterized by an unending fellowship with God. In the scriptural context, eternal life is both a present possession and a future hope, rooted in the resurrection of Jesus and the believer's union with Him. It is the ultimate gift of God's grace, transforming the believer's life now and forever.

For God
The phrase "For God" introduces the subject of the verse, emphasizing the divine origin of the message. In the Greek, "Theos" is used, which is the standard term for God in the New Testament. This highlights the monotheistic belief central to Christianity, rooted in the Jewish tradition of Yahweh, the one true God. Historically, this underscores the continuity of the Christian faith with the Old Testament, affirming that the God of Israel is the same God who initiates the plan of salvation.

so loved
The Greek word for "loved" here is "agapao," which signifies a selfless, sacrificial love. This is not merely an emotional affection but a deliberate act of will. The adverb "so" (Greek "houtos") intensifies the action, indicating the magnitude and depth of God's love. This love is unconditional and universal, transcending human understanding and reflecting the very nature of God as described in 1 John 4:8, "God is love."

the world
The term "world" (Greek "kosmos") refers to humanity in its entirety, encompassing all people regardless of race, nationality, or status. In the historical context, this was a radical concept, as many religious systems of the time were ethnocentric. The use of "kosmos" underscores the inclusivity of God's love and the universal scope of the Gospel message.

that He gave
The verb "gave" (Greek "didomi") indicates a voluntary act of generosity and sacrifice. This reflects the nature of God's love as giving and selfless. In the historical context of sacrificial systems, this act of giving is profound, as it is God Himself who provides the ultimate sacrifice, not requiring anything from humanity in return.

His one and only Son
The phrase "one and only" (Greek "monogenes") emphasizes the uniqueness and singularity of Jesus Christ. "Monogenes" can be translated as "only begotten," highlighting the special relationship between the Father and the Son. This underscores the Christian doctrine of the Trinity and the divinity of Christ, affirming that Jesus is not merely a prophet or teacher but the unique Son of God.

that everyone who believes
The word "everyone" (Greek "pas") signifies the inclusivity of the offer of salvation. "Believes" (Greek "pisteuo") is more than intellectual assent; it involves trust and reliance upon Jesus Christ. This belief is the means by which individuals receive the gift of eternal life, emphasizing faith as the key response to God's offer.

in Him
The preposition "in" (Greek "eis") indicates a direction or focus of faith. Belief is not just a general faith but specifically faith in Jesus Christ. This highlights the centrality of Christ in the Christian faith and the necessity of a personal relationship with Him.

shall not perish
The phrase "shall not perish" (Greek "apollumi") refers to eternal destruction or separation from God. This is contrasted with eternal life, emphasizing the stakes of the decision to believe. The promise of not perishing is a reassurance of the security and permanence of salvation for those who believe.

but have eternal life
"Eternal life" (Greek "zoe aionios") is not just an unending existence but a quality of life that begins now and continues forever in the presence of God. This life is characterized by a restored relationship with God, peace, and joy. The promise of eternal life is the culmination of God's redemptive plan, offering hope and assurance to believers.

For God
The verse begins with "For God," emphasizing the divine initiative and purpose. The Greek word for God here is "Theos," which denotes the supreme deity, the Creator of the universe. This highlights the sovereignty and love of God, who is the source of all life and salvation. In the context of the Gospel of John, God is portrayed as a loving Father who desires a relationship with humanity.

did not send
The phrase "did not send" is crucial in understanding the mission of Jesus. The Greek verb "apostellō" is used here, which means to send forth with a specific purpose. This indicates that Jesus' coming was intentional and part of a divine plan. Historically, the concept of sending a messenger or ambassador was well understood in the ancient world, signifying authority and representation.

His Son
"His Son" refers to Jesus Christ, the unique and only begotten Son of God. The Greek term "huios" is used, emphasizing the special relationship between Jesus and the Father. This relationship is central to Christian theology, underscoring the divinity of Christ and His role in the salvation narrative.

into the world
The phrase "into the world" signifies the incarnation, where the eternal Word became flesh and dwelt among us (John 1:14). The Greek word "kosmos" is used for "world," which can refer to the created order, humanity, or the system opposed to God. Here, it highlights the scope of Jesus' mission, which is universal and inclusive.

to condemn the world
"To condemn the world" clarifies what Jesus' mission was not. The Greek word "krinō" means to judge or condemn. In the historical context, many expected the Messiah to come as a judge to condemn the wicked. However, this verse reveals that Jesus' first coming was not for judgment but for salvation.

but to save the world
The contrast "but to save the world" reveals the heart of the Gospel message. The Greek word "sōzō" means to save, deliver, or make whole. This salvation is comprehensive, addressing spiritual, physical, and eternal needs. The historical context of salvation in the Bible often involves deliverance from danger or oppression, pointing to the ultimate deliverance from sin and death through Christ.

through Him
The phrase "through Him" underscores the exclusivity and sufficiency of Christ as the means of salvation. The Greek preposition "dia" indicates the channel or instrumentality. This affirms the Christian belief that salvation is found in no one else but Jesus (Acts 4:12). It is through His life, death, and resurrection that the world is offered redemption.

