Then
The word "then" serves as a transitional marker, indicating a continuation of the dialogue between Job and his friends. It suggests a sequence of events, where Eliphaz is responding to Job's previous discourse. This transition is crucial in understanding the flow of the narrative, as it highlights the ongoing nature of the debate and the persistence of Job's friends in their attempts to correct him.

Eliphaz
Eliphaz is one of Job's three friends and is often considered the most prominent among them. His name, which can mean "God is fine gold" or "God is my strength," reflects a person of wisdom and experience. Eliphaz is portrayed as a figure of authority and tradition, often drawing from his own experiences and the wisdom of the ancients. His role in the dialogue is to challenge Job's assertions and to uphold the traditional view of divine justice.

the Temanite
The designation "the Temanite" identifies Eliphaz's geographical and cultural background. Teman was a region in Edom, known for its wise men (Jeremiah 49:7). This association with Teman suggests that Eliphaz is a man of considerable wisdom and learning, drawing from a rich tradition of Edomite thought. The mention of his origin underscores the diversity of perspectives in the dialogue and the broader ancient Near Eastern context in which these discussions occur.

replied
The act of replying indicates a response to Job's previous statements. In the Hebrew text, the verb used here conveys not just a simple answer but a thoughtful and deliberate response. Eliphaz's reply is part of a larger discourse aimed at persuading Job to reconsider his stance. This word highlights the dialogical nature of the Book of Job, where conversation and debate are central to the unfolding of its themes. Eliphaz's reply is not merely a rebuttal but an attempt to engage Job in a deeper exploration of suffering and divine justice.

Does a wise man
The phrase "wise man" in Hebrew is "חָכָם" (chakam), which denotes someone possessing wisdom, discernment, and understanding. In the context of the ancient Near East, wisdom was highly valued and often associated with the ability to live righteously and make sound judgments. The rhetorical question posed here challenges Job's wisdom, suggesting that true wisdom would not lead to the kind of responses Job has been giving. This sets the stage for a discussion on the nature of true wisdom, which, from a conservative Christian perspective, is rooted in the fear of the Lord (Proverbs 9:10).

answer with empty counsel
The term "empty counsel" translates from the Hebrew "דַּעַת רוּחַ" (da'at ruach), literally meaning "knowledge of the wind." This phrase implies advice or speech that is devoid of substance or value, akin to chasing the wind. In the biblical context, words are powerful and should be used to edify and build up. The critique here is that Job's words lack the depth and truth expected from someone who is wise. This serves as a reminder of the importance of speaking truthfully and meaningfully, aligning with the biblical principle that our words should reflect God's wisdom.

or fill his belly
The imagery of filling one's belly suggests consumption and satisfaction. In this context, it implies being satiated with something that is ultimately unfulfilling or harmful. The metaphorical use of "belly" here can be seen as a critique of indulging in futile or destructive thoughts and words. From a conservative Christian viewpoint, this can be a call to fill oneself with the Word of God, which truly satisfies and nourishes the soul (Matthew 4:4).

with the hot east wind
The "hot east wind" is a reference to the "קָדִים" (qadim), a scorching wind from the desert that is often associated with destruction and desolation in the Bible (e.g., Genesis 41:6, Jonah 4:8). This metaphor suggests that Job's words are not only empty but also potentially harmful and destructive. In the biblical narrative, the east wind is a force of nature that brings about change, often as a form of divine judgment. This serves as a caution against allowing our words to become like this wind—destructive rather than constructive. From a conservative Christian perspective, it underscores the importance of aligning our speech with God's truth, which brings life and healing rather than harm.

Should he argue
The phrase "should he argue" suggests a rhetorical question posed by Eliphaz, one of Job's friends. The Hebrew root for "argue" is "rib," which often implies a legal dispute or contention. In the context of Job, this reflects the ongoing debate between Job and his friends about the nature of suffering and divine justice. Eliphaz is questioning the validity of Job's arguments, implying that they are not only futile but also inappropriate in the face of divine wisdom. This challenges us to consider the weight and purpose of our words, especially when addressing profound spiritual matters.

with useless words
The term "useless" comes from the Hebrew "beliy," meaning without or lacking. Eliphaz accuses Job of speaking words that lack substance or value. In the broader biblical context, words are powerful and meant to edify, instruct, or comfort. The accusation here is that Job's words do none of these, instead contributing to confusion or discord. This serves as a reminder of the biblical principle found in Proverbs 18:21, which teaches that "the tongue has the power of life and death," urging believers to speak with intention and wisdom.

or speeches that serve no purpose?
The phrase "speeches that serve no purpose" further emphasizes the futility Eliphaz sees in Job's discourse. The Hebrew word "sakan" can be translated as "to profit" or "to benefit," suggesting that Eliphaz views Job's speeches as lacking any constructive outcome. Historically, speeches and dialogues in ancient Near Eastern cultures were expected to convey wisdom, resolve disputes, or offer counsel. Eliphaz's critique implies that Job's speeches fail to meet these cultural and spiritual expectations. This invites reflection on the importance of ensuring our words align with God's truth and purpose, as echoed in Ephesians 4:29, which encourages speech that builds others up according to their needs.

But you even undermine
The Hebrew word for "undermine" here is "parar," which means to break, frustrate, or annul. In the context of Job, Eliphaz accuses Job of breaking down or nullifying the reverence due to God. Historically, this reflects the ancient Near Eastern understanding of maintaining a proper relationship with the divine through fear and reverence. Eliphaz suggests that Job's words and actions are not just personal grievances but are seen as a challenge to the established order of divine respect.

the fear of God
The "fear of God" in Hebrew is "yirat Elohim," a concept deeply rooted in the wisdom literature of the Bible. It signifies a profound respect, awe, and reverence for God, which is foundational to a righteous life. Proverbs 9:10 states, "The fear of the LORD is the beginning of wisdom." In the conservative Christian perspective, this fear is not about terror but about a deep respect and acknowledgment of God's holiness and authority. Eliphaz is accusing Job of eroding this essential aspect of faith.

and hinder meditation
The word "hinder" translates from the Hebrew "gara," meaning to diminish or take away. "Meditation" here is "siach," which refers to contemplation or thoughtful reflection, often in a spiritual or prayerful context. Eliphaz is suggesting that Job's attitude and words are not only undermining fear but also diminishing the practice of meditative reflection before God. This reflects the importance placed on meditation as a means of connecting with God, a practice that is seen as vital for spiritual growth and understanding.

before Him
The phrase "before Him" underscores the presence of God in the life of the believer. In Hebrew, "before" is "paneh," which can mean face or presence. This indicates a direct and personal relationship with God, where one's actions and thoughts are laid bare before the Creator. Eliphaz's accusation implies that Job's behavior is inappropriate in the sight of God, who is always present and aware. In a conservative Christian view, living "before Him" is a call to integrity and authenticity in one's faith journey.

