We who are strong
This phrase refers to those believers who possess a mature faith and understanding of Christian liberty. The Greek word for "strong" is "dunatoi," which implies having power or capability. In the context of the early church, this strength is not merely physical or intellectual but spiritual, indicating a deep-rooted faith and comprehension of the freedom found in Christ. Historically, the Roman church was a diverse community, comprising both Jews and Gentiles, each with varying levels of spiritual maturity. Paul addresses those who are spiritually robust, urging them to use their strength for the benefit of others.

ought to bear
The Greek word "opheilomen" translates to "ought," indicating a moral obligation or duty. This is not a suggestion but a command for those who are strong in faith. "Bear" comes from the Greek "bastazein," meaning to carry or support. This implies an active, ongoing effort to support others, much like carrying a burden. The imagery here is reminiscent of Christ bearing the cross, suggesting that believers are to emulate Christ's sacrificial love and patience.

with the shortcomings of the weak
"Shortcomings" is translated from the Greek "asthenemata," which refers to weaknesses or failings. These are not necessarily moral failings but could be areas where one's faith is not fully developed. "Weak" comes from "asthenon," indicating those who are not yet strong in their faith or understanding. In the historical context, this could refer to believers who struggled with the transition from Jewish law to the freedom of the Gospel. The strong are called to be patient and understanding, recognizing that spiritual growth is a process.

and not to please ourselves
This phrase emphasizes selflessness, a core Christian virtue. The Greek "areskein" means to please or accommodate. Paul is urging the strong to prioritize the needs of others over their own desires. This reflects the broader biblical principle of self-denial and service, as exemplified by Jesus Christ. In the early church, this was crucial for maintaining unity amidst diversity. The call is to live in a way that builds up the community, rather than seeking personal gratification.

Each of us
This phrase emphasizes the universality of the instruction. The Greek word used here is "ἕκαστος" (hekastos), meaning "each" or "every." It implies that no believer is exempt from this command. In the context of the early church, which was composed of both Jews and Gentiles, this inclusivity was crucial for fostering unity. Historically, the early Christian communities were diverse, and Paul’s letters often addressed the need for harmony among believers. This call to action is timeless, urging every Christian to take personal responsibility in their interactions with others.

should please
The Greek word "ἀρέσκω" (areskō) is used here, which means "to please" or "to accommodate." This is not about seeking approval or compromising one's values but rather about being considerate and selfless. In a historical context, this reflects the teachings of Jesus, who often put the needs of others before His own. The idea is to live in a way that reflects Christ’s love and humility, prioritizing the well-being of others over personal preferences.

his neighbor
The term "neighbor" (πλησίον, plēsion) in the Greek context extends beyond immediate proximity or friendship. It encompasses anyone with whom one might come into contact. This echoes the parable of the Good Samaritan (Luke 10:25-37), where Jesus expands the definition of "neighbor" to include all humanity, regardless of social or ethnic boundaries. In the Roman world, where social divisions were pronounced, this teaching was radical and transformative, calling believers to a higher standard of love and community.

for his good
The phrase "for his good" (εἰς τὸ ἀγαθόν, eis to agathon) indicates a focus on the well-being and benefit of others. The Greek word "ἀγαθός" (agathos) means "good" or "beneficial." This is not about superficial or temporary satisfaction but about contributing positively to another’s spiritual and moral growth. Historically, this aligns with the Christian ethic of agape love, which seeks the highest good for others, reflecting God’s love for humanity.

to build him up
The Greek term "οἰκοδομή" (oikodomē) is used here, meaning "to build" or "to edify." This construction metaphor suggests strengthening and supporting others in their faith journey. In the early church, this was particularly important as believers faced persecution and needed mutual encouragement. The imagery of building up is consistent with Paul’s other writings, where he often speaks of the church as a body or a building, emphasizing the importance of each member’s contribution to the whole. This call to edification is a reminder of the communal nature of the Christian faith, where believers are called to support and uplift one another in love and truth.

For even Christ
This phrase emphasizes the supreme example of Jesus Christ, who is the central figure of the Christian faith. The Greek word for "Christ" is "Χριστός" (Christos), meaning "Anointed One." In the historical context, the title "Christ" signifies Jesus as the Messiah, the one chosen by God to fulfill the prophecies of the Old Testament. The use of "even" underscores the humility and selflessness of Christ, who, despite His divine nature, chose to serve others rather than seek His own pleasure.

did not please Himself
The Greek word for "please" is "ἀρέσκω" (areskō), which means to accommodate oneself to the desires of others. This phrase highlights the self-denial and sacrificial nature of Jesus' mission. In a world that often prioritizes self-gratification, Christ's example serves as a powerful reminder of the call to live for the benefit of others. Historically, this reflects the counter-cultural message of the early Christian community, which valued humility and service over personal gain.

but as it is written
This phrase introduces a quotation from the Old Testament, indicating the fulfillment of Scripture in the life and actions of Jesus. The use of "it is written" (Greek: "γέγραπται," gegraptai) is a common formula in the New Testament, signifying the authority and enduring truth of the Scriptures. This connection to the Old Testament roots the Christian faith in a long-standing tradition and underscores the continuity of God's redemptive plan throughout history.

The insults of those who insult You have fallen on Me
This quotation is from Psalm 69:9, a Messianic psalm that prophetically speaks of the suffering of the righteous servant. The Greek word for "insults" is "ὀνειδισμός" (oneidismos), meaning reproach or reviling. This phrase captures the essence of Christ's vicarious suffering, where He bore the scorn and rejection meant for others. Historically, this reflects the reality of Jesus' earthly ministry, where He faced opposition and hostility from those who rejected His message. Scripturally, it points to the fulfillment of prophecy and the depth of Christ's identification with humanity's plight. This profound act of taking on the insults meant for others is a testament to His love and commitment to God's redemptive mission.

For everything that was written in the past
This phrase emphasizes the comprehensive nature of the Scriptures. The Greek word for "everything" (πᾶς, pas) suggests totality, indicating that all parts of the Old Testament hold value. Historically, the Jewish Scriptures were revered as divinely inspired, and Paul, a Pharisee by training, understood their importance. The phrase "in the past" refers to the sacred texts written before the New Testament era, underscoring their timeless relevance.

was written for our instruction
The Greek term for "instruction" (διδασκαλία, didaskalia) implies teaching or doctrine. This highlights the didactic purpose of Scripture, which is to educate believers in the ways of God. In a historical context, the early church relied heavily on the Old Testament for guidance, as the New Testament was still being formed. This phrase assures believers that the teachings of the past are applicable and beneficial for their spiritual growth.

so that through endurance
The word "endurance" (ὑπομονή, hypomonē) in Greek conveys a sense of steadfastness and perseverance. This is a call to remain faithful amidst trials, reflecting the experiences of the early Christians who faced persecution. The endurance mentioned here is not passive but active, requiring believers to hold firm to their faith, inspired by the examples found in Scripture.

and the encouragement of the Scriptures
"Encouragement" (παράκλησις, paraklēsis) can also be translated as comfort or exhortation. The Scriptures serve as a source of solace and motivation, providing believers with the strength to continue their spiritual journey. Historically, the early church found encouragement in the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies through Christ, reinforcing their faith and mission.

we might have hope
The Greek word for "hope" (ἐλπίς, elpis) signifies a confident expectation. This hope is not wishful thinking but a firm assurance based on God's promises. In the context of Romans, Paul is addressing both Jewish and Gentile believers, uniting them in the shared hope of salvation through Christ. This hope is rooted in the reliability of God's Word and His faithfulness throughout history.

