On the third day
This phrase is significant in the Gospel of John, as it often symbolizes divine intervention and the fulfillment of God's promises. The "third day" can be seen as a foreshadowing of the resurrection of Jesus, which also occurred on the third day. In Jewish tradition, the third day is often associated with important events, such as the giving of the Torah at Mount Sinai. This timing sets the stage for the miraculous event that is about to unfold, emphasizing the divine nature of Jesus' ministry.

a wedding took place
Weddings in Jewish culture were significant social events, often lasting several days. They were a time of joy and celebration, reflecting the covenant relationship between God and His people. The fact that Jesus chose to perform His first miracle at a wedding highlights the importance of marriage and the family unit in God's plan. It also symbolizes the future marriage between Christ and His Church, as depicted in Revelation.

at Cana in Galilee
Cana was a small village in Galilee, a region known for its mixed population of Jews and Gentiles. This setting underscores the universal nature of Jesus' mission, reaching beyond the Jewish people to include all of humanity. Archaeological findings suggest that Cana was a humble place, which aligns with the theme of Jesus' ministry beginning in modest circumstances. The mention of Galilee also connects to the prophecy in Isaiah 9:1-2, which speaks of a great light shining in Galilee.

Jesus’ mother was there
The presence of Mary at the wedding indicates her involvement in the community and her role in Jesus' life. Her presence at this event sets the stage for her interaction with Jesus, which leads to His first public miracle. In the broader scriptural context, Mary is often seen as a model of faith and obedience, and her presence here highlights her significance in the narrative of Jesus' life and ministry. Her role in this account also foreshadows her presence at the crucifixion and her ongoing influence in the early Church.

and Jesus
The mention of "Jesus" here is significant as it marks the beginning of His public ministry. The Greek name "Ἰησοῦς" (Iēsous) is derived from the Hebrew "Yeshua," meaning "Yahweh is salvation." This highlights the divine mission of Jesus as the Savior. His presence at the wedding signifies the importance of His role in human relationships and social events, emphasizing that He is not distant from the joys and celebrations of life.

and His disciples
The term "disciples" (Greek: μαθηταί, mathētai) refers to those who are learners or followers of Jesus. At this early stage, His disciples included those who had begun to follow Him after His baptism by John. Their presence at the wedding indicates their commitment to Jesus and their role as witnesses to His first miracle. It also underscores the communal aspect of discipleship, where learning and following Jesus occur within a community.

had also been invited
The phrase "had also been invited" suggests that Jesus and His disciples were not only present but were welcomed guests. The Greek word for "invited" (καλέω, kaleō) implies a calling or summoning, which can be seen as a metaphor for the calling of believers to partake in the kingdom of God. This invitation reflects the openness and hospitality of the hosts, and symbolically, it represents the invitation extended to all humanity to join in the celebration of God's kingdom.

to the wedding
The "wedding" (Greek: γάμος, gamos) is a significant setting for Jesus' first miracle, turning water into wine. Weddings in Jewish culture were major social events, often lasting several days, and were occasions of great joy and celebration. Theologically, the wedding feast is a symbol of the Messianic banquet, a future celebration of the union between Christ and His Church. Jesus' presence at the wedding foreshadows the ultimate union of Christ with His people, as described in Revelation 19:7-9. This setting underscores the sanctity of marriage and the joy that Christ brings into human relationships.

When the wine ran out
This phrase sets the stage for the first miracle of Jesus, occurring at the wedding in Cana. The Greek word for "ran out" is "ὑστερέω" (hystereō), which implies a lack or deficiency. In the cultural context of a Jewish wedding, running out of wine would have been a significant social embarrassment for the host, as wine was a symbol of joy and celebration. This shortage highlights human limitations and sets the stage for divine intervention, reminding us that earthly resources are finite, but God's provision is abundant.

the mother of Jesus
Mary, the mother of Jesus, plays a pivotal role in this narrative. Her presence at the wedding and her concern for the situation reflect her compassionate nature and her awareness of Jesus' divine potential. The Greek term "μήτηρ" (mētēr) emphasizes her maternal role, not just biologically but also spiritually, as she initiates the request for Jesus' intervention. This moment underscores the importance of intercession and the faith that Mary had in her son, serving as a model for believers to bring their concerns to Christ.

said to Him
Mary's direct communication with Jesus is significant. The Greek verb "λέγω" (legō) indicates a personal and intentional dialogue. This interaction between Mary and Jesus is a moment of transition, where Jesus begins to reveal His divine authority. It also illustrates the relational aspect of faith, where believers are encouraged to speak openly with God, trusting in His wisdom and timing.

They have no more wine
This statement is both a factual observation and an implicit request for help. The Greek phrase "οἶνον οὐκ ἔχουσιν" (oinon ouk echousin) conveys urgency and concern. In the broader scriptural context, wine often symbolizes joy, blessing, and the new covenant. Mary's words can be seen as a metaphor for spiritual emptiness, pointing to humanity's need for the joy and fulfillment that only Christ can provide. This moment foreshadows the transformative power of Jesus' ministry, where He turns lack into abundance and sorrow into joy.