Whoever believes in Him
This phrase emphasizes the universality of the Gospel message. The Greek word for "believes" is "pisteuō," which implies a deep trust and reliance, not merely intellectual assent. In the historical context of the early church, this belief was a radical departure from the prevailing religious systems, requiring a personal commitment to Jesus Christ. The phrase "in Him" underscores the object of faith—Jesus Himself, not just His teachings or miracles.

is not condemned
The Greek word for "condemned" is "krinō," which means to judge or to pronounce judgment. In the context of the New Testament, this refers to the ultimate judgment of God. The assurance of "is not condemned" provides comfort and hope, affirming that faith in Christ results in a present and future state of being free from divine judgment. This reflects the transformative power of the Gospel, offering believers a new identity in Christ.

but whoever does not believe
The contrast here is stark and serves as a warning. The phrase "does not believe" uses the Greek "apisteuō," indicating a refusal or failure to trust in Christ. Historically, this would have been a significant point of contention, especially among Jewish audiences who were expecting a different kind of Messiah. The rejection of Jesus as the Christ is portrayed as a conscious decision with eternal consequences.

has already been condemned
This phrase suggests a present reality rather than a future event. The use of "already" indicates that condemnation is not merely a future possibility but a current state for those who reject Christ. This reflects the biblical teaching that apart from Christ, humanity is already under judgment due to sin. Theologically, it underscores the urgency of the Gospel message and the necessity of faith for salvation.

because he has not believed
The reason for condemnation is explicitly stated: unbelief. The repetition of "believed" (or lack thereof) highlights the centrality of faith in the Christian message. This phrase serves as a reminder that the basis of judgment is not moral failure or good works but the response to Jesus Christ. It calls individuals to examine their own faith and relationship with Christ.

in the name of God’s one and only Son
The "name" in biblical terms often represents the character and authority of a person. Here, it signifies the full revelation of God in Jesus Christ. The phrase "God’s one and only Son" uses the Greek "monogenēs," meaning unique or one of a kind. This emphasizes the exclusive and divine nature of Jesus, affirming His deity and the singularity of His role in salvation. Historically, this was a profound declaration of Jesus' identity, challenging both Jewish monotheism and pagan polytheism. It calls believers to recognize and honor the unique position of Christ in the divine plan of redemption.

And this is the verdict
The term "verdict" in this context is translated from the Greek word "krisis," which implies a judgment or decision. This is not merely a legal pronouncement but a divine assessment of humanity's spiritual state. The use of "verdict" underscores the gravity of the situation, as it reflects God's righteous judgment. Historically, the concept of divine judgment is deeply rooted in Jewish tradition, where God is seen as the ultimate judge of human actions. This phrase sets the stage for the profound truth that follows, emphasizing the seriousness of rejecting divine revelation.

The Light has come into the world
"Light" is a recurring metaphor in the Gospel of John, representing Jesus Christ and His divine truth. The Greek word "phos" is used here, symbolizing purity, holiness, and the revelation of God. The phrase "has come into the world" indicates the incarnation of Christ, a pivotal event in Christian theology. This reflects the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies, such as Isaiah 9:2, which speaks of a great light shining on those living in darkness. The historical context of this statement is significant, as it was made during a time when the world was steeped in spiritual darkness, awaiting the promised Messiah.

but men loved the darkness rather than the Light
The word "loved" is translated from the Greek "agapao," which denotes a deep, intentional affection or preference. This choice of word highlights the willful decision of humanity to embrace darkness. "Darkness" (Greek: "skotos") symbolizes ignorance, sin, and separation from God. The contrast between light and darkness is a central theme in John's Gospel, illustrating the moral and spiritual dichotomy faced by every individual. Historically, this reflects the persistent human tendency to reject God's truth in favor of sinful desires, a theme echoed throughout Scripture.

because their deeds were evil
The term "deeds" (Greek: "ergon") refers to actions or works, emphasizing the tangible expressions of one's inner moral state. "Evil" (Greek: "poneros") describes actions that are morally corrupt and opposed to God's nature. This phrase provides the reason for humanity's preference for darkness: their actions are inherently sinful. Theologically, this underscores the doctrine of original sin and the fallen nature of humanity, which is in need of redemption. The historical context of this statement is crucial, as it was made in a world where moral corruption was rampant, highlighting the urgent need for the transformative power of Christ's light.

Everyone who does evil
The phrase "everyone who does evil" refers to those who practice sin and live in opposition to God's commandments. The Greek word for "evil" here is "phaulon," which implies not just wickedness but also worthlessness and moral corruption. Historically, this reflects the human condition post-Fall, where sin has tainted human nature. In a conservative Christian perspective, this underscores the universality of sin and the need for redemption through Christ.

hates the Light
The "Light" is a metaphor for Jesus Christ, who is the embodiment of truth, holiness, and divine revelation. The Greek word "phos" is used for "Light," signifying purity and the divine presence. Those who "hate the Light" are in spiritual rebellion, rejecting the truth of Christ. This reflects the spiritual battle between darkness and light, a theme prevalent throughout Scripture, emphasizing the innate human resistance to divine truth without the transformative work of the Holy Spirit.