Now
The word "Now" serves as a transitional term, connecting the preceding teachings with the prayerful wish that follows. It indicates a shift from instruction to invocation, emphasizing the immediacy and relevance of the prayer. In the context of Paul's letter, it signals a moment of reflection and application, urging the reader to consider the practical outworking of the theological truths previously discussed.

may the God
This phrase acknowledges the sovereignty and active role of God in the lives of believers. The Greek word for God here is "Theos," which denotes the supreme deity, the Creator, and Sustainer of all. Paul is invoking the divine nature of God, emphasizing His ability to fulfill the prayer that follows. It is a reminder of God's omnipotence and His intimate involvement in the spiritual growth of His people.

of endurance
The term "endurance" is translated from the Greek word "hypomonēs," which conveys the idea of steadfastness, perseverance, and patience. It reflects the character of God, who is patient and long-suffering with humanity. This attribute of God is essential for believers as they navigate the challenges of life and faith. It is a call to emulate God's endurance in our relationships and spiritual journey.

and encouragement
"Encouragement" comes from the Greek word "paraklēsis," which means comfort, exhortation, or consolation. It is closely related to the role of the Holy Spirit, the "Paraclete," who comforts and guides believers. This aspect of God's character provides believers with the strength and motivation to persevere. It highlights the supportive and uplifting nature of God's interaction with His people.

grant you
The phrase "grant you" indicates a request for divine intervention. The Greek word "didōmi" implies giving or bestowing something as a gift. Paul is expressing a desire for God to actively impart these qualities to the believers. It underscores the dependence of Christians on God's grace to cultivate spiritual virtues and unity within the community.

harmony with one another
"Harmony" is derived from the Greek word "homothumadon," which means being of the same mind or accord. It suggests unity and agreement among believers, transcending individual differences. This harmony is not merely the absence of conflict but a deep, spiritual unity rooted in shared faith and purpose. It reflects the ideal of Christian community, where love and mutual respect prevail.

in Christ Jesus
The phrase "in Christ Jesus" is central to Paul's theology, signifying the believer's union with Christ. It is through this relationship that believers find their identity, purpose, and strength. Being "in Christ" implies living in accordance with His teachings and example. It is the foundation for the harmony and unity that Paul prays for, as it is only through Christ that true reconciliation and peace can be achieved.

so that with one mind and one voice you may glorify the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ
so that
This phrase indicates purpose or result. In the Greek, it is often translated from "hina," which introduces a purpose clause. The Apostle Paul is expressing the desired outcome of the unity he has been discussing. The purpose of unity among believers is not merely for harmony's sake but for a higher spiritual goal.

with one mind
The Greek term here is "homothumadon," which conveys a sense of being unanimous or having a shared passion. Historically, this term was used to describe a group acting in unison, such as a choir singing in harmony. In the context of the early church, this unity of mind was crucial for the spread of the Gospel and the establishment of the church amidst diverse cultural backgrounds.

and one voice
This phrase emphasizes the outward expression of the inward unity. The Greek word "stoma" refers to the mouth or speech, indicating that believers are to express their unity through their words and praises. In the early church, this would have been particularly powerful as a testimony to the surrounding pagan cultures, demonstrating the transformative power of the Gospel.

you may glorify
The verb "doxazō" in Greek means to render or esteem glorious. The ultimate aim of Christian unity is to bring glory to God. This reflects the biblical theme that all creation exists to glorify its Creator. In a historical context, glorifying God was a central aspect of Jewish worship, and Paul extends this to the Christian community, emphasizing that their unity is a form of worship.

the God and Father
This phrase underscores the relationship between God and believers. The Greek "ho theos kai patēr" highlights both the sovereignty of God and His intimate relationship as Father. This duality is central to Christian theology, where God is both transcendent and immanent. Historically, this understanding would have been radical to both Jews and Gentiles, who had different conceptions of deity.

of our Lord Jesus Christ
The title "Lord" (Greek "Kyrios") affirms the divinity and authority of Jesus, while "Jesus Christ" acknowledges His role as the Messiah. This phrase encapsulates the Christian confession of faith, recognizing Jesus as both Savior and Lord. In the early church, this was a profound declaration, especially in a Roman context where Caesar was often hailed as lord. The acknowledgment of Jesus as Lord was both a theological and political statement, affirming allegiance to Christ above all earthly powers.

Accept one another
The Greek word for "accept" here is "προσλαμβάνεσθε" (proslambanesthe), which means to receive or welcome. This term implies more than mere tolerance; it suggests a warm, wholehearted embrace. In the early church, this was a radical call, as it meant Jews and Gentiles, with their vastly different backgrounds and customs, were to fully embrace each other as family. This acceptance is not based on personal preferences or cultural similarities but on the unity found in Christ. Historically, this was a significant challenge, as the early church was composed of diverse groups who often had deep-seated prejudices against one another. The call to "accept one another" is a call to transcend these barriers, reflecting the inclusive love of Christ.

then
This word serves as a conjunction, linking the command to accept one another with the preceding discussion in Romans 14 about not passing judgment on disputable matters. It indicates a logical conclusion or result of the previous teachings. The use of "then" suggests that acceptance is not an optional extra but a necessary outcome of understanding the gospel's implications. It is a call to action based on the theological truths Paul has been expounding.

just as Christ accepted you
The phrase "just as" (καθὼς, kathōs) sets the standard for our acceptance of others. It is not based on human standards but on the example of Christ Himself. The Greek word for "accepted" here is "προσελάβετο" (proselabeto), which is the aorist tense, indicating a completed action. Christ's acceptance of us was definitive and unconditional, rooted in His grace and love. This acceptance was demonstrated through His sacrificial death and resurrection, which broke down the dividing wall of hostility between different peoples (Ephesians 2:14). Historically, this was a profound truth for the early church, as it meant that all believers, regardless of their background, were equally accepted by Christ.

in order to bring glory to God
The ultimate purpose of accepting one another is to glorify God. The Greek word for "glory" is "δόξαν" (doxan), which refers to the honor, praise, and majesty due to God. This phrase underscores the theological truth that our relationships with one another are not merely about personal harmony or community well-being but are fundamentally about reflecting God's character and bringing Him glory. In the historical context of the Roman church, this was a powerful reminder that their unity amidst diversity was a testimony to the world of God's reconciling power. The church's unity and love for one another serve as a witness to the transformative power of the gospel, pointing others to the glory of God.

For I tell you
This phrase introduces a statement of importance and authority. The Greek word for "tell" is "λέγω" (legō), which implies a declaration or proclamation. Paul, as an apostle, speaks with the authority given to him by Christ. This introduction signals to the reader that what follows is a significant theological truth, underscoring the importance of Christ's mission and its implications for both Jews and Gentiles.

that Christ has become
The phrase indicates a completed action with ongoing significance. The Greek word "γέγονεν" (gegonen) is in the perfect tense, suggesting that Christ's role as a servant is a fulfilled reality with lasting effects. This emphasizes the permanence and enduring impact of Christ's incarnation and ministry.

a servant
The Greek word "διάκονος" (diakonos) is used here, which is often translated as "minister" or "servant." This term reflects Christ's humility and His willingness to serve humanity, particularly the Jewish people, in accordance with God's redemptive plan. It highlights the servant leadership model that Christ exemplified, which is central to Christian discipleship.

of the circumcised
This phrase refers to the Jewish people, who were identified by the covenant of circumcision given to Abraham. The term "περιτομή" (peritomē) signifies those who are part of the Abrahamic covenant. Christ's ministry was initially directed towards the Jews, fulfilling the promises and prophecies of the Old Testament.

on behalf of God’s truth
The Greek word for "truth" is "ἀλήθεια" (alētheia), which denotes reality, certainty, and faithfulness. Christ's service to the Jews was to demonstrate God's faithfulness to His word and promises. This underscores the reliability and trustworthiness of God's character and His covenantal commitments.

to confirm
The Greek word "βεβαιῶσαι" (bebaiōsai) means to establish or make firm. Christ's mission was to validate and uphold the promises made by God. This action assures believers of the certainty and unchangeable nature of God's promises.

the promises made
The term "ἐπαγγελίαι" (epangeliai) refers to the divine promises given throughout the Old Testament. These promises include the coming of the Messiah, the blessing of all nations through Abraham, and the establishment of God's kingdom. Christ's coming is the fulfillment of these divine assurances.

to the patriarchs
The patriarchs, namely Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, are the forefathers of the Jewish nation. The Greek word "πατριάρχαις" (patriarchais) connects Christ's mission to the historical and covenantal roots of Israel. This highlights the continuity of God's redemptive plan from the Old Testament to the New Testament, affirming that God's promises to the patriarchs find their ultimate fulfillment in Christ.