For your iniquity
The Hebrew word for "iniquity" is "עָוֹן" (avon), which refers to moral perversity or sin. In the context of Job, Eliphaz is accusing Job of being guided by his own sinfulness. From a conservative Christian perspective, this highlights the belief that sin can cloud judgment and influence one's words and actions. Theologically, it underscores the need for repentance and divine guidance to overcome the deceitfulness of sin.

instructs your mouth
The term "instructs" comes from the Hebrew "יָלַף" (yalaph), meaning to teach or train. Eliphaz suggests that Job's speech is being shaped by his own wrongdoing. This reflects the biblical principle that out of the abundance of the heart, the mouth speaks (Matthew 12:34). It serves as a reminder of the importance of aligning one's heart with God's truth to ensure that one's words are righteous and edifying.

and you choose
The word "choose" is derived from the Hebrew "בָּחַר" (bachar), indicating a deliberate decision or preference. Eliphaz accuses Job of consciously selecting his words to deceive or manipulate. This emphasizes the responsibility individuals have in their speech and actions, highlighting the biblical call to choose righteousness and truth over deceit and falsehood.

the language of the crafty
The phrase "language of the crafty" uses the Hebrew "עָרֻם" (arum), which can mean shrewd or cunning. Eliphaz implies that Job is using clever but deceitful speech, akin to the serpent's cunning in Genesis 3. This accusation serves as a warning against using one's intellect or eloquence to justify sin or mislead others. From a conservative Christian viewpoint, it stresses the importance of integrity and honesty in communication, aligning one's words with God's wisdom rather than human cunning.

Your own mouth
This phrase emphasizes personal accountability and the power of one's own words. In the Hebrew context, the mouth is often seen as a reflection of the heart's condition. Proverbs 18:21 states, "Death and life are in the power of the tongue," underscoring the biblical principle that words can have profound consequences. In the context of Job, this phrase suggests that Job's own words are being used against him, highlighting the importance of speaking truth and maintaining integrity.

condemns you
The Hebrew root for "condemns" is often associated with judgment or declaration of guilt. In the ancient Near Eastern context, legal proceedings were a significant part of societal structure, and condemnation would imply a formal declaration of wrongdoing. This phrase suggests that Job's friends are interpreting his words as evidence of his guilt, reflecting the broader theme of misunderstanding and misjudgment that runs throughout the Book of Job.

not I
This phrase indicates that the speaker, Eliphaz, is distancing himself from the judgment, placing the responsibility back on Job. It reflects a common rhetorical strategy in ancient dialogues where the speaker claims objectivity. This can be seen as a way to assert that the truth is self-evident, rather than a matter of personal opinion, which is a recurring theme in the dialogues between Job and his friends.

your own lips
The repetition of "your own" emphasizes personal responsibility and self-incrimination. In biblical literature, lips are often symbolic of speech and communication. This phrase reinforces the idea that Job's predicament is a result of his own expressions, aligning with the belief that one's words can reveal inner truths and lead to one's downfall if not aligned with righteousness.

testify against you
The concept of testimony is deeply rooted in the legal traditions of the ancient world. In Hebrew culture, a testimony was a serious matter, often requiring multiple witnesses to establish truth. Here, the phrase suggests that Job's own statements serve as a witness against him, a powerful image that underscores the gravity of his situation. This reflects the broader biblical theme of accountability before God, where one's actions and words are ultimately subject to divine scrutiny.

Were you the first man ever born?
This phrase is a rhetorical question posed by Eliphaz, one of Job's friends, during his second speech. The Hebrew root for "first" is "ri'shon," which implies primacy or precedence. Eliphaz is challenging Job's wisdom and understanding by questioning his authority and experience. In the ancient Near Eastern context, wisdom was often associated with age and experience. By asking if Job was the "first man," Eliphaz is sarcastically suggesting that Job lacks the ancient wisdom that comes with being the first of humanity, like Adam. This question underscores the theme of human limitation in understanding divine wisdom, a central theme in the Book of Job. It serves as a reminder that human beings, regardless of their knowledge or experience, are not privy to the full scope of God's creation and purposes.

Were you brought forth before the hills?
The phrase "brought forth" comes from the Hebrew word "chuwl," which can mean to be born or to be brought into existence. The imagery of being "brought forth before the hills" evokes the idea of ancient, enduring creation. Hills and mountains in biblical literature often symbolize stability, longevity, and the ancient order of creation. By asking if Job was born before these ancient hills, Eliphaz is emphasizing the vastness and timelessness of God's creation compared to human life. This rhetorical question serves to humble Job, reminding him of his place within the created order. It highlights the biblical theme that God's wisdom and plans are eternal and far surpass human understanding. This perspective encourages believers to trust in God's sovereignty and wisdom, even when faced with suffering and confusion, as Job was.

Do you listen
The phrase "Do you listen" implies an active engagement and attentiveness to divine communication. In the Hebrew context, the word for "listen" often carries the connotation of obedience and understanding, not merely hearing. This suggests a deeper spiritual discipline of being attuned to God's voice, which is a recurring theme throughout Scripture. The challenge here is whether Job claims a special insight or revelation that others do not possess, questioning the humility and openness required to truly hear God.

in on God's council
The "council" of God refers to the divine assembly or the heavenly court where God deliberates and makes decisions. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, councils were places of authority and wisdom. The Hebrew word used here can also denote a secret or intimate conversation, suggesting a privileged access to divine mysteries. This rhetorical question posed by Eliphaz challenges Job's claim to understanding God's ways, emphasizing the vastness and mystery of divine wisdom that is beyond human comprehension.

or limit wisdom
To "limit wisdom" implies setting boundaries on what can be known or understood. In the biblical context, wisdom is often portrayed as a divine gift, something that comes from God and is not confined by human limitations. The Hebrew root for "wisdom" (חָכְמָה, chokmah) encompasses skill, insight, and moral understanding. Eliphaz is questioning whether Job is arrogantly confining wisdom to his own perspective, rather than acknowledging its divine source and infinite nature.

to yourself?
The phrase "to yourself" highlights the personal and introspective nature of the accusation. It suggests self-centeredness or pride in one's own understanding. In the broader scriptural narrative, humility is a key virtue, and the acknowledgment of one's limitations is crucial in the pursuit of true wisdom. This question challenges Job to consider whether he is isolating himself from the communal and divine sources of wisdom, thus missing the broader picture of God's purposes and plans.

What do you know
The Hebrew word for "know" here is "יָדַע" (yada), which implies an intimate, experiential knowledge rather than mere intellectual understanding. In the context of Job, this question challenges Job's claim to a unique insight or revelation. It reflects the skepticism of Eliphaz, who doubts that Job possesses any special wisdom that his friends lack. This phrase invites us to consider the limits of human understanding and the humility required in acknowledging that our knowledge is finite compared to God's omniscience.

that we do not?
The phrase "that we do not" underscores the collective wisdom of Job's friends, who believe they possess a shared understanding of divine principles. This reflects the cultural and historical context of ancient Near Eastern wisdom traditions, where communal knowledge was highly valued. The rhetorical question implies that Job's friends see themselves as equally, if not more, knowledgeable about God's ways, challenging Job to justify his perceived superiority in understanding.

What do you understand
The Hebrew root for "understand" is "בִּין" (bin), which conveys discernment and insight. This word suggests a deeper level of comprehension, one that goes beyond surface-level knowledge. Eliphaz's question here is probing whether Job has any special discernment that sets him apart. It serves as a reminder of the importance of seeking true understanding, which in a biblical sense, is often linked to a reverent relationship with God.

that is not clear to us?
The phrase "that is not clear to us" implies a challenge to Job's claim of possessing hidden or esoteric knowledge. The word "clear" in Hebrew is "נִסְתָּר" (nistar), meaning hidden or concealed. This reflects the belief that divine wisdom is often mysterious and not easily accessible. Eliphaz's question suggests that if Job's insights are truly from God, they should be evident and understandable to others who are also wise. This challenges us to consider the nature of divine revelation and the communal aspect of interpreting God's will.