and does not come into the Light
This phrase indicates a deliberate avoidance of Christ and His truth. The Greek verb "erchomai," meaning "to come," suggests an action of moving towards something. Here, it implies a conscious decision to stay away from the truth that Christ offers. Historically, this reflects the Jewish leaders' rejection of Jesus during His earthly ministry, as well as a broader human tendency to avoid divine accountability.

for fear that his deeds will be exposed
The fear of exposure is a powerful deterrent for those living in sin. The Greek word "phobos" for "fear" conveys a sense of dread or terror. The term "exposed" comes from the Greek "elegcho," meaning to convict or reprove. This highlights the convicting power of Christ's presence, which reveals the true nature of one's actions. In a conservative Christian view, this underscores the necessity of repentance and the transformative power of coming into the Light, where sin is confessed and forgiven. The historical context of this fear can be seen in the religious leaders' fear of losing their status and power if they acknowledged Jesus as the Messiah.

But whoever practices the truth
The phrase "practices the truth" is rooted in the Greek word "poieō," which means to make or do. This implies an active, ongoing commitment to living in accordance with God's truth. In the context of the Gospel of John, "truth" is not merely factual accuracy but a divine reality revealed through Jesus Christ. The practice of truth is a hallmark of genuine faith, reflecting a life transformed by the Holy Spirit. Historically, this aligns with the early Christian community's emphasis on living out one's faith through actions, as seen in the teachings of the apostles.

comes into the light
The concept of "light" in John's Gospel is rich with meaning, often symbolizing purity, holiness, and divine revelation. The Greek word "phōs" is used here, which is frequently associated with Jesus Himself, who is described as the "light of the world" (John 8:12). To "come into the light" suggests a willingness to be transparent before God and others, embracing the transformative power of Christ's presence. This act of coming into the light is a metaphor for repentance and the pursuit of righteousness, a theme deeply rooted in the prophetic tradition of the Old Testament.

so that it may be seen clearly
The phrase "seen clearly" translates the Greek word "phaneroō," meaning to make manifest or visible. This indicates that the actions of those who practice the truth are not hidden but are evident to others. In a historical context, early Christians were often scrutinized by both Jewish and Roman authorities, and their visible good works served as a testimony to their faith. This visibility is not for personal glory but to demonstrate the authenticity of their relationship with God.

that what he has done
This phrase emphasizes the tangible outcomes of living in truth. The Greek word "ergon," meaning work or deed, underscores the importance of actions in the Christian life. The early church fathers often spoke of faith and works as inseparable, with works being the natural fruit of a living faith. This reflects the biblical teaching that faith without works is dead (James 2:26), highlighting the necessity of a faith that is active and productive.

has been accomplished in God
The phrase "accomplished in God" points to the divine origin and empowerment of the believer's actions. The Greek word "ergazomai" suggests that these deeds are not merely human efforts but are wrought through God's enabling grace. This aligns with the broader scriptural narrative that emphasizes God's sovereignty and the believer's dependence on Him for spiritual fruitfulness. Historically, this understanding provided comfort and assurance to early Christians facing persecution, reminding them that their labor was not in vain but was part of God's eternal purpose.

After this
This phrase indicates a transition from the preceding events, specifically the conversation between Jesus and Nicodemus. It suggests a continuation of Jesus' ministry and a shift in location and activity. The Greek word "meta" (μετά) implies a sequence of events, emphasizing the ongoing nature of Jesus' mission. This transition highlights the dynamic and active ministry of Jesus, moving from teaching to engaging with the people directly.

Jesus and His disciples
This phrase underscores the close relationship between Jesus and His followers. The Greek word for "disciples" is "mathētai" (μαθηταί), meaning learners or students. This relationship is foundational to the Christian faith, as it reflects the model of discipleship where followers learn directly from the Master. Historically, this group of disciples would later become the apostles, spreading Jesus' teachings throughout the world.

went into the Judean countryside
The movement into the Judean countryside signifies a strategic choice by Jesus to engage with people outside the urban centers. The Greek word "eis" (εἰς) indicates a purposeful entry into a new area. Judea, being a region with significant historical and religious importance, provides a backdrop for Jesus' ministry that connects with the Jewish heritage and prophecies. This setting also reflects Jesus' mission to reach diverse groups, not just those in the cities.

where He spent some time with them
This phrase highlights the intentionality of Jesus in building relationships and teaching His disciples. The Greek word "diatribe" (διατρίβω) suggests a prolonged period of interaction, emphasizing the importance of presence and mentorship in discipleship. This time spent together would have been crucial for the disciples' spiritual growth and understanding of Jesus' mission.

and baptized
The act of baptizing is significant in the context of Jesus' ministry. The Greek word "baptizō" (βαπτίζω) means to immerse or submerge, symbolizing purification and initiation into a new life. This practice connects with the Jewish tradition of ritual cleansing but is given new meaning through Jesus' ministry. Baptism here prefigures the Christian sacrament, representing repentance, faith, and the indwelling of the Holy Spirit. It also signifies the expansion of Jesus' ministry, as His disciples participate in this sacred act, preparing them for their future roles in the early Church.

