What causes conflicts and quarrels among you?
This phrase opens with a rhetorical question that James uses to engage his audience directly. The Greek word for "conflicts" (πόλεμοι, polemoi) can also be translated as "wars," indicating not just minor disagreements but significant, ongoing strife. Historically, the early Christian communities were diverse, comprising Jews and Gentiles, rich and poor, which often led to tensions. James is addressing these internal divisions, urging believers to reflect on the root causes of their disputes. The term "quarrels" (μάχαι, machai) suggests personal disputes or fights, emphasizing the interpersonal nature of these conflicts. This phrase challenges the reader to consider the source of their discord, pointing towards a deeper, spiritual issue rather than mere external circumstances.

Don’t they come from the passions at war within you?
Here, James identifies the source of conflicts as internal rather than external. The word "passions" (ἡδονῶν, hēdonōn) is derived from the Greek word for pleasures or desires, often associated with hedonism. This suggests that the root of the conflicts is selfish desires and personal gratification. The phrase "at war within you" uses military imagery to describe the internal struggle. The Greek word for "at war" (στρατευομένων, strateuomenōn) implies a continuous, active battle, indicating that these desires are not passive but aggressively seeking dominance within the individual. This internal warfare reflects the broader biblical theme of the flesh warring against the spirit, as seen in Galatians 5:17. James is calling believers to recognize this internal battle and to seek God's wisdom and grace to overcome these destructive desires. This introspective approach encourages a transformation of the heart, aligning one's desires with God's will, fostering peace and unity within the community.

You crave
The Greek word used here is "epithumeite," which conveys a strong desire or longing. In the context of James, this craving is not just a simple want but an intense, often selfish desire that can lead to sin. Historically, this reflects the human condition post-Fall, where desires often become disordered and misaligned with God's will. The Bible consistently warns against unchecked desires, urging believers to align their cravings with God's purposes.

but do not have
This phrase highlights the futility of worldly desires. Despite intense longing, there is an inherent emptiness in pursuing things outside of God's provision. Theologically, this speaks to the insufficiency of material or earthly gains to satisfy the soul's deeper needs. The historical context of James' audience, likely facing economic and social pressures, underscores the temptation to seek fulfillment in the wrong places.

You kill
The Greek word "phoneuete" can mean literal murder or, more broadly, harboring hatred or malice, as Jesus equates hatred with murder in the heart (Matthew 5:21-22). This reflects the destructive potential of unchecked desires, leading to extreme actions. In a historical context, this could also refer to the social and relational "killing" that occurs when people are driven by envy and strife.

and covet
"Zeloute" in Greek, meaning to be zealous or envious. This word captures the idea of an intense, often negative, desire for what others have. Biblically, covetousness is condemned as it leads to discontent and strife, violating the commandment against coveting (Exodus 20:17). Historically, covetousness has been a root of many societal and personal conflicts.

but cannot obtain
This phrase emphasizes the elusive nature of worldly desires. Despite efforts and schemes, true satisfaction remains out of reach. This reflects the biblical teaching that only God can truly fulfill the deepest longings of the human heart. Historically, this would resonate with James' audience, who may have experienced the futility of striving for status or wealth.

You quarrel and fight
The Greek words "machesthe" and "polemeite" suggest ongoing disputes and battles. This reflects the relational breakdowns that occur when desires are unchecked. Biblically, such behavior is contrary to the peace and unity that should characterize the Christian community. Historically, this could refer to actual conflicts within the early church or broader societal tensions.

You do not have because you do not ask God
This phrase underscores the importance of seeking God's provision rather than relying on human effort or manipulation. Theologically, it highlights the necessity of prayer and dependence on God. The historical context suggests that James' audience may have been neglecting prayer, seeking fulfillment through worldly means instead. This serves as a reminder of the power and importance of prayer in aligning our desires with God's will.