and, moreover
This phrase serves as a continuation and expansion of the Apostle Paul's argument. The Greek word "καί" (kai) is often translated as "and," indicating a connection to the previous thought. "Moreover" suggests an additional emphasis, highlighting the inclusivity of God's plan. Paul is building on the idea that the work of Christ is not limited to the Jews but extends to the Gentiles, underscoring the comprehensive nature of the Gospel.

that the Gentiles
The term "Gentiles" (Greek: ἔθνη, ethnē) refers to all nations or peoples who are not Jewish. Historically, the Jews viewed themselves as God's chosen people, distinct from the Gentiles. However, Paul emphasizes that God's salvation through Jesus Christ is available to all humanity, breaking down the barriers between Jew and Gentile. This reflects the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham that all nations would be blessed through his seed (Genesis 22:18).

might glorify God
The Greek word for "glorify" is "δοξάζω" (doxazō), meaning to honor, praise, or magnify. In a biblical context, to glorify God is to recognize and proclaim His greatness and majesty. The Gentiles glorifying God signifies their acknowledgment of His sovereignty and grace, a radical shift from their previous pagan practices. This glorification is a response to the revelation of God's mercy and truth.

for His mercy
"Mercy" (Greek: ἔλεος, eleos) is a central theme in the New Testament, reflecting God's compassion and forgiveness. In the context of Romans, God's mercy is demonstrated through the inclusion of the Gentiles in His redemptive plan. This mercy is not earned but is a gift, highlighting the grace of God in extending salvation to all people, regardless of their ethnic or religious background.

As it is written
This phrase indicates that Paul is quoting from the Old Testament, grounding his argument in Scripture. It reflects the continuity between the Old and New Testaments and the fulfillment of God's promises. Paul often uses this phrase to demonstrate that the inclusion of the Gentiles was always part of God's plan, as foretold by the prophets.

Therefore I will praise You among the Gentiles
This quotation is from Psalm 18:49, where David expresses his intent to praise God among the nations. The Hebrew root for "praise" is "יָדָה" (yadah), which means to give thanks or confess. By using this verse, Paul illustrates that the worship of God by the Gentiles was anticipated in the Hebrew Scriptures, reinforcing the idea that God's salvation is for all people.

I will sing hymns to Your name
"Singing hymns" (Greek: ψαλῶ, psalō) involves making music or singing praises. In the biblical context, singing is a form of worship and an expression of joy and reverence for God. "Your name" refers to God's character and reputation. In ancient times, a name was more than a label; it represented the essence of a person. Singing hymns to God's name signifies a deep, personal acknowledgment of His attributes and deeds.

Again, it says
This phrase indicates that the Apostle Paul is referencing the Old Testament to support his argument. The use of "again" suggests a continuation of a theme or idea previously mentioned. Paul often uses Old Testament scripture to validate his teachings, showing the continuity and fulfillment of God's plan through Jesus Christ. This phrase underscores the authority of Scripture and the importance of the Old Testament in understanding the New Testament message.

Rejoice
The Greek word for "rejoice" is "euphrainesthe," which conveys a sense of joy and gladness. In the biblical context, rejoicing is often associated with the recognition of God's mighty works and His faithfulness. This call to rejoice is not merely an emotional response but a deep, spiritual acknowledgment of God's grace and salvation. It is an invitation to experience the joy that comes from being in a right relationship with God.

O Gentiles
The term "Gentiles" refers to the non-Jewish nations or peoples. In the Greek, the word is "ethne," which can also mean "nations." Historically, the Gentiles were often seen as outsiders to the covenant promises given to Israel. However, Paul's inclusion of the Gentiles in this call to rejoice highlights the universal scope of the Gospel. It reflects the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham that all nations would be blessed through his seed (Genesis 22:18).

with His people
"His people" refers to the Israelites, God's chosen people. The Greek word "laos" is used here, emphasizing a collective group that belongs to God. The phrase "with His people" signifies the unity and inclusion of the Gentiles into the family of God. This is a profound theological statement about the breaking down of barriers between Jews and Gentiles through Christ. It echoes the message of Ephesians 2:14, where Paul speaks of Christ as our peace, who has made the two groups one.

And again
This phrase introduces a repetition or reinforcement of a previously stated idea. In the context of Romans 15, Paul is emphasizing the unity and inclusivity of both Jews and Gentiles in the worship of God. The use of "again" suggests that this is not a new concept but one that has been established and reiterated throughout Scripture. It underscores the continuity of God's plan for salvation and the consistent message of the prophets and the law.

Praise the Lord
The Greek word for "praise" here is "αἰνέω" (aineo), which means to extol or glorify. This is a call to worship, an invitation to acknowledge God's greatness and goodness. The act of praising is not just a verbal expression but a heartfelt acknowledgment of God's sovereignty and grace. Historically, praise has been a central aspect of Jewish worship, as seen in the Psalms, and Paul is extending this call to all believers, emphasizing that worship is a universal response to God's majesty.

all you Gentiles
The term "Gentiles" refers to all nations or peoples who are not of Jewish descent. In the Greek, "ἔθνη" (ethne) is used, which can also be translated as "nations." This inclusion of the Gentiles is significant in the context of the early church, where there was often tension between Jewish and Gentile believers. Paul is affirming that the message of the Gospel and the call to worship God is for everyone, breaking down ethnic and cultural barriers. This reflects the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham that all nations would be blessed through him (Genesis 12:3).

and sing praises to Him
The phrase "sing praises" comes from the Greek "ψάλλω" (psallo), which means to sing or make melody. Singing has always been a powerful form of worship and expression of faith, deeply rooted in the traditions of both Jewish and early Christian communities. This call to sing praises is an invitation to express joy and gratitude to God through music, a universal language that transcends cultural and linguistic differences. It highlights the communal aspect of worship, where believers join together in harmonious adoration of God.

all you peoples
The word "peoples" in Greek is "λαοί" (laoi), which, like "Gentiles," refers to all ethnic groups and nations. This reiteration emphasizes the inclusivity of God's call to worship. It is a reminder that God's love and salvation are not limited to a specific group but are available to all humanity. This universal call to worship reflects the vision of a diverse yet united body of believers, as seen in Revelation 7:9, where people from every nation, tribe, and language stand before the throne of God.

And once more, Isaiah says
This phrase introduces a quotation from the Old Testament, specifically from the prophet Isaiah. The Apostle Paul frequently uses Old Testament references to validate his teachings, showing continuity between the Jewish Scriptures and the message of Christ. The use of "once more" indicates that Paul is reiterating a point he has made before, emphasizing the fulfillment of prophecy in Jesus Christ. Isaiah, a major prophet, is often cited in the New Testament, underscoring the messianic expectations that are fulfilled in Jesus.

The root of Jesse
The "root of Jesse" refers to the lineage of King David, as Jesse was David's father. In the Hebrew context, a "root" signifies origin or source, indicating that the Messiah would come from the Davidic line. This is a direct reference to Isaiah 11:10, where the Messiah is prophesied to arise from Jesse's line. Theologically, this emphasizes Jesus' rightful claim to the throne of David, fulfilling God's covenant promises to Israel.

will appear
The phrase "will appear" suggests a future manifestation, pointing to the coming of the Messiah. In the Greek, the word used can imply both a physical appearance and a revelation of character or purpose. This highlights the anticipation of the Messiah's arrival, which was a central hope for the Jewish people and is now realized in Jesus Christ.

One who will arise
This phrase indicates a figure of authority and leadership. The Greek term for "arise" can also mean to stand up or to be established, suggesting the Messiah's role as a leader and ruler. This is not just a physical rising but a spiritual and authoritative establishment of His kingdom.

to rule over the Gentiles
The inclusion of the Gentiles in this prophecy is significant. Historically, the Jewish expectation of the Messiah was often centered on the restoration of Israel. However, this prophecy expands the Messiah's rule to include all nations, fulfilling God's promise to Abraham that all nations would be blessed through his seed (Genesis 12:3). This universal scope of Christ's reign is a cornerstone of Paul's message, emphasizing the inclusivity of the Gospel.

in Him the Gentiles will put their hope
The phrase "in Him" underscores the centrality of Christ as the object of faith and hope. The Greek word for "hope" conveys a confident expectation, not a wishful thinking. This hope is not just for salvation but for the fulfillment of God's promises. The Gentiles, who were once outside the covenant, are now included in the hope of redemption through Jesus Christ. This reflects the transformative power of the Gospel, breaking down barriers and uniting all people under Christ's lordship.

