Later
The word "later" sets the stage for a significant event following previous narratives in the Book of Daniel. It indicates a continuation of the historical and prophetic timeline. In the context of Daniel, this word suggests a transition from the reign of Nebuchadnezzar to that of Belshazzar, highlighting the unfolding of God's sovereign plan through successive empires. Historically, this period marks the decline of the Babylonian Empire, setting the stage for the Medo-Persian conquest.

King Belshazzar
Belshazzar, the central figure in this chapter, is identified as a king, though historically he was the co-regent with his father, Nabonidus. His name means "Bel, protect the king," reflecting the Babylonian practice of invoking their gods for protection. Belshazzar's reign is characterized by arrogance and impiety, contrasting with the humility learned by Nebuchadnezzar. His account serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of pride and the importance of acknowledging the true God.

held a great feast
The phrase "held a great feast" indicates a lavish celebration, typical of royal courts in ancient times. Feasts were often used to display wealth, power, and to solidify political alliances. In the context of Daniel 5, this feast is marked by excess and irreverence, as it occurs while the city of Babylon is under threat from the Medo-Persian army. The feast symbolizes Belshazzar's false sense of security and disregard for the impending judgment.

for a thousand of his nobles
The mention of "a thousand of his nobles" underscores the grandeur and scale of the event. It reflects the hierarchical structure of Babylonian society, where nobles held significant influence and power. This gathering of the elite serves to emphasize the widespread nature of the moral and spiritual decay within the kingdom, as they partake in the king's blasphemous actions.

and he drank wine with them
The act of drinking wine is a central element of the narrative, symbolizing indulgence and lack of restraint. In the Bible, wine can represent joy and blessing, but it also serves as a metaphor for excess and moral decline when consumed irresponsibly. Belshazzar's drinking with his nobles highlights his disregard for the sacred, as he later uses the vessels from the Jerusalem temple for his revelry. This act of sacrilege sets the stage for the divine judgment that follows, illustrating the biblical principle that God will not be mocked.

Under the influence of the wine
This phrase sets the stage for the unfolding events, highlighting the impaired judgment of Belshazzar. The Hebrew word for "wine" is "yayin," which often symbolizes both celebration and potential moral lapse. In the context of ancient Near Eastern banquets, excessive drinking was common, but it also served as a narrative device to illustrate the folly and hubris of leaders who disregard divine reverence. The Bible frequently warns against the dangers of drunkenness, as seen in Proverbs 20:1, emphasizing the loss of self-control and wisdom.

Belshazzar
Belshazzar, the Babylonian king, is a central figure in this narrative. Historically, Belshazzar was the son of Nabonidus, the last king of Babylon, and served as co-regent. His name means "Bel, protect the king," reflecting the Babylonian practice of invoking deities for protection. However, his actions in this chapter reveal a stark contrast between his name's meaning and his disregard for the true God. This serves as a reminder of the futility of relying on false gods and the importance of acknowledging the sovereignty of the God of Israel.

gave orders to bring in the gold and silver vessels
The act of giving orders to bring in these sacred vessels signifies a deliberate act of sacrilege. The vessels, originally consecrated for use in the temple in Jerusalem, were symbols of God's presence and holiness. By using them for a profane purpose, Belshazzar not only disrespects the God of Israel but also demonstrates his arrogance and lack of reverence. This act foreshadows the impending judgment and serves as a cautionary tale about the consequences of defiling what is holy.

that his father Nebuchadnezzar had taken from the temple in Jerusalem
The reference to Nebuchadnezzar as Belshazzar's "father" is understood in the sense of a predecessor or ancestor, as Nebuchadnezzar was actually his grandfather. Nebuchadnezzar's conquest of Jerusalem and the looting of the temple vessels are well-documented events, symbolizing the subjugation of Judah. However, unlike Belshazzar, Nebuchadnezzar eventually recognized the sovereignty of God, as seen in Daniel 4. This contrast highlights the theme of divine sovereignty and the importance of humility before God.

so that the king and his nobles, his wives and his concubines, might drink from them
The inclusion of nobles, wives, and concubines in this scene underscores the communal nature of the blasphemy. It was not just Belshazzar who participated in this act of defiance, but his entire court. This collective participation in sacrilege reflects the pervasive moral decay within the leadership of Babylon. The use of sacred vessels for a drunken feast symbolizes the ultimate disrespect for God and His holiness, setting the stage for the divine judgment that follows. This serves as a powerful reminder of the importance of honoring God in all aspects of life and the consequences of failing to do so.