Both the gray-haired and the aged
This phrase emphasizes the value and respect attributed to age and experience in ancient Near Eastern culture. In Hebrew, "gray-haired" (שֵׂיבָה, seivah) and "aged" (יָשִׁישׁ, yashish) denote wisdom and authority. The elders were often seen as repositories of knowledge and tradition, their life experiences granting them insight into the divine and human affairs. This respect for elders is echoed throughout Scripture, such as in Proverbs 16:31, which states, "Gray hair is a crown of glory; it is gained in a righteous life." The emphasis here is on the collective wisdom that comes with age, suggesting that the counsel of the elders should be heeded.

are on our side
This phrase indicates alignment and support. In the context of Job's discourse with his friends, it suggests that the wisdom of the elders supports the arguments being made against Job. The Hebrew word for "side" (עִמָּנוּ, immanu) implies presence and solidarity. This reflects a cultural understanding that truth and righteousness are often confirmed by the consensus of the wise and experienced. It underscores the belief that divine wisdom is often revealed through communal discernment rather than individual insight.

men much older than your father
This phrase serves to further emphasize the authority and credibility of the elders. The comparison to Job's father highlights the generational depth of wisdom being referenced. In ancient times, lineage and ancestry were significant, and the mention of "your father" (אָבִיךָ, avikha) would resonate with Job, reminding him of the respect due to those who have lived through many seasons of life. This appeal to tradition and ancestral wisdom is a common theme in the Bible, where the faith and experiences of forebears are often invoked to guide current and future generations.

Are the consolations of God
The phrase "consolations of God" refers to the comfort and solace that God provides to His people. In the Hebrew text, the word for "consolations" is "תַּנְחוּמוֹת" (tanchumot), which is derived from the root "נחם" (nacham), meaning to comfort or to console. This suggests a deep, divine comfort that surpasses human understanding. Historically, God's consolations are seen throughout the Scriptures, where He provides peace and reassurance to His people in times of distress. The rhetorical question posed here by Eliphaz implies that Job should find sufficient comfort in God's presence and promises, which are consistently portrayed as reliable and steadfast throughout biblical history.

not enough for you
This phrase challenges Job's perceived dissatisfaction with the divine comfort offered to him. The Hebrew word for "enough" is "מְעַט" (me'at), which can also mean "little" or "insufficient." Eliphaz is questioning Job's spiritual state, suggesting that Job's expectations or desires might be misaligned with the reality of God's provision. From a conservative Christian perspective, this can be seen as a call to trust in God's sufficiency, echoing the New Testament teaching that God's grace is sufficient (2 Corinthians 12:9). It invites believers to reflect on their own contentment with God's provision in their lives.

even words spoken gently to you?
The phrase "words spoken gently" highlights the manner in which God communicates with His people. The Hebrew word for "gently" is "לָאַט" (laat), which conveys a sense of softness or tenderness. This suggests that God's approach to comforting His people is not harsh or overbearing but is characterized by kindness and compassion. In the broader scriptural context, God's gentle words can be seen in His interactions with figures like Elijah (1 Kings 19:12) and in the teachings of Jesus, who often spoke with compassion and understanding. This phrase serves as a reminder of the nature of God's communication—one that is patient and loving, encouraging believers to listen for His still, small voice amidst life's challenges.

Why has your heart carried you away
The Hebrew word for "heart" here is "לֵב" (lev), which often signifies the inner man, mind, will, or understanding. In the ancient Near Eastern context, the heart was seen as the seat of emotion and thought, much like the modern understanding of the mind. Eliphaz, the speaker in this verse, is questioning Job's emotional and intellectual state, suggesting that Job's heart has led him astray from wisdom and righteousness. From a conservative Christian perspective, this phrase can be seen as a caution against allowing emotions to override faith and reason. It serves as a reminder to guard one's heart, as Proverbs 4:23 advises, "Above all else, guard your heart, for everything you do flows from it."

and why do your eyes flash
The imagery of "eyes flash" in Hebrew is "יָרְזוּ עֵינֶיךָ" (yarzu einecha), which can imply anger, defiance, or intense emotion. In the cultural and historical context of the Bible, the eyes were often seen as windows to the soul, revealing one's inner thoughts and feelings. Eliphaz is accusing Job of displaying a rebellious spirit, as if his eyes are betraying an inner turmoil or defiance against God. From a conservative Christian viewpoint, this phrase underscores the importance of maintaining a demeanor that reflects inner peace and trust in God, even amidst trials. It echoes the biblical principle found in Matthew 6:22, "The eye is the lamp of the body. If your eyes are healthy, your whole body will be full of light." This suggests that one's outlook and attitude should be aligned with faith and righteousness, ensuring that one's actions and expressions are a testament to their trust in God's sovereignty.

as you turn your spirit against God
The phrase "as you turn your spirit against God" is a profound accusation made by Eliphaz against Job. The Hebrew word for "spirit" here is "ruach," which can mean breath, wind, or spirit. In the context of the Old Testament, "ruach" often signifies the life force or the inner being of a person. Eliphaz is suggesting that Job's inner being, his very essence, is in rebellion against God. This accusation is significant because it implies a deliberate and conscious decision to oppose the divine will. Historically, this reflects the ancient Near Eastern understanding of piety, where one's spirit was expected to be in harmony with the divine order. Eliphaz's words are a reminder of the importance of aligning one's inner self with God's purposes, a theme that resonates throughout the wisdom literature of the Bible.

and pour such words from your mouth?
The imagery of "pouring" words from one's mouth suggests an uncontrolled and abundant flow, akin to a stream or river. The Hebrew verb used here can imply a gushing forth, indicating that Job's words are not only numerous but also intense and possibly reckless. In the cultural and historical context of the Ancient Near East, words held immense power and were seen as a reflection of one's inner state. The mouth, as the instrument of speech, was believed to reveal the heart's condition. Eliphaz's critique is that Job's words are not just expressions of personal anguish but are seen as an affront to God. This serves as a cautionary note on the power of speech and the responsibility that comes with it, echoing the biblical principle that life and death are in the power of the tongue (Proverbs 18:21). The challenge for believers is to ensure that their words, even in times of distress, reflect faith and trust in God's sovereignty.

What is man
The Hebrew word for "man" here is "אֱנוֹשׁ" (enosh), which often emphasizes the frailty and mortality of humanity. This term is used to remind us of the inherent limitations and weaknesses of human beings. In the context of Job, it underscores the vast difference between God's holiness and human imperfection. The rhetorical question invites reflection on the nature of humanity, emphasizing that humans, in their fallen state, cannot achieve purity on their own.

that he should be pure
The word "pure" in Hebrew is "זַךְ" (zak), which means clean or innocent. In the biblical context, purity often refers to moral and spiritual cleanliness. This phrase challenges the notion that humans can attain purity through their own efforts. It points to the need for divine intervention and grace, as true purity is a state that can only be achieved through a relationship with God. The rhetorical nature of the question suggests that human purity is unattainable without God's sanctifying work.

or one born of woman
This phrase emphasizes the natural human condition, highlighting the fact that all humans are born into a fallen world. The reference to being "born of woman" is a reminder of the original sin that affects all of humanity from birth. It underscores the idea that human nature is inherently flawed and in need of redemption. This phrase serves to remind readers of the universal need for a Savior, as all are born into sin and cannot achieve righteousness on their own.

that he should be righteous
The Hebrew word for "righteous" is "צַדִּיק" (tsaddiq), which denotes being just or morally upright. In the biblical narrative, righteousness is often associated with living in accordance with God's laws and commands. This phrase questions the possibility of human righteousness apart from divine assistance. It highlights the biblical truth that righteousness is not something humans can earn; rather, it is imputed by God through faith. This aligns with the conservative Christian perspective that emphasizes justification by faith and the transformative power of God's grace.