Now may the God of hope
This phrase introduces God as the source and origin of hope. The Greek word for "hope" is "ἐλπίς" (elpis), which conveys a confident expectation and trust in God's promises. In the historical context of the early church, believers faced persecution and uncertainty, making this assurance of hope particularly poignant. The title "God of hope" emphasizes that hope is not merely a human emotion but a divine gift rooted in God's character and faithfulness.

fill you with all joy and peace
The Greek word for "fill" is "πληρόω" (plēroō), suggesting a complete and abundant filling. "Joy" (χαρά, chara) and "peace" (εἰρήνη, eirēnē) are fruits of the Spirit (Galatians 5:22) and are deeply interconnected with the believer's relationship with God. In the Jewish context, "peace" or "shalom" signifies wholeness and well-being, extending beyond the absence of conflict to encompass a state of harmony with God and others. This filling is not partial but encompasses "all" joy and peace, indicating the fullness of God's provision.

as you believe in Him
The phrase "as you believe" underscores the conditional aspect of receiving joy and peace. The Greek word for "believe" is "πιστεύω" (pisteuō), meaning to have faith or trust. This belief is not a one-time event but an ongoing, active trust in God. The historical context of Paul's letter to the Romans reveals a diverse audience of Jews and Gentiles, each with unique challenges in their faith journey. Belief in God unites them and is the means by which they access the joy and peace God offers.

so that you may overflow with hope
The imagery of "overflow" (περισσεύω, perisseuō) suggests an abundance that exceeds normal limits. This overflowing hope is not self-generated but is a result of God's work in the believer's life. In the scriptural context, hope is often linked with endurance and perseverance (Romans 5:3-5), providing strength to face trials. The early Christians, facing persecution, would find encouragement in this promise of abundant hope.

by the power of the Holy Spirit
The "power" (δύναμις, dynamis) of the Holy Spirit is the enabling force behind the believer's hope. This power is not merely human strength but divine empowerment that transforms and sustains. The Holy Spirit, as the third person of the Trinity, plays a crucial role in the believer's life, guiding, comforting, and empowering them to live out their faith. In the historical context of the early church, the presence of the Holy Spirit was a source of unity and strength amidst diversity and adversity.

I myself am convinced
The phrase "I myself am convinced" reflects the Apostle Paul's personal assurance and confidence in the spiritual maturity of the Roman believers. The Greek word for "convinced" is "pepeismai," which indicates a firm persuasion or belief. This confidence is not based on mere optimism but on the evidence of their faith and conduct. Paul, having not yet visited the Roman church, relies on reports and the work of the Holy Spirit among them, demonstrating his trust in God's work in their lives.

my brothers
The term "my brothers" (Greek: "adelphoi") is a term of endearment and spiritual kinship. It signifies the familial bond shared among believers, transcending ethnic and cultural boundaries. In the early church, this term was revolutionary, uniting Jews and Gentiles as one family in Christ. It emphasizes the unity and equality of all believers, a core tenet of Christian doctrine.

that you yourselves are full of goodness
"Full of goodness" suggests a completeness or abundance of moral excellence and virtue. The Greek word "agathosyne" refers to an intrinsic goodness that reflects God's character. This goodness is not self-generated but is a fruit of the Spirit (Galatians 5:22), indicating that the Roman believers are living out their faith in practical, tangible ways that honor God and serve others.

filled with all knowledge
The phrase "filled with all knowledge" highlights the comprehensive understanding and discernment the Roman Christians possess. The Greek word "gnosis" implies not just intellectual knowledge but a deep, experiential understanding of God's truth. This knowledge equips them to live wisely and make godly decisions, rooted in the teachings of Scripture and the revelation of Jesus Christ.

and competent to instruct one another
"Competent to instruct one another" underscores the ability and responsibility of believers to teach and admonish each other. The Greek word "noutheteo" means to put in mind, to caution, or to reprove gently. This reflects the communal aspect of the Christian faith, where believers are called to support and edify one another in love. It speaks to the maturity and capability of the Roman church to maintain doctrinal purity and spiritual growth without external oversight.

However
This word serves as a transitional conjunction, indicating a shift or contrast from the previous thoughts. In the context of Romans 15, Paul has been discussing his ministry and the unity of Jewish and Gentile believers. The Greek word used here is "de," which often signifies a mild contrast or continuation. It suggests that while Paul acknowledges the knowledge and goodness of the Roman believers, he still finds it necessary to address certain issues directly.

I have written
The phrase underscores the personal involvement and authority of Paul in communicating with the Roman church. The Greek verb "grapho" is used here, which means to inscribe or record. This highlights the intentionality and permanence of Paul's message. Writing was a primary means of communication in the ancient world, and Paul's letters were meant to be read aloud and circulated among the early Christian communities.

you
This pronoun is directed at the recipients of the letter, the believers in Rome. It personalizes the message, indicating that Paul is addressing a specific audience with specific needs. The Roman church was a diverse community, comprising both Jewish and Gentile Christians, which is significant in understanding the context of Paul's message.

a bold reminder
The phrase "bold reminder" is translated from the Greek "tolmeroteron," meaning more daring or courageous, and "anamnesis," meaning a reminder or recollection. Paul acknowledges that his message may be forthright or assertive, yet it is necessary to reinforce certain truths. This boldness is not arrogance but a reflection of Paul's apostolic authority and responsibility to guide the church in truth.

on some points
This indicates that Paul is not addressing every aspect of Christian doctrine or practice but is focusing on specific issues that require attention. The Greek phrase "apo meros" suggests a partial or selective emphasis. This implies that while the Roman believers are generally knowledgeable, there are particular areas where they need further instruction or correction.

because of the grace
The word "grace" is translated from the Greek "charis," which refers to the unmerited favor and empowerment given by God. Paul attributes his ability to write and instruct to the divine grace bestowed upon him. This grace is not only for salvation but also for the ministry and the building up of the church. It underscores the idea that Paul's authority and boldness come from God, not from his own merit.

God gave me
This phrase emphasizes the divine origin of Paul's mission and message. The Greek verb "didomi" means to give or grant, indicating that Paul's role as an apostle is a gift from God. This divine commissioning is foundational to Paul's identity and purpose, reinforcing that his instructions are not merely human opinions but are rooted in God's will and authority.

to be a minister of Christ Jesus
The phrase "to be a minister" comes from the Greek word "leitourgos," which refers to a public servant or one who performs a sacred service. In the context of the New Testament, it often denotes a religious or priestly role. Paul sees himself as a servant of Christ Jesus, emphasizing his dedication and calling to serve not just in a general sense but specifically in the sacred task of spreading the gospel. This highlights the divine appointment and responsibility bestowed upon him, underscoring the importance of his mission.

to the Gentiles
The term "Gentiles" refers to non-Jewish people. Historically, the Jewish people were seen as God's chosen nation, and the inclusion of the Gentiles was a significant shift in the early Christian church. Paul's mission to the Gentiles was revolutionary, breaking down ethnic and cultural barriers and fulfilling the prophecy that God's salvation would reach the ends of the earth (Isaiah 49:6). This reflects the universal scope of the gospel and God's desire for all nations to come to Him.

in the priestly service of the gospel of God
The phrase "priestly service" is derived from the Greek "hierourgeo," which means to perform sacred rites. Paul uses this imagery to describe his work in spreading the gospel as a sacred duty, akin to the priestly functions in the temple. This elevates the act of evangelism to a holy service, emphasizing the sanctity and divine nature of sharing the gospel. It also connects the Old Testament priesthood with the New Testament mission, showing continuity in God's plan.

so that the offering of the Gentiles may be acceptable
The "offering of the Gentiles" refers to the spiritual sacrifices of the Gentile believers, which include their faith, worship, and lives dedicated to God. The concept of an "acceptable" offering is rooted in the Old Testament sacrificial system, where offerings had to meet specific criteria to be pleasing to God. Here, Paul is expressing his desire that the Gentiles' faith and lives be a pleasing sacrifice to God, highlighting the transformation and sanctification that comes through faith in Christ.

sanctified by the Holy Spirit
"Sanctified" comes from the Greek "hagiazō," meaning to make holy or set apart. The Holy Spirit's role in sanctification is crucial, as it is through the Spirit that believers are made holy and empowered to live lives that honor God. This underscores the work of the Holy Spirit in the life of a believer, transforming them into the image of Christ and enabling them to live out their faith in a way that is pleasing to God. It is a reminder of the ongoing process of sanctification that every Christian undergoes.