So they brought in
This phrase indicates an action of deliberate defiance against the sacred. The act of bringing in these goblets is not merely a logistical detail but a symbolic gesture of contempt. Historically, the Babylonians had taken these items during the conquest of Jerusalem, and their use in a pagan feast underscores a profound disrespect for the God of Israel. The Hebrew root for "brought" (הֵבִיאוּ, hevi'u) often implies a purposeful action, suggesting that this was a calculated move by Belshazzar to assert dominance over the God of Israel.

the gold goblets
The goblets were not ordinary vessels; they were sacred items used in the worship of Yahweh in the temple in Jerusalem. The Hebrew word for "goblets" (כְּלִי, keli) can refer to any kind of vessel, but the context here emphasizes their sanctity and the sacrilege of their misuse. Gold, a symbol of purity and divinity, further highlights the gravity of the offense. Archaeologically, such items would have been crafted with great care and reverence, intended for holy purposes.

that had been taken from the temple
This phrase reminds us of the historical context of the Babylonian exile. The temple in Jerusalem was the center of Jewish worship, and its desecration was a traumatic event for the Israelites. The Hebrew word for "taken" (נְטַל, natal) implies a forceful removal, reflecting the violence and upheaval of the Babylonian conquest. This act of taking sacred items was not just a physical theft but a spiritual affront.

of the house of God in Jerusalem
The "house of God" refers to Solomon's Temple, a place of immense spiritual significance. The Hebrew term for "house" (בַּיִת, bayit) often denotes a dwelling place, but here it signifies the dwelling of God's presence among His people. Jerusalem, the city of David, was the heart of Jewish identity and faith. The mention of Jerusalem serves as a poignant reminder of what was lost and the hope for restoration.

and the king and his nobles, wives, and concubines
This phrase paints a picture of the opulence and decadence of Belshazzar's court. The inclusion of "nobles, wives, and concubines" suggests a scene of excess and moral decay. The Hebrew word for "nobles" (רַבְרְבָנַיָּא, ravr'vanya) indicates those of high rank, while "wives" and "concubines" (נָשִׁים, nashim; פִּילַגְשִׁין, pilagshim) reflect the king's indulgence in luxury and sensuality. This gathering is not just a social event but a display of arrogance and impiety.

drank from them
The act of drinking from these sacred goblets is the climax of the sacrilege. In the Hebrew context, drinking often symbolizes fellowship and covenant, but here it is a perversion of those sacred meanings. The Hebrew verb for "drank" (שָׁתָה, shatah) is a common term, yet its use here is laden with irony and blasphemy. This act of drinking is a direct challenge to the holiness of God, setting the stage for the divine judgment that follows.

As they drank the wine
This phrase sets the scene of indulgence and revelry. The act of drinking wine in the context of a royal feast signifies not only celebration but also a potential loss of sobriety and discernment. In the Hebrew context, wine is often associated with joy and blessing (Psalm 104:15), but here it becomes a symbol of excess and moral decline. The participants are so engrossed in their revelry that they become oblivious to the sacredness of the vessels they are using, which were taken from the temple in Jerusalem (Daniel 5:2-3). This act of drinking, therefore, becomes a metaphor for spiritual blindness and the dangers of prioritizing earthly pleasures over divine reverence.

