Then
The word "Then" serves as a connective term, indicating a continuation or sequence of events. In the context of Leviticus, it suggests a progression in the divine instructions given to Moses. This word underscores the ongoing revelation of God's law to His people, emphasizing the importance of each command as part of a larger, divinely orchestrated plan. It reminds us that God's instructions are timely and purposeful, fitting into His broader narrative for Israel.

the LORD
The term "the LORD" is translated from the Hebrew "YHWH," the sacred and personal name of God. This name is deeply significant, representing God's eternal, self-existent nature and His covenant relationship with Israel. It is a reminder of God's holiness, sovereignty, and faithfulness. In a conservative Christian perspective, this name evokes reverence and awe, calling believers to recognize the authority and majesty of God as He communicates His will.

said
The word "said" indicates direct communication from God to Moses. In Hebrew, the verb "amar" is used, which conveys not just speaking but also the authoritative declaration of God's will. This highlights the importance of the message being delivered. It is a reminder that God's words are not mere suggestions but commands that carry divine authority and require obedience.

to Moses
Moses is the chosen leader and prophet through whom God delivers His laws to the Israelites. His role as a mediator between God and the people is crucial. Historically, Moses is seen as a faithful servant who receives and transmits God's commandments. This phrase underscores the importance of leadership and obedience in the community of faith. Moses' example inspires believers to listen for God's voice and to act as conduits of His truth in the world.

Say to the Israelites
This phrase establishes the audience and authority of the message. The Hebrew word for "say" is "אָמַר" (amar), which is often used in the context of divine communication. It underscores the importance of the message as a direct command from God to His chosen people, the Israelites. This sets the tone for the seriousness of the instructions that follow, emphasizing that these are not mere suggestions but divine mandates.

Any Israelite or any foreigner residing in Israel
The inclusion of both Israelites and foreigners ("גֵּר" - ger) highlights the universal application of God's laws within the community. This reflects the inclusive nature of God's covenant, where even those who are not ethnically Israelite but reside among them are held to the same standards. It underscores the holiness and purity expected within the community, regardless of one's origin.

who gives any of his children to Molech
The act of giving children to Molech refers to a detestable practice of child sacrifice associated with the Canaanite deity Molech. The Hebrew term "מֹלֶךְ" (Molech) is often linked to a form of idolatry that was strictly forbidden. This phrase serves as a stark reminder of the abominations that the Israelites were to avoid, emphasizing the sanctity of life and the abhorrence of idolatry.

must be put to death
The severity of the punishment reflects the gravity of the sin. The Hebrew phrase "מוֹת יוּמָת" (mot yumat) is a legal formula indicating a mandatory death penalty. This underscores the holiness of God and the seriousness with which He views the violation of His commandments. It serves as a deterrent and a means of purging evil from the community.

The people of the land are to stone him
Stoning was a communal act of execution, involving the participation of the community. The phrase "עַם הָאָרֶץ" (am ha'aretz) refers to the people of the land, indicating that the responsibility for maintaining holiness and justice was shared among all members of the community. This collective action reinforces the idea that sin affects the entire community and that all are responsible for upholding God's standards.

I will set My face against that man
The phrase "I will set My face" is a powerful expression of divine opposition. In Hebrew, the word for "face" is "פָּנִים" (panim), which often signifies presence or attention. When God sets His face against someone, it indicates a deliberate and active stance of judgment. This is not a passive disapproval but an intentional act of divine justice. Historically, this reflects the seriousness with which God views idolatry and sin, emphasizing His holiness and the need for His people to remain pure and devoted to Him.

and cut him off from among his people
The term "cut him off" comes from the Hebrew "כָּרַת" (karat), meaning to sever or destroy. This phrase indicates a severe punishment, often implying death or excommunication. In the context of ancient Israel, being cut off from one's people was a fate worse than death, as it meant losing one's identity and inheritance. This underscores the gravity of the sin of idolatry, particularly in the context of child sacrifice, which was an abomination to God.

because he has given some of his children to Molech
"Molech" was a Canaanite deity associated with child sacrifice, a practice detestable to the Lord. The Hebrew word "מֹלֶךְ" (Molech) is often linked to the root "מלך" (melek), meaning king, suggesting a false sovereignty that people wrongly submitted to. Archaeological findings have uncovered evidence of such practices in ancient Near Eastern cultures, highlighting the stark contrast between the pagan rituals and the worship of Yahweh, who values life and abhors such sacrifices.

so as to defile My sanctuary
The word "defile" in Hebrew is "טָמֵא" (tame), meaning to make unclean or impure. God's sanctuary, the place of His dwelling among His people, was to remain holy and undefiled. The act of sacrificing children to Molech was not only a moral atrocity but also a spiritual contamination of the sacred space where God’s presence was to be honored. This reflects the broader biblical theme of holiness and the call for God's people to be set apart from the surrounding nations.

and profane My holy name
To "profane" is from the Hebrew "חָלַל" (chalal), meaning to pollute or desecrate. God's "holy name" represents His character and reputation. In the ancient world, a name was more than a label; it encapsulated the essence of a person. By engaging in idolatrous practices, the Israelites were not only breaking covenant but also tarnishing the very nature of God as revealed to them. This serves as a reminder of the importance of living in a way that honors God’s name, reflecting His holiness and righteousness in all aspects of life.

But if the people of the land
This phrase refers to the collective responsibility of the community in ancient Israel. The Hebrew word for "people" is "עַם" (am), which often denotes a group bound by common identity and covenant with God. The "land" signifies the Promised Land, a gift from God to the Israelites, where they were to live according to His statutes. This phrase underscores the communal nature of the covenant and the shared duty to uphold God's laws.

ever hide their eyes
The Hebrew root for "hide" is "עָלַם" (alam), meaning to conceal or ignore. This phrase suggests a willful neglect or turning away from sin. In the context of ancient Israel, it was a serious offense to ignore idolatry or child sacrifice, as these acts were direct violations of God's commandments. The phrase calls for vigilance and moral courage among the people to confront and address sin within their community.

from that man
"That man" refers to an individual who commits the grievous sin of sacrificing a child to Molech. The specificity of "that man" highlights personal accountability. In the ancient Near Eastern context, Molech worship involved detestable practices, and identifying the perpetrator was crucial for maintaining the holiness of the community.