If God puts no trust
The phrase "If God puts no trust" suggests a profound theological assertion about the nature of divine trust and the inherent limitations of created beings. The Hebrew root for "trust" here is "בָּטַח" (batach), which conveys a sense of confidence or reliance. In the context of Job, this phrase underscores the idea that even the most exalted beings in creation are not entirely reliable or trustworthy in the eyes of an all-knowing God. This reflects a conservative Christian understanding of human and angelic fallibility, emphasizing that ultimate trust and faith should be placed solely in God, who is infallible and omniscient.

in His holy ones
The term "holy ones" refers to beings set apart by God, often interpreted as angels or celestial beings. The Hebrew word "קְדוֹשִׁים" (qedoshim) is used here, which denotes sanctity and separation for divine purposes. This phrase highlights the transcendence and purity expected of those who serve God directly. However, the assertion that God does not place trust even in these holy ones serves to remind believers of the vast chasm between the Creator and His creation, reinforcing the conservative Christian view of God's unparalleled holiness and the need for humility among His creatures.

and the heavens
The mention of "the heavens" brings to mind the vast, awe-inspiring expanse of the sky and the celestial realm. In Hebrew, "שָׁמַיִם" (shamayim) is often used to describe both the physical sky and the spiritual realm where God dwells. This duality serves as a reminder of the majesty and mystery of God's creation. In the context of Job, the heavens symbolize the highest order of creation, yet even they are subject to God's scrutiny and judgment, illustrating the conservative Christian belief in God's sovereignty over all creation.

are not pure
The phrase "are not pure" speaks to the inherent imperfection found even in the most exalted parts of creation. The Hebrew root "טָהֵר" (taher) means to be clean or pure, often used in ceremonial contexts. This suggests that, despite their grandeur, the heavens themselves fall short of God's perfect standard. This aligns with the conservative Christian doctrine of the fall, which posits that all creation has been tainted by sin and imperfection, necessitating divine redemption and restoration.

in His sight
The phrase "in His sight" emphasizes God's omniscience and His ability to perceive all things as they truly are. The Hebrew word "עֵינַיִם" (einayim) refers to eyes or sight, symbolizing God's penetrating vision that sees beyond outward appearances. This serves as a sobering reminder that nothing is hidden from God, and all creation is subject to His righteous judgment. For conservative Christians, this underscores the importance of living a life of integrity and accountability before a God who sees and knows all.

how much less man
This phrase is a rhetorical device used by Eliphaz to emphasize the inherent sinfulness and frailty of humanity compared to the purity and majesty of God. In the Hebrew text, the word for "man" is "אֱנוֹשׁ" (enosh), which often denotes human weakness and mortality. This highlights the contrast between the divine and the human, underscoring the belief that humans, in their fallen state, are far removed from the holiness of God. The phrase serves to remind readers of the biblical theme of human depravity and the need for divine grace.

who is vile and corrupt
The Hebrew words here, "נִתְעָב" (nit'av) for "vile" and "נִתְעָב" (nit'av) for "corrupt," convey a sense of moral repugnance and decay. These terms are used to describe the moral state of humanity post-Fall, reflecting the biblical narrative of sin entering the world through Adam and Eve. The repetition of the word "נִתְעָב" (nit'av) emphasizes the depth of human sinfulness. This description aligns with the conservative Christian understanding of original sin, which posits that all humans inherit a sinful nature and are in need of redemption through Christ.

who drinks injustice like water
This vivid metaphor illustrates the ease and naturalness with which humans commit sin. In the ancient Near Eastern context, water was a basic necessity, essential for life and consumed daily. By comparing the consumption of injustice to drinking water, the text suggests that sin is an intrinsic part of human existence, as natural and frequent as drinking. The Hebrew word for "injustice" is "עַוְלָה" (avlah), which encompasses a range of wrongdoings, including moral and ethical violations. This imagery serves to convict the reader of the pervasive nature of sin and the need for constant vigilance and reliance on God's righteousness.

Listen to me
This phrase is a call to attention, urging the listener to focus on the speaker's words. In the Hebrew context, the word "listen" (שְׁמַע, shema) carries a deeper meaning than mere auditory reception; it implies obedience and understanding. The speaker, Eliphaz, is asserting his authority and experience, suggesting that what he is about to say is of great importance. In the broader biblical narrative, listening is often associated with wisdom and the fear of the Lord (Proverbs 1:5, 9:10).

and I will inform you
The promise to "inform" suggests a transfer of knowledge or wisdom. The Hebrew root for "inform" (נָגַד, nagad) means to make known or declare. Eliphaz positions himself as a bearer of truth, implying that his insights are valuable and should be heeded. This reflects the ancient Near Eastern tradition where elders and wise men were seen as custodians of knowledge, often sharing insights gained through experience and observation.

I will describe
The act of describing involves providing a detailed account or explanation. The Hebrew word used here (סָפַר, saphar) can also mean to recount or to tell. Eliphaz is preparing to share his observations, which he believes are grounded in reality and experience. This reflects the oral tradition of the time, where accounts and teachings were passed down through generations by word of mouth, emphasizing the importance of accurate and vivid storytelling.

what I have seen
This phrase underscores the personal experience and eyewitness testimony of Eliphaz. The Hebrew root for "seen" (רָאָה, ra'ah) implies not just physical sight but also perception and understanding. Eliphaz claims authority based on his direct observations, suggesting that his insights are not merely theoretical but grounded in reality. In the context of the Book of Job, this highlights the tension between human understanding and divine wisdom, as Job's friends often rely on their own experiences to interpret Job's suffering, sometimes missing the broader divine perspective.

What wise men have declared
This phrase emphasizes the importance of wisdom passed down through generations. In the Hebrew context, "wise men" refers to those who have gained understanding through experience and divine revelation. The Hebrew word for "wise" is "חֲכָמִים" (chakhamim), which implies not just intelligence but a deep, God-given insight into life and its mysteries. Historically, wisdom literature in the Bible, including the Book of Job, is a collection of teachings and sayings that convey moral and spiritual truths. This phrase suggests that the insights being shared are not new but are rooted in the collective understanding of those who have walked closely with God.

and did not hide
The act of not hiding wisdom indicates transparency and a willingness to share divine truths with others. In the ancient Near Eastern culture, wisdom was often considered a treasure, and sharing it was seen as a noble act. The Hebrew word "כָּחַשׁ" (kachash) means to deny or hide, suggesting that these wise men were faithful stewards of the knowledge they received. This openness is a call to believers to be bold in sharing the truths of God, ensuring that His wisdom is accessible to all who seek it.

from their fathers
This phrase underscores the generational transmission of wisdom. The Hebrew word "אָבוֹת" (avot) refers to fathers or ancestors, highlighting the patriarchal nature of wisdom transmission in biblical times. It reflects a deep respect for tradition and the teachings of those who have gone before. In a conservative Christian perspective, this emphasizes the importance of honoring and learning from the spiritual heritage passed down through the family and the faith community. It is a reminder that the truths of God are timeless and are to be cherished and preserved for future generations.