they praised their gods
The act of praising gods in this context is a direct affront to the God of Israel. The Hebrew word for "praise" (שָׁבַח, shabach) implies a loud and boastful proclamation. This is not a quiet or introspective worship but a public and ostentatious display of allegiance to false deities. Historically, this reflects the polytheistic culture of Babylon, where multiple gods were worshipped, each representing different aspects of life and nature. Theologically, this act of praise is a stark contrast to the worship of Yahweh, who demands exclusive devotion (Exodus 20:3). It highlights the spiritual adultery of the Babylonians and sets the stage for divine judgment.

of gold and silver, bronze and iron, wood and stone
This list of materials is significant both materially and symbolically. Gold and silver were precious metals, often associated with wealth and power. Bronze and iron were used for tools and weapons, symbolizing strength and might. Wood and stone, while more common, were foundational materials for construction and idol-making. In the context of ancient Near Eastern culture, these materials were often used to craft idols, which were then worshipped as gods. Theologically, this enumeration underscores the futility and impotence of idols, as they are mere creations of human hands (Psalm 115:4-8). The progression from precious metals to common materials may also suggest a descending order of value, emphasizing the worthlessness of these gods compared to the living God. This verse serves as a reminder of the first commandment and the call to worship the Creator rather than the creation.

At that moment
This phrase signifies the immediacy and suddenness of the divine intervention. In the context of the narrative, it underscores the abruptness with which God can act, often when least expected. The Hebrew word for "moment" can imply a specific, divinely appointed time, reminding us that God's timing is perfect and sovereign over all human affairs.

the fingers of a human hand appeared
The appearance of the fingers is a supernatural event, emphasizing the direct intervention of God in human history. The imagery of a "human hand" is significant, as it conveys the personal nature of God's message. In the Hebrew context, the hand often symbolizes power and action. This manifestation serves as a tangible reminder of God's authority and His ability to communicate directly with humanity.

and began writing
The act of writing is crucial, as it represents the communication of a divine message. In ancient times, writing was a means of recording important decrees and laws. Here, it signifies the gravity and permanence of God's judgment. The Hebrew root for "writing" is often associated with inscribing or engraving, suggesting that God's words are enduring and unchangeable.

on the plaster of the wall
The mention of "plaster" indicates the setting within the opulent Babylonian palace, where walls were often coated with a white plaster to enhance their grandeur. This detail highlights the contrast between the transient splendor of human kingdoms and the eternal nature of God's word. Archaeological findings have confirmed the use of plaster in Babylonian architecture, lending historical credibility to the account.

near the lampstand
The placement "near the lampstand" is symbolic, as lampstands in biblical literature often represent illumination and revelation. The proximity to the lampstand suggests that the message was meant to be seen clearly, shedding light on the king's impending judgment. In the temple, lampstands were used to signify God's presence, further emphasizing the divine origin of the message.

in the royal palace
The setting of the "royal palace" underscores the reach of God's sovereignty, extending even into the heart of earthly power. The palace, a symbol of human authority and pride, becomes the backdrop for God's intervention. This serves as a reminder that no place is beyond God's reach and that His authority surpasses all human rule.

As the king watched
The king's observation of the event highlights his helplessness and vulnerability in the face of divine power. The Hebrew verb for "watched" implies a sense of awe and fear, as the king is confronted with a reality beyond his control. This moment serves as a humbling reminder of the limitations of human power when confronted with the divine.

the hand that was writing
The focus on "the hand" reiterates the personal nature of God's communication. It is not an abstract force but a deliberate act by a personal God. The continuous action of "writing" suggests that God's message is ongoing and active, calling for a response. This serves as an invitation for reflection on how we respond to God's revelations in our own lives.

his face grew pale
This phrase captures the immediate physical reaction of King Belshazzar upon witnessing the mysterious handwriting on the wall. The Hebrew root for "pale" (זִיו, ziv) suggests a loss of color or brightness, indicating fear and shock. In ancient Near Eastern culture, a change in facial color was often associated with terror or divine encounters. This reaction underscores the king's vulnerability and the gravity of the divine message being delivered. It serves as a reminder of the power and authority of God, who can instill fear even in the hearts of mighty rulers.