when he gives any of his children to Molech
The act of giving children to Molech was a form of idolatry and child sacrifice, condemned throughout Scripture. The Hebrew word for "gives" is "נָתַן" (natan), implying a deliberate act of offering. Molech was a Canaanite deity associated with fire and sacrifice. This practice was abhorrent to God, as it violated the sanctity of life and the exclusive worship due to Him alone.

and they fail to put him to death
The failure to execute justice reflects a breakdown in the community's adherence to God's law. The Hebrew word for "fail" is "עָשָׂה" (asah), meaning to neglect or omit. The prescribed penalty of death for such an act underscores the severity of the crime and the necessity of purging evil from among the people. This phrase emphasizes the importance of upholding divine justice to maintain the purity and holiness of the community.

then I will set My face
The phrase "set My face" is a powerful expression of divine determination and judgment. In Hebrew, the word for "face" is "פָּנִים" (panim), which often signifies presence or attention. When God sets His face against someone, it indicates a deliberate and focused opposition. This is not a passive disapproval but an active stance against sin. Historically, this reflects the seriousness with which God views idolatry and the betrayal of His covenant.

against that man and his family
The inclusion of "his family" underscores the communal nature of sin and its consequences in ancient Israelite society. The Hebrew word for "family" is "מִשְׁפָּחָה" (mishpachah), which can refer to a household or extended family. This highlights the interconnectedness of individuals within a community and the potential for sin to affect not just the individual but those around them. It serves as a sobering reminder of the far-reaching impact of turning away from God.

and cut off from among their people
The phrase "cut off" translates the Hebrew "כָּרַת" (karat), which means to sever or destroy. This is a severe penalty, indicating exclusion from the community and the covenant blessings of Israel. In the historical context, being cut off was both a social and spiritual death, as it meant separation from the people of God and His promises. This reflects the gravity of idolatry and the need for purity within the covenant community.

both him and all who follow him
This phrase emphasizes personal responsibility and the influence of leadership in sin. The Hebrew word for "follow" is "אַחֲרֵי" (acharei), meaning to go after or pursue. It suggests that idolatry is not just a personal failing but can lead others astray. This serves as a warning about the dangers of leading others into sin and the importance of maintaining faithfulness to God.

in prostituting themselves with Molech
The term "prostituting" comes from the Hebrew "זָנָה" (zanah), which means to commit fornication or idolatry. This metaphor of prostitution is used throughout the Bible to describe unfaithfulness to God. Molech was a Canaanite deity associated with child sacrifice, a practice abhorrent to God. The historical context reveals the cultural pressures and temptations faced by the Israelites to conform to surrounding pagan practices. This phrase serves as a stark reminder of the call to holiness and the rejection of idolatry in all its forms.

I will set My face against that person
This phrase indicates a direct and personal action from God. The Hebrew word for "set" is "נָתַן" (natan), which means to give, put, or set. In this context, it implies a deliberate turning of God's attention towards the individual in judgment. The "face" of God symbolizes His presence and favor; thus, setting His face against someone signifies divine disapproval and impending judgment. Historically, this reflects the covenant relationship between God and Israel, where obedience brought blessings and disobedience brought curses (Deuteronomy 28).

who turns to mediums and spiritists
The Hebrew words for "mediums" and "spiritists" are "אוֹב" (ov) and "יִדְּעֹנִי" (yiddeoni), respectively. These terms refer to individuals who claim to communicate with the dead or spirits, practices that were common in ancient Near Eastern cultures. The Israelites were explicitly forbidden from engaging in such practices (Deuteronomy 18:10-12) as they were considered abominations and a direct violation of the first commandment, which calls for exclusive worship of Yahweh.

to prostitute himself with them
The use of the word "prostitute" (Hebrew: "זָנָה", zanah) is metaphorical, describing spiritual unfaithfulness. In the Old Testament, idolatry and turning to other gods or forbidden practices are often depicted as spiritual adultery. This language underscores the seriousness of the sin, equating it with the betrayal of a marital covenant, which is a profound violation of trust and loyalty.

I will cut him off from his people
The phrase "cut off" (Hebrew: "כָּרַת", karat) implies a severe consequence, often understood as death or excommunication. This reflects the communal nature of Israelite society, where individual actions could affect the entire community. Being "cut off" meant losing one's place and inheritance among God's people, a fate that was both physically and spiritually devastating. This underscores the holiness required of God's people and the seriousness of maintaining purity in worship and practice.

Consecrate yourselves
The Hebrew root for "consecrate" is "קדש" (qadash), which means to set apart or dedicate for a sacred purpose. In the context of Leviticus, this call to consecration is a directive for the Israelites to distinguish themselves from the surrounding nations by adhering to God's laws and commandments. Historically, this was a time when the Israelites were establishing their identity as God's chosen people, and consecration was a physical and spiritual act of devotion. It involved rituals, sacrifices, and a commitment to live according to God's standards. For Christians today, consecration is a call to live a life dedicated to God, setting aside worldly desires and focusing on spiritual growth and holiness.

and be holy
The word "holy" comes from the Hebrew "קדוש" (qadosh), which signifies being set apart, pure, and sacred. Holiness is a central theme in Leviticus, emphasizing the need for the Israelites to reflect God's character in their lives. In the ancient Near Eastern context, holiness was not just a moral attribute but a state of being that required separation from anything impure or defiling. For believers, being holy is an ongoing process of sanctification, striving to embody the purity and righteousness of God in everyday life. It is a reminder that holiness is not just about external actions but an internal transformation that aligns one's heart and mind with God's will.

for I am the LORD your God
This phrase underscores the authority and identity of God as the covenant-keeping deity of Israel. The name "LORD" is translated from the Tetragrammaton "יהוה" (YHWH), which is the personal name of God revealed to Moses. It signifies God's eternal, self-existent nature and His faithfulness to His promises. By declaring "I am the LORD your God," the verse reinforces the relationship between God and His people, highlighting His sovereignty and the reason for their call to holiness. Historically, this declaration served as a reminder of the covenant established at Sinai, where God promised to be their God if they obeyed His commandments. For Christians, this phrase is a powerful affirmation of God's unchanging nature and His desire for a personal relationship with His followers, calling them to live in a way that honors Him as their Lord and Savior.