Woman
In John 2:4, Jesus addresses His mother Mary as "Woman." This term, in the original Greek, is "γύναι" (gynai), which might seem abrupt or disrespectful in modern English. However, in the cultural and historical context of the time, it was a term of respect and endearment. Jesus uses the same term when speaking to Mary from the cross in John 19:26, indicating a consistent tone of respect. This address highlights the shift in their relationship as Jesus begins His public ministry, emphasizing His divine mission over familial ties.

why does this concern us?
The phrase "why does this concern us?" is translated from the Greek "τί ἐμοὶ καὶ σοί" (ti emoi kai soi), which literally means "what to me and to you?" This idiomatic expression was common in Semitic languages and is used to denote a divergence of interests or responsibilities. Jesus is gently indicating that His mission and timing are directed by His heavenly Father, not by human expectations or social pressures. This moment underscores the beginning of Jesus' public ministry and His focus on divine timing.

My hour has not yet come
The phrase "My hour has not yet come" is significant in the Gospel of John, where "hour" (Greek: "ὥρα" - hora) often refers to the time of Jesus' crucifixion and glorification. Here, Jesus is indicating that the full revelation of His identity and mission is not yet to be revealed. This statement reflects the divine timetable that governs Jesus' actions throughout His ministry. It serves as a reminder of the sovereignty of God's plan and timing, which is a recurring theme in the Gospel of John. Jesus' awareness of His "hour" emphasizes His obedience to the Father's will and the unfolding of salvation history.

His mother said to the servants
This phrase introduces us to the pivotal role of Mary, the mother of Jesus, in the narrative of the wedding at Cana. The Greek word for "mother" here is "μήτηρ" (mētēr), which emphasizes her maternal authority and influence. In the cultural and historical context of first-century Judea, a mother's role was significant, especially in family and social gatherings. Mary's presence and her initiative in this situation highlight her faith in Jesus' ability to address the problem at hand. Her directive to the servants underscores her trust and confidence in Jesus, setting the stage for His first public miracle.

Do whatever
The phrase "do whatever" reflects a command that is both simple and profound. The Greek word "ὅ τι" (ho ti) translates to "whatever," indicating an open-ended instruction that requires complete obedience and trust. This phrase can be seen as a call to faith and submission, not only for the servants but for all believers. It suggests a relinquishing of control and an openness to divine intervention, encouraging us to trust in Jesus' wisdom and timing.

He tells you
The phrase "He tells you" points directly to Jesus as the source of authority and instruction. The Greek verb "λέγει" (legei) means "to say" or "to tell," emphasizing the importance of listening to and following Jesus' words. In the broader scriptural context, this highlights the theme of obedience to Christ, who is the Word made flesh (John 1:14). The servants' willingness to heed Jesus' instructions, despite not knowing the outcome, serves as a model of faith and obedience for believers. It reminds us that true discipleship involves listening to Jesus and acting on His commands, trusting in His divine purpose and plan.

Now six stone water jars
The mention of "six stone water jars" is significant in the context of Jewish customs. Stone jars were used because they were considered less likely to become ritually impure compared to earthenware. The number six, often associated with imperfection or incompleteness in biblical numerology, sets the stage for Jesus' miraculous transformation, symbolizing the transition from the old covenant to the new. The use of stone jars also highlights the authenticity and historical accuracy of the Gospel account, as archaeological findings have confirmed the use of such jars in first-century Jewish practices.

had been set there
The phrase "had been set there" suggests intentionality and preparation. These jars were not randomly placed but were purposefully positioned for a specific function. This detail underscores the providence and foreknowledge of God, who orchestrates events for His divine purposes. It also reflects the readiness for transformation, as these jars, though ordinary, were about to be used for an extraordinary miracle.

for the Jewish rites of purification
The "Jewish rites of purification" were ceremonial washings prescribed by the Mosaic Law to maintain ritual cleanliness. These rites were an integral part of Jewish religious life, symbolizing the need for spiritual purity. By using these jars, Jesus connects His miracle to the Jewish tradition, yet He transcends it by turning water into wine, symbolizing the new covenant of grace and the joy of the Kingdom of God. This act foreshadows the ultimate purification through His sacrifice.

Each could hold from twenty to thirty gallons
The capacity of "twenty to thirty gallons" per jar indicates the abundance of the miracle. This large quantity of water turned into wine signifies the overflowing grace and generosity of God. It also highlights the sufficiency and superabundance of Christ's provision, which meets and exceeds human need. The specific mention of the volume underscores the historical reliability of the account, providing a tangible measure of the miracle's magnitude.

Jesus told the servants
This phrase introduces the central figure of the narrative, Jesus, who is about to perform His first recorded miracle. The Greek word for "told" (λέγει, legei) indicates a command or instruction, emphasizing Jesus' authority. In the historical context, servants were expected to obey without question, highlighting the trust and obedience required in following Jesus' directives. This moment foreshadows the transformative power of Jesus' words throughout His ministry.

Fill the jars with water
The instruction to "fill" (γεμίσατε, gemisate) the jars is significant, as it implies a complete and thorough action. The jars, used for Jewish purification rites, symbolize the old covenant and the law. By filling them with water, Jesus is setting the stage for a transformation that signifies the new covenant of grace. The act of filling to the brim suggests abundance and completeness, reflecting the fullness of life that Jesus offers.

So they filled them to the brim
The servants' obedience is immediate and complete, as they "filled them to the brim." This phrase underscores the importance of wholehearted obedience to Jesus' commands. The Greek word for "brim" (ἕως ἄνω, heōs anō) indicates the utmost capacity, symbolizing the overflowing grace and blessings that come from following Christ. This act of filling to the brim also prefigures the abundant life and joy that Jesus brings to those who believe in Him.

Then he told them
This phrase indicates a direct command from Jesus, showcasing His authority and intentionality. The Greek word used here for "told" is "λέγει" (legei), which implies a continuous or habitual action. This suggests that Jesus' instructions were clear and purposeful, reflecting His divine wisdom and foreknowledge. In the context of the wedding at Cana, this command marks the transition from preparation to action, emphasizing Jesus' role as the orchestrator of the miracle.