When you ask
This phrase indicates the act of prayer or petitioning God. In the Greek, the word used here is "αἰτέω" (aiteo), which means to ask or request. It implies a sense of humility and dependence on God, recognizing Him as the source of all provision. Historically, prayer has been a central practice in the Judeo-Christian tradition, reflecting a relationship with God that is both personal and communal. The act of asking is not merely about presenting requests but is an acknowledgment of God's sovereignty and our reliance on His will.

you do not receive
This part of the verse addresses the outcome of the prayer. The Greek word "λαμβάνω" (lambano) means to receive or take. The implication here is that there is a disconnect between the asking and the receiving. This can be a point of reflection for believers, prompting them to consider the reasons why their prayers might not be answered as expected. It suggests that the issue is not with God's ability to give but with the conditions or motives of the one asking.

because you ask with wrong motives
The phrase "wrong motives" is translated from the Greek "κακῶς" (kakos), meaning badly or with evil intent. This highlights the importance of the heart's condition when approaching God in prayer. The Bible consistently teaches that God looks at the heart (1 Samuel 16:7), and this verse underscores that the purity of one's intentions is crucial. Historically, this has been a call for self-examination among believers, urging them to align their desires with God's will and purposes.

that you may squander it on your pleasures
The word "squander" comes from the Greek "δαπανάω" (dapanao), meaning to spend or waste. The term "pleasures" is translated from "ἡδονή" (hedone), which refers to sensual delight or lust. This phrase warns against the selfish use of God's blessings for personal gratification rather than for His glory. In the broader scriptural context, this serves as a caution against materialism and hedonism, urging believers to seek first the kingdom of God (Matthew 6:33) and to use their resources in ways that honor Him.

You adulteresses!
The term "adulteresses" is a powerful metaphor used by James to describe spiritual unfaithfulness. In the Greek, the word is "μοιχαλίδες" (moichalides), which directly translates to "adulteresses." This term is often used in the Old Testament to describe Israel's unfaithfulness to God, likening it to a wife being unfaithful to her husband (e.g., Hosea 3:1). James uses this imagery to emphasize the severity of turning away from God and aligning with worldly values. It is a call to recognize the covenant relationship believers have with God, akin to a marriage, and the betrayal that occurs when one turns to the world.

Do you not know
This phrase is a rhetorical question, implying that the audience should already be aware of the truth being stated. It suggests a level of accountability and responsibility among believers to understand the implications of their actions. The Greek word "οἴδατε" (oidate) implies an assumed knowledge, indicating that the readers are expected to be familiar with the teachings of Christ and the apostles regarding the dangers of worldliness.

that friendship with the world
"Friendship with the world" refers to adopting the values, desires, and priorities of the secular world, which are often in direct opposition to God's will. The Greek word for "friendship" is "φιλία" (philia), which denotes a deep, affectionate bond. This suggests that aligning oneself with worldly principles is not a casual association but a deep-seated alliance that affects one's spiritual orientation.

is hostility toward God?
The word "hostility" in Greek is "ἔχθρα" (echthra), meaning enmity or hatred. This stark language underscores the incompatibility between worldly values and God's holiness. It is a reminder that one cannot serve two masters (Matthew 6:24) and that choosing the world is a direct affront to God’s sovereignty and righteousness.

Therefore, whoever chooses
The phrase "whoever chooses" highlights the element of free will and personal responsibility in the believer's life. The Greek word "βούληται" (boulētai) indicates a deliberate decision or intention. This emphasizes that believers have the power to choose their allegiance, and with that choice comes significant spiritual consequences.

to be a friend of the world
Again, the term "friend" (φίλος, philos) is used, reinforcing the idea of a close, intentional relationship. This phrase serves as a warning against the allure of worldly acceptance and success, which can lead to spiritual compromise and distance from God.

renders himself an enemy of God
The phrase "renders himself" suggests an active role in becoming opposed to God. The Greek word "καθίσταται" (kathistatai) means to be appointed or established, indicating that this enmity is not accidental but a result of one's choices. Being an "enemy of God" is a grave position, as it places one in opposition to the Creator and Sustainer of life. This serves as a sobering reminder of the eternal implications of our earthly alliances and the call to remain faithful to God above all else.