Therefore I exult
The word "exult" in this context is derived from the Greek word "kauchaomai," which means to boast or glory. This is not a boast in human achievements but a deep, joyful pride in what God has accomplished through Christ. Paul is expressing a profound sense of joy and satisfaction in the work of God. Historically, boasting was often seen as a negative trait, but Paul redefines it here as a positive expression of faith and gratitude. In a conservative Christian perspective, this exultation is a reminder to find joy and pride in our relationship with Christ, recognizing that all good things come from Him.

in Christ Jesus
The phrase "in Christ Jesus" is central to Pauline theology, emphasizing the believer's union with Christ. The Greek preposition "en" signifies a close, intimate relationship. This union is not merely positional but transformative, affecting every aspect of a believer's life. Historically, this concept was revolutionary, as it shifted the focus from adherence to the law to a personal relationship with Christ. For conservative Christians, this underscores the importance of living a life that reflects Christ's character and teachings, as our identity is now found in Him.

in my service to God
The term "service" comes from the Greek word "leitourgia," which refers to a public duty or religious service. In the context of Paul's ministry, it signifies his apostolic mission and dedication to spreading the Gospel. Archaeologically, this term was used in the Greco-Roman world to describe acts of public service or worship, highlighting the sacrificial nature of Paul's work. For conservative Christians, this phrase serves as a call to dedicate one's life to serving God, recognizing that true service is an act of worship and devotion. It challenges believers to consider how they can contribute to God's kingdom through their unique gifts and callings.

I will not presume
The phrase "I will not presume" reflects the Apostle Paul's humility and recognition of his role as a servant of Christ. The Greek word used here, "tolmaō," implies a sense of daring or boldness. Paul is careful not to overstep his bounds or take credit for what is not his own. This humility is a hallmark of Christian leadership, emphasizing reliance on God's power rather than personal ability.

to speak of anything
Paul's focus is singular and intentional. The Greek word "laleō" for "to speak" suggests a continuous action of proclaiming or teaching. Paul is committed to sharing only what is pertinent to the mission given to him by Christ. This reflects a disciplined approach to ministry, where the message is not diluted by personal opinions or irrelevant topics.

except what Christ has accomplished
Here, Paul acknowledges that any success in his ministry is due to Christ's work, not his own. The Greek word "katergazomai" for "accomplished" indicates a thorough and complete action. This underscores the belief that Christ is the active agent in the transformation of lives, and Paul is merely an instrument in His hands.

through me
Paul recognizes himself as a vessel through which Christ operates. The preposition "dia" in Greek, meaning "through," highlights the idea of being a conduit for divine action. This reflects the Christian understanding of being used by God to fulfill His purposes, emphasizing the importance of availability and obedience to God's call.

in leading the Gentiles
Paul's mission to the Gentiles was a significant aspect of his apostolic calling. The Greek word "eis" for "in" suggests direction or purpose, while "ethnē" for "Gentiles" refers to the non-Jewish nations. This mission was revolutionary, breaking cultural and religious barriers, and fulfilling the prophecy that the Gospel would reach all nations.

to obedience
The goal of Paul's ministry was not just conversion but leading the Gentiles to "obedience." The Greek word "hypakoē" implies a listening that leads to compliance. This reflects the transformative power of the Gospel, which calls for a change in behavior and alignment with God's will, not merely intellectual assent.

by word and deed
Paul's ministry was holistic, encompassing both "word" (logos) and "deed" (ergon). This dual approach ensured that his message was not only preached but also demonstrated through actions. It highlights the importance of integrity and authenticity in Christian witness, where one's life must reflect the truths one proclaims.

by the power of signs and wonders
The phrase "by the power of signs and wonders" refers to the miraculous acts that accompanied Paul's ministry. In the Greek, "signs" (σημεῖα, sēmeia) and "wonders" (τέρατα, terata) are often used together in the New Testament to describe miracles that serve as divine authentication of the message being preached. These acts were not merely for spectacle but were intended to confirm the truth of the Gospel and demonstrate God's active presence. Historically, signs and wonders were a common expectation in the Jewish tradition as evidence of God's intervention, as seen in the Exodus narrative. In the early church, these miracles were crucial in establishing the credibility of the apostles and the new covenant message they carried.

and by the power of the Spirit of God
This phrase emphasizes that the true source of Paul's effectiveness in ministry was not his own strength or ability but "the power of the Spirit of God." The Greek word for "power" (δύναμις, dynamis) indicates a dynamic, active force. The Holy Spirit's role in empowering believers is a central theme in the New Testament, beginning with Pentecost in Acts 2. The Spirit's power is not only for performing miracles but also for transforming lives and enabling believers to live out the Gospel. This underscores the conservative Christian belief in the necessity of the Holy Spirit's work in both personal sanctification and effective ministry.

So from Jerusalem all the way around to Illyricum
This phrase outlines the geographical scope of Paul's missionary work. "From Jerusalem" marks the starting point of the Christian mission, as it was the city where Jesus was crucified and resurrected, and where the church was born at Pentecost. "All the way around to Illyricum" indicates the vast area Paul covered, which is roughly modern-day Albania and the western Balkans. This extensive travel highlights Paul's commitment to spreading the Gospel to the Gentiles, fulfilling the Great Commission. Historically, this journey would have been arduous, involving significant travel by land and sea, demonstrating Paul's dedication and the early church's missionary zeal.

I have fully proclaimed the gospel of Christ
The phrase "I have fully proclaimed" (πεπληρωκέναι, peplērōkenai) suggests completeness and thoroughness in Paul's ministry. The Greek verb implies that Paul left no part of the Gospel message unshared. "The gospel of Christ" is the good news of Jesus' life, death, and resurrection, which offers salvation to all who believe. This proclamation is central to Christian faith and practice, emphasizing the necessity of evangelism and discipleship. In a conservative Christian perspective, this underscores the importance of faithfully teaching and living out the entirety of Scripture, ensuring that the message of Christ is communicated clearly and completely to all people.

In this way
This phrase indicates a method or manner of action. The Greek word used here is "houtōs," which means "thus" or "in this manner." Paul is referring to his strategic approach to ministry. His method was intentional and purposeful, reflecting a deep commitment to spreading the gospel in uncharted territories. This approach underscores the importance of having a clear vision and strategy in ministry, emphasizing that our actions should align with our divine calling.

I aspired
The Greek word "philotimeomai" is used here, which means "to strive earnestly" or "to be ambitious." This word conveys a sense of noble ambition and a heartfelt desire. Paul’s aspiration was not for personal glory but for the advancement of the gospel. This highlights the importance of having godly ambitions that align with God's purposes, encouraging believers to pursue their callings with passion and dedication.

to preach the gospel
The phrase "to preach the gospel" comes from the Greek "euangelizomai," meaning "to announce good news." Paul’s primary mission was to proclaim the message of salvation through Jesus Christ. This underscores the centrality of the gospel in Christian ministry and the responsibility of believers to share the good news with others. It serves as a reminder that the core of our mission is to bring the message of hope and redemption to a world in need.

where Christ was not known
This phrase indicates Paul’s pioneering spirit. The Greek word "onomazō" means "to name" or "to mention." Paul sought to bring the message of Christ to places where His name had not yet been proclaimed. This reflects the missionary heart of Paul and the call to reach the unreached. It challenges believers to step out of their comfort zones and take the gospel to new frontiers, fulfilling the Great Commission.

so that I would not be building
The Greek word "oikodomeō" means "to build" or "to construct." Paul’s intention was to lay new foundations rather than build upon the work of others. This reflects a respect for the work of fellow laborers and a desire to expand the reach of the gospel. It encourages believers to seek new opportunities for ministry and to respect the contributions of others in the body of Christ.

on someone else’s foundation
The term "foundation" in Greek is "themelios," which refers to the base or groundwork of a structure. Paul’s desire was to establish new works rather than continue on the groundwork laid by others. This highlights the importance of innovation and creativity in ministry, as well as the need to honor and build upon the legacy of those who have gone before us. It serves as a call to contribute uniquely to the kingdom of God while respecting the efforts of fellow believers.