And you shall keep My statutes
This phrase begins with a command, emphasizing the importance of obedience to God's laws. The Hebrew word for "keep" is "shamar," which means to guard, protect, or observe. It implies a diligent and careful attention to God's statutes, which are His decrees or laws. In the historical context of ancient Israel, these statutes were given to set the Israelites apart as a holy nation, distinct from the surrounding pagan cultures. The call to "keep" these statutes is a call to faithfulness and commitment to God's covenant.

and practice them
The word "practice" in Hebrew is "asah," which means to do, make, or execute. This suggests that God's statutes are not merely to be acknowledged intellectually but are to be actively lived out. The Israelites were to embody these laws in their daily lives, demonstrating their faith through action. This reflects a broader biblical principle that faith without works is dead (James 2:26). The historical context shows that the practice of these laws was meant to be a testimony to the nations of God's righteousness and wisdom.

I am the LORD
This declaration, "I am the LORD," is a powerful reminder of God's identity and authority. The Hebrew name for God here is "Yahweh," the covenant name of God, which signifies His eternal, self-existent nature. This phrase is a frequent refrain in Leviticus, underscoring that the statutes are not arbitrary rules but are given by the sovereign Creator who has a personal relationship with His people. It serves as a reminder of God's faithfulness and the reason for Israel's obedience.

who sanctifies you
The word "sanctifies" comes from the Hebrew "qadash," meaning to set apart, consecrate, or make holy. This highlights God's role in the sanctification process, indicating that it is He who makes His people holy. In the context of Leviticus, sanctification involves both moral and ritual purity, setting the Israelites apart for God's purposes. This phrase reassures the Israelites that their holiness is not achieved by their own efforts alone but through God's transformative power. It points forward to the New Testament understanding of sanctification through the Holy Spirit, as believers are set apart for God's service through faith in Christ.

If anyone curses
The phrase "If anyone curses" is a translation of the Hebrew word "qalal," which means to make light of, to despise, or to treat with contempt. In the ancient Near Eastern context, the family unit was foundational to societal structure, and respect for parents was paramount. The act of cursing one's parents was not merely about uttering profanities but involved a deep-seated disrespect and rebellion against the God-ordained authority of parents. This command underscores the gravity of maintaining familial respect and the social order that God established.

his father or mother
The mention of "his father or mother" highlights the dual authority figures within the family. In the Hebrew culture, both parents were to be honored equally, reflecting the commandment in Exodus 20:12, "Honor your father and your mother." This equality in honor emphasizes the importance of both paternal and maternal roles in the upbringing and spiritual guidance of children. The family was seen as a microcosm of the covenant community, and any disruption in this unit was a serious offense against God's order.

he must be put to death
The phrase "he must be put to death" indicates the severity of the offense. In the theocratic society of ancient Israel, certain sins were considered capital offenses because they threatened the covenant relationship between God and His people. The death penalty for cursing parents served as a deterrent and a means of purging evil from the community. It reflects the holiness and justice of God, who demands that His people live in a manner that upholds His statutes and commands.

He has cursed his father or mother
Reiterating "He has cursed his father or mother" serves to emphasize the personal responsibility and the deliberate nature of the sin. The repetition underscores the seriousness of the act and the conscious decision to rebel against parental authority. In a broader theological sense, this rebellion against earthly parents is symbolic of rebellion against God, the ultimate Father.

his blood is upon him
The phrase "his blood is upon him" signifies that the individual bears full responsibility for the consequences of his actions. This expression is a legal formula indicating that the guilt and resulting punishment are solely on the perpetrator. It reflects the biblical principle of personal accountability before God. In the context of the covenant community, it also serves as a warning to others about the seriousness of sin and the importance of maintaining the sanctity of family relationships.

If a man commits adultery
The Hebrew root for "commits adultery" is "na'aph," which signifies a breach of the marital covenant. In ancient Israel, marriage was not only a personal commitment but a societal one, reflecting the covenant relationship between God and His people. Adultery was seen as a grave sin because it violated this sacred bond, symbolizing unfaithfulness to God Himself. The act of adultery disrupted the social fabric and was considered a direct affront to the divine order established by God.

with another man's wife
The phrase underscores the sanctity of marriage and the exclusive nature of the marital relationship. In the cultural and historical context of ancient Israel, marriage was a foundational institution, and the family unit was central to societal stability. The phrase "another man's wife" highlights the personal and communal betrayal involved in adultery, as it not only affects the individuals directly involved but also the broader community.

with the wife of his neighbor
The term "neighbor" in Hebrew is "rea," which can mean friend, companion, or fellow citizen. This emphasizes the communal aspect of the commandment. Adultery was not just a private sin but a public offense that could lead to discord and distrust within the community. The use of "neighbor" reminds the Israelites of their interconnectedness and the importance of maintaining trust and integrity within the community.

both the adulterer and the adulteress
This phrase indicates the equal responsibility and culpability of both parties involved in the act of adultery. In a patriarchal society, this equality in judgment is significant, as it underscores the moral agency and accountability of both men and women. The law does not discriminate based on gender, reflecting the divine justice that holds all individuals to the same standard of righteousness.

must surely be put to death
The severity of the punishment reflects the seriousness with which God views the sin of adultery. The phrase "must surely be put to death" is a translation of the Hebrew "mot yumat," a legal formula indicating the certainty and necessity of the penalty. This underscores the holiness of God and the need for His people to reflect that holiness in their lives. The death penalty for adultery served as a deterrent and a means of purging evil from the community, preserving the sanctity of marriage and the moral integrity of the nation.

If a man lies
This phrase refers to the act of sexual relations, which in the Hebrew context is often described with the verb "shakab," meaning to lie down. This is not merely a physical act but a violation of divine law, reflecting a breach of the sanctity of family and marriage as ordained by God. The act is not just a personal sin but a communal offense that disrupts the social and spiritual fabric of Israelite society.

with his father's wife
This phrase indicates a specific form of incest, which is strictly prohibited in the Mosaic Law. The Hebrew term "ervat aviv" (father's nakedness) implies a deep violation of familial boundaries. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, such an act was seen as a grave dishonor to the father and a disruption of the family lineage and inheritance rights. It reflects a profound disrespect for the family unit, which is foundational to the covenant community.

he has uncovered his father's nakedness
The phrase "uncovered his father's nakedness" is a euphemism for sexual relations with a close relative, which is considered a serious offense. The Hebrew word "galah" (uncover) suggests an exposure or violation of something sacred and private. This act is not just a personal sin but an affront to the father's honor and authority, symbolizing a rebellion against God's established order.