Or do you think
This phrase challenges the reader to reflect on their understanding and assumptions. The Greek word for "think" (δοκεῖτε, dokeite) implies a consideration or supposition. James is urging believers to critically evaluate their beliefs and attitudes, especially in light of scriptural truths. This rhetorical question sets the stage for a deeper exploration of the heart's inclinations and the divine perspective.

the Scripture says
Here, James refers to the authority of Scripture, which is central to Christian doctrine. The term "Scripture" (γραφὴ, graphē) underscores the sacred writings that are inspired by God. While there is no direct Old Testament quote that matches this verse exactly, James is likely summarizing a biblical principle found throughout Scripture, emphasizing the importance of aligning one's life with God's Word.

without reason
This phrase suggests that the Scriptures are purposeful and intentional. The Greek word "κενῶς" (kenōs) means "in vain" or "without cause." James is affirming that the teachings of Scripture are not arbitrary but are grounded in divine wisdom and truth. This challenges believers to recognize the weight and significance of biblical teachings in their lives.

that the spirit He caused to dwell in us
This part of the verse speaks to the divine action of God placing His Spirit within believers. The "spirit" (πνεῦμα, pneuma) can be understood as the human spirit influenced by God or the Holy Spirit Himself. The phrase "He caused to dwell" (κατῴκισεν, katōkisen) indicates a deliberate act of God, highlighting His intimate involvement in the believer's life. This indwelling is a profound mystery and a testament to God's desire for a personal relationship with His people.

yearns with envy
The word "yearns" (ἐπιποθεῖ, epipothei) conveys a deep, intense longing or desire. The term "envy" (φθόνον, phthonon) can be understood as a zealous desire for something. In this context, it suggests that God's Spirit within us longs for our undivided devotion and fidelity. This reflects the biblical theme of God's jealousy for His people, not in a sinful sense, but as a pure and holy desire for their wholehearted love and commitment.

But He gives us more grace
The phrase "But He gives us more grace" introduces a profound theological truth about God's character and His relationship with humanity. The Greek word for "grace" is "charis," which signifies unmerited favor and divine assistance given to humans for their regeneration and sanctification. In the context of James, this grace is not static but dynamic, continually offered to believers to empower them to overcome worldly desires and live in accordance with God's will. Historically, this concept of grace has been central to Christian doctrine, emphasizing that despite human failings, God's grace is abundant and sufficient to meet every need.

This is why it says
The phrase "This is why it says" indicates that James is about to reference a scriptural principle or teaching. This method of introducing a quotation is common in Jewish rabbinical teaching, where the authority of Scripture is invoked to support a point. It reflects the deep respect for the Hebrew Scriptures that the early Christian community held, seeing them as foundational to understanding God's will and character.

“God opposes the proud
The phrase "God opposes the proud" is a direct reference to Proverbs 3:34. The Greek word for "opposes" is "antitassomai," which means to range in battle against or to resist. This imagery suggests a strong, active stance against pride, which is considered a fundamental sin in biblical teaching. Pride, or "hubris," is seen as a self-reliance that rejects God's authority and grace. Historically, pride has been viewed as the root of many other sins, leading individuals away from God and into self-destructive behaviors.

but gives grace to the humble.”
The phrase "but gives grace to the humble" completes the contrast between the proud and the humble. The Greek word for "humble" is "tapeinos," which denotes lowliness of mind and a recognition of one's dependence on God. In the biblical context, humility is not about self-deprecation but about acknowledging one's need for God and His grace. This humility opens the door to receiving God's grace, which empowers believers to live righteously. The historical and scriptural context underscores that humility is a virtue highly esteemed by God, as it aligns with the character of Christ, who exemplified ultimate humility in His incarnation and sacrifice.

Submit yourselves, then, to God
The phrase "Submit yourselves" comes from the Greek word "hypotassō," which means to arrange under, to subordinate, or to subject oneself. This word carries a military connotation, suggesting a voluntary act of placing oneself under the authority of a higher power. In the context of James 4:7, it implies a conscious decision to align one's will with God's will, acknowledging His sovereignty and lordship. Historically, submission to God was a central theme in the lives of the early Christians, who often faced persecution and needed to rely on divine strength and guidance. This act of submission is not one of defeat but of empowerment, as it opens the believer to the transformative power of God's grace.