to whom alone
This phrase emphasizes exclusivity and divine selection. In the context of the Hebrew people, it reflects the unique covenant relationship between God and the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. The Hebrew root word for "alone" (לְבַדָּם, levaddam) underscores the idea of being set apart, which is a recurring theme in the Old Testament. This exclusivity is not just about possession but about a special calling and responsibility to uphold God's laws and reflect His character to the nations.

the land was given
The land, in biblical terms, often refers to the Promised Land, Canaan, which God promised to Abraham and his descendants. The Hebrew word for "given" (נָתַן, natan) implies a gift or grant, highlighting God's sovereignty and grace. This land was not earned by the people but was a divine inheritance, symbolizing God's faithfulness to His promises. The land is a central theme in the Old Testament, representing not just physical territory but also spiritual rest and blessing.

when no foreigner passed among them
This phrase suggests a time of purity and undisturbed possession, likely referring to the patriarchal period before the Israelites were influenced by surrounding nations. The Hebrew word for "foreigner" (זָר, zar) denotes someone who is not part of the covenant community. Historically, this could point to the era of the patriarchs, such as Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, when the land was relatively free from external influences. It underscores the idea of a divinely ordained period of sanctity and separation, where the people could focus on their relationship with God without the distractions or corruptions of foreign cultures.

A wicked man
The term "wicked" in Hebrew is "רָשָׁע" (rasha), which denotes someone who is morally wrong, guilty, or an enemy of God. In the context of the Book of Job, this term is used to describe those who live in opposition to God's laws and principles. The wicked man is often portrayed as one who is self-centered, disregarding the divine order and justice. This phrase sets the stage for understanding the consequences of living a life contrary to God's will, emphasizing the moral and spiritual decay that accompanies such a lifestyle.

writhes in pain
The Hebrew word for "writhes" is "מְחוֹלֵל" (mecholel), which conveys a sense of twisting or contorting in agony. This vivid imagery suggests not only physical suffering but also emotional and spiritual turmoil. The pain experienced by the wicked is not just a momentary affliction but a continual state of distress. This reflects the biblical principle that sin leads to suffering, and those who reject God's ways will inevitably face the consequences of their actions.

all his days
This phrase underscores the perpetual nature of the wicked man's suffering. It is not limited to a single event or period but extends throughout his entire life. The constancy of this pain serves as a reminder of the enduring impact of sin and the absence of peace for those who live apart from God. In a broader theological context, it highlights the contrast between the fleeting pleasures of sin and the eternal peace found in righteousness.

only a few years
The brevity of life is a recurring theme in Scripture, and this phrase emphasizes the short-lived nature of the wicked man's existence. The Hebrew word "שָׁנִים" (shanim) for "years" suggests a limited time frame, reinforcing the idea that the wicked will not endure. This serves as a sobering reminder of the temporal nature of earthly life and the importance of living in accordance with God's will.

are reserved
The concept of "reserved" in Hebrew is "צָפוּן" (tzafun), which implies something that is hidden or stored up. This suggests that the consequences of the wicked man's actions are predetermined and inevitable. It reflects the biblical understanding of divine justice, where God, in His sovereignty, ensures that each person reaps what they sow. The reserved years for the wicked are marked by divine judgment and the fulfillment of God's righteous decrees.

for the ruthless
The term "ruthless" in Hebrew is "עָרִיץ" (aritz), which describes someone who is violent, oppressive, and devoid of compassion. This word paints a picture of a person who exploits others for personal gain, showing no regard for justice or mercy. The ruthless are often seen as the epitome of human depravity, and their actions are in direct opposition to the character of God. This phrase serves as a warning that those who live by such principles will ultimately face divine retribution.

Sounds of terror
The Hebrew word for "sounds" here is "קוֹל" (qol), which often refers to a voice or noise. In the context of Job, this phrase suggests an overwhelming sense of dread and fear that permeates the life of the wicked. The "terror" is not just an external threat but an internal turmoil, reflecting the spiritual and emotional consequences of living apart from God's righteousness. Historically, this aligns with the ancient Near Eastern understanding of divine retribution, where internal peace is disrupted by one's moral failings.

fill his ears
The phrase "fill his ears" indicates a complete and unavoidable presence of fear. The Hebrew verb "מָלֵא" (male) means to fill or to be full, suggesting that the wicked cannot escape the consequences of their actions. This imagery is powerful, as it implies that the wicked are constantly bombarded by the repercussions of their sins, leaving no room for peace or solace. In a spiritual sense, this serves as a warning that living in opposition to God's will results in a life filled with anxiety and unrest.

in his prosperity
The word "prosperity" is translated from the Hebrew "שַׁלְוָה" (shalvah), which denotes a state of ease or security. This phrase highlights the irony that even in times of apparent success and comfort, the wicked are not immune to fear and destruction. From a conservative Christian perspective, this serves as a reminder that true security and peace come only from a right relationship with God, not from material wealth or earthly success.

the destroyer
The term "destroyer" is derived from the Hebrew "שׁוֹדֵד" (shoded), which refers to a marauder or one who lays waste. This figure represents the inevitable judgment and calamity that befalls those who live in defiance of God's laws. In the broader biblical narrative, the "destroyer" can be seen as a metaphor for the consequences of sin, which ultimately lead to spiritual and sometimes physical ruin.

attacks him
The verb "attacks" comes from the Hebrew "בָּא" (ba), meaning to come or to arrive. This suggests an unavoidable confrontation with the consequences of one's actions. The imagery here is of an unexpected and forceful encounter, emphasizing the suddenness and inevitability of divine justice. In the context of Job, it serves as a sobering reminder that no amount of earthly success can shield one from the moral and spiritual laws established by God.

He despairs of his return from darkness
He despairs
The Hebrew word used here is "ya'ash," which conveys a sense of hopelessness or giving up. In the context of Job, this reflects the deep emotional and spiritual turmoil that Job is experiencing. The word suggests a complete loss of hope, which is a powerful statement about the human condition when faced with overwhelming suffering. From a conservative Christian perspective, this highlights the importance of faith and trust in God, even when circumstances seem dire. It serves as a reminder that despair is a natural human response, but it is not the end of the account for those who trust in God.

of his return
The phrase "his return" implies a longing for restoration or a return to a former state of well-being. In the Hebrew context, the word "shub" is often used, which means to turn back or return. This reflects Job's desire to be restored to his previous state of health, prosperity, and favor with God. It underscores the biblical theme of restoration and redemption, which is central to the Christian faith. The hope of return is a powerful motivator for believers, reminding them that God is a God of restoration.

from darkness
The term "darkness" in Hebrew is "choshek," which can refer to both physical darkness and metaphorical darkness, such as ignorance, evil, or distress. In Job's context, it symbolizes the deep suffering and confusion he is experiencing. Darkness is often used in Scripture to represent separation from God or a lack of understanding. However, the Bible also promises that God is light and in Him, there is no darkness at all (1 John 1:5). This contrast serves to inspire believers to seek God's light in times of darkness, trusting that He will guide them through their trials.

he is marked for the sword
he is marked
The phrase "he is marked" suggests a sense of being singled out or destined for a particular fate. In Hebrew, the word "tsaphan" can mean to hide or treasure up, but in this context, it implies being set apart for judgment or destruction. This reflects the belief that Job feels targeted by God or fate, which is a common theme in his lamentations. For conservative Christians, this serves as a reminder of the reality of spiritual warfare and the importance of remaining steadfast in faith, knowing that God ultimately holds the power over life and death.

for the sword
The "sword" is a powerful biblical symbol of judgment and destruction. In ancient times, the sword was a common instrument of war and execution, representing the ultimate form of human judgment. In the Hebrew Bible, the sword often symbolizes divine judgment. For Job, being marked for the sword signifies a sense of impending doom and divine retribution. However, from a Christian perspective, it also points to the hope of salvation through Jesus Christ, who bore the sword of judgment on behalf of humanity. This serves as a reminder of the grace and mercy available to all who believe in Him.