Now draw some out
The phrase "draw some out" is translated from the Greek "ἀντλήσατε" (antlēsate), which means to draw or to scoop. This action is significant as it involves human participation in the miracle. The servants are instructed to draw from the water jars, which had been filled to the brim with water. This act of drawing is symbolic of faith and obedience, as the servants had to trust in Jesus' words without yet seeing the transformation of water into wine.

and take it to the master of the banquet
The "master of the banquet" is a key figure in the wedding celebration, responsible for overseeing the distribution of food and drink. The Greek term "ἀρχιτρίκλινος" (architriklinos) refers to this role, highlighting the importance of the miracle being witnessed by someone of authority and responsibility. By instructing the servants to take the drawn liquid to the master, Jesus ensures that the miracle is validated by an impartial and knowledgeable observer, thus enhancing the credibility of the event.

They did so
This simple yet profound statement reflects the obedience and faith of the servants. The Greek "καὶ ἤνεγκαν" (kai ēnenkan) indicates that they carried out Jesus' instructions without hesitation. Their compliance is a testament to their trust in Jesus, even when the outcome was uncertain. This act of obedience is a model for believers, illustrating the importance of following Christ's commands with faith, even when the path is not fully understood.

And the master of the banquet
The "master of the banquet" refers to the individual responsible for overseeing the feast, ensuring that everything runs smoothly. In the Greek, this role is often referred to as "architriklinos," which indicates a position of authority and responsibility. Historically, this person would have been well-respected and knowledgeable about the quality of food and drink. This highlights the significance of the miracle, as the transformation of water into wine was recognized by someone with expertise.

tasted the water that had been turned into wine
The act of tasting signifies a moment of revelation and transformation. The Greek word for "tasted" is "geuomai," which implies experiencing something fully. The miraculous change from water to wine symbolizes the transformative power of Jesus' ministry. This miracle, occurring at a wedding, also foreshadows the new covenant and the joy and abundance found in Christ.

He did not know where it had come from
This phrase emphasizes the mystery and divine nature of the miracle. The master of the banquet's ignorance of the source of the wine underscores the hidden work of God, often unnoticed by those not directly involved. It reflects the theme of divine intervention in ordinary circumstances, a hallmark of Jesus' earthly ministry.

though the servants who had drawn the water knew
The servants' awareness of the miracle highlights the theme of revelation to the humble and lowly. In the Greek, "servants" is "diakonoi," which can also mean ministers or deacons, suggesting that those who serve are often the first to witness God's work. This aligns with the biblical principle that God reveals Himself to those with a servant's heart.

Then he called the bridegroom aside
The calling of the bridegroom signifies a moment of recognition and honor. In the cultural context, the bridegroom was responsible for providing the wine, and the master of the banquet's commendation would have been a significant social endorsement. This act also symbolizes the role of Jesus as the ultimate Bridegroom, providing abundantly for His people. The Greek word "phōneō," meaning "called," implies a summoning or invitation, reflecting the invitation to partake in the blessings of the new covenant.

Everyone serves the fine wine first
In the cultural context of ancient Jewish weddings, it was customary to serve the best wine at the beginning of the feast. The Greek word for "fine" here is "kalos," which implies not only quality but also beauty and goodness. This practice reflects a broader human tendency to present the best initially, aligning with the social norms of hospitality and honor. Theologically, this phrase can be seen as a metaphor for the old covenant, which was good and beautiful but was only a precursor to something greater.

and then the cheap wine after the guests are drunk
The phrase "cheap wine" translates from the Greek "elasson," meaning lesser or inferior. This reflects a pragmatic approach to hospitality, where the diminishing discernment of the guests allows for a reduction in quality. Spiritually, this can symbolize the insufficiency of human efforts and the law to bring about true fulfillment and joy, highlighting the need for divine intervention.

But you have saved the fine wine until now
The word "saved" comes from the Greek "tēreō," meaning to keep or preserve. This action of saving the best for last is countercultural and unexpected, symbolizing the new covenant brought by Christ. Theologically, it represents the superior quality of the new life and joy found in Jesus, surpassing the old ways. The "fine wine" here is a metaphor for the grace and truth that Jesus brings, which is far superior to the old covenant. This act of saving the best for last is a demonstration of God's abundant grace and the fulfillment of His promises in Christ.

Jesus performed this
The phrase "Jesus performed this" indicates the active role of Jesus in the miracle at Cana. The Greek word for "performed" is "ἐποίησεν" (epoiesen), which means to make or do. This word emphasizes the intentional and divine action of Jesus, showcasing His authority over the natural world. In the context of the Gospel of John, this act is not merely a miracle but a sign pointing to Jesus' divine nature and mission.

the first of His signs
The term "first" (πρώτην, protēn) signifies the beginning of Jesus' public ministry and the inauguration of His miraculous works. The word "signs" (σημεῖα, sēmeia) is crucial in Johannine literature, as it denotes miracles that reveal deeper spiritual truths. This first sign at Cana is a manifestation of Jesus' power and a foreshadowing of the greater works He will perform, ultimately pointing to His identity as the Messiah.

at Cana in Galilee
Cana, a small village in Galilee, is significant as the setting for Jesus' first miracle. Galilee was a region often looked down upon by the religious elite in Jerusalem, yet it is here that Jesus begins His ministry. This choice of location underscores the theme of God's work among the humble and the marginalized, aligning with the prophetic tradition that the Messiah would bring light to Galilee (Isaiah 9:1-2).