Both of them must surely be put to death
The phrase "must surely be put to death" underscores the severity of the offense. The Hebrew construction "mot yumat" (surely be put to death) is an emphatic expression indicating that this is a capital crime. The death penalty reflects the seriousness with which God views the sanctity of family and the need to maintain purity and holiness within the community. It serves as a deterrent and a means of purging evil from among the people.

Their blood is upon them
This phrase signifies that the responsibility for the sin and its consequences lies with the offenders. The Hebrew word "damam" (blood) symbolizes life and guilt. By stating "their blood is upon them," the text emphasizes that the offenders bear the full weight of their sin, and the community is absolved of guilt for their execution. It highlights the principle of personal accountability before God and the community.

If a man sleeps with his daughter-in-law
This phrase addresses a specific sexual sin that was considered a grave violation of family integrity and societal norms in ancient Israel. The Hebrew word for "sleeps" (שָׁכַב, shakab) implies a sexual relationship, indicating an act that breaches the sanctity of familial bonds. The daughter-in-law, being part of the extended family, was to be respected and protected, not exploited. This command underscores the importance of maintaining purity and respect within family structures, reflecting God's design for family relationships.

both of them must surely be put to death
The phrase "must surely be put to death" (מוֹת יוּמָתוּ, mot yumat) is a legal formula indicating the severity of the crime. In the context of ancient Israel, this was a capital offense, reflecting the seriousness with which God viewed the sanctity of family and marriage. The death penalty served as a deterrent and a means of purging evil from the community, emphasizing the holiness required of God's people. It highlights the principle that sin has serious consequences and that God's justice is both righteous and uncompromising.

They have acted perversely
The term "perversely" (תֶּבֶל, tebel) suggests a violation of natural order and moral corruption. This word conveys the idea of confusion and disorder, which is contrary to God's design for human relationships. The act described is not just a personal sin but a disruption of the divine order, reflecting a heart that has turned away from God's statutes. This serves as a reminder of the importance of aligning one's life with God's will and the destructive nature of sin when left unchecked.

their blood is upon them
This phrase indicates personal responsibility for the sin committed. "Their blood is upon them" (דָּמָם בָּם, damam bam) means that the guilt and consequences of their actions rest solely on the individuals involved. It underscores the biblical principle of individual accountability before God. In a broader theological context, it points to the need for atonement and the seriousness of sin, which ultimately requires a remedy that only God can provide through His redemptive plan. This phrase serves as a sobering reminder of the weight of sin and the justice of God, while also pointing forward to the hope of forgiveness and restoration through Christ.

If a man lies with a man
The phrase "lies with" is derived from the Hebrew word "שָׁכַב" (shakab), which means to lie down or to have sexual relations. This phrase is a direct reference to homosexual acts, which are addressed in the context of the Levitical laws. Historically, these laws were given to the Israelites as part of a covenant with God, setting them apart from surrounding nations. The emphasis here is on the act itself, which is seen as contrary to the natural order established by God in creation.

as with a woman
This comparison underscores the natural order of sexual relations as intended between a man and a woman. The phrase highlights the deviation from this order when a man engages in sexual relations with another man. In the cultural and historical context of ancient Israel, maintaining the sanctity of marriage and procreation was paramount, reflecting God's design for human relationships.

they have both committed an abomination
The term "abomination" is translated from the Hebrew word "תּוֹעֵבָה" (to'evah), which signifies something detestable or loathsome. In the biblical context, an abomination is an act that is morally and ritually offensive to God. This strong language indicates the severity with which such acts were viewed within the covenant community, emphasizing the holiness and purity expected of God's people.

They must surely be put to death
The prescribed punishment reflects the gravity of the offense in the theocratic society of ancient Israel. The death penalty was a means of purging evil from the community and maintaining the holiness of the nation. It is important to understand this within the context of the Old Testament legal system, which was both civil and religious, aiming to uphold the covenant relationship with God.

their blood is upon them
This phrase indicates personal responsibility for the sin committed. The concept of "blood" in this context symbolizes life and guilt. By stating that "their blood is upon them," the text emphasizes that the individuals bear the consequences of their actions. This reflects the biblical principle of individual accountability before God, a theme that runs throughout Scripture.

If a man marries
The phrase "If a man marries" introduces a conditional situation that reflects the legal and moral standards of ancient Israel. The Hebrew root for "marries" is "laqach," which means to take or to acquire. This reflects the cultural context where marriage was often seen as a contractual agreement. In the conservative Christian perspective, marriage is a sacred covenant designed by God, and any deviation from His design is considered sinful.

both a woman and her mother
This phrase highlights the specific nature of the transgression. The Hebrew culture, as reflected in the Torah, had strict laws regarding familial relationships to maintain social order and purity. The act of marrying both a woman and her mother is seen as a violation of natural and divine law, disrupting the family structure ordained by God. It is a reminder of the importance of respecting familial boundaries.

it is depraved
The term "depraved" is translated from the Hebrew word "zimmah," which denotes a wicked or lewd act. This word is used in the context of actions that are morally corrupt and offensive to God. In a conservative Christian view, depravity is a state of moral corruption that separates individuals from God's holiness. This phrase underscores the seriousness of the sin and the need for holiness among God's people.

Both he and they must be burned in the fire
This severe punishment reflects the gravity of the sin in the eyes of God and the community. The act of burning was a form of capital punishment intended to purify the community by removing the sin and its influence. In the historical context, such measures were seen as necessary to maintain the holiness and purity of the Israelite community. From a conservative Christian perspective, this underscores the seriousness with which God views sin and the lengths to which He will go to preserve the sanctity of His people.

so that there will be no depravity among you
This phrase emphasizes the purpose of the law: to prevent moral corruption within the community. The Hebrew word for "depravity" here is again "zimmah," reinforcing the need to avoid actions that lead to moral decay. In the conservative Christian tradition, this serves as a call to uphold God's standards of holiness and to live in a way that reflects His righteousness. It is a reminder that the community's spiritual health is of utmost importance to God.