his thoughts so alarmed him
The Hebrew word for "thoughts" (רַעְיוֹנִין, ra'yonin) refers to the inner musings or reflections of the mind. The term "alarmed" (בְּהַל, behal) conveys a sense of panic or dismay. This phrase highlights the internal turmoil and confusion experienced by Belshazzar. Despite his earthly power, the king is rendered helpless by the divine intervention. This serves as a powerful reminder of the limitations of human wisdom and the supremacy of God's will.

his hips gave way
The phrase "gave way" (שְׁנִין, shenin) can be understood as loosening or collapsing. In the context of ancient warfare, strong hips were essential for a warrior's stability and strength. The imagery of Belshazzar's hips giving way symbolizes a complete loss of control and strength, both physically and metaphorically. It signifies the crumbling of his confidence and authority in the face of divine judgment. This serves as a cautionary tale about the fleeting nature of human power when confronted with the eternal sovereignty of God.

his knees knocked together
This vivid description of Belshazzar's knees knocking together (דָּקַק, daqaq) paints a picture of extreme fear and trembling. In the ancient world, such a physical reaction was often associated with overwhelming dread or the presence of the divine. The knocking of knees is a universal symbol of fear, emphasizing the king's utter helplessness. This imagery serves as a humbling reminder that no matter one's status or power, all are subject to the authority and judgment of God. It calls believers to live in reverence and awe of the Almighty, recognizing His ultimate control over all things.

The king called out
This phrase indicates an urgent and desperate action by King Belshazzar. In the Hebrew context, the word for "called out" suggests a loud, authoritative command. Historically, this reflects the king's immediate need for understanding and control in a moment of crisis, as the mysterious writing on the wall had deeply unsettled him.

to bring in the astrologers, Chaldeans, and diviners
These groups were considered the wise men of Babylon, skilled in interpreting omens and dreams. The "astrologers" were those who studied the stars, the "Chaldeans" were a priestly class known for their wisdom and learning, and the "diviners" practiced various forms of divination. This reflects the Babylonian reliance on human wisdom and occult practices, contrasting with the divine wisdom that Daniel would later provide.

He said to these wise men of Babylon
The phrase "wise men of Babylon" underscores the king's reliance on human wisdom and the established order of his kingdom. Historically, Babylon was renowned for its scholarship and learning, yet this moment highlights the limitations of human wisdom when faced with divine mysteries.

Whoever reads this inscription and explains its interpretation
The challenge set forth by the king emphasizes the dual task of reading and interpreting the mysterious writing. This reflects the biblical theme that understanding divine messages requires not just intellectual ability but spiritual insight, which the Babylonian wise men lacked.

will be clothed in purple
Purple was a color of royalty and high status in ancient times, often reserved for kings and nobles. The promise of being "clothed in purple" signifies a reward of great honor and recognition, indicating the king's desperation to solve the mystery.

have a gold chain placed around his neck
A gold chain was a symbol of authority and distinction. In the ancient Near East, such a gift would signify a high rank or special favor from the king. This promise further underscores the king's willingness to bestow significant honor on anyone who could provide the needed interpretation.

and be made the third highest ruler in the kingdom
This offer of high political power reveals the gravity of the situation. Historically, Belshazzar was co-regent with his father, Nabonidus, which explains why the position offered was "third highest." This reflects the king's desperation and the high stakes involved in understanding the divine message.