He thus revealed His glory
The phrase "revealed His glory" (ἐφανέρωσεν τὴν δόξαν αὐτοῦ, ephanerōsen tēn doxan autou) is central to understanding the purpose of the miracle. "Glory" (δόξα, doxa) in the biblical sense refers to the divine presence and majesty of God. By turning water into wine, Jesus unveils His divine nature and authority, offering a glimpse of the glory that He shares with the Father. This revelation is a foretaste of the ultimate glorification that will occur through His death and resurrection.

and His disciples believed in Him
The result of the miracle is that "His disciples believed in Him" (ἐπίστευσαν εἰς αὐτὸν οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ, episteusan eis auton hoi mathētai autou). The Greek word for "believed" (ἐπίστευσαν, episteusan) implies a deep trust and faith. This belief is not merely intellectual assent but a transformative trust in Jesus as the Messiah. The disciples' faith is strengthened as they witness His power and glory, setting the stage for their continued journey of discipleship and understanding of His mission.

After this
This phrase indicates a transition from the previous events, specifically the wedding at Cana where Jesus performed His first miracle of turning water into wine. The phrase suggests a continuation of Jesus' ministry and movement, emphasizing the unfolding of His divine mission. In the Greek, "meta touto" implies a sequence of events, highlighting the purposeful and deliberate actions of Jesus as He progresses in His ministry.

He went down
The phrase "went down" is significant in the geographical context of the region. Capernaum is located on the northwestern shore of the Sea of Galilee, and the term "went down" reflects the descent from the higher elevation of Cana. This movement is not just physical but also symbolic of Jesus' approachability and His willingness to meet people where they are, both geographically and spiritually.

to Capernaum
Capernaum was a significant location in Jesus' ministry, often referred to as His "own city" (Matthew 9:1). It was a bustling fishing village and a hub of commerce and trade, making it an ideal location for Jesus to reach a diverse audience. Archaeological findings, such as the remains of a synagogue and Peter's house, provide insight into the historical and cultural backdrop of Jesus' teachings and miracles performed there.

with His mother and brothers and His disciples
This phrase highlights the communal aspect of Jesus' ministry. His mother, Mary, and His brothers, likely referring to His half-siblings, indicate the familial support and involvement in His mission. The inclusion of His disciples underscores the beginning of their training and preparation for future ministry. The Greek term "adelphoi" (brothers) can also mean close relatives or kin, reflecting the close-knit nature of Jesus' early followers.

and they stayed there a few days
The duration of their stay, "a few days," suggests a temporary but purposeful visit. This brief period allowed Jesus to establish a presence in Capernaum and to begin His public ministry in Galilee. The phrase implies a period of rest and preparation, as well as an opportunity for Jesus to teach and perform miracles, setting the stage for the greater works to come. The transient nature of their stay also reflects the itinerant nature of Jesus' ministry, always moving towards the fulfillment of His divine purpose.

When the Jewish Passover was near
The phrase "Jewish Passover" refers to the annual festival commemorating the Israelites' deliverance from Egyptian slavery, as described in Exodus 12. The Greek word for Passover, "Pascha," is rooted in the Hebrew "Pesach," meaning "to pass over." This festival was a time of pilgrimage, and Jews from all over the Roman Empire would travel to Jerusalem to celebrate. The Passover was not only a historical remembrance but also a deeply spiritual event, symbolizing God's deliverance and faithfulness. For Jesus, this was a significant time, as it foreshadowed His own role as the Lamb of God who would take away the sins of the world (John 1:29).

Jesus went up to Jerusalem
The phrase "went up" is significant, as Jerusalem is geographically elevated, and pilgrims would ascend to the city. The Greek word "anabainō" conveys both a physical and spiritual ascent. Jerusalem was the center of Jewish worship, housing the Temple, which was the focal point of religious life. Jesus' journey to Jerusalem for the Passover highlights His obedience to Jewish law and customs, fulfilling His role as the Messiah who came not to abolish the law but to fulfill it (Matthew 5:17). This journey also sets the stage for His public ministry and the eventual fulfillment of His sacrificial mission. The act of going up to Jerusalem is a reminder of the call to draw nearer to God, seeking His presence and purpose in our lives.

In the temple courts
The phrase "in the temple courts" refers to the outer courts of the Jerusalem Temple, specifically the Court of the Gentiles. This area was meant to be a place of prayer and worship for all nations, as indicated in Isaiah 56:7. The Greek word for "temple" here is "hieron," which denotes the entire temple complex, including its outer courts. Historically, the temple was the center of Jewish religious life, and its courts were intended to be a sacred space. The presence of commercial activity in this holy area was a significant deviation from its intended purpose, highlighting the corruption and commercialization of religious practices at the time.