If a man
This phrase sets the stage for a specific legal and moral directive aimed at individuals within the community. The Hebrew word for "man" here is "ish," which often denotes an adult male, emphasizing personal responsibility and accountability. In the context of ancient Israel, this directive underscores the importance of maintaining purity and holiness among the people, as each individual is seen as a representative of the community's covenant with God.

has sexual relations
The Hebrew term used here is "shakab," which means to lie down or to have sexual intercourse. This phrase is a direct reference to a prohibited sexual act, highlighting the severity of the transgression. In the cultural and religious context of ancient Israel, sexual purity was paramount, and any deviation was seen as a direct affront to God's established order and holiness.

with an animal
The mention of an "animal" (Hebrew: "behemah") indicates a clear boundary between human and animal relations. This prohibition is rooted in the creation order, where God established distinct categories for His creatures. The act of bestiality is seen as a violation of the natural order and an abomination that corrupts both the individual and the community.

he must be put to death
The prescribed punishment of death reflects the gravity of the sin in the eyes of God and the community. The Hebrew phrase "mot yumat" is a legal term indicating a mandatory death penalty. This severe consequence serves as a deterrent and a means of purging evil from the community, ensuring that the holiness of God's people is maintained.

And you must kill the animal
The directive to kill the animal involved in the act underscores the seriousness of the offense and the need to remove any trace of impurity. In ancient Israel, animals were often seen as part of the household and community, and their involvement in such an act would render them unclean. This command ensures that the community remains undefiled and that the sanctity of God's creation is upheld.

If a woman approaches
The phrase "If a woman approaches" indicates a deliberate action. In the Hebrew text, the word used for "approaches" is "קָרַב" (qarab), which means to draw near or come close. This implies an intentional act rather than an accidental occurrence. The context here is crucial, as it underscores the seriousness of the transgression. In ancient Israel, the community was called to uphold a standard of holiness, reflecting God's nature. The deliberate nature of the act highlights the willful rebellion against God's created order.

any animal
The term "any animal" is inclusive, indicating that no exceptions are made regarding the type of animal. The Hebrew word "בְּהֵמָה" (behemah) is used, which generally refers to beasts or cattle. This broad term underscores the unnaturalness of the act, as it crosses the boundaries set by God between humans and animals. In the ancient Near Eastern context, such acts were seen as abominations, violating the natural order established by God in creation.

to mate with it
The phrase "to mate with it" translates the Hebrew "לִרְבֹּעַ" (lirboa), which means to lie down with or to copulate. This explicit language leaves no ambiguity about the nature of the sin. The act is not merely inappropriate but is a direct affront to the sanctity of human sexuality as ordained by God. In the broader biblical narrative, sexual relations are intended to reflect the covenantal relationship between God and His people, and any deviation from this design is seen as a serious breach of covenant.

you must kill the woman and the animal
The command "you must kill the woman and the animal" is a directive for capital punishment. The Hebrew verb "מוּת" (muth) is used, meaning to put to death. This severe penalty reflects the gravity of the offense. In the theocratic society of ancient Israel, such laws were intended to maintain the purity and holiness of the community. The inclusion of the animal in the punishment underscores the complete eradication of the sin from the community, preventing any association with the act.

They must surely be put to death
The phrase "They must surely be put to death" uses the Hebrew construction "מוֹת יוּמָתוּ" (mot yumat), which is an emphatic form, reinforcing the certainty and necessity of the punishment. This repetition serves to emphasize the seriousness with which God views this transgression. It is a reminder of the holiness code that governed Israelite society, where the community was called to reflect God's holiness in every aspect of life.

their blood is upon them
The expression "their blood is upon them" signifies that the responsibility for the sin and its consequences lies with the perpetrators. In Hebrew, "דָּמָם בָּם" (damam bam) indicates that the guilt and the resulting punishment are self-inflicted. This phrase is a legal idiom used to denote that the individuals have brought the judgment upon themselves through their actions. It serves as a sobering reminder of the personal accountability each person holds before God for their actions.

If a man marries his sister
The phrase "marries his sister" in the Hebrew context refers to a prohibited union. The Hebrew word for "marries" here can also imply taking or seizing, indicating a broader sense of forming a union, not necessarily a formal marriage. Historically, such unions were common in some ancient cultures, but the Mosaic Law set Israel apart by prohibiting them, emphasizing the sanctity and distinctiveness of family relationships.

whether the daughter of his father or his mother
This phrase clarifies that the prohibition applies regardless of whether the sister is a full or half-sibling. The Hebrew culture placed a strong emphasis on family lineage and purity, and this law served to protect the integrity of familial lines. It reflects the broader biblical principle of maintaining holiness and order within the family unit, which is foundational to societal stability.

and they have sexual relations
The act of sexual relations here is described using a Hebrew term that denotes physical intimacy. This phrase underscores the seriousness of the offense, as sexual relations within such a prohibited relationship defile the sanctity of the family. In the biblical worldview, sexual purity is a reflection of spiritual purity, and violations are seen as direct affronts to God's holiness.

it is a disgrace
The term "disgrace" in Hebrew carries the connotation of shame and dishonor. This reflects the cultural and religious understanding that such actions are not only personally shameful but also bring dishonor to the community and to God. The disgrace is not merely social but spiritual, as it violates God's commandments and disrupts the divine order.

They must be cut off before the eyes of their people
"Cut off" is a phrase that indicates a severe form of punishment, often understood as excommunication or even death. This reflects the gravity of the sin and the necessity of maintaining communal purity. The public nature of the punishment "before the eyes of their people" serves as a deterrent and a means of upholding communal standards of holiness.

He has uncovered the nakedness of his sister
The phrase "uncovered the nakedness" is a euphemism for engaging in sexual relations, particularly those that are illicit. In the Hebrew context, nakedness is often associated with vulnerability and shame, and uncovering it inappropriately is a violation of personal and divine boundaries. This language emphasizes the violation of trust and the sanctity of familial relationships.

he shall bear his iniquity
To "bear his iniquity" means to accept the consequences of one's sin. In the Hebrew understanding, iniquity is not just a legal transgression but a moral and spiritual failing. This phrase underscores the biblical principle of personal responsibility and the inevitable divine justice that accompanies sin. It serves as a sobering reminder of the seriousness with which God views the holiness of His people.