Rather, as it is written
This phrase introduces a quotation from the Old Testament, specifically from Isaiah 52:15. The use of "rather" indicates a contrast with the previous verses, where Paul discusses his ambition to preach the gospel where Christ was not known. The phrase "as it is written" underscores the authority of Scripture, showing Paul's reliance on the prophetic word to validate his mission. In the Greek, "as it is written" (καθὼς γέγραπται) is a common formula used by New Testament writers to reference the Old Testament, emphasizing the continuity and fulfillment of God's plan through Christ.

Those who were not told about Him
This phrase highlights the outreach to the Gentiles, who were not part of the original covenant people of Israel. The Greek word for "told" (ἀνηγγέλη) implies a formal announcement or proclamation. Historically, the Gentiles were outside the scope of the Jewish religious teachings, yet God's plan always included them. This reflects the inclusivity of the gospel, breaking down barriers and extending salvation beyond ethnic and cultural boundaries.

will see
The verb "will see" (ὄψονται) in Greek suggests more than just physical sight; it implies perception and understanding. In a spiritual sense, it denotes the revelation of Christ to those who were previously in darkness. This seeing is a divine act, where God opens the eyes of the spiritually blind, fulfilling the prophetic vision of enlightenment and salvation for all nations.

and those who have not heard
This phrase parallels the previous one, emphasizing the lack of prior exposure to the message of Christ. The Greek word for "heard" (ἀκηκόασιν) indicates not just the act of hearing but also the reception and comprehension of a message. Historically, the Gentiles were not recipients of the Law or the Prophets, yet through the gospel, they are now included in God's redemptive plan.

will understand
The Greek word for "understand" (συνήσουσιν) conveys the idea of putting together, comprehending, or grasping the truth. This understanding is a result of divine revelation and the work of the Holy Spirit, who enlightens the hearts and minds of believers. It signifies a deep, transformative knowledge that leads to faith and obedience. In the broader biblical context, this understanding fulfills the promise of God to reveal Himself to all people, demonstrating His desire for a relationship with humanity.

This is why
The phrase "This is why" serves as a connective tissue linking the current verse to the preceding context. In Romans 15, Paul has been discussing his ministry and the reasons for his travel plans. The Greek word used here, "διό" (dio), is a conjunction that indicates causation or reason. It suggests that what follows is a direct result of what has been previously stated. Paul is explaining the rationale behind his actions, emphasizing the importance of his mission to spread the Gospel to the Gentiles. This phrase invites readers to reflect on the interconnectedness of Paul's ministry efforts and the divine purpose behind them.

I have often been hindered
The phrase "I have often been hindered" reveals the challenges Paul faced in his missionary journeys. The Greek word for "hindered" is "ἐγκόπτω" (enkoptō), which means to cut into or impede. This suggests that Paul's plans were frequently interrupted or delayed, not by his own doing, but by external circumstances. Historically, Paul's missionary work was fraught with obstacles, including opposition from both Jewish and Gentile communities, as well as physical hardships. This phrase underscores the perseverance required in ministry and the understanding that God's timing may differ from human plans.

from coming to you
The phrase "from coming to you" indicates Paul's desire to visit the Roman believers, which had been postponed multiple times. The Greek word "ἔρχομαι" (erchomai) means to come or go, highlighting Paul's intention and eagerness to be physically present with the Roman church. Historically, Rome was a significant center of power and influence, and Paul recognized the strategic importance of establishing a strong Christian community there. This phrase reflects Paul's pastoral heart and his commitment to nurturing and strengthening the faith of believers, even when faced with delays and detours. It serves as a reminder of the importance of fellowship and personal connection within the body of Christ.

But now
This phrase marks a transition in Paul's ministry. The Greek word "νυνί" (nyni) indicates a present moment, a shift from past endeavors to current intentions. Paul is reflecting on his missionary work, acknowledging a new phase in his journey. This transition is significant as it shows Paul's responsiveness to God's guidance, a model for believers to remain open to God's leading in their lives.

there is no further opportunity for me
The Greek word "τόπος" (topos) is translated as "opportunity" or "place." Paul has thoroughly preached the Gospel in the regions he has visited, fulfilling his mission there. This phrase underscores the completion of a task and the readiness to move forward. It reflects a sense of accomplishment and the importance of recognizing when a season of ministry is complete, encouraging believers to discern when God is calling them to new fields of service.

in these regions
Paul refers to the areas where he has been actively ministering, likely the eastern Mediterranean regions. Historically, this includes places like Asia Minor and Greece. This context highlights the extensive reach of Paul's missionary journeys and the spread of Christianity in the first century. It serves as a reminder of the early church's growth and the importance of strategic planning in ministry.

and since I have longed for many years
The Greek word "ἐπιποθέω" (epipotheō) conveys a deep, earnest desire. Paul's longing to visit the Roman believers is not a fleeting wish but a persistent yearning. This phrase reveals the apostle's heartfelt connection to the church in Rome, despite never having visited them. It emphasizes the unity and love within the body of Christ, transcending geographical boundaries.

to visit you
Paul's intention to visit the Roman church is more than a social call; it is a pastoral desire to impart spiritual gifts and encouragement. The Greek "ἰδεῖν" (idein) means "to see" or "to visit," indicating personal interaction and fellowship. This reflects the importance of community and personal relationships in the Christian faith, encouraging believers to seek and nurture connections within the church.

I hope to see you
This phrase reflects the apostle Paul's deep desire for fellowship and personal connection with the believers in Rome. The Greek word for "hope" (ἐλπίζω, elpizō) conveys a confident expectation rather than a mere wish. Paul’s hope is rooted in his faith and trust in God’s providence. Historically, this longing for personal interaction underscores the importance of community and mutual encouragement within the early church, a principle that remains vital for the church today.

while passing through
Paul’s mention of "passing through" indicates his missionary journey and strategic planning. The phrase suggests a transient visit, highlighting Paul’s role as a missionary who is constantly on the move to spread the Gospel. This reflects the historical context of the Roman Empire, where travel was facilitated by an extensive network of roads, allowing Paul to reach various regions with the message of Christ.

on my way to Spain
Spain, known as Hispania in the Roman Empire, represents the westernmost part of the known world at the time. Paul’s ambition to preach the Gospel there demonstrates his commitment to fulfilling the Great Commission (Matthew 28:19-20) by reaching the ends of the earth. This phrase illustrates the expansive vision of the early church and Paul’s role as a pioneer in spreading Christianity beyond the boundaries of the Jewish world.

And if I am assisted by you
Here, Paul acknowledges the need for support from the Roman believers. The Greek word for "assisted" (προπεμφθῶ, propemphthō) implies being sent forth with provision and encouragement. This reflects the communal nature of the early church, where believers supported one another in their mission endeavors. It also highlights the principle of partnership in ministry, where the body of Christ works together to advance the Gospel.

after I have enjoyed your company for a while
Paul’s desire to "enjoy" the company of the Roman believers speaks to the joy and refreshment found in Christian fellowship. The Greek word for "enjoy" (ἐμπλησθῶ, emplēsthō) suggests being filled or satisfied, indicating the spiritual nourishment and encouragement that comes from being with fellow believers. This phrase underscores the importance of community and the mutual edification that occurs when believers gather together.

But now
This phrase indicates a transition in Paul's activities and plans. The Greek word "νυνί" (nyni) emphasizes the present moment, suggesting a sense of urgency or immediacy. Paul is shifting from discussing his broader mission to focusing on a specific task at hand. This highlights the dynamic nature of Paul's ministry, always responsive to the needs of the early church and guided by the Holy Spirit.