He found men selling
The act of "selling" within the temple courts indicates a shift from spiritual devotion to commercial enterprise. The Greek word "pōlountas" suggests a marketplace atmosphere, which would have been disruptive to the sanctity of the temple. This commercialization reflects a broader issue of religious leaders prioritizing profit over piety, a theme that Jesus frequently addressed in His ministry. The presence of sellers in the temple courts symbolizes the intrusion of worldly concerns into spiritual spaces, a cautionary tale for maintaining the purity of worship.

cattle, sheep, and doves
These animals were commonly used for sacrifices according to Jewish law, as outlined in Leviticus. Cattle, sheep, and doves were essential for various offerings, including sin and peace offerings. The Greek terms "boas" (cattle), "probata" (sheep), and "peristeras" (doves) emphasize the diversity of sacrificial requirements. However, their sale within the temple courts suggests a convenience that undermines the sacrificial system's intent, which was to bring individuals closer to God through genuine repentance and devotion. The commercialization of these sacrificial animals indicates a loss of reverence for the sacred rituals they represent.

and money changers seated at their tables
The "money changers" were individuals who exchanged foreign currency for the temple currency, which was required for paying the temple tax. The Greek word "kermatistas" refers to these exchangers, who often charged exorbitant fees, exploiting pilgrims who came to worship. Their presence "seated at their tables" suggests a sense of permanence and authority, further entrenching the commercialization of the temple. This practice not only exploited the faithful but also desecrated the temple's sanctity, turning a place of worship into a center of financial transaction. Jesus' later actions in driving out these money changers underscore His commitment to restoring the temple's holiness and His condemnation of those who profited from religious practices.

So He made a whip out of cords
The phrase "made a whip out of cords" signifies Jesus' deliberate and intentional action. The Greek word for "made" (ποιέω, poieō) implies a purposeful creation, indicating that Jesus' actions were not impulsive but rather a calculated response to the desecration of the temple. The "cords" (σχοινίον, schoinion) were likely materials readily available in the temple area, possibly used for tying animals. This act symbolizes Jesus' authority and righteous indignation against the commercialization of sacred space, reflecting His zeal for the purity of worship.

and drove all from the temple courts
The term "drove" (ἐκβάλλω, ekballō) is a forceful verb, often used in the context of casting out demons, suggesting a powerful expulsion. The "temple courts" (ἱερόν, hieron) refer to the outer courts of the temple, specifically the Court of the Gentiles, which had been turned into a marketplace. This action underscores Jesus' mission to restore the temple as a house of prayer for all nations, as prophesied in Isaiah 56:7, emphasizing the inclusivity of God's covenant.

both sheep and cattle
The mention of "sheep and cattle" highlights the commercial activities taking place within the temple precincts. These animals were sold for sacrifices, and their presence in the temple courts indicates the extent to which commerce had overshadowed worship. This phrase serves as a reminder of the sacrificial system's original intent, which was to point to the ultimate sacrifice of Christ Himself, who would cleanse not just the temple, but the hearts of believers.

He scattered the coins of the money changers
"Scattered" (σκορπίζω, skorpizō) conveys a sense of disorder and disruption. The "coins" (νόμισμα, nomisma) were the currency exchanged for temple offerings, often at exploitative rates. The "money changers" (κολλυβιστής, kollubistēs) were those who facilitated this exchange, profiting from pilgrims. By scattering their coins, Jesus challenges the corruption and exploitation within the temple, calling for a return to genuine worship and integrity.

and overturned their tables
The act of "overturned" (ἀνατρέπω, anatrepō) signifies a complete upheaval of the existing order. The "tables" (τράπεζα, trapeza) were the physical structures supporting the corrupt practices. This dramatic action symbolizes the overturning of the old covenant system, foreshadowing the new covenant established through Jesus' death and resurrection. It serves as a powerful reminder of Christ's authority to cleanse and renew, both in the temple and in the hearts of His followers.

To those selling doves
This phrase highlights a specific group among the merchants in the temple courts. Doves were often sold for sacrifices, particularly for those who could not afford more expensive offerings like lambs. The Greek word for "doves" is "περιστεράς" (peristeras), which signifies the common use of these birds in sacrificial practices. Historically, the selling of doves in the temple was a provision for the poor, as outlined in Leviticus 5:7. However, the presence of these sellers in the temple courts indicates a commercialization of sacred practices, which Jesus vehemently opposed.

He said
The authority of Jesus is underscored in this phrase. The Greek verb "λέγει" (legei) is in the present tense, suggesting a continuous or immediate action. Jesus speaks with divine authority, not as a mere teacher or prophet, but as the Son of God. His words are not just a rebuke but a declaration of His divine right to cleanse His Father’s house.

Get these out of here!
This command is a direct and forceful imperative. The Greek word "ἄρατε" (arate) means "take away" or "remove," indicating an urgent action. Jesus is not merely suggesting but commanding the removal of these items. This reflects His zeal for the sanctity of the temple, aligning with the prophetic zeal seen in Psalm 69:9, "Zeal for Your house will consume me."

How dare you
This phrase conveys a strong sense of indignation and moral outrage. The Greek "μὴ ποιεῖτε" (mē poieite) translates to "do not make," which is a prohibition against their actions. Jesus challenges the audacity of the merchants and money changers, questioning their right to defile the sacred space. This rhetorical question emphasizes the gravity of their actions against the holiness of God’s house.

turn My Father’s house
Here, Jesus refers to the temple as "My Father’s house," asserting His unique relationship with God. The Greek "οἶκον τοῦ Πατρός μου" (oikon tou Patros mou) emphasizes the personal and possessive nature of this relationship. By calling God "My Father," Jesus claims divine sonship, which is a central theme in the Gospel of John. This declaration also highlights the intended purpose of the temple as a place of worship and communion with God.

into a marketplace
The Greek word "ἐμπορίου" (emporiou) means "market" or "place of trade." This term indicates a place of commerce, contrasting sharply with the temple’s intended purpose as a house of prayer. The transformation of the temple into a marketplace symbolizes the corruption and materialism that had infiltrated religious practices. Jesus’ cleansing of the temple serves as a prophetic act, calling for a return to genuine worship and reverence for God. This act foreshadows the new covenant, where worship is not confined to a physical location but is centered on spirit and truth (John 4:23-24).