If a man lies
The phrase "lies" in Hebrew is "שָׁכַב" (shakab), which often implies a sexual connotation. In the context of Leviticus, it is used to describe illicit or prohibited sexual relations. This word sets the stage for understanding the gravity of the act being described, as it is not merely about physical rest but an intimate act that breaches divine law.

with a menstruating woman
The Hebrew term for "menstruating woman" is "נִדָּה" (niddah), which refers to a woman during her menstrual period. In ancient Israelite culture, menstruation was considered a time of ritual impurity, not as a moral failing but as a natural state that required separation for the sake of holiness and community purity. This separation underscores the importance of maintaining ritual cleanliness as prescribed by the Mosaic Law.

and has sexual relations with her
This phrase emphasizes the act of sexual intercourse, which in this context is forbidden due to the woman's state of niddah. The act is seen as a violation of the sacred boundaries set by God for His people. It highlights the seriousness with which God views the observance of His laws regarding purity and the sanctity of the human body.

he has exposed the source of her flow
The "source of her flow" refers to the menstrual blood, which in Levitical law is a source of ritual impurity. The Hebrew word for "source" is "מָקוֹר" (maqor), meaning a fountain or spring, symbolizing the origin of life and fertility. By exposing it, the man disregards the sanctity and the natural order established by God, thus defiling both himself and the woman.

and she has uncovered the source of her blood
The act of uncovering, "גָּלָה" (galah) in Hebrew, implies a revealing or making known something that should remain hidden. In this context, it signifies a mutual responsibility in the act, as both parties are complicit in violating the divine command. The "source of her blood" reiterates the focus on the menstrual cycle as a time of impurity, which should be respected and observed according to God's law.

Both of them must be cut off from among their people
The phrase "cut off" is translated from the Hebrew "כָּרַת" (karat), which can mean to sever or to excommunicate. This severe consequence reflects the seriousness of the transgression. In the ancient Israelite community, being "cut off" could mean death or banishment, emphasizing the need for communal purity and the removal of sin from among God's people. This underscores the holiness required by God and the communal responsibility to uphold His statutes.

You must not have sexual relations
This phrase is a direct command from God, emphasizing the sanctity and purity expected in the sexual conduct of His people. The Hebrew root for "sexual relations" is "שָׁכַב" (shakab), which means to lie down, often used euphemistically for sexual intercourse. This command reflects God's desire for His people to live in holiness, setting them apart from the surrounding nations whose practices often included incestuous relationships.

with the sister of your mother or your father
The specific mention of "the sister of your mother or your father" highlights the close familial bonds that are to be respected and preserved. In ancient Israelite society, family was the cornerstone of community and religious life. The Hebrew word for "sister" is "אָחוֹת" (achot), which signifies a close kinship. This prohibition underscores the importance of maintaining the integrity and honor of family relationships, which are foundational to a stable and godly society.

for it would dishonor a close relative
The term "dishonor" in Hebrew is "עֶרְוָה" (ervah), which can also mean nakedness or shame. This reflects the cultural and religious understanding that such actions bring shame not only to the individuals involved but also to the family and community. The concept of honor and shame was central in ancient Near Eastern cultures, and maintaining family honor was crucial for social standing and spiritual purity.

both would bear their iniquity
The phrase "bear their iniquity" indicates the personal responsibility and consequences of sin. The Hebrew word for "iniquity" is "עָוֹן" (avon), which implies guilt or punishment for wrongdoing. This serves as a sobering reminder that God's laws are not arbitrary but are designed to protect His people from the destructive consequences of sin. It also points to the justice of God, who holds individuals accountable for their actions, ensuring that sin does not go unpunished.

If a man lies
The phrase "lies" in this context is a euphemism for sexual relations. The Hebrew root word used here is "שָׁכַב" (shakab), which often implies a consensual act of intimacy. This term is used throughout the Old Testament to describe illicit sexual relations, emphasizing the gravity of the sin in the eyes of God. The act is not merely physical but represents a breach of divine law and order.

with his uncle’s wife
This phrase highlights the specific nature of the prohibited relationship. The Hebrew culture, deeply rooted in family and tribal connections, viewed such an act as a violation of familial boundaries and respect. The uncle's wife is considered part of the extended family, and thus, this act is seen as an affront to the family unit and its sanctity.

he has uncovered his uncle’s nakedness
The term "uncovered" comes from the Hebrew "גָּלָה" (galah), meaning to reveal or expose. In Levitical law, "nakedness" is a metaphor for sexual relations, and uncovering it implies a deep violation of personal and familial privacy. This phrase underscores the shame and dishonor brought upon the family, reflecting the cultural and religious importance of maintaining purity and respect within family lines.

They will bear their sin
The phrase "bear their sin" indicates personal responsibility and accountability for one's actions. In Hebrew, "נָשָׂא" (nasa) means to carry or bear, suggesting that the individuals involved must carry the weight and consequences of their transgression. This reflects the biblical principle that sin has inherent consequences, both spiritually and communally.

they will die childless
This phrase serves as both a literal and symbolic punishment. In ancient Israelite society, having children was seen as a blessing and a means of continuing one's legacy. The Hebrew word "עֲרִירִי" (ariri) means childless or barren. This consequence underscores the severity of the sin, as it not only affects the individuals but also their potential lineage, cutting off their family line as a divine judgment for their actions.

If a man marries his brother’s wife
This phrase addresses a specific familial relationship that was considered sacred and inviolable in ancient Israelite society. The Hebrew word for "marries" here is "laqach," which can also mean "to take" or "to seize," indicating a formal and binding union. The prohibition against marrying a brother's wife, except in the case of levirate marriage (Deuteronomy 25:5-10), underscores the importance of maintaining family integrity and lineage. Historically, this law served to protect family structures and ensure that property and inheritance remained within the family line.

it is an act of impurity
The term "impurity" is translated from the Hebrew word "niddah," which often refers to ceremonial uncleanness. In this context, it signifies a moral and spiritual defilement. The act is not merely a breach of social etiquette but a violation of divine order. This impurity disrupts the sanctity of familial relationships, which were foundational to the covenant community of Israel. The emphasis on purity reflects God's holiness and the call for His people to be set apart.

He has dishonored his brother
The Hebrew word for "dishonored" is "galah," which can mean "to uncover" or "to expose." This phrase implies a deep violation of trust and respect within the family. By marrying his brother's wife, the man not only disrespects his brother's memory but also disrupts the familial bond. In the ancient Near Eastern context, family honor was paramount, and such an act would bring shame not only to the individuals involved but to the entire family unit.