Now John was also baptizing
This phrase indicates the ongoing ministry of John the Baptist, who was actively engaged in baptizing individuals. The Greek word for "baptizing" is "βαπτίζων" (baptizōn), which means to immerse or submerge. John's baptism was a baptism of repentance, preparing the way for the coming of Jesus Christ. His ministry was crucial in calling people to turn from their sins and anticipate the Messiah. This act of baptizing was not just a ritual but a profound spiritual preparation for the new covenant that Jesus would establish.

at Aenon near Salim
The location "Aenon near Salim" is significant for its geographical and symbolic implications. Aenon, derived from the Hebrew word "ayin," meaning "spring" or "fountain," suggests a place abundant with water, which is essential for baptism by immersion. Salim, possibly linked to the Hebrew word "shalom," meaning "peace," could symbolize the peace and reconciliation with God that baptism represents. The exact location is debated among scholars, but it is generally believed to be in the region of Samaria, indicating the widespread reach of John's ministry beyond Judea.

because the water was plentiful there
The phrase highlights the practical reason for choosing this location: the abundance of water. In the arid regions of the Middle East, finding a place with "plentiful" water was crucial for conducting baptisms. This abundance of water not only facilitated the physical act of baptism but also symbolized the overflowing grace and cleansing power of God available to those who repent. Water, in biblical symbolism, often represents purification and life, underscoring the transformative nature of John's baptism.

and people kept coming to be baptized
This phrase emphasizes the continuous and growing response to John's call for repentance. The Greek verb "ἤρχοντο" (ērchonto), translated as "kept coming," suggests a steady stream of individuals seeking baptism. This reflects the deep spiritual hunger and anticipation among the people for the coming Messiah. John's ministry was drawing significant attention, preparing the hearts of many for the teachings and redemptive work of Jesus Christ. The act of coming to be baptized signifies a public declaration of repentance and a desire to align with God's will, setting the stage for the transformative message of Jesus.

For John
This phrase refers to John the Baptist, a pivotal figure in the New Testament who prepared the way for Jesus Christ. John the Baptist's ministry was characterized by his call for repentance and his role in baptizing Jesus. Historically, John was a well-known prophet, and his influence extended across Judea. His life and ministry are significant because they fulfill Old Testament prophecies about a forerunner to the Messiah, such as those found in Isaiah 40:3. John's role was to prepare the hearts of the people for the coming of Jesus, emphasizing the need for spiritual readiness and repentance.

had not yet
This phrase indicates a specific point in time, suggesting that the events being described occurred before a significant change in John's circumstances. The use of "not yet" implies an impending event that is crucial to the narrative of the Gospels. It highlights the transitional period in John's ministry, where he was still actively preaching and baptizing. This temporal marker is essential for understanding the sequence of events in the Gospel of John, as it sets the stage for the subsequent developments in the life of Jesus and John the Baptist.

been thrown into prison
This phrase refers to the future imprisonment of John the Baptist by Herod Antipas, as detailed in other Gospel accounts (e.g., Matthew 14:3-12, Mark 6:17-29). John's imprisonment was a result of his bold proclamation of truth, particularly his condemnation of Herod's unlawful marriage to Herodias, his brother's wife. This event is significant because it marks the end of John's public ministry and foreshadows his martyrdom. Historically, John's imprisonment and eventual execution highlight the cost of prophetic ministry and the opposition faced by those who stand for righteousness. It also serves as a backdrop to the increasing prominence of Jesus' ministry, as John's role as the forerunner comes to a close.

A dispute arose
The phrase "a dispute arose" indicates a conflict or debate that emerged among the people involved. In the Greek, the word for "dispute" is "ζήτησις" (zētēsis), which can imply a questioning or a debate. This suggests that the issue at hand was not merely a casual conversation but a significant theological or ritualistic disagreement. Historically, disputes over religious practices were common in Jewish culture, as the interpretation of the Law and traditions often led to differing opinions. This context sets the stage for understanding the nature of the conflict and its implications for the ministry of John the Baptist and the emerging Christian faith.

between John's disciples
The mention of "John's disciples" refers to the followers of John the Baptist, who was a prominent prophetic figure preparing the way for Jesus. These disciples were committed to John's teachings and practices, which included a baptism of repentance. The presence of disciples indicates that John had a structured following, emphasizing the impact of his ministry. In the broader scriptural context, John's role was to point to Christ, and his disciples were part of the transitional phase from the old covenant to the new covenant established by Jesus.

and a certain Jew
The phrase "a certain Jew" highlights an individual who was likely knowledgeable about Jewish customs and laws. The specificity of "a certain Jew" suggests that this person may have been a representative of a broader group or perspective within Judaism. In the historical context, Jews were deeply concerned with ritual purity and adherence to the Law, which often led to discussions and debates about proper practices. This individual's involvement in the dispute underscores the tension between traditional Jewish practices and the new movement initiated by John and continued by Jesus.

over the issue of ceremonial washing
The "issue of ceremonial washing" refers to the Jewish practice of ritual purification, which was an essential aspect of maintaining religious purity. The Greek term for "ceremonial washing" is "καθαρισμός" (katharismos), which denotes cleansing or purification. In Jewish tradition, various washings were prescribed by the Law to ensure cleanliness before God, both physically and spiritually. This particular dispute likely revolved around the significance and method of such washings, especially in light of John's baptism, which symbolized repentance and spiritual renewal. Theologically, this debate foreshadows the shift from external rituals to the internal transformation emphasized in the teachings of Jesus.