Then all the king’s wise men came in
This phrase sets the stage for the unfolding drama in the royal court of Babylon. The "wise men" referred to here are the magi, astrologers, and enchanters who served in the Babylonian court. Historically, these individuals were considered the intellectual elite, skilled in various forms of divination and interpretation of omens. The Hebrew term for "wise men" is "ḥăḵāmîm," which denotes those who are learned or skilled in wisdom. In the context of the ancient Near East, these wise men were often consulted for their supposed ability to interpret dreams and signs, a practice deeply rooted in the culture of the time.

but they could not read the inscription
The inability of the wise men to read the inscription highlights the limitations of human wisdom and understanding when confronted with divine mysteries. The phrase "could not read" suggests a failure not just in comprehension but in the very act of deciphering the writing. The Hebrew word "qārā'" means to call out or proclaim, indicating that the wise men were unable to even articulate the words, let alone interpret them. This moment underscores the theme of divine sovereignty over human affairs, as God’s message is beyond the grasp of those who rely solely on human wisdom.

or interpret it for him
The word "interpret" comes from the Hebrew "pāraš," meaning to explain or make clear. The wise men's failure to interpret the writing signifies the futility of relying on human insight without divine revelation. This inability serves as a prelude to Daniel's entrance, who, endowed with God-given wisdom, will later provide the interpretation. The phrase "for him" refers to King Belshazzar, emphasizing the personal nature of the message and the king's desperate need for understanding. This situation illustrates the broader biblical theme that true wisdom and understanding come from God alone, as seen in Proverbs 2:6, "For the LORD gives wisdom; from His mouth come knowledge and understanding."

So King Belshazzar
The mention of "King Belshazzar" places us in the historical context of the Neo-Babylonian Empire. Belshazzar was the son of Nabonidus, the last king of Babylon, and he served as co-regent. The historical records, including the Nabonidus Chronicle, confirm his role, though he is not listed as a king in some accounts. This highlights the Bible's accuracy in historical details, affirming the reliability of Scripture.

became even more terrified
The phrase "became even more terrified" indicates an escalation of fear. The Aramaic root word used here, "בהל" (bĕhal), conveys a sense of being alarmed or frightened. This fear is a response to the mysterious writing on the wall, which Belshazzar cannot understand. It reflects the human condition when faced with divine mysteries and the unknown, emphasizing the need for divine wisdom and understanding.

and his face grew pale
The imagery of "his face grew pale" suggests a physical manifestation of fear and anxiety. In ancient cultures, a change in complexion was often associated with emotional or spiritual distress. This phrase underscores the depth of Belshazzar's fear, as his physical appearance betrays his inner turmoil. It serves as a reminder of the power of God's presence to unsettle even the most powerful rulers.

His nobles were bewildered
The "nobles" or "lords" in the Babylonian court were the elite, those who were expected to have wisdom and understanding. The Aramaic word "תַּבְּהָל" (tavhal) for "bewildered" suggests confusion and dismay. This highlights the limitations of human wisdom in the face of divine revelation. The nobles' inability to interpret the writing signifies the futility of relying solely on human intellect without seeking God's guidance.

Hearing the outcry of the king and his nobles
This phrase sets the scene of urgency and distress. The "outcry" indicates a loud, public expression of fear or confusion, suggesting a situation that has escalated beyond normal courtly decorum. The Hebrew root for "outcry" (זְעָקָה, ze'akah) often denotes a cry for help or a proclamation of distress, emphasizing the gravity of the situation. Historically, this reflects the chaos in the Babylonian court as the mysterious writing on the wall appeared, a divine intervention that disrupted the king's feast.

the queen entered the banquet hall
The identity of the "queen" is debated among scholars. Some suggest she is the queen mother, possibly Nitocris, the wife of Nabonidus and mother of Belshazzar, given her authoritative presence and knowledge. Her entrance into the "banquet hall" signifies her important role and the respect she commanded. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, the queen mother often held significant influence, and her presence here underscores her wisdom and the respect she commanded in the royal court.

O king, may you live forever!
This traditional greeting reflects the customary way of addressing a monarch, expressing loyalty and respect. The phrase is not only a formality but also a wish for the king's prosperity and longevity. In the context of the narrative, it serves to calm the king, reminding him of his royal status and the stability it should bring, even amidst the current crisis.

she said
The queen's speech is pivotal. Her words are not just a response to the immediate crisis but also a demonstration of her wisdom and composure. In the biblical narrative, speech often reveals character and intent, and here, the queen's words are meant to reassure and guide.