He wanders about
The Hebrew root for "wanders" is "נָדַד" (nadad), which conveys a sense of restlessness and aimlessness. In the context of Job, this wandering reflects a spiritual and existential dislocation. Job, once a man of stability and prosperity, now finds himself in a state of confusion and uncertainty. This imagery can be seen as a metaphor for the human condition when separated from divine guidance. It serves as a reminder of the importance of seeking God’s direction in times of trial and the dangers of spiritual aimlessness.

as food for vultures
The phrase "food for vultures" is a vivid depiction of vulnerability and impending doom. In ancient Near Eastern culture, vultures were seen as scavengers, often associated with death and decay. The Hebrew word "עֹרֵב" (orev) can refer to any bird of prey, emphasizing the inevitability of death for those who are spiritually lost. This imagery underscores the dire consequences of living without God’s protection and the spiritual desolation that can ensue. It serves as a stark warning of the fate awaiting those who stray from righteousness.

he knows
The word "knows" in Hebrew is "יָדַע" (yada), which implies a deep, intimate understanding or awareness. This suggests that the individual is acutely aware of their dire situation. In the context of Job, it reflects an inner realization of the gravity of his circumstances. This awareness can be seen as a call to repentance and a return to God, acknowledging one's need for divine intervention and mercy.

the day of darkness
"Day of darkness" is a powerful phrase that evokes images of judgment and despair. The Hebrew word for "darkness" is "חֹשֶׁךְ" (choshech), often used in the Bible to symbolize chaos, evil, and divine judgment. This phrase serves as a reminder of the ultimate accountability before God and the spiritual darkness that can envelop those who turn away from Him. It is a call to remain steadfast in faith, trusting in God’s light to guide through the darkest times.

is at hand
The phrase "is at hand" indicates immediacy and urgency. The Hebrew root "קָרוֹב" (qarov) suggests something that is near or imminent. This serves as a warning of the pressing nature of spiritual realities and the need for immediate action. In the context of Job, it highlights the urgency of turning back to God and seeking His wisdom and guidance. It is a call to live with an awareness of the spiritual dimensions of life and the nearness of God’s presence and judgment.

Distress and anguish
The Hebrew words for "distress" (צָרָה, tsarah) and "anguish" (מְצוּקָה, metsuqah) convey a deep sense of trouble and pressure. In the context of Job, these terms reflect the intense emotional and spiritual turmoil that can afflict a person. Historically, these words are often used in the Old Testament to describe the plight of those who are oppressed or in dire circumstances. From a conservative Christian perspective, this can be seen as a reflection of the human condition in a fallen world, where sin and suffering are prevalent. The believer is reminded of the need for reliance on God during times of distress, as He is the ultimate source of comfort and deliverance.

terrify him
The Hebrew root for "terrify" (בָּעַת, ba'at) suggests a sudden and overwhelming fear. This fear is not just a mild concern but a profound terror that grips the heart. In the narrative of Job, this terror can be seen as the fear of divine judgment or the overwhelming nature of life's trials. For the Christian, this serves as a reminder of the fear of the Lord, which is the beginning of wisdom (Proverbs 9:10). It also points to the importance of faith in God, who can calm our fears and provide peace that surpasses understanding (Philippians 4:7).

overwhelming him
The imagery here is of being completely surrounded or engulfed. The Hebrew word (תְּשָׁעֵר, tesha'er) implies being besieged or overpowered. This can be likened to the spiritual battles that believers face, where the forces of darkness seek to overwhelm and defeat. However, the Christian is encouraged by the truth that God is our fortress and deliverer (Psalm 18:2), and that in Christ, we are more than conquerors (Romans 8:37).

like a king poised to attack
The comparison to a king ready for battle evokes a sense of imminent and powerful threat. In ancient times, a king leading an army was a formidable force, symbolizing authority and might. This phrase can be understood as the relentless nature of trials and temptations that seek to dominate our lives. Yet, for the believer, it also serves as a reminder of the ultimate King, Jesus Christ, who has already won the victory over sin and death. Christians are called to stand firm in this victory, knowing that the battle belongs to the Lord (1 Samuel 17:47).

For he has stretched out his hand
The phrase "stretched out his hand" is a vivid depiction of rebellion and defiance. In the Hebrew context, the hand symbolizes power and action. To stretch out one's hand against someone, especially against God, indicates a deliberate act of aggression or opposition. This imagery is often used in the Old Testament to describe acts of war or hostility (e.g., Exodus 7:5). Theologically, it suggests a conscious decision to oppose divine authority, highlighting the severity of the sinner's pride and rebellion.

against God
The term "God" here is translated from the Hebrew "El," which emphasizes God's might and power. In the context of Job, this underscores the audacity and futility of human rebellion against the Creator. Historically, the ancient Near Eastern cultures recognized the futility of opposing their deities, yet here, the text illustrates the extreme arrogance of the wicked who dare to challenge the supreme authority of the universe. This serves as a warning against the pride that blinds individuals to their own limitations and the sovereignty of God.

and has vaunted himself
To "vaunt" oneself means to boast or exalt oneself arrogantly. The Hebrew root word "gadal" conveys the idea of making oneself great or magnifying oneself. This phrase captures the essence of pride, which is a central theme in the Book of Job. Pride leads individuals to elevate themselves above their rightful place, often resulting in a distorted view of their relationship with God and others. Scripturally, pride is consistently condemned as it leads to downfall (Proverbs 16:18), and this verse serves as a reminder of the dangers of self-exaltation.

against the Almighty
The term "Almighty" is translated from the Hebrew "Shaddai," a name for God that emphasizes His ultimate power and authority. This name is used frequently in the Book of Job, underscoring God's sovereignty and the futility of human defiance. The historical and scriptural context of "Shaddai" reflects a God who is not only powerful but also sufficient and nurturing, as seen in His covenant relationship with the patriarchs. The juxtaposition of human pride against the Almighty highlights the absurdity and danger of attempting to rival God's authority, serving as a call to humility and reverence before the Creator.

defiantly
The word "defiantly" suggests an attitude of bold resistance or rebellion. In the Hebrew context, this term conveys a sense of arrogance and pride. It reflects the human tendency to oppose God’s will, reminiscent of the original sin in the Garden of Eden where Adam and Eve defied God's command. This defiance is a recurring theme throughout Scripture, illustrating the struggle between human pride and divine authority.

charging
The term "charging" implies an aggressive, forward motion, often used in military contexts. In the ancient Near Eastern culture, this would evoke the image of a warrior rushing into battle. Spiritually, it symbolizes the futile attempts of humans to confront or oppose God’s omnipotence. This action is not just physical but also represents a spiritual rebellion against divine order.

against Him
"Against Him" clearly identifies the object of defiance and aggression as God Himself. This phrase underscores the audacity and folly of opposing the Creator. Biblically, it is a reminder of the countless narratives where individuals or nations set themselves against God, only to face inevitable defeat. It serves as a cautionary tale of the consequences of setting oneself against the Almighty.

with a thick, strong shield
The imagery of "a thick, strong shield" conveys a sense of self-reliance and false security. In ancient warfare, a shield was a primary means of defense, symbolizing protection and strength. However, in this context, it highlights the futility of human defenses against divine power. The shield, no matter how strong, is inadequate against God’s might. This phrase serves as a metaphor for the false securities people cling to when they reject God’s sovereignty.