Resist the devil
The word "Resist" is translated from the Greek "anthistēmi," meaning to stand against or oppose. This term suggests an active, determined stance against the devil's schemes. The devil, or "diabolos" in Greek, is portrayed in Scripture as the accuser and adversary of believers. Historically, the early church understood the devil as a real and present force of evil, seeking to undermine the faith and integrity of Christians. By resisting the devil, believers are called to stand firm in their faith, using the spiritual armor described in Ephesians 6:10-18. This resistance is not done in human strength but through the power of the Holy Spirit, who enables believers to overcome temptation and evil.

and he will flee from you
The promise "he will flee" is a powerful assurance of victory over evil. The Greek word "pheugō" means to flee or escape, indicating that the devil will retreat when faced with steadfast resistance. This promise is rooted in the authority of Christ, who has already defeated the powers of darkness through His death and resurrection. Historically, this assurance would have been a source of great encouragement to early Christians, who faced spiritual and physical battles. The promise that the devil will flee underscores the power of God working in and through believers, affirming that evil cannot withstand the presence of a life submitted to God and resistant to sin.

Draw near to God
This phrase is an invitation and a command, urging believers to approach God with intention and sincerity. The Greek word for "draw near" is "ἐγγίζω" (engizō), which implies a deliberate action of coming close. Historically, this concept is rooted in the Old Testament, where drawing near to God often involved entering His presence through worship and sacrifice. In the New Covenant, through Christ, believers have direct access to God, emphasizing a personal relationship rather than ritualistic observance. This call to draw near is both a privilege and a responsibility, highlighting the intimacy God desires with His people.

and He will draw near to you
This promise assures believers of God's reciprocal action. The Greek structure suggests a certainty and immediacy in God's response. Theologically, it underscores God's faithfulness and readiness to engage with those who seek Him. This mutual drawing near reflects the covenant relationship between God and His people, where God is always willing to meet us more than halfway. It is a reminder of His grace and the transformative power of His presence in our lives.

Cleanse your hands, you sinners
Here, the call to "cleanse your hands" uses the Greek "καθαρίζω" (katharizō), meaning to purify or make clean. This phrase draws from the Jewish purification rituals, where physical cleanliness symbolized spiritual purity. "You sinners" is a direct address, emphasizing the need for repentance and moral integrity. In a broader scriptural context, it reflects the necessity of turning away from sin and living a life that honors God. This cleansing is not merely external but signifies a deeper, inner purification through repentance and faith.

and purify your hearts, you double-minded
The term "purify" in Greek is "ἁγνίζω" (hagnizō), which conveys the idea of sanctification and setting apart for holy purposes. The heart, in biblical terms, represents the center of one's being, including thoughts, emotions, and will. "Double-minded" translates from "δίψυχος" (dipsychos), meaning having two souls or being indecisive. This phrase calls for an undivided devotion to God, contrasting with the instability of a divided heart. It challenges believers to align their inner life with their outward actions, fostering a consistent and wholehearted faith.

Grieve
The Greek word used here is "talaipōreō," which conveys a sense of deep distress and wretchedness. In the context of James, this call to grieve is a spiritual awakening to the seriousness of sin. Historically, grieving was a public and communal expression of sorrow, often associated with repentance. The call to grieve is a call to recognize the gravity of sin and the separation it causes between humanity and God. It is an invitation to a heartfelt repentance that acknowledges our need for divine grace.

Mourn
The Greek term "pentheō" is used, which means to lament or to feel sorrow. Mourning in the biblical sense often involved rituals such as wearing sackcloth and ashes, signifying humility and penitence. This mourning is not just an emotional response but a spiritual posture that aligns with the Beatitudes, where Jesus says, "Blessed are those who mourn, for they will be comforted" (Matthew 5:4). It is a mourning over personal sin and the brokenness of the world, leading to a deeper reliance on God's mercy.

Weep
The word "klaio" in Greek suggests a loud expression of grief. Weeping is a natural human response to loss and pain, and in this context, it is a call to express genuine sorrow for sin. The act of weeping is a physical manifestation of inner repentance and contrition. In biblical times, weeping was often a communal activity, reflecting shared sorrow and the need for communal repentance and restoration.

Turn your laughter to mourning
This phrase challenges the complacency and superficial joy that can arise from worldly pleasures. The Greek word for laughter, "gelōs," often implies a carefree or mocking attitude. James is urging believers to shift their focus from temporary, worldly happiness to a sober reflection on their spiritual state. This transformation is a call to prioritize eternal values over fleeting pleasures, recognizing that true joy comes from a right relationship with God.