Do not let your thoughts terrify you
The queen addresses the king's internal state, recognizing his fear and anxiety. The Hebrew word for "thoughts" (רַעְיוֹן, ra'yon) can imply mental turmoil or distress. Her advice is both practical and spiritual, encouraging the king to maintain composure and not be overwhelmed by fear. This reflects a biblical theme of trusting in divine wisdom over human understanding.

or your face grow pale
This phrase describes the physical manifestation of the king's fear. In ancient cultures, a pale face was often associated with fear or illness, indicating a loss of vitality or courage. The queen's observation highlights the king's vulnerability and the need for divine intervention. Her words serve as a reminder of the importance of faith and reliance on God in times of crisis, a recurring theme throughout the Book of Daniel.

There is a man in your kingdom
This phrase introduces Daniel as a significant figure within the Babylonian empire. The Hebrew word for "man" here is "אִישׁ" (ish), which can denote not just any man, but a man of importance or distinction. The context suggests that Daniel, though not Babylonian by birth, has become a respected and integral part of the kingdom's intellectual and spiritual life. Historically, this reflects the practice of ancient empires incorporating talented individuals from conquered peoples into their administrations.

who has the spirit of the holy gods in him
The phrase "spirit of the holy gods" is intriguing, as it reflects the polytheistic worldview of the Babylonians. The Aramaic word for "spirit" is "רוּחַ" (ruach), which can mean breath, wind, or spirit, indicating a life-giving force. The term "holy gods" suggests a recognition of a divine presence within Daniel, though from a Babylonian perspective, it is plural. From a conservative Christian viewpoint, this is understood as the Spirit of the one true God, Yahweh, dwelling in Daniel, enabling him to exhibit divine wisdom and insight.

In the days of your father
This phrase refers to the time of King Nebuchadnezzar, Belshazzar's predecessor. The term "father" here is used in a broader sense, meaning ancestor or predecessor, as Belshazzar was likely the grandson of Nebuchadnezzar. This historical context is crucial, as it situates Daniel's previous service and reputation within the reign of a powerful and influential king, underscoring the continuity of his divine gifting across different reigns.

he was found to have insight, intelligence, and wisdom
The triad of "insight, intelligence, and wisdom" highlights Daniel's exceptional abilities. "Insight" (Hebrew: "שֵׂכֶל" - sekel) implies understanding and prudence. "Intelligence" (Hebrew: "מַדָּע" - madda) suggests knowledge and discernment. "Wisdom" (Hebrew: "חָכְמָה" - chokmah) is often associated with a deep, God-given understanding of life and the ability to make sound decisions. These qualities are attributed to Daniel by divine endowment, setting him apart from the other wise men of Babylon.

like that of the gods
This phrase again reflects the Babylonian perspective, attributing Daniel's abilities to a divine source. The comparison to "the gods" indicates that Daniel's wisdom was perceived as supernatural, beyond human capability. From a Christian perspective, this underscores the belief that true wisdom and understanding come from God alone, as seen in Daniel's life.

Your father, King Nebuchadnezzar, appointed him chief
This statement acknowledges Daniel's high status and the trust placed in him by Nebuchadnezzar. The term "chief" (Aramaic: "רַב" - rav) signifies a position of authority and leadership. Historically, this appointment reflects the practice of elevating those with proven abilities to positions of influence, regardless of their ethnic or cultural background.

of the magicians, enchanters, astrologers, and diviners
These groups represent the various classes of wise men and spiritual advisors in Babylon. "Magicians" (Aramaic: "חַרְטֹם" - chartom) were skilled in sacred writings and rituals. "Enchanters" (Aramaic: "אַשָּׁף" - ashshaph) practiced incantations. "Astrologers" (Aramaic: "כַּשְׂדִּים" - kasdim) studied the stars for omens. "Diviners" (Aramaic: "גָּזְרִין" - gazrin) interpreted dreams and signs. Daniel's leadership over these groups highlights his superior wisdom and the recognition of his God-given abilities, even in a pagan context.