Though his face is covered with fat
In the Hebrew text, the word for "face" is "פָּנִים" (panim), which often signifies presence or countenance. The imagery of a face "covered with fat" suggests prosperity and abundance, as fatness in ancient Near Eastern culture was often associated with wealth and well-being. However, in the context of Eliphaz's speech, this phrase is used pejoratively to imply self-indulgence and moral corruption. The "covering" of fat symbolizes a spiritual blindness or insensitivity, where the individual is so consumed by material wealth that they become oblivious to their spiritual state. This serves as a warning against allowing physical prosperity to obscure one's need for God and righteousness.

and his waistline bulges with flesh
The Hebrew word for "waistline" is "מָתְנַיִם" (motnayim), which refers to the loins or the midsection of the body. The "bulging with flesh" further emphasizes the theme of excess and indulgence. In the ancient world, a bulging waistline was a sign of overconsumption and lack of discipline. Eliphaz uses this imagery to criticize what he perceives as Job's arrogance and self-satisfaction. Historically, this reflects a broader biblical theme where physical excess is often linked to spiritual decline. The bulging waistline serves as a metaphor for a life that is out of balance, prioritizing earthly pleasures over spiritual health. This phrase challenges believers to examine their own lives for areas where they may be prioritizing the temporal over the eternal, urging a return to spiritual discipline and humility before God.

He has lived
The phrase "He has lived" suggests a settled existence, indicating a choice or a consequence of dwelling in a particular state. In the Hebrew context, the verb often implies not just physical residence but a deeper, existential condition. This reflects the spiritual and moral desolation of the wicked, who choose to dwell in places devoid of God's presence and blessing.

in desolate cities
"Desolate cities" evokes imagery of abandonment and ruin. Historically, cities that were once thriving but became desolate often did so due to divine judgment or human folly. In the Hebrew Bible, desolation is frequently a consequence of turning away from God. This phrase serves as a metaphor for the spiritual barrenness that results from a life lived apart from divine wisdom and guidance.

in houses no one would inhabit
This phrase underscores the idea of complete abandonment. "Houses no one would inhabit" suggests places that are not only physically uninhabitable but also spiritually unwelcoming. In ancient times, a house was a symbol of security and community. The absence of inhabitants signifies a loss of fellowship and divine favor, highlighting the isolation that sin brings.

which were destined to become rubble
The phrase "destined to become rubble" speaks to the inevitable outcome of a life built on ungodly foundations. In the Hebrew tradition, the concept of destiny often intertwines with divine justice. The imagery of rubble signifies total destruction, a common theme in prophetic literature where cities and structures fall due to moral decay. This serves as a warning of the ultimate futility and destruction that awaits those who reject God's ways.

He will no longer be rich
This phrase speaks to the transient nature of earthly wealth. In the Hebrew context, the word for "rich" (עָשִׁיר, 'ashir) often denotes not just material wealth but also a sense of security and status. Eliphaz, the speaker in this passage, is emphasizing that the wicked cannot rely on their riches for lasting security. From a conservative Christian perspective, this aligns with the teachings of Jesus in the New Testament, where He warns against storing up treasures on earth (Matthew 6:19-21). The impermanence of wealth serves as a reminder to place trust in God rather than in material possessions.

his wealth will not endure
The Hebrew word for "endure" (קוּם, qum) implies standing firm or being established. Eliphaz is asserting that the wealth of the wicked is unstable and will not last. Historically, this reflects the ancient Near Eastern understanding of divine justice, where prosperity was often seen as a sign of God's favor, and its loss as a sign of divine disapproval. In a broader scriptural context, this echoes the wisdom literature's theme that true security comes from righteousness and a relationship with God, not from material abundance.

His possessions will not spread over the land
The imagery here is of possessions expanding or covering the land, suggesting growth and influence. The Hebrew word for "spread" (נָטָה, natah) can mean to stretch out or extend. Eliphaz is conveying that the wicked will not see their influence or legacy expand. This is a stark reminder of the limitations of human ambition when it is not aligned with God's purposes. In the biblical narrative, the land often symbolizes God's promise and blessing, and the inability of the wicked to spread their possessions over it underscores the futility of seeking fulfillment apart from God. This serves as an encouragement to believers to seek first the kingdom of God, trusting that true and lasting prosperity comes from Him.

He will not escape the darkness
The phrase "He will not escape the darkness" speaks to the inevitable judgment and consequences of wickedness. In the Hebrew context, "darkness" often symbolizes chaos, evil, or divine judgment. The Hebrew word for darkness, "ḥōšeḵ," is used throughout the Old Testament to denote a lack of God's presence or blessing. Historically, darkness was feared as it represented the unknown and the absence of light, which is often associated with God's truth and guidance. This phrase serves as a warning that those who live in opposition to God's ways cannot avoid the repercussions of their actions.

the flame will wither his shoots
"The flame will wither his shoots" uses agricultural imagery to convey destruction and loss. The "flame" symbolizes God's purifying judgment, reminiscent of the refining fire mentioned in other scriptural contexts. The Hebrew word for flame, "lehāḇâ," suggests a consuming fire that leaves nothing untouched. "Shoots" refer to new growth or offspring, indicating that the wicked man's legacy or future will be cut off. This imagery would resonate with an agrarian society that understood the devastation fire could bring to crops and livelihood. It underscores the futility of the wicked's efforts to prosper apart from God.

and the breath of his mouth will depart
The phrase "and the breath of his mouth will depart" signifies the end of life and vitality. In Hebrew, "breath" (ruaḥ) is often synonymous with life or spirit, given by God and returning to Him upon death. This phrase highlights the transient nature of human life and the ultimate sovereignty of God over life and death. The departure of breath signifies not just physical death but also the cessation of influence and power. In a broader theological context, it serves as a reminder of human mortality and the need for reliance on God's eternal life-giving spirit.

Let him not deceive himself
The phrase begins with a caution against self-deception. In Hebrew, the root word for "deceive" is "תָּעָה" (ta'ah), which conveys the idea of wandering or going astray. This suggests a deliberate or unconscious departure from truth. In the context of Job, Eliphaz warns against the folly of self-deception, which is a common theme in wisdom literature. The Bible consistently teaches that self-deception leads to spiritual and moral peril, urging believers to seek truth and wisdom from God.

with trust in emptiness
The word "trust" in Hebrew is "בָּטַח" (batach), meaning to rely on or have confidence in. The object of this trust, "emptiness," is translated from "שָׁוְא" (shav), which denotes vanity, falsehood, or worthlessness. This phrase warns against placing confidence in things that are ultimately unsubstantial or deceptive. Historically, this could refer to idolatry or reliance on wealth and power, which are fleeting and unreliable. The Bible frequently contrasts the futility of trusting in worldly things with the steadfastness of trusting in God.

for emptiness will be his reward
The repetition of "emptiness" (shav) emphasizes the futility and inevitable disappointment of such misplaced trust. The term "reward" in Hebrew is "תְּמוּרָה" (temurah), which can mean recompense or exchange. This suggests a divine principle of sowing and reaping, where the outcome of one's actions is directly related to their nature. In a broader scriptural context, this reflects the biblical teaching that those who pursue vanity and falsehood will ultimately reap emptiness and dissatisfaction, while those who seek God will find fulfillment and eternal reward.