Your joy to gloom
The Greek word for joy, "chara," typically denotes a deep-seated gladness. However, James contrasts this with "katepheia," meaning gloom or heaviness. This is not a call to a life devoid of joy but a redirection of what brings joy. The joy that comes from sinful indulgence or self-satisfaction is to be replaced with a somber awareness of one's spiritual condition. This transformation is essential for genuine repentance and spiritual renewal, leading to the true joy found in Christ.

Humble yourselves
The phrase "Humble yourselves" is a call to action, urging believers to adopt a posture of humility. The Greek word used here is "ταπεινόω" (tapeinoō), which means to make low or bring low. In the context of the early Christian community, humility was a counter-cultural value. The Greco-Roman world often celebrated pride and self-promotion, but the Christian message turned this on its head, emphasizing the importance of recognizing one's own limitations and dependence on God. Humility is not about self-deprecation but about acknowledging God's sovereignty and our need for His grace.

before the Lord
The phrase "before the Lord" signifies the audience and the context of our humility. The Greek word for "before" is "ἐνώπιον" (enōpion), which means in the presence of or in the sight of. This indicates that our humility is not just an outward show for others but is to be genuine and directed towards God. In the historical context of the early church, this was a reminder that God is the ultimate judge and authority. The phrase also echoes the Old Testament understanding of living "before the Lord," as seen in the lives of the patriarchs and prophets who walked with God in reverence and obedience.

and He will exalt you
The promise "and He will exalt you" provides the assurance that God honors those who humble themselves. The Greek word for "exalt" is "ὑψόω" (hypsoō), which means to lift up or raise high. This is a divine action, indicating that exaltation is not something we achieve by our own efforts but is a gift from God. In the scriptural context, this exaltation can be understood both in a spiritual sense—being lifted up in God's favor and grace—and in an eschatological sense, pointing to the ultimate exaltation in the kingdom of heaven. Historically, this promise would have been a source of hope for early Christians facing persecution and marginalization, reminding them that their humility and faithfulness would be rewarded by God in His perfect timing.

Brothers
The term "brothers" (Greek: ἀδελφοί, adelphoi) is a term of endearment and unity, often used by James to address fellow believers in Christ. It emphasizes the familial bond among Christians, suggesting that they are part of a spiritual family. This familial language underscores the expectation of love, support, and mutual respect within the Christian community, reflecting the teachings of Jesus about loving one another as He loved us (John 13:34).

do not slander
The Greek word for "slander" is καταλαλέω (katalaleō), which means to speak against someone in a way that harms their reputation. In the historical context of the early church, slander could cause division and strife within the community. James warns against this behavior, aligning with the broader biblical teaching that emphasizes the power of the tongue (James 3:5-10) and the call to use speech to edify rather than destroy (Ephesians 4:29).

one another
This phrase highlights the reciprocal nature of Christian relationships. The call to avoid slander is not just about individual behavior but about maintaining the integrity and unity of the entire community. It reflects the biblical principle of mutual accountability and the command to love one's neighbor as oneself (Leviticus 19:18; Matthew 22:39).

Anyone who speaks against his brother
This phrase reiterates the seriousness of speaking ill against fellow believers. The repetition of "brother" emphasizes the close relationship and the betrayal involved in slander. It serves as a reminder that such actions are not just personal offenses but violations against the body of Christ.

or judges him
The act of judging here (Greek: κρίνω, krinō) implies making a negative assessment or condemnation of another person. James cautions against assuming a position of moral superiority, which is reserved for God alone. This echoes Jesus' teaching in Matthew 7:1-5 about the dangers of judging others and the importance of self-reflection.

speaks against the law and judges it
By slandering or judging others, one is effectively setting oneself above the law, which is meant to guide behavior. The "law" here likely refers to the royal law of love (James 2:8), which is the fulfillment of the law through love and mercy. To judge others is to challenge the authority and purpose of this divine law.