So they came to John
This phrase indicates a group of John's disciples approaching him. The Greek word for "came" (ἦλθον, ēlthon) suggests a deliberate action, emphasizing the intent and urgency of the disciples. Historically, John the Baptist was a prominent figure, and his disciples were deeply committed to his teachings. This approach to John reflects their concern and loyalty, as they seek his guidance in a time of transition.

and said to him
The act of speaking to John signifies a moment of communication and inquiry. The Greek word for "said" (εἶπαν, eipan) is often used in the New Testament to denote important dialogues. This interaction highlights the disciples' respect for John as their teacher and their reliance on his wisdom to address their concerns.

Rabbi
This term, derived from the Hebrew "רַבִּי" (rabbi), means "my teacher" or "my master." It is a title of respect and honor, acknowledging John's authority and role as a spiritual leader. In the Jewish tradition, a rabbi was a revered figure, and this address underscores the disciples' recognition of John's significant influence and their deference to his spiritual insight.

the One who was with you beyond the Jordan
This phrase refers to Jesus, who had been baptized by John in the Jordan River. The geographical reference "beyond the Jordan" situates the event in a specific historical and physical context, emphasizing the significance of the location in Jesus' early ministry. The Jordan River was a site of purification and renewal, symbolizing the transformative nature of Jesus' baptism and the beginning of His public ministry.

whom you testified about
John's testimony about Jesus is a central theme in the Gospel of John. The Greek word for "testified" (μαρτυρέω, martyreō) implies bearing witness or giving evidence. John's role as a witness to Jesus' identity as the Messiah is crucial, as it validates Jesus' divine mission and authority. This testimony is rooted in the prophetic tradition, where prophets were called to declare God's truth to the people.

He is baptizing
The act of baptizing, performed by Jesus and His disciples, signifies the continuation and expansion of the ministry that John began. The Greek word for "baptizing" (βαπτίζω, baptizō) means to immerse or submerge, symbolizing purification and initiation into a new life. This activity marks the growing influence of Jesus' ministry and the fulfillment of John's mission to prepare the way for the Lord.

and everyone is going to Him
This observation by John's disciples highlights the shift in public attention from John to Jesus. The phrase "everyone is going" (πάντες ἔρχονται, pantes erchontai) suggests a widespread movement towards Jesus, indicating His rising prominence and the impact of His message. This transition reflects the divine plan, as Jesus' ministry begins to take center stage, fulfilling the prophecies and expectations of the coming Messiah.

John replied
This phrase introduces the response of John the Baptist, a pivotal figure in the New Testament. The Greek word for "replied" is "ἀπεκρίθη" (apekrithē), indicating a thoughtful and deliberate answer. John the Baptist, known for his humility and prophetic role, is addressing a concern about his diminishing influence as Jesus' ministry grows. His reply reflects his understanding of his role in God's divine plan, emphasizing submission to God's will.

A man
The term "man" here, translated from the Greek "ἄνθρωπος" (anthrōpos), is often used in the New Testament to refer to humanity in general. It underscores the universal nature of the principle John is about to articulate. This is not just a truth for John or his disciples but for all people, highlighting the human condition of dependence on divine provision.

can receive
The phrase "can receive" comes from the Greek "δύναται λαμβάνειν" (dynatai lambanein). "Dynatai" implies ability or power, while "lambanein" means to take or receive. Together, they suggest that human ability to receive is contingent upon divine allowance. This reflects a theological understanding that all blessings and roles are ultimately granted by God, not earned by human effort.

only what is given
The word "only" (οὐδέν, ouden) emphasizes exclusivity, meaning nothing beyond what is granted. "What is given" translates from "ἐὰν μὴ ᾖ δεδομένον" (ean mē ēi dedomenon), with "dedomenon" being a perfect passive participle of "δίδωμι" (didōmi), meaning to give. This construction highlights the passive role of humanity in receiving gifts or roles, underscoring God's sovereignty and grace in bestowing gifts.

him from heaven
The phrase "from heaven" (ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ, ek tou ouranou) indicates the divine origin of all gifts and roles. In Jewish thought, "heaven" is often a metonym for God, reflecting a deep reverence for the divine source of authority and blessing. This phrase reinforces the idea that all authority and provision come from God, aligning with the broader biblical narrative of God's sovereignty and providence.

You yourselves can testify
This phrase emphasizes the personal witness and testimony of John the Baptist's followers. The Greek word for "testify" is "μαρτυρέω" (martyreō), which means to bear witness or give evidence. In the context of the New Testament, this term often carries the weight of a legal testimony, underscoring the reliability and truthfulness of John's statement. Historically, John the Baptist had a significant following, and his disciples were well aware of his teachings and declarations. This phrase calls upon their firsthand experience and knowledge, reinforcing the authenticity of his message.

that I said
Here, John the Baptist refers to his previous declarations, reminding his audience of his consistent message. The Greek word "εἶπον" (eipon) is used, which is a common term for "said" or "spoke." This highlights the importance of verbal proclamation in the ministry of John the Baptist. His role as a prophet was to speak the truth given to him by God, and this phrase serves as a reminder of his prophetic authority and the consistency of his message.