I am going
The Greek verb "πορεύομαι" (poreuomai) implies a journey or travel with purpose. Paul is not merely moving from one place to another; he is on a mission. This reflects the apostolic calling to spread the Gospel and support the church, demonstrating Paul's commitment to his role as a servant of Christ.

to Jerusalem
Jerusalem holds significant historical and theological importance. It is the center of Jewish worship and the early Christian church. Paul's journey to Jerusalem is not just a physical trip but a spiritual pilgrimage, connecting the Gentile believers with their Jewish roots and fulfilling the prophecy of unity among God's people.

to minister
The Greek word "διακονῶν" (diakonon) is related to service and ministry. It conveys the idea of serving others, often in a humble or practical way. Paul's ministry is not just about preaching but also about meeting the physical and spiritual needs of the believers. This reflects the holistic nature of Christian service, encompassing both word and deed.

to the saints
The term "saints" refers to the believers in Jerusalem, who are set apart for God's purposes. In the early church, "saints" were those who had accepted Christ and were living in accordance with His teachings. Paul's ministry to the saints in Jerusalem underscores the interconnectedness of the body of Christ, where believers support and care for one another across geographical and cultural boundaries.

For Macedonia and Achaia
This phrase refers to two significant regions in the early Christian world. Macedonia, located in the northern part of Greece, was home to churches such as those in Philippi, Thessalonica, and Berea. Achaia, in the southern part of Greece, included the church in Corinth. Historically, these regions were known for their wealth and influence in the Roman Empire. The mention of these regions highlights the unity and cooperation among the early Christian communities, transcending geographical and cultural boundaries. The Greek root for "Macedonia" (Μακεδονία) and "Achaia" (Ἀχαΐα) emphasizes their historical significance and the spread of the Gospel in these areas.

were pleased
The Greek word used here is "εὐδόκησαν" (eudokēsan), which conveys a sense of delight or good pleasure. This indicates that the churches in Macedonia and Achaia gave willingly and joyfully, not out of compulsion. Their generosity was a reflection of their spiritual maturity and understanding of Christian fellowship. This voluntary act of giving serves as an example of how believers are called to support one another, especially those in need.

to make a contribution
The term "contribution" comes from the Greek word "κοινωνία" (koinōnia), which is often translated as "fellowship" or "sharing." This word underscores the communal aspect of the early church, where believers shared not only in spiritual matters but also in material resources. The act of giving was seen as a tangible expression of their unity in Christ and their commitment to the well-being of the entire body of believers.

for the poor among the saints in Jerusalem
The "poor" refers to the economically disadvantaged members of the Jerusalem church. Historically, the church in Jerusalem faced significant financial hardships, possibly due to persecution, famine, or the communal lifestyle they adopted. The "saints" (ἅγιοι, hagioi) in Jerusalem were the original Jewish believers who formed the early church. This collection for the Jerusalem church is a recurring theme in Paul's letters, highlighting the interconnectedness of the global church and the responsibility of believers to care for one another, regardless of ethnic or cultural differences. This act of charity also served to strengthen the bond between Jewish and Gentile Christians, promoting unity within the diverse body of Christ.

They were pleased to do it
This phrase reflects the voluntary and joyful nature of the Gentile believers' actions. The Greek word for "pleased" is "εὐδόκησαν" (eudokēsan), which conveys a sense of delight and willingness. This indicates that the Gentile believers were not coerced or pressured into giving; rather, they found joy in supporting their Jewish brethren. This willingness is a testament to the transformative power of the Gospel, which fosters a spirit of generosity and unity among believers.

and indeed they owe it to them
The phrase "owe it" comes from the Greek "ὀφειλέται εἰσίν" (opheiletai eisin), suggesting a moral or spiritual debt. This implies that the Gentile believers recognized a sense of obligation to the Jewish Christians. Historically, the Jewish people were the original recipients of God's promises and the custodians of the Scriptures. The Gentiles, having received the spiritual blessings of the Gospel through the Jewish lineage, felt a duty to reciprocate with material support.

For if the Gentiles have shared in their spiritual blessings
The word "shared" is translated from the Greek "κοινωνήσαντες" (koinōnēsantes), which means to have fellowship or partnership. This highlights the deep spiritual connection and unity between Jewish and Gentile believers. The "spiritual blessings" refer to the rich heritage of faith, the knowledge of God, and the salvation that comes through Jesus Christ, which the Gentiles have now partaken in. This sharing underscores the breaking down of barriers and the creation of one new humanity in Christ.

they are obligated to minister to them
The term "obligated" is derived from the Greek "ὀφείλουσιν" (opheilousin), indicating a duty or responsibility. This obligation is not legalistic but stems from a heart of gratitude and recognition of the spiritual benefits received. The word "minister" is from "λειτουργῆσαι" (leitourgēsai), which can also mean to serve or to perform a public duty. This service is an act of worship and gratitude, reflecting the interconnectedness of the body of Christ.

with material blessings
The phrase "material blessings" translates from the Greek "ἐν τοῖς σαρκικοῖς" (en tois sarkikois), literally meaning "in the things of the flesh." This refers to tangible, physical support such as financial aid or resources. The juxtaposition of spiritual and material blessings emphasizes the holistic nature of Christian fellowship, where spiritual unity is expressed through practical acts of love and support. This reflects the early church's practice of sharing resources to ensure that no member was in need, as seen in Acts 2:44-45.

Therefore after I have completed this service
The phrase "Therefore after I have completed this service" indicates Paul's commitment to fulfilling his mission. The Greek word for "completed" is "epiteleō," which means to bring to an end or accomplish. This reflects Paul's dedication to his apostolic duties, emphasizing the importance of completing the tasks God has set before us. The "service" refers to the collection for the saints in Jerusalem, highlighting the early church's practice of supporting one another, a principle rooted in the communal and sacrificial love taught by Christ.

and have safely delivered it to them
The phrase "and have safely delivered it to them" underscores Paul's responsibility and integrity. The Greek word "sphragizō" for "safely delivered" implies sealing or securing something. This reflects the trust placed in Paul by the churches to handle their contributions with care. It also illustrates the importance of stewardship and accountability in Christian ministry, reminding believers of the sacred trust involved in handling resources meant for God's work.

I will set off to Spain
"I will set off to Spain" reveals Paul's missionary zeal and vision. The Greek word "apodēmeō" for "set off" conveys the idea of departing or journeying. Spain, at the time, represented the westernmost part of the known world, symbolizing Paul's desire to spread the Gospel to the ends of the earth. This reflects the Great Commission's call to make disciples of all nations, inspiring believers to pursue God's call with boldness and a global perspective.

by way of you
The phrase "by way of you" indicates Paul's intention to visit the Roman believers en route to Spain. This shows the interconnectedness of the early Christian communities and Paul's desire for mutual encouragement and support. The Greek preposition "dia" for "by way of" suggests a journey through or because of, highlighting the relational aspect of Paul's ministry. It serves as a reminder of the importance of fellowship and partnership in the Gospel, encouraging believers to support one another in their spiritual journeys.

I know
The Greek word used here is "oida," which implies a deep, intuitive knowledge. Paul expresses a confident assurance, not based on mere human reasoning but on spiritual insight and faith. This certainty reflects his trust in God's promises and his understanding of his apostolic mission. In a conservative Christian perspective, this confidence is seen as a model for believers to trust in God's plans and purposes, even when the future is uncertain.

that when I come to you
Paul's intention to visit the Roman believers is not just a casual plan but a divinely inspired mission. The phrase indicates a future event that Paul anticipates eagerly. Historically, Paul's journeys were fraught with challenges, yet his determination to visit Rome underscores his commitment to the spread of the Gospel. This reflects the importance of fellowship and mutual encouragement among believers, a principle that remains vital in the Christian community today.

I will come
The repetition of the verb "come" emphasizes Paul's resolve and the certainty of his visit. The Greek verb "erchomai" suggests movement with purpose. Paul is not merely traveling; he is on a mission ordained by God. This highlights the idea that Christian service is not random but directed by divine will, encouraging believers to seek God's guidance in their endeavors.

in the fullness
The term "fullness" (Greek "pleroma") conveys the idea of completeness and abundance. Paul anticipates that his visit will be marked by the complete manifestation of God's blessings. This fullness is not just for Paul but for the entire Roman church, suggesting that God's blessings are meant to overflow and impact the community. It serves as a reminder that God's grace is abundant and sufficient for all needs.

of the blessing
The word "blessing" (Greek "eulogia") refers to a good word or benefit. In the biblical context, blessings are often associated with divine favor and empowerment. Paul expects that his visit will bring spiritual enrichment and encouragement to the Roman believers. This reflects the conservative Christian belief in the power of spoken blessings and the importance of edifying one another in the faith.

of Christ
The source of the blessing is Christ Himself. This phrase underscores the centrality of Jesus in Paul's ministry and the life of the church. All blessings flow from the relationship with Christ, who is the head of the church. This highlights the conservative Christian emphasis on Christ as the foundation of all spiritual blessings and the ultimate source of life and hope for believers.