And if you judge the law
This phrase suggests that by judging others, one is not only critiquing the law but also positioning oneself as an authority over it. This is a grave error, as it implies a rejection of God's wisdom and order. It reflects a heart of pride rather than humility, which is contrary to the Christian call to submit to God's will (James 4:7).

you are not a practitioner of the law
A "practitioner" (Greek: ποιητής, poiētēs) is one who actively lives out the principles of the law. James emphasizes that true faith is demonstrated through action (James 2:14-26). By failing to practice the law of love, one reveals a disconnect between belief and behavior.

but a judge of it
This concluding phrase serves as a stark warning. To become a "judge" of the law is to usurp God's role as the ultimate lawgiver and judge (James 4:12). It is a call to humility, reminding believers that their role is to obey and live out God's commandments, not to critique or alter them according to personal biases.

There is only one Lawgiver and Judge
This phrase emphasizes the singularity and sovereignty of God in His role as the ultimate authority. The Greek word for "Lawgiver" is "νομοθέτης" (nomothetēs), which appears only here in the New Testament, underscoring the unique position of God as the source of divine law. Historically, this reflects the Jewish understanding of God as the giver of the Torah, the law that governed all aspects of life. The term "Judge" (κριτής, kritēs) further establishes God's role in determining righteousness and justice. In a conservative Christian perspective, this highlights the belief in God's ultimate authority over moral and ethical standards, reminding believers that human judgment is limited and fallible.

the One who is able to save and destroy
This phrase speaks to God's omnipotence and His control over life and death. The Greek word for "save" is "σῴζω" (sōzō), which means to deliver or preserve, often used in the context of spiritual salvation. "Destroy" comes from "ἀπόλλυμι" (apollymi), meaning to ruin or bring to an end. This dual capability of God to save and destroy reflects His justice and mercy, central themes in Christian theology. Historically, this would resonate with early Christians who understood salvation as deliverance from sin and destruction as the consequence of rejecting God. It serves as a reminder of the eternal consequences of one's relationship with God.

But who are you to judge your neighbor?
This rhetorical question challenges the reader's presumption in assuming a role reserved for God. The Greek word for "judge" here is "κρίνω" (krinō), which means to separate, distinguish, or decide. The term "neighbor" (πλησίον, plēsion) refers to fellow humans, emphasizing the communal aspect of Christian life. In the historical context of James' audience, this would address issues of division and conflict within the early church. From a conservative Christian viewpoint, this admonition serves as a call to humility and self-reflection, urging believers to refrain from usurping God's role as judge and instead focus on love and understanding within the community.

Come now
This phrase serves as a call to attention, urging the reader or listener to pause and consider the message that follows. In the Greek, "Ἄγε νῦν" (age nyn) is an imperative, suggesting urgency and importance. It is a rhetorical device used by James to engage his audience, drawing them into a moment of reflection and self-examination. Historically, this approach is consistent with the wisdom literature of the Old Testament, where the reader is often called to listen and heed wise counsel.

you who say
This phrase identifies the audience James is addressing—those who make presumptive plans without considering God's will. The Greek "οἱ λέγοντες" (hoi legontes) implies an ongoing action, suggesting that this is a habitual mindset. In the broader scriptural context, this reflects a common human tendency to rely on one's own understanding and plans, reminiscent of Proverbs 3:5-6, which advises trust in the Lord over one's own insight.

Today or tomorrow
These words highlight the immediacy and certainty with which people often plan their lives. The Greek "σήμερον ἢ αὔριον" (sēmeron ē aurion) underscores the presumption of control over time, a concept that is challenged throughout scripture. The historical context of the early Christian church, which faced persecution and uncertainty, would have made this presumption particularly poignant, reminding believers of the transient nature of life.

we will go to this or that city
This phrase reflects the mobility and commercial activity of the time. The Greek "πορευσόμεθα εἰς τήνδε τὴν πόλιν" (poreusometha eis tēnde tēn polin) suggests a confident assertion of future actions. In the historical context of the Roman Empire, travel and trade were common, yet James challenges the assumption that such plans are within human control, pointing instead to the sovereignty of God over all endeavors.

spend a year there
This indicates a specific timeframe for the plans being made. The Greek "ποιήσομεν ἐκεῖ ἐνιαυτόν" (poiēsomen ekei eniauton) conveys a sense of settled intention. Biblically, the concept of time is often linked to God's purposes, as seen in Ecclesiastes 3:1, which speaks of a time for every activity under heaven. James reminds his audience that human plans are subject to divine will.