‘I am not the Christ
This is a direct and humble acknowledgment of John's role in God's plan. The term "Christ" comes from the Greek "Χριστός" (Christos), meaning "Anointed One," equivalent to the Hebrew "Messiah." John the Baptist clearly distinguishes himself from Jesus, the true Messiah. This distinction is crucial in understanding the humility and purpose of John's ministry. Historically, there was much anticipation and speculation about the coming Messiah, and John clarifies that he is not the one they are waiting for, but rather a forerunner.

but am sent ahead of Him
The phrase "sent ahead" is derived from the Greek "ἀποστέλλω" (apostellō), meaning to send forth or dispatch. This term is often used in the New Testament to describe someone sent with a specific mission or purpose. John the Baptist's mission was to prepare the way for Jesus, fulfilling the prophecy of Isaiah 40:3, "A voice of one calling in the wilderness, ‘Prepare the way for the Lord; make straight in the desert a highway for our God.’" This highlights the divine orchestration and purpose behind John's ministry, as he was sent by God to prepare the hearts of the people for the coming of Jesus.

The bride
In the context of the New Testament, "the bride" often symbolizes the Church or the collective body of believers. This imagery is rooted in the Hebrew Scriptures, where Israel is frequently depicted as the bride of Yahweh. The Greek word used here is "νύμφη" (nymphē), which denotes a woman who is betrothed or newly married. This metaphor highlights the intimate and covenantal relationship between Christ and His followers, emphasizing purity, devotion, and the promise of eternal union.

belongs to the bridegroom
The phrase underscores the rightful and exclusive relationship between the bride and the bridegroom. In ancient Jewish weddings, the bridegroom had the primary role in the marriage covenant, symbolizing Christ's role as the initiator and sustainer of the relationship with His Church. The Greek word for "belongs" implies possession and dedication, reflecting the Church's commitment to Christ and His loving authority over her.

The friend of the bridegroom
This refers to a role similar to the modern-day best man, known in Greek as "ὁ φίλος τοῦ νυμφίου" (ho philos tou nymphiou). In Jewish tradition, this friend had significant responsibilities, including arranging the marriage and ensuring the bride's readiness. John the Baptist identifies himself in this role, indicating his supportive position in preparing the way for Jesus, the true Bridegroom.

stands and listens for him
The posture of standing signifies readiness and attentiveness, while listening denotes a deep awareness and expectation. The Greek verb "ἀκούει" (akouei) implies an active, discerning listening. This reflects the role of John the Baptist, who was vigilant and eager to recognize and announce the coming of Christ, the Bridegroom.

and is overjoyed to hear the bridegroom’s voice
The joy described here is profound and complete, stemming from the fulfillment of a long-awaited promise. The Greek word "χαρά" (chara) for joy conveys a sense of delight and gladness. Hearing the bridegroom's voice signifies the arrival and presence of Christ, bringing fulfillment to John's mission and the hope of Israel.

That joy is mine
John the Baptist expresses personal fulfillment and satisfaction in his role. His joy is not in self-promotion but in the success and prominence of Christ. This reflects a selfless attitude, recognizing that his purpose is to point others to Jesus, the source of true joy and salvation.

and it is now complete
The completion of joy indicates the culmination of John's ministry and the transition to Jesus' public ministry. The Greek word "πεπλήρωται" (peplērōtai) suggests fullness and perfection. John's mission is fulfilled as he decreases, allowing Christ to increase, embodying the ultimate purpose of his calling and the divine plan of redemption.

He must increase
This phrase emphasizes the necessity and divine imperative of Jesus' prominence and authority growing. The Greek word for "must" is "dei," which indicates a binding necessity or inevitability. This reflects the divine plan and purpose that Jesus' role and influence are to expand. Historically, this aligns with the prophetic anticipation of the Messiah's kingdom, as foretold in the Old Testament. The increase of Jesus signifies the fulfillment of God's redemptive plan through Christ, who is to be exalted above all.

but I must decrease
The word "but" introduces a contrast, highlighting the shift from John the Baptist's ministry to that of Jesus. The Greek word for "decrease" is "elattousthai," which means to become less or diminish. John the Baptist acknowledges his role as the forerunner to Christ, understanding that his mission is to prepare the way for Jesus and then step back. This reflects a profound humility and recognition of God's sovereign plan. In the historical context, John the Baptist's ministry was significant, yet he willingly accepted the necessity of stepping aside for the greater work of Christ. This serves as a model of humility and submission to God's will, emphasizing the importance of prioritizing Christ's glory over personal ambition.

He who comes from above
This phrase refers to Jesus Christ, emphasizing His divine origin and authority. The Greek word for "above" is "anōthen," which can mean "from above" or "again." In this context, it underscores Jesus' heavenly origin, contrasting with earthly origins. This highlights the unique nature of Christ's mission and His authority to speak on spiritual matters, as He is not merely a prophet or teacher but the Son of God who descended from heaven.

is above all
This phrase asserts the supremacy and preeminence of Christ over all creation. The Greek word "epanō" means "above" or "over," indicating not just a physical position but a rank of authority and power. In a historical context, this would resonate with early Christians who faced various earthly authorities, reminding them that Christ's authority surpasses all human and spiritual powers.