It will be paid in full
This phrase suggests the concept of divine justice and retribution. In the Hebrew context, the word "paid" can be linked to the idea of recompense or settlement. Theologically, this reflects the belief that God ensures that justice is served, and the wicked will receive their due punishment. The phrase emphasizes the certainty and completeness of God's judgment, reinforcing the idea that no sin goes unnoticed or unpunished by God.

before his time
The phrase "before his time" indicates an untimely or premature end. In the Hebrew tradition, a full life was often seen as a sign of God's blessing, while a shortened life was viewed as a consequence of sin or divine displeasure. This phrase underscores the belief that those who live in wickedness may face an abrupt end, as their actions lead to consequences that cut their lives short. It serves as a warning that living contrary to God's ways can result in an unexpected and early demise.

and his branch
The "branch" symbolizes offspring or descendants, a common metaphor in the Hebrew Bible. In ancient Israelite culture, having a flourishing family line was considered a blessing and a sign of God's favor. The use of "branch" here suggests that the wicked man's legacy or lineage will suffer as a result of his actions. This metaphor highlights the broader impact of one's sin, affecting not just the individual but also their family and future generations.

will not flourish
The phrase "will not flourish" conveys the idea of barrenness or lack of prosperity. In the agrarian society of ancient Israel, flourishing crops and abundant harvests were seen as signs of divine blessing. Conversely, the absence of flourishing indicates divine judgment and disfavor. This phrase serves as a stark reminder that the wicked will not experience growth or success, either personally or through their descendants, as a consequence of their actions. It reinforces the biblical principle that true prosperity is found in righteousness and obedience to God.

He will be like a vine
The imagery of a vine is deeply rooted in biblical symbolism, often representing prosperity, fruitfulness, and the blessings of God. In the Hebrew context, the vine is a symbol of Israel itself, as seen in passages like Psalm 80:8-16. Here, the vine represents a person or entity that is expected to bear fruit. The use of "He will be like a vine" suggests a potential for growth and productivity that is ultimately unfulfilled. This phrase sets the stage for a discussion on the consequences of failing to live in accordance with God's will, as the vine is stripped of its potential.

stripped of its unripe grapes
The phrase "stripped of its unripe grapes" conveys a sense of loss and unfulfilled potential. In the agricultural society of ancient Israel, grapes were a valuable crop, and unripe grapes signify a harvest that is not yet ready. The Hebrew word for "stripped" can imply a violent or sudden removal, indicating that the loss is not gradual but abrupt and devastating. This imagery serves as a metaphor for the judgment that befalls those who do not follow God's path, resulting in a life that fails to reach its intended purpose or maturity.

like an olive tree
The olive tree is another powerful symbol in the Bible, representing peace, prosperity, and endurance. Olive oil was used for anointing, lighting lamps, and as a staple in the diet, making the olive tree a symbol of sustenance and blessing. In this context, the comparison to an olive tree suggests a life that should be stable and fruitful. However, the subsequent phrase indicates a disruption of this expectation. The olive tree, known for its longevity and productivity, becomes a poignant symbol of what is lost when one turns away from divine wisdom.

that sheds its blossoms
Blossoms on an olive tree are a precursor to fruit, representing the promise of future abundance. The shedding of blossoms, therefore, signifies a failure to produce fruit, a loss of potential, and a disruption in the natural order. In the Hebrew context, this imagery would resonate with the audience, as it speaks to the futility and barrenness that result from a life lived apart from God's guidance. The shedding of blossoms can also be seen as a metaphor for the fleeting nature of human endeavors without divine blessing, emphasizing the importance of remaining rooted in faith and obedience to God.

For the company of the godless
The Hebrew word for "company" here is "עֵדָה" (edah), which can also mean congregation or assembly. This term often refers to a group united by a common purpose or belief. In this context, it highlights the collective nature of those who reject God. The "godless" are those who live without regard for divine authority, often translated from the Hebrew "חָנֵף" (chaneph), meaning profane or impious. Historically, the godless are seen as those who turn away from the covenantal relationship with God, choosing instead a path of self-reliance and moral relativism. This phrase serves as a warning that such a community, lacking divine guidance, is destined for futility.

will be barren
The term "barren" is translated from the Hebrew "עָקָר" (aqar), which means unproductive or fruitless. In the agrarian society of ancient Israel, barrenness was a significant concern, often seen as a sign of divine disfavor. This metaphor extends beyond physical infertility to encompass spiritual and moral barrenness. The godless, despite their efforts, will ultimately produce nothing of lasting value. This barrenness is a direct consequence of their separation from God, who is the source of all true fruitfulness and blessing.

and fire will consume
"Fire" in Hebrew is "אֵשׁ" (esh), a powerful symbol throughout Scripture representing both God's presence and His judgment. Fire is purifying but also destructive, consuming what is impure. The imagery of fire consuming suggests a total and irreversible destruction. In the biblical narrative, fire often signifies divine retribution against sin, as seen in the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah. This phrase underscores the inevitable judgment that awaits those who live in opposition to God's righteous standards.

the tents of bribery
"Tents" (אֹהֶל, ohel) in ancient times were not just physical dwellings but represented one's household or sphere of influence. The "tents of bribery" refer to those who engage in corrupt practices, using deceit and manipulation for personal gain. "Bribery" (שֹׁחַד, shochad) is condemned throughout Scripture as it perverts justice and undermines societal integrity. This phrase highlights the moral decay within the homes and lives of those who prioritize wealth and power over righteousness. The imagery of fire consuming these tents serves as a stark reminder of the temporal nature of ill-gotten gains and the ultimate accountability before God.

They conceive trouble
The phrase "They conceive trouble" uses the metaphor of conception to describe the origin of wickedness. In Hebrew, the word for "conceive" (הָרָה, harah) is often used in the context of pregnancy, indicating the beginning of a process that will inevitably lead to a result. This suggests that the wicked actively plan and nurture their schemes, much like a child is nurtured in the womb. The historical context of Job, a book that delves deeply into the nature of suffering and righteousness, highlights the belief that evil actions are not accidental but are the result of deliberate planning.

and give birth to evil
The continuation of the metaphor with "give birth to evil" emphasizes the fruition of the wicked plans. The Hebrew word for "give birth" (יָלַד, yalad) is a natural progression from conception, indicating that the evil actions are the inevitable outcome of the wicked thoughts and plans. This reflects the biblical principle that actions are the result of inner thoughts and intentions, as seen in other scriptures like James 1:15, which speaks of desire giving birth to sin. The historical context of the Ancient Near East, where familial lineage and birth were significant, underscores the gravity of bringing forth evil as a legacy.

their womb is pregnant with deceit
The imagery of a "womb" being "pregnant with deceit" further develops the metaphor of gestation, suggesting that deceit is deeply embedded within the wicked, growing and developing until it is ready to manifest. The Hebrew word for "deceit" (מִרְמָה, mirmah) implies treachery and falsehood, indicating that the wicked are not only planning evil but are also inherently dishonest. This aligns with the broader biblical narrative that contrasts truth and deceit, as seen in the Psalms and Proverbs, where deceit is often associated with the wicked. The use of the womb as a metaphor also highlights the naturalness and inevitability of this process for those who are wicked, suggesting that deceit is as integral to them as a child is to a mother.