His disciples remembered
This phrase indicates a moment of realization and reflection among Jesus' followers. The Greek word for "remembered" is "ἐμνήσθησαν" (emnēsthēsan), which implies a recalling or bringing to mind something previously known. This suggests that the disciples had prior knowledge of the Scriptures and were now connecting Jesus' actions to prophetic fulfillment. It highlights the importance of Scripture in understanding Jesus' mission and the role of the Holy Spirit in illuminating truth to believers.

that it is written
This phrase underscores the authority and permanence of Scripture. The Greek "γέγραπται" (gegraptai) is in the perfect tense, indicating that what is written remains in effect and continues to have relevance. This reflects the conservative Christian view that the Bible is the inspired, inerrant Word of God, serving as the ultimate authority for faith and practice. It also points to the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy in the life and ministry of Jesus.

Zeal for Your house
The word "zeal" comes from the Greek "ζῆλος" (zēlos), which conveys a fervent passion or intense enthusiasm. In this context, it refers to Jesus' passionate commitment to the purity and sanctity of the temple, which He refers to as "Your house," indicating God's dwelling place. This phrase is a direct reference to Psalm 69:9, showing Jesus' alignment with the righteous indignation of the psalmist. It emphasizes the importance of reverence for God's house and the need for holiness in worship.

will consume Me
The Greek word for "consume" is "καταφάγεται" (kataphagetai), which means to devour or eat up. This phrase prophetically points to the eventual suffering and sacrifice of Jesus, as His zeal for God's house and His mission would lead to His crucifixion. It reflects the conservative Christian belief in the sacrificial nature of Jesus' ministry, where His passion for God's glory ultimately led to His atoning death on the cross. This serves as a reminder of the cost of true devotion and the call for believers to be consumed by a similar zeal for God's purposes.

On account of this
This phrase refers to the preceding actions of Jesus in the temple, where He drove out the money changers and overturned their tables. The phrase sets the stage for the confrontation that follows. In the Greek, "διὰ τοῦτο" (dia touto) indicates a causal relationship, emphasizing that the actions of Jesus directly prompted the questioning by the Jews. This highlights the boldness of Jesus' actions and the immediate impact they had on the religious leaders.

the Jews
In the Gospel of John, "the Jews" often refers to the Jewish leaders or authorities rather than the Jewish people as a whole. Historically, this group included the Pharisees, Sadducees, and members of the Sanhedrin. Their role was to maintain religious order and authority, which Jesus' actions directly challenged. Understanding this context is crucial, as it sets up the tension between Jesus and the established religious order.

demanded
The Greek word used here is "ἀπεκρίθησαν" (apekrithēsan), which can be translated as "answered" or "responded." However, in this context, it carries a sense of demanding or questioning with authority. The religious leaders felt their authority was being undermined, prompting a forceful response. This reflects their concern over maintaining control and the perceived threat Jesus posed to their power.

What sign can You show us
The request for a sign is a demand for a miraculous proof of authority. In Jewish tradition, prophets and messengers of God often performed signs to validate their divine mission. The Greek word "σημεῖον" (sēmeion) means a sign or miracle that points to a deeper truth. This request reveals the leaders' skepticism and their need for tangible evidence to accept Jesus' authority.

to prove Your authority
Authority, or "ἐξουσία" (exousia) in Greek, is a central theme in this passage. The religious leaders are questioning Jesus' right to act in the temple as He did. In Jewish culture, authority was derived from lineage, position, or divine appointment. Jesus' authority, however, comes from His identity as the Son of God, a concept that the leaders struggled to understand and accept.

to do these things
"These things" refers to Jesus' actions in the temple—cleansing it of commercial activities. This act was not just a protest against corruption but a profound statement about the sanctity of worship and the true purpose of the temple. Historically, the temple was the center of Jewish religious life, and any disruption was seen as a significant challenge to the status quo. Jesus' actions symbolized a new order and a call to return to genuine worship, foreshadowing His ultimate sacrifice and the establishment of a new covenant.

Jesus answered
This phrase introduces the response of Jesus, indicating a direct and authoritative reply. The Greek word for "answered" is "ἀπεκρίθη" (apekrithē), which implies a thoughtful and deliberate response. In the context of the Gospel of John, Jesus often uses His answers to reveal deeper spiritual truths. Here, His response is not just to the immediate question but also to the underlying spiritual misunderstanding of His audience.

Destroy this temple
The word "destroy" comes from the Greek "λύσατε" (lysate), which means to loosen or dissolve. Jesus is speaking metaphorically about His body, yet His audience interprets it literally. The "temple" (ναός, naos) refers to the sacred place of God's presence. Historically, the Jewish temple was the center of worship and sacrifice. Jesus is foreshadowing His death, where His body will be "destroyed" as the ultimate sacrifice, replacing the temple's role.

and in three days
The phrase "in three days" is significant in both Jewish and Christian symbolism. In Jewish tradition, three days often signify a period of trial followed by deliverance. For Christians, it directly points to the resurrection of Jesus, which occurred on the third day after His crucifixion. This timeframe emphasizes the power of God to bring life from death, a central tenet of Christian faith.

I will raise it up again
The Greek word for "raise" is "ἐγερῶ" (egerō), meaning to awaken or lift up. Jesus is prophesying His resurrection, asserting His divine authority and power over life and death. This statement is a profound declaration of His identity as the Son of God, who has the power to lay down His life and take it up again. The resurrection is the cornerstone of Christian belief, affirming Jesus' victory over sin and death.