He who is of the earth
This phrase refers to those who are born of earthly origin, contrasting with Christ's heavenly origin. The Greek word "ek" means "from" or "out of," indicating a source or origin. This highlights the limitations of human understanding and authority compared to the divine wisdom and authority of Christ. It serves as a reminder of the fallen nature of humanity and the need for divine intervention.

belongs to the earth
This phrase emphasizes the earthly nature and limitations of human beings. The Greek word "ek" is again used here, reinforcing the idea of origin and belonging. It suggests that those who are of the earth are bound by earthly limitations and perspectives, unable to fully comprehend or convey heavenly truths without divine revelation.

and speaks as one from the earth
This phrase indicates that those of earthly origin can only speak from an earthly perspective. The Greek word "laleō" means "to speak," and it implies that human speech is limited to human understanding. This serves as a contrast to the divine wisdom and authority of Christ, who speaks with the authority of heaven.

He who comes from heaven
This phrase reiterates the divine origin of Christ, emphasizing His heavenly authority and mission. The Greek word "ouranos" means "heaven," and it signifies the dwelling place of God. This reinforces the idea that Jesus is not just a messenger but the incarnate Word of God, bringing divine truth and salvation to humanity.

is above all
This repetition of the earlier phrase serves to reinforce the supremacy of Christ. It is a powerful reminder of His ultimate authority over all creation, both earthly and spiritual. In a scriptural context, it echoes the themes of Christ's lordship found throughout the New Testament, encouraging believers to trust in His sovereign power and divine wisdom.

He testifies
The word "testifies" comes from the Greek "martyrei," which is derived from "martureo," meaning to bear witness or give evidence. In the context of the Gospel of John, this term is significant as it underscores the role of Jesus as a divine witness to the truth of God. Jesus' testimony is not based on secondhand knowledge but on firsthand experience of the heavenly realities. This emphasizes His authority and authenticity as the Son of God, who reveals the divine will and character to humanity.

to what He has seen and heard
The phrase "to what He has seen and heard" highlights the direct and personal nature of Jesus' knowledge. The Greek words "heoraken" (seen) and "ekousen" (heard) suggest a complete and intimate understanding of divine truths. This is not mere intellectual knowledge but experiential, indicating that Jesus' teachings are rooted in His eternal relationship with the Father. Historically, this underscores the unique position of Jesus as the incarnate Word, who bridges the gap between heaven and earth, bringing a message that is both profound and transformative.

yet no one accepts His testimony
The phrase "yet no one accepts His testimony" reflects a tragic reality of human unbelief. The Greek word "lambanei" (accepts) implies receiving or taking hold of something offered. Despite the clarity and authority of Jesus' witness, many in His time—and indeed throughout history—have rejected His message. This rejection is not due to a lack of evidence but rather a spiritual blindness and hardness of heart. Scripturally, this echoes the broader theme of the Gospel of John, where light comes into the world, but people love darkness instead of light (John 3:19). It serves as a sobering reminder of the necessity of faith and the openness of heart required to truly receive the truth of Christ's testimony.

Whoever
The term "whoever" is inclusive, indicating that the invitation to accept Christ's testimony is open to all people, regardless of background, ethnicity, or social status. This universality reflects the Christian doctrine that salvation through Jesus is available to everyone. The Greek word used here, "ὁ," is a definite article that can be translated as "the one who," emphasizing the individual responsibility and personal decision involved in accepting Christ.

accepts
The word "accepts" implies an active decision and a willing reception of what is offered. In the Greek, "λαμβάνω" (lambanō) means to take or receive. This suggests that faith is not passive but requires an active response to the message of Christ. Accepting His testimony involves a commitment to believe and trust in what Jesus has revealed about God and His kingdom.

His testimony
"His testimony" refers to the witness or declaration of Jesus Christ concerning the truth of God and His plan for salvation. In the context of John's Gospel, this testimony includes Jesus' teachings, miracles, and ultimately, His death and resurrection. The Greek word "μαρτυρία" (martyria) is used, which is often translated as "witness" or "evidence." This underscores the reliability and divine origin of what Jesus has proclaimed.

has certified
The phrase "has certified" indicates a confirmation or validation of a truth. The Greek word "σφραγίζω" (sphragizō) means to seal or confirm. In ancient times, a seal was used to authenticate documents, signifying authority and authenticity. By accepting Christ's testimony, believers are essentially putting their seal of approval on the truth of God's word, acknowledging its divine authority and reliability.

that God is truthful
This phrase affirms the fundamental Christian belief in the veracity and faithfulness of God. The Greek word "ἀληθής" (alēthēs) means true or genuine. In a world where truth can often seem relative or subjective, this statement declares the absolute and unchanging nature of God's truth. It reassures believers that God's promises are trustworthy and that His character is consistent and dependable.