carry on business
This phrase refers to the commercial activities intended to generate profit. The Greek "ἐμπορευσόμεθα" (emporeusometha) is related to the word for trade or commerce. In the scriptural context, business is not condemned, but the attitude of self-reliance and exclusion of God from one's plans is. The Bible consistently teaches that all endeavors should be undertaken with a recognition of God's ultimate authority and provision.

and make a profit
The desire for profit is a natural human inclination, yet James warns against the presumption that success is guaranteed. The Greek "καὶ κερδήσομεν" (kai kerdēsomen) implies a confident expectation of gain. Historically, profit was a common goal in the trade-oriented society of the time, but James echoes the biblical theme that true gain is found in alignment with God's will, as seen in Matthew 6:19-21, which advises storing up treasures in heaven rather than on earth.

You do not even know
This phrase underscores the inherent uncertainty of human life. The Greek word for "know" here is "epistasthe," which implies a deep, experiential knowledge. James is reminding believers that despite their plans and ambitions, they lack the divine foresight to predict the future. This serves as a humbling reminder of human limitations and the need to trust in God's omniscience.

what will happen tomorrow!
The future is unknown and unpredictable, a theme echoed throughout Scripture. The word "happen" in Greek is "ginomai," suggesting events that come into being or occur. This highlights the transient nature of earthly life and the importance of living in the present with faith and reliance on God's providence, as tomorrow is not guaranteed.

What is your life?
This rhetorical question invites introspection about the nature and purpose of life. The Greek word for "life" is "zoe," which can refer to both physical and spiritual life. James challenges believers to consider the brevity and fragility of their existence, urging them to focus on eternal values rather than temporal pursuits.

You are a mist
The imagery of a "mist" or "vapor" (Greek: "atmis") conveys the ephemeral and fleeting nature of human life. In the ancient world, mist was a common metaphor for transience, emphasizing how quickly life can dissipate. This metaphor serves as a call to prioritize spiritual matters and eternal truths over worldly concerns.

that appears for a little while
The phrase "appears for a little while" emphasizes the short duration of human life. The Greek word "phainomenon" (appears) suggests something that is visible but temporary. This aligns with biblical teachings that life is but a moment in the grand scheme of God's eternal plan, encouraging believers to make the most of their time by living righteously and purposefully.

and then vanishes
The finality of "vanishes" (Greek: "aphanizetai") underscores the inevitable end of earthly life. This word conveys the idea of disappearing or becoming invisible, reinforcing the message that life is transient. James uses this imagery to remind Christians of the importance of living with an eternal perspective, investing in what truly matters in the eyes of God.

Instead, you ought to say, 'If the Lord is willing, we will live and do this or that.'
Instead, you ought to say
This phrase introduces a corrective instruction, contrasting with the previous verses where James warns against boasting about future plans. The Greek word for "ought" (δεῖ) implies a moral obligation or necessity, suggesting that acknowledging God's sovereignty in our plans is not just advisable but required for a faithful Christian life. Historically, this reflects a common Jewish practice of invoking God's will in daily speech, emphasizing humility and dependence on God.

If the Lord is willing
The phrase "If the Lord is willing" (ἐὰν ὁ κύριος θελήσῃ) is a conditional statement that acknowledges God's ultimate authority over human affairs. The Greek word for "willing" (θελήσῃ) denotes a deliberate intention or desire, highlighting that God's will is purposeful and sovereign. This reflects a deep-seated belief in divine providence, a cornerstone of Christian theology, which teaches that all events are under God's control. Historically, this aligns with the early Christian understanding that life is uncertain and contingent upon God's will, a perspective that fosters humility and trust in God's plan.

we will live
The phrase "we will live" (ζήσομεν) underscores the fundamental Christian belief that life itself is a gift from God. The Greek verb for "live" is in the future tense, indicating that even our continued existence is subject to God's will. This reflects the biblical teaching that God is the sustainer of life, as seen in Acts 17:28, "For in Him we live and move and have our being." Historically, this acknowledgment would have resonated with early Christians who faced persecution and uncertainty, reminding them of their dependence on God for life itself.

and do this or that
The phrase "and do this or that" (καὶ ποιήσομεν τοῦτο ἢ ἐκεῖνο) refers to the plans and actions we intend to undertake. The Greek verb "do" (ποιήσομεν) again in the future tense, emphasizes that all human actions are contingent upon God's will. This reflects the biblical principle that while humans can make plans, it is ultimately God who directs their steps, as seen in Proverbs 16:9, "A man's heart plans his course, but the LORD determines his steps." Historically, this would have been a reminder to early Christians to submit their plans to God, recognizing His authority over every aspect of life.