This temple
In John 2:20, the phrase "this temple" refers to the physical structure of the Jewish temple in Jerusalem, which was central to Jewish worship and identity. The Greek word used here is "ναός" (naos), which specifically denotes the inner sanctuary or the holy place. Historically, the temple was a symbol of God's presence among His people. However, Jesus uses this term to refer to His own body, indicating a shift from a physical building to a spiritual reality. This foreshadows the new covenant where believers themselves become the temple of the Holy Spirit (1 Corinthians 6:19).

took forty-six years to build
The construction of the temple mentioned here refers to the extensive renovations initiated by Herod the Great, which began around 20-19 BC. The phrase "took forty-six years to build" highlights the grandeur and the long-term commitment to this project. The Greek verb "οἰκοδομέω" (oikodomeō) means to build or construct, emphasizing the labor and dedication involved. This historical context underscores the incredulity of the Jews when Jesus speaks of raising the temple in three days, as they are thinking of the physical edifice rather than the resurrection of His body.

and you will raise it up in three days?
The phrase "and you will raise it up in three days?" captures the skepticism and misunderstanding of the Jewish leaders. The Greek word "ἐγείρω" (egeirō) means to raise up or awaken, often used in the New Testament to describe resurrection. This rhetorical question reflects their disbelief and literal interpretation of Jesus' words. From a theological perspective, this statement is prophetic, pointing to Jesus' resurrection after three days in the tomb. It signifies the power of God to bring life from death, a cornerstone of Christian faith.

But Jesus
The phrase "But Jesus" introduces a contrast to the misunderstanding of the Jewish leaders who thought Jesus was speaking about the physical temple in Jerusalem. The Greek word for "Jesus" is Ἰησοῦς (Iēsous), which is the Greek form of the Hebrew name Yeshua, meaning "Yahweh is salvation." This highlights the divine mission of Jesus as the Savior, who often spoke in parables and metaphors to reveal deeper spiritual truths.

was speaking
The Greek verb used here is ἔλεγεν (elegen), which is in the imperfect tense, indicating a continuous or repeated action in the past. This suggests that Jesus was persistently communicating a message that required spiritual discernment. His teachings often challenged the literal interpretations of His listeners, inviting them to seek a deeper understanding of His words.

about the temple
The word "temple" in Greek is ναός (naos), which refers to the inner sanctuary, the dwelling place of God. In the Jewish context, the temple was the center of worship and the presence of God among His people. By using this term, Jesus was making a profound statement about His own identity as the true dwelling place of God, surpassing the physical structure in Jerusalem.

of His body
The phrase "of His body" is crucial in understanding the metaphor Jesus used. The Greek word for "body" is σῶμα (sōma), which refers to the physical body. Here, Jesus is foreshadowing His death and resurrection, indicating that His body would be the ultimate sacrifice and the means through which God would establish a new covenant with humanity. This statement also points to the incarnation, where the fullness of God dwelled bodily in Christ (Colossians 2:9), emphasizing the mystery of the Word made flesh (John 1:14).

After He was raised from the dead
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in Christian theology, emphasizing the resurrection of Jesus Christ as the cornerstone of faith. The Greek word for "raised" is "ἠγέρθη" (ēgerthē), which signifies not just a return to life but a divine act of God, affirming Jesus' victory over death. Historically, the resurrection is the event that transformed the disciples' understanding and empowered them to spread the Gospel. It is the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies and the validation of Jesus' divine nature and mission.

His disciples remembered
The act of remembering here is significant. The Greek word "ἐμνήσθησαν" (emnēsthēsan) implies a deep, spiritual recollection prompted by the Holy Spirit. This remembrance is not merely cognitive but transformative, as it connects past teachings of Jesus with their present reality. It highlights the disciples' journey from confusion to clarity, from doubt to faith, as they piece together Jesus' words and actions in light of His resurrection.

that He had said this
This phrase refers to Jesus' prior predictions of His death and resurrection. The disciples' understanding was initially clouded, but post-resurrection, these sayings became clear. The Greek "εἶπεν" (eipen) underscores the authority and truth of Jesus' words. This realization is crucial for the disciples' faith, as it confirms Jesus' foreknowledge and divine plan, reinforcing their trust in His teachings.

Then they believed
The Greek word "ἐπίστευσαν" (episteusan) indicates a profound shift from doubt to faith. This belief is not just intellectual assent but a deep, personal trust in Jesus as the Messiah. The resurrection serves as the catalyst for this belief, transforming the disciples' understanding and commitment. It marks the beginning of their mission to spread the Gospel, empowered by the certainty of Jesus' victory over death.

the Scripture
This refers to the Old Testament prophecies concerning the Messiah, which the disciples now see fulfilled in Jesus. The Greek "γραφὴν" (graphēn) emphasizes the divine inspiration and authority of these texts. The disciples' belief in the Scripture signifies their recognition of the continuity between the Old and New Testaments, affirming that Jesus is the promised Savior who fulfills God's redemptive plan.

and the word that Jesus had spoken
The "word" here, "λόγον" (logon), refers to the teachings and promises of Jesus. This phrase highlights the reliability and truth of Jesus' words, which are now understood in the light of His resurrection. The disciples' belief in Jesus' word signifies their acceptance of His authority and the truth of His message. It underscores the importance of Jesus' teachings as the foundation of Christian faith and life.