Now I urge you, brothers
The phrase "Now I urge you, brothers" reflects the apostle Paul's deep pastoral concern and affection for the Roman believers. The Greek word for "urge" is "parakaleō," which conveys a sense of earnest appeal or exhortation. Paul is not merely making a suggestion; he is passionately encouraging his fellow believers. The term "brothers" (Greek: "adelphoi") indicates a familial relationship among Christians, emphasizing the unity and love that should characterize the body of Christ. This familial language underscores the importance of community and mutual support within the church.

by our Lord Jesus Christ
Paul invokes the authority and name of "our Lord Jesus Christ" as the basis for his appeal. This phrase highlights the centrality of Christ in the life and mission of the church. The title "Lord" (Greek: "Kyrios") affirms the sovereignty and divinity of Jesus, while "Jesus Christ" acknowledges His role as the Messiah and Savior. By appealing in the name of Jesus, Paul is reminding the believers that their actions and prayers are rooted in their relationship with Christ, who is the ultimate source of their unity and strength.

and by the love of the Spirit
The "love of the Spirit" refers to the love that is both produced by and characteristic of the Holy Spirit's work in the lives of believers. The Greek word for "love" is "agapē," which denotes a selfless, sacrificial love that seeks the well-being of others. This love is a fruit of the Spirit (Galatians 5:22) and is essential for the functioning of the Christian community. By invoking the love of the Spirit, Paul is calling the believers to be motivated by divine love in their prayers and actions, reflecting the transformative power of the Holy Spirit in their lives.

to join me in my struggle
The phrase "to join me in my struggle" uses the Greek word "synagōnizomai," which means to strive together or to contend alongside someone. Paul is inviting the Roman believers to participate in his ministry challenges and spiritual battles through prayer. This highlights the concept of spiritual warfare and the communal nature of the Christian life, where believers support one another in their struggles. It also reflects the idea that prayer is an active and powerful means of engaging in the work of the gospel.

by praying to God for me
Paul emphasizes the importance of "praying to God for me," underscoring the vital role of intercessory prayer in the life of the church. The Greek word for "praying" is "proseuchomai," which denotes a reverent and earnest communication with God. Paul is asking the Roman believers to intercede on his behalf, recognizing that prayer is a means of accessing divine power and guidance. This request for prayer reflects Paul's humility and dependence on God, as well as his belief in the efficacy of prayer to bring about God's purposes in his ministry and life.

Pray
The Greek word used here is "προσεύχομαι" (proseuchomai), which means to earnestly pray or make supplication. This highlights the importance of intercessory prayer in the life of a believer. Paul is not just asking for a casual mention in prayer but is seeking fervent, heartfelt petitions to God. This reflects the early church's reliance on prayer as a powerful tool for divine intervention and guidance.

that I may be delivered
The term "delivered" comes from the Greek "ῥύομαι" (rhuomai), meaning to rescue or save from danger. Paul is aware of the physical and spiritual threats he faces and acknowledges his dependence on God's protection. This echoes the biblical theme of God as a deliverer, seen throughout the Old Testament, where God repeatedly rescues His people from peril.

from the unbelievers in Judea
"Unbelievers" translates from the Greek "ἀπειθῶν" (apeithon), referring to those who are disobedient or refuse to believe. Judea was a region with significant opposition to the Christian message, particularly from those who adhered strictly to Jewish traditions. Paul's request underscores the tension between the early Christians and the Jewish authorities, a recurring challenge in the spread of the Gospel.

and that my service in Jerusalem
The word "service" is derived from the Greek "διακονία" (diakonia), which means ministry or service. Paul is referring to his mission of bringing aid to the Jerusalem church, which was experiencing poverty. This act of service is not just a physical offering but a spiritual ministry, reflecting the unity and love within the body of Christ.

may be acceptable
"Acceptable" comes from the Greek "εὐπρόσδεκτος" (euprosdektos), meaning well-received or pleasing. Paul desires that his efforts be received with gratitude and seen as a genuine act of love and fellowship. This reflects the Christian principle of serving others with a pure heart, seeking to honor God and edify the church.

to the saints there
The term "saints" is translated from the Greek "ἅγιοι" (hagioi), meaning holy ones or set apart. In the New Testament, this term is used to describe all believers, emphasizing their sanctification and calling in Christ. Paul's reference to the saints in Jerusalem highlights the interconnectedness of the early church, transcending geographical and cultural boundaries to form a unified body in Christ.

so that by God’s will
This phrase emphasizes the sovereignty and providence of God in the life of a believer. The Greek word for "will" is "θέλημα" (thelēma), which denotes a deliberate intention or purpose. In the context of Romans, Paul is expressing his submission to God's overarching plan. Historically, this reflects the early Christian understanding that all events are under divine control, a belief that provided comfort and direction amidst persecution and uncertainty.

I may come to you
Paul's desire to visit the Roman believers is not merely a personal wish but a mission-driven intention. The Greek verb "ἔρχομαι" (erchomai) implies movement with purpose. Archaeologically, travel in the Roman Empire was arduous, yet the extensive road networks facilitated the spread of the Gospel. Paul's longing to visit Rome underscores the strategic importance of the city as a hub for evangelism.

with joy
The Greek word "χαρά" (chara) for "joy" conveys a deep, abiding sense of gladness that transcends circumstances. In the scriptural context, joy is a fruit of the Spirit (Galatians 5:22) and is often associated with the presence and work of God. Paul's anticipated joy in visiting the Romans reflects the mutual encouragement and spiritual refreshment that comes from Christian fellowship.

and together with you
This phrase highlights the communal aspect of the Christian faith. The Greek "σὺν" (syn) means "with" or "together," emphasizing unity and partnership. Historically, the early church was characterized by a strong sense of community, as seen in Acts 2:42-47. Paul’s desire to be "together with" the Roman believers speaks to the importance of shared faith experiences and mutual edification.

be refreshed
The Greek word "ἀναψύχω" (anapsychō) means to be revived or rejuvenated. This term suggests a spiritual and emotional renewal that comes from fellowship with other believers. In the historical context of the early church, such refreshment was vital for sustaining believers amidst trials. Paul's use of this word indicates his expectation of mutual encouragement and strengthening through their shared faith and love.

The God of peace
This phrase emphasizes the nature and character of God as one who embodies and bestows peace. The Greek word for peace, "eirēnē," is rooted in the Hebrew concept of "shalom," which signifies completeness, wholeness, and harmony. In the historical context of the early church, which often faced persecution and internal conflicts, this invocation of God as the "God of peace" would have been profoundly comforting. It reassures believers that amidst turmoil, God is the source of true peace, transcending human understanding (Philippians 4:7). This peace is not merely the absence of conflict but the presence of God's restorative and reconciling power in the lives of believers.

be with you all
The phrase "be with you all" is a benediction, a blessing of God's presence among the believers. The Greek word "meta" (with) implies accompaniment and fellowship. In the early Christian communities, which were diverse and often divided by cultural and doctrinal differences, this blessing underscores the unity and inclusivity of God's presence. It is a reminder that God's peace is available to all members of the body of Christ, regardless of their background or status. Historically, this reflects the apostle Paul's mission to unify Jewish and Gentile believers under the common faith in Christ.

Amen
The word "Amen" is a transliteration from Hebrew, meaning "truly" or "so be it." It is a declaration of affirmation and agreement, often used to conclude prayers and benedictions. In the scriptural context, "Amen" signifies the certainty and trustworthiness of God's promises. By ending with "Amen," Paul not only affirms the truth of his blessing but also invites the Roman believers to join in this affirmation. It is a communal assent to the peace and presence of God, reinforcing the collective faith and hope of the church. Historically, the use of "Amen" in early Christian liturgy and writings reflects its importance as a unifying and affirming response among believers.