This man Daniel
The phrase highlights Daniel's identity and reputation. In Hebrew, "Daniel" means "God is my judge," reflecting his unwavering faith and integrity. Daniel's life exemplifies a commitment to God amidst a pagan culture, serving as an inspiration for believers to maintain their faith in challenging environments.

whom the king named Belteshazzar
This phrase indicates the Babylonian practice of renaming captives to assimilate them into their culture. "Belteshazzar" means "Bel, protect the king," referring to a Babylonian deity. Despite this attempt to redefine him, Daniel's Hebrew identity and faith remained intact, symbolizing the believer's call to remain true to God despite external pressures.

was found to have an extraordinary spirit
The "extraordinary spirit" refers to Daniel's exceptional character and divine wisdom. The Hebrew word "ruach" (spirit) suggests a God-given ability that sets Daniel apart. This phrase encourages believers to seek the Holy Spirit's guidance, which empowers them to stand out in their faith and conduct.

knowledge and insight
These attributes highlight Daniel's God-given wisdom and understanding. "Knowledge" (Hebrew: "da'ath") and "insight" (Hebrew: "sekel") suggest a deep comprehension of divine truths and practical wisdom. Daniel's example inspires believers to pursue knowledge and discernment through Scripture and prayer.

the ability to interpret dreams
This ability underscores Daniel's role as a prophet and God's spokesperson. In the ancient Near East, dreams were considered messages from the divine. Daniel's gift of interpretation, granted by God, emphasizes the importance of seeking divine wisdom to understand God's will and purposes.

explain riddles
The phrase refers to Daniel's skill in solving complex and enigmatic problems. "Riddles" (Hebrew: "chidah") often symbolize life's mysteries and challenges. Daniel's ability to explain them points to the believer's reliance on God's wisdom to navigate life's uncertainties and challenges.

and solve difficult problems
This phrase highlights Daniel's capacity to resolve intricate issues. The Hebrew term "katar" (solve) implies untying or loosening knots, symbolizing the believer's call to bring clarity and resolution through God's wisdom. Daniel's example encourages believers to seek God's guidance in addressing life's complexities.

Therefore, summon Daniel
The directive to "summon Daniel" reflects the recognition of his God-given abilities. It underscores the believer's role as a light in the world, called upon to provide godly wisdom and insight. This phrase inspires believers to be ready to serve and share God's truth when called upon.

and he will give the interpretation
This assurance of Daniel's ability to interpret signifies confidence in God's power working through him. It highlights the believer's trust in God's provision of wisdom and understanding. Daniel's faithfulness in using his gifts for God's glory serves as a model for believers to faithfully steward their God-given talents.

So Daniel was brought before the king
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in the narrative, where Daniel, a man of God, is summoned to stand before the earthly king. The Hebrew name "Daniel" means "God is my judge," which is significant as it underscores Daniel's unwavering faith and integrity amidst a pagan culture. Historically, Daniel's presence in Babylon is a result of the Babylonian exile, a period when the Israelites were taken captive by Nebuchadnezzar. This context highlights the sovereignty of God, who positions His faithful servant in a place of influence even in a foreign land.

and the king said to him
The king in this context is Belshazzar, the last king of Babylon. His reign is marked by arrogance and disregard for the God of Israel, as seen earlier in the chapter. The interaction between the king and Daniel is a divine appointment, orchestrated by God to reveal His power and judgment. This moment is a reminder of the biblical truth that God raises and deposes kings according to His will (Daniel 2:21).