They will be childless
This phrase serves as both a consequence and a divine judgment. The Hebrew word "ariri" is used here, which can mean "barren" or "deprived of children." In the cultural and historical context of ancient Israel, having children was seen as a blessing and a sign of God's favor. To be childless was often viewed as a curse or a sign of divine disapproval. This consequence underscores the seriousness of the offense and serves as a deterrent to others who might consider similar actions. It reflects the biblical principle that sin has tangible consequences, affecting not only the individual but also their legacy and future generations.

You are to keep
The phrase "You are to keep" emphasizes the active responsibility of the Israelites to adhere to God's commandments. The Hebrew root word for "keep" is "שָׁמַר" (shamar), which means to guard, observe, or give heed. This implies a vigilant and intentional effort to maintain the statutes and ordinances given by God. In a historical context, this was crucial for the Israelites as they were called to be a distinct people, set apart from the surrounding nations. The call to "keep" underscores the covenant relationship between God and His people, where obedience is a sign of faithfulness and devotion.

all My statutes
The term "all My statutes" refers to the comprehensive nature of God's laws. The Hebrew word for "statutes" is "חֻקִּים" (chuqqim), which denotes decrees or prescribed tasks. These statutes were not arbitrary but were given by God to guide the moral, ceremonial, and civil life of Israel. Historically, these laws were meant to shape the identity of the Israelites as a holy nation. The use of "all" indicates that partial obedience is insufficient; the Israelites were to embrace the entirety of God's instructions.

and all My ordinances
"Ordinances" in Hebrew is "מִשְׁפָּטִים" (mishpatim), which refers to judgments or legal decisions. These are the specific applications of God's law in various situations, ensuring justice and righteousness within the community. The inclusion of both "statutes" and "ordinances" highlights the comprehensive nature of God's law, covering both general principles and specific cases. This reflects God's desire for His people to live in a way that reflects His character and justice.

and follow them
The phrase "and follow them" calls for active obedience and application of God's laws. The Hebrew root "עָשָׂה" (asah) means to do, make, or accomplish. This implies that the statutes and ordinances are not merely to be acknowledged but are to be actively lived out. The historical context shows that the Israelites' success and prosperity in the Promised Land were contingent upon their obedience to God's commands. This serves as a reminder that faith is demonstrated through action.

so that the land
"So that the land" introduces the purpose and consequence of obedience. The land, in this context, is the Promised Land, a gift from God to the Israelites. The Hebrew word for "land" is "אֶרֶץ" (eretz), which can mean earth, land, or territory. The land was not just a physical space but a place where God's people could live out their covenant relationship with Him. The condition of the land was directly tied to the faithfulness of the people.

to which I am bringing you
This phrase underscores God's active role in the Israelites' journey. The Hebrew verb "בּוֹא" (bo) means to come or bring, indicating God's initiative and guidance. Historically, this reflects the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob to give their descendants a land of their own. It is a reminder of God's faithfulness and the fulfillment of His promises.

to dwell
The word "to dwell" comes from the Hebrew "יָשַׁב" (yashab), meaning to sit, remain, or inhabit. This implies a sense of permanence and stability. The Israelites were not just passing through; they were to establish themselves in the land as God's people. This dwelling was contingent upon their obedience, reflecting the conditional nature of the covenant.

will not vomit you out
The vivid imagery of the land "will not vomit you out" serves as a stark warning. The Hebrew word "קִיא" (qi) means to vomit or spew out, indicating rejection or expulsion. This metaphor suggests that the land itself responds to the moral and spiritual state of its inhabitants. Historically, this was a warning that disobedience would lead to exile, as the land would not tolerate sin. It underscores the seriousness of maintaining holiness and the consequences of failing to do so.

You must not walk
The phrase "walk" in Hebrew is "halak," which often signifies a way of life or conduct. In the biblical context, it implies living according to certain principles or behaviors. Here, God commands the Israelites to avoid adopting the lifestyle and practices of the surrounding nations. This directive underscores the importance of living a life set apart, reflecting God's holiness and righteousness.

in the customs
The Hebrew word for "customs" is "chuqqah," which refers to statutes, ordinances, or prescribed practices. These customs were often tied to religious rituals and moral behaviors that were contrary to God's laws. The Israelites were to reject these practices to maintain their covenant relationship with God and to avoid the moral and spiritual corruption that these customs represented.

of the nations
The term "nations" translates to "goyim" in Hebrew, referring to the Gentile peoples surrounding Israel. These nations were often characterized by idolatry and practices that were detestable to God. The Israelites were called to be distinct from these nations, serving as a light and example of God's holiness and truth.

I am driving out before you
This phrase highlights God's active role in the conquest of Canaan. The Hebrew verb "yarash" means to dispossess or drive out. It emphasizes God's sovereignty and judgment against the nations due to their sinful practices. The Israelites were to understand that their inheritance of the land was a divine act, contingent upon their obedience and faithfulness to God.

because they did all these things
This clause refers to the abominable practices of the Canaanites, which included idolatry, child sacrifice, and various forms of immorality. The phrase serves as a warning to the Israelites about the consequences of such actions. It underscores the principle that sin leads to judgment and separation from God.

and I abhorred them
The word "abhorred" comes from the Hebrew "quts," meaning to loathe or detest. This strong language conveys God's intense displeasure with the sinful practices of the nations. It serves as a reminder of God's holiness and the seriousness with which He views sin. The Israelites were to understand that adopting these practices would lead to their own rejection by God.

But I have told you
This phrase emphasizes the direct communication from God to the Israelites. The Hebrew root for "told" is "אָמַר" (amar), which signifies a declaration or command. This highlights the authority and certainty of God's promise. Historically, this reflects the covenant relationship where God speaks directly to His chosen people, underscoring His role as a guiding and sovereign deity.

You will inherit their land
The concept of inheritance here is rooted in the Hebrew word "נָחַל" (nachal), which means to receive as a possession. This inheritance is not merely a transfer of property but a divine bequest, signifying God's sovereign will. Archaeologically, this reflects the ancient Near Eastern practices where land was a crucial part of identity and survival, and inheriting land was seen as a divine blessing.

since I will give it to you to possess
The phrase "give it to you" is derived from the Hebrew "נָתַן" (natan), meaning to bestow or grant. This indicates that the land is a gift from God, not earned by the Israelites' merit but by His grace. "To possess" comes from "יָרַשׁ" (yarash), meaning to take possession or occupy. This implies an active role for the Israelites in claiming what God has provided, reflecting the partnership between divine providence and human responsibility.

a land flowing with milk and honey
This phrase is a metaphorical expression denoting abundance and prosperity. "Flowing" suggests an overflowing, continuous supply, while "milk and honey" symbolize fertility and sweetness. Historically, this description paints a picture of Canaan as a place of rich resources, contrasting with the Israelites' previous life in Egypt. It serves as a motivational promise, encouraging faith and obedience.