As it is
This phrase sets the stage for a contrast between the current behavior of the audience and the ideal Christian conduct. The Greek phrase here, "νῦν δέ" (nun de), indicates a present reality that is contrary to what should be. Historically, this reflects the human tendency to rely on self rather than God, a theme prevalent throughout Scripture. It calls the reader to self-examination, urging a shift from worldly confidence to divine dependence.

you boast
The Greek word for "boast" is "καυχᾶσθε" (kauchasthai), which implies a sense of pride or glorying in oneself. In the biblical context, boasting is often associated with arrogance and self-reliance, which are contrary to the humility that God desires. This word challenges believers to consider the source of their confidence and to recognize that true boasting should be in the Lord, as seen in Jeremiah 9:23-24.

in your proud intentions
The phrase "proud intentions" translates from the Greek "ἀλαζονείαις" (alazoneiais), which refers to arrogant schemes or presumptuous plans. This term is used to describe a mindset that prioritizes human plans over God's will. Historically, this reflects the Greco-Roman culture's emphasis on personal achievement and status, which James counters by advocating for a life surrendered to God's guidance.

All such boasting
The word "all" (πᾶσα, pasa) emphasizes the comprehensive nature of the warning. It indicates that any form of boasting, regardless of its perceived harmlessness, falls under scrutiny. This universality calls believers to a holistic examination of their attitudes and actions, ensuring that every aspect of life aligns with God's standards.

is evil
The term "evil" (πονηρόν, ponēron) denotes something morally corrupt or wicked. In the biblical narrative, evil is often associated with actions and attitudes that oppose God's nature and commands. This stark label serves as a sobering reminder of the spiritual danger inherent in prideful boasting. It calls Christians to repentance and a renewed commitment to humility, aligning their lives with the righteousness of God.

Therefore
This word serves as a conclusion or a summation of the preceding thoughts. In the context of James 4, the apostle James has been discussing the nature of humility, submission to God, and the dangers of boasting about tomorrow. The use of "therefore" indicates that what follows is a logical outcome of these teachings. It emphasizes the importance of applying the knowledge and wisdom that have been imparted, suggesting that understanding God's will is not enough; it must be acted upon.

Whoever
This term is inclusive and universal, indicating that the message applies to all individuals without exception. It underscores the personal responsibility each believer has in their walk with God. The Greek word used here, "hos," is often translated as "who" or "whoever," emphasizing that no one is exempt from this moral obligation.

Knows
The Greek word for "knows" is "oida," which implies a deep, intuitive understanding or awareness. This is not merely intellectual knowledge but a profound comprehension that comes from a relationship with God and His Word. It suggests that the individual has been enlightened by the Holy Spirit and is aware of God's expectations.

The right thing to do
This phrase refers to moral and ethical actions that align with God's will. The "right thing" is not subjective but is defined by the teachings of Scripture and the leading of the Holy Spirit. It encompasses acts of righteousness, justice, mercy, and love, as outlined throughout the Bible. The Greek word "kalos" often translated as "good" or "right," implies that these actions are inherently noble and virtuous.

Yet fails to do it
This part of the verse highlights the concept of omission, where sin is not only about committing wrongful acts but also about failing to perform righteous ones. The Greek word "poieo," meaning "to do" or "to make," suggests an active choice or decision. The failure to act is a deliberate neglect of duty, indicating a lapse in moral responsibility.

Is guilty of sin
The phrase underscores the seriousness of inaction in the face of known duty. The Greek word for "sin" is "hamartia," which means "to miss the mark." It conveys the idea of falling short of God's standards. This part of the verse serves as a sobering reminder that sin is not only about what we do wrong but also about what we fail to do right. It calls believers to a higher standard of living, where knowledge and action are inseparable.