For the One whom God has sent
This phrase refers to Jesus Christ, who is the central figure in the Gospel of John. The Greek word for "sent" is "apostellō," which implies a mission or purpose. In the historical context of the New Testament, being sent by God signifies divine authority and a heavenly mandate. Jesus is not just a teacher or prophet; He is the Messiah, the Anointed One, fulfilling the prophecies of the Old Testament. His mission is to reveal God to humanity and to provide a way for salvation.

speaks the words of God
The phrase "speaks the words of God" emphasizes the divine origin and authority of Jesus' teachings. The Greek term "rhema" is used for "words," indicating spoken words or utterances. In the scriptural context, this underscores that Jesus' teachings are not merely human wisdom but are directly from God. This aligns with the conservative Christian belief in the inerrancy and divine inspiration of Scripture. Jesus, as the Word made flesh (John 1:14), communicates God's truth and will to humanity.

for God gives the Spirit without limit
This phrase highlights the abundant and unrestricted presence of the Holy Spirit in Jesus' ministry. The Greek word "metron" is used for "limit," suggesting a measure or portion. Unlike the prophets of the Old Testament who received the Spirit in specific measures for particular tasks, Jesus possesses the fullness of the Spirit. This is a testament to His divine nature and unique role in the Trinity. In a historical and theological context, this fullness of the Spirit empowers Jesus to perform miracles, teach with authority, and ultimately offer salvation. For believers, this serves as an assurance of the sufficiency and completeness of Christ's work and His ability to intercede on our behalf.

The Father
In this verse, "The Father" refers to God, the first person of the Holy Trinity. The Greek word used here is "ὁ Πατήρ" (ho Patēr), which emphasizes the intimate and authoritative relationship between God and Jesus. In the context of the Gospel of John, the Father is portrayed as the source of all authority and love. This relationship is foundational to understanding the divine mission of Jesus. Historically, the concept of God as Father was revolutionary, offering a personal and relational understanding of God, contrasting with the more distant deities of surrounding cultures.

loves
The Greek word for "loves" is "ἀγαπᾷ" (agapaō), which denotes a selfless, unconditional love. This is the same root used in the famous "agape" love, which is central to Christian theology. It signifies a deep, abiding love that is not based on merit but is freely given. This love is the driving force behind the Father’s actions and decisions, including the sending of His Son into the world. The use of this word underscores the profound and eternal bond between the Father and the Son.

the Son
"The Son" refers to Jesus Christ, the second person of the Trinity. In Greek, "τὸν Υἱόν" (ton Huion) is used, highlighting the unique and divine sonship of Jesus. This title affirms His deity and His role in the divine plan of salvation. The Son is not merely a messenger but is of the same essence as the Father, fully participating in the divine nature. This relationship is central to the Gospel message, as it establishes Jesus' authority and mission.

and has placed all things in His hands
The phrase "and has placed all things in His hands" signifies the complete authority and sovereignty given to Jesus by the Father. The Greek word for "placed" is "δέδωκεν" (dedōken), meaning to give or entrust. This indicates a transfer of authority and responsibility. "All things" (πάντα, panta) encompasses the entirety of creation and the divine plan, signifying that Jesus has ultimate control and authority over all. The imagery of "in His hands" suggests both power and care, as hands are often associated with action and protection. This phrase assures believers of Christ's supreme authority and His active role in the world and in their lives. Historically, this would have been a radical assertion, challenging both Jewish and Roman understandings of power and authority.

Whoever believes in the Son
The phrase "Whoever believes" is inclusive, indicating that the offer of salvation through belief in Jesus Christ is available to all people, regardless of background or status. The Greek word for "believes" is "pisteuō," which implies a deep trust and reliance, not merely intellectual assent. This belief is a personal commitment to Jesus as the Son of God, acknowledging His divine nature and redemptive work. The term "Son" refers to Jesus Christ, emphasizing His unique relationship with God the Father and His role in the divine plan of salvation.

has eternal life
"Eternal life" is a central promise of the Christian faith, signifying not just an unending existence but a quality of life that begins now and continues forever in the presence of God. The Greek word "zōē" for "life" conveys a sense of vitality and fullness. This life is a gift from God, granted through faith in Jesus Christ, and it encompasses both a present spiritual reality and a future hope. The assurance of eternal life is a source of comfort and motivation for believers, encouraging them to live in accordance with God's will.

Whoever rejects the Son
The word "rejects" is translated from the Greek "apeitheō," which means to disobey or refuse to be persuaded. This indicates a deliberate choice to turn away from the truth of the Gospel and the person of Jesus Christ. Rejecting the Son is not merely a passive act but an active decision to resist the call to faith and repentance. This phrase underscores the seriousness of unbelief and the consequences of rejecting God's provision for salvation.

will not see life
The phrase "will not see life" highlights the stark contrast between the outcomes of belief and unbelief. To "see life" is to experience the fullness of life that God intends for His creation. The absence of this life is a profound loss, as it means missing out on the relationship with God and the blessings that come with it. This serves as a solemn warning to those who choose to reject the Son, emphasizing the eternal implications of their decision.

Instead, the wrath of God remains on him
The "wrath of God" is a concept that reflects God's righteous judgment against sin and rebellion. It is not a capricious or vindictive anger but a just response to the rejection of His love and truth. The Greek word "orgē" for "wrath" conveys a settled opposition to evil. The phrase "remains on him" indicates that this state of being under God's wrath is not a future possibility but a present reality for those who reject the Son. This underscores the urgency of the Gospel message and the need for individuals to respond in faith to avoid the consequences of divine judgment.