I am the LORD your God
This declaration is foundational, with "LORD" translating the sacred name "YHWH" (Yahweh), emphasizing God's eternal and self-existent nature. "Your God" personalizes the relationship, affirming the covenant bond. This phrase is a reminder of God's authority and faithfulness, calling the Israelites to exclusive worship and trust in Him.

who has set you apart from the peoples
"Set you apart" comes from the Hebrew "בָּדַל" (badal), meaning to separate or distinguish. This denotes holiness and consecration, indicating that the Israelites are chosen for a unique purpose. Historically, this separation was both physical and spiritual, as they were to live according to God's laws, distinct from surrounding nations. This reflects the call to holiness and the responsibility of being God's representatives on earth.

You are therefore to distinguish
The Hebrew root for "distinguish" is "בדל" (badal), which means to separate or divide. This command emphasizes the importance of discernment and the ability to differentiate between what is holy and what is profane. In a spiritual sense, it calls believers to live lives that are set apart, reflecting God's holiness in their daily choices and actions.

between the clean animal and the unclean
The distinction between clean and unclean animals is rooted in the Levitical laws, which were given to the Israelites to maintain ritual purity and to symbolize moral and spiritual separation from pagan practices. The clean animals were those that met specific criteria set by God, serving as a metaphor for purity and holiness in the lives of the Israelites.

and between the unclean bird and the clean
Birds, like animals, were categorized into clean and unclean. This distinction further underscores the comprehensive nature of God's laws, covering all aspects of life. Historically, these laws served to protect the Israelites from health risks and to keep them distinct from surrounding nations, reinforcing their identity as God's chosen people.

Do not become contaminated
The Hebrew word for "contaminated" is "טמא" (tame), which means to be defiled or unclean. This command is a call to holiness, urging the Israelites to avoid anything that would spiritually or physically defile them. It serves as a reminder of the need for purity in the presence of a holy God.

by any animal or bird or anything that crawls along the ground
This phrase encompasses all creatures, emphasizing the thoroughness of God's instructions. The inclusion of creatures that crawl along the ground highlights the pervasive nature of impurity and the vigilance required to maintain holiness. It reflects the comprehensive scope of God's concern for the purity of His people.

that I have set apart as unclean for you
The phrase "set apart" comes from the Hebrew "הבדל" (hivdal), which means to separate or sanctify. God, in His sovereignty, designated certain creatures as unclean to teach His people about the nature of holiness and the importance of obedience. This separation serves as a constant reminder of God's authority and the call to live according to His standards.

You are to be holy to Me
The phrase "You are to be holy to Me" emphasizes the personal relationship between God and His people. The Hebrew word for "holy" is "qadosh," which means set apart, sacred, or consecrated. This holiness is not just a moral or ethical standard but a state of being that reflects God's own nature. In the ancient Near Eastern context, holiness was often associated with the divine and the sacred, setting apart what is dedicated to God from the common or profane. This call to holiness is a reminder that the Israelites are to live in a way that reflects their unique relationship with God, distinct from the surrounding nations.

because I, the LORD, am holy
The declaration "because I, the LORD, am holy" underscores the foundational reason for the Israelites' call to holiness. The name "LORD" here is the tetragrammaton YHWH, the covenant name of God, which signifies His eternal, self-existent nature. God's holiness is intrinsic to His character, and it is the standard by which His people are to model their lives. This reflects the biblical principle that God's people are to imitate His attributes, living in a manner that honors and glorifies Him. The holiness of God is a central theme throughout Scripture, highlighting His purity, righteousness, and otherness.

and I have set you apart from the nations
The phrase "and I have set you apart from the nations" speaks to the divine election and purpose for Israel. The Hebrew word for "set apart" is "badal," which means to divide, separate, or distinguish. This separation is not merely physical but spiritual and moral, indicating a distinct identity and mission. In the historical context, Israel was surrounded by pagan nations with different customs and religious practices. God's setting apart of Israel was to establish them as a beacon of His truth and righteousness, a nation through whom He would reveal His character and purposes to the world.

to be My own
Finally, "to be My own" conveys a sense of possession and belonging. The Hebrew word "li" (to Me) indicates a personal and covenantal relationship. This phrase highlights the intimate bond between God and His people, where they are not just a chosen nation but His treasured possession. In the broader biblical narrative, this concept of belonging is echoed in the New Testament, where believers are described as God's own people, called out of darkness into His marvelous light (1 Peter 2:9). This belonging is both a privilege and a responsibility, calling God's people to live in a way that reflects their identity as His own.

A man or a woman
This phrase emphasizes the inclusivity of the law, applying equally to both genders. In the Hebrew context, the word for "man" is "ish" and for "woman" is "ishah," highlighting the universality of God's commandments. This reflects the biblical principle that all are accountable to God's laws, regardless of gender, and underscores the equality of responsibility before God.

who is a medium or spiritist
The Hebrew words used here are "ov" for medium and "yiddeoni" for spiritist. These terms refer to individuals who claim to communicate with the dead or with spirits, practices that were common in ancient Near Eastern cultures. The Bible consistently condemns such practices as they divert trust and reliance away from God and towards occult powers. This prohibition is rooted in the belief that God alone is the source of truth and guidance.

must surely be put to death
The phrase "must surely be put to death" is a translation of the Hebrew "mot yumat," which is an emphatic form indicating the seriousness of the offense. This reflects the gravity with which God views the sin of engaging in occult practices, as they represent a direct rebellion against His authority and a violation of the covenant relationship between God and His people.

They must be stoned
Stoning was a common form of capital punishment in ancient Israel, symbolizing communal participation in upholding God's law. The act of stoning served as a public deterrent and a means of purging evil from the community. It underscores the collective responsibility of the community to maintain holiness and obedience to God's commandments.

their blood is upon them
This phrase indicates that the responsibility for the punishment lies with the offenders themselves. The Hebrew idiom "damam bam" suggests that the guilt and consequences of their actions are their own doing. It emphasizes the principle of personal accountability before God, reinforcing the idea that individuals bear the consequences of their choices, especially when they defy divine commandments.