While He was in Jerusalem
This phrase sets the geographical and historical context for the events described. Jerusalem, the heart of Jewish religious life, was a significant location for Jesus' ministry. The city was bustling with activity, especially during the Passover, which is the time frame for this passage. The Greek word for Jerusalem, "Ἱεροσόλυμα" (Hierosolyma), emphasizes the city's sacred status. Jesus' presence in Jerusalem during the Passover highlights His role as the fulfillment of the Law and the Prophets, as He engages with the people in the very center of Jewish worship and tradition.

at the Passover Feast
The Passover Feast was one of the most important Jewish festivals, commemorating the Israelites' deliverance from Egypt. It was a time when Jews from all over the world gathered in Jerusalem. The Greek term "Πάσχα" (Pascha) is used here, which directly ties Jesus' actions and teachings to the themes of liberation and salvation. This setting underscores the significance of Jesus' mission as the ultimate Passover Lamb, whose sacrifice would bring about a new exodus from sin.

many people saw the signs
The "signs" refer to the miracles Jesus performed, which served as divine attestations of His messianic identity. The Greek word "σημεῖα" (sēmeia) indicates not just miraculous acts but also symbolic acts that point to deeper spiritual truths. These signs were meant to reveal Jesus' divine authority and to invite belief in Him as the Son of God. The witnessing of these signs by "many people" suggests a widespread impact and foreshadows the growing public awareness and interest in Jesus' ministry.

He was doing
This phrase emphasizes the active and ongoing nature of Jesus' ministry. The Greek verb "ἐποίει" (epoiei) is in the imperfect tense, indicating continuous action. Jesus' works were not isolated events but part of a continuous demonstration of His divine power and compassion. This ongoing activity reflects the relentless nature of God's love and the persistent call to faith and repentance.

and believed in His name
To "believe in His name" is to trust in the person and work of Jesus Christ. The Greek word for "believe," "ἐπίστευσαν" (episteusan), implies a deep, personal trust and reliance. The "name" of Jesus, "ὄνομα" (onoma), represents His character, authority, and mission. Belief in His name is not merely intellectual assent but a transformative trust that acknowledges Jesus as Lord and Savior. This belief is the foundation of Christian faith and the means by which individuals enter into a saving relationship with God.

But Jesus
The verse begins with "But Jesus," indicating a contrast to the preceding verses where many believed in His name after witnessing the signs He performed. The name "Jesus" is derived from the Hebrew "Yeshua," meaning "Yahweh is salvation." This highlights His divine mission and identity as the Savior. In the context of the Gospel of John, Jesus is consistently portrayed as the divine Word made flesh, fully aware of His purpose and the hearts of those around Him.

did not entrust Himself
The phrase "did not entrust Himself" is significant. The Greek word for "entrust" is "pisteuō," which is often translated as "believe" or "have faith." Here, it implies a deeper level of trust or commitment. Jesus, despite the belief of the crowds, chose not to commit Himself to them. This reflects His divine wisdom and discernment, knowing that their faith was superficial, based on signs rather than a true understanding of His identity and mission.

to them
"To them" refers to the people who believed in Him because of the signs. This highlights a recurring theme in John's Gospel: the distinction between genuine faith and superficial belief. The crowds were often drawn to Jesus for His miracles, but true discipleship requires a deeper commitment and understanding of who He is.

for He knew
The phrase "for He knew" underscores Jesus' omniscience. The Greek word "ginōskō" means to know, perceive, or understand. This knowledge is not just intellectual but intimate and complete. Jesus' divine nature allowed Him to see beyond outward appearances and understand the true nature of human hearts.

all men
"All men" indicates the universality of Jesus' knowledge. His understanding was not limited to those present but extended to all humanity. This reflects the biblical teaching of God's omniscience, as seen in passages like Psalm 139, where God is described as knowing every thought and action. Jesus, being fully God, shares this attribute, emphasizing His divine authority and insight.

He did not need
This phrase emphasizes the self-sufficiency and omniscience of Jesus. The Greek word used here is "χρείαν" (chreian), which means necessity or need. Jesus, being divine, did not require external validation or testimony from others to understand human nature. This highlights His divine insight and authority, setting Him apart from any human teacher or prophet who might rely on others for understanding.

any testimony
The Greek word for testimony is "μαρτυρίαν" (marturian), which refers to evidence or witness. In the context of the Gospel of John, testimony is a significant theme, often related to the validation of Jesus' identity and mission. However, this verse underscores that Jesus' knowledge of humanity transcends human testimony. His understanding is inherent and divine, not dependent on human affirmation.

about man
The term "man" here is translated from the Greek "ἀνθρώπου" (anthropou), which can refer to humanity in general. This phrase indicates that Jesus' knowledge extends to all people, not just specific individuals. It reflects the biblical teaching that God has intimate knowledge of every person, as seen in passages like Psalm 139, which speaks of God's comprehensive understanding of human beings.

for He knew
The Greek word "γινώσκω" (ginōskō) is used here, meaning to know or understand. This word implies a deep, experiential knowledge rather than mere intellectual awareness. Jesus' knowledge of humanity is complete and profound, rooted in His divine nature. This knowledge is not acquired through observation or learning but is intrinsic to His identity as the Son of God.

what was in a man
This phrase speaks to the inner thoughts, motives, and nature of human beings. The Greek word "ἐν" (en) means "in," indicating an internal understanding. Jesus' insight penetrates beyond outward appearances to the very heart of a person. This aligns with the biblical theme that God looks at the heart (1 Samuel 16:7), and it underscores Jesus' ability to discern the true nature of individuals, which is a recurring theme in the Gospels.