Are you Daniel
This question reflects the king's curiosity and perhaps skepticism. Despite Daniel's reputation and previous service under Nebuchadnezzar, Belshazzar seems unfamiliar with him. This could indicate a generational shift in the recognition of God's work through His people. It serves as a reminder of the importance of maintaining a testimony that transcends time and leadership changes.

one of the exiles
The term "exiles" refers to those who were forcibly taken from their homeland. In Hebrew, the word for exile carries connotations of being removed or carried away. This status of exile is both a physical and spiritual reality for the Israelites, symbolizing their separation from the Promised Land due to disobedience. Yet, it also sets the stage for God's redemptive work, as He uses the exile to purify and prepare His people for future restoration.

my father the king brought from Judah
Here, "my father" refers to Nebuchadnezzar, though historically, Belshazzar was likely the son of Nabonidus. The term "father" is used in a broader sense, indicating a predecessor. The mention of "Judah" is significant as it ties Daniel to the covenant people of God. Judah, the southern kingdom, was known for its capital, Jerusalem, the center of Jewish worship. This connection emphasizes Daniel's identity and faithfulness to God, even in a foreign court. The historical context of Judah's fall serves as a backdrop for God's unfolding plan of salvation, demonstrating His faithfulness to His promises despite human failure.

I have heard
This phrase indicates that King Belshazzar is relying on reports and testimonies about Daniel. In the ancient Near Eastern context, reputation and oral reports were crucial for understanding a person's abilities and character. The king's acknowledgment of having "heard" suggests a recognition of Daniel's established reputation, which had spread throughout the kingdom. This highlights the importance of a godly testimony and how a life lived in faithfulness to God can impact others, even in high places.

the spirit of the gods
In the original Aramaic, the phrase can be understood as "spirit of the holy gods" or "spirit of God," reflecting the polytheistic beliefs of the Babylonians. However, from a conservative Christian perspective, this is seen as a recognition of the Holy Spirit's work in Daniel's life. The presence of God's Spirit is what sets Daniel apart, enabling him to interpret dreams and solve mysteries. This phrase underscores the biblical truth that it is the Spirit of God who empowers believers to accomplish His purposes.

is in you
This phrase emphasizes the indwelling presence of the Spirit within Daniel. In the Old Testament context, the Spirit of God would come upon individuals for specific tasks. Daniel's life is a testament to the transformative power of God's presence, which equips and enables believers to stand firm in their faith and witness, even in a foreign and hostile culture.

and that you have insight
The word "insight" refers to understanding and discernment. Daniel's ability to perceive and interpret complex matters is attributed to divine wisdom. In the biblical narrative, insight is often linked to a heart aligned with God's will. This highlights the importance of seeking God's wisdom in all things, as true insight comes from Him.

intelligence
This term denotes knowledge and the ability to apply it effectively. Daniel's intelligence is not merely academic but is deeply rooted in his relationship with God. It serves as a reminder that true intelligence is a gift from God and should be used for His glory. The biblical worldview values knowledge that leads to righteous living and the advancement of God's kingdom.

and extraordinary wisdom
The phrase "extraordinary wisdom" signifies wisdom that surpasses human understanding. In the biblical context, wisdom is more than knowledge; it is the application of knowledge in a way that honors God. Daniel's wisdom is described as extraordinary because it is divinely inspired. This serves as an encouragement to believers to seek God's wisdom, which is available to all who ask in faith (James 1:5).

Now the wise men and enchanters
In the context of ancient Babylon, "wise men and enchanters" refers to a class of individuals who were considered knowledgeable in various forms of wisdom, including astrology, divination, and the interpretation of dreams and omens. The Hebrew term for "wise men" is "חכמים" (chakhamim), which denotes those who are skilled in wisdom and learning. Historically, these individuals were often advisors to the king, drawing from a blend of scientific knowledge and mystical practices. The "enchanters," or "אשפים" (ashaphim), were those who practiced incantations and sought to manipulate spiritual forces. This highlights the reliance of ancient rulers on human wisdom and occult practices, contrasting with the divine wisdom that Daniel, a servant of the Most High God, would later demonstrate.

were brought before me
The phrase "were brought before me" indicates a formal summoning to the presence of King Belshazzar. In the royal courts of Babylon, such a summons was a significant event, often involving a display of authority and the expectation of service. This reflects the king's desperation and urgency in seeking answers to the mysterious writing on the wall. The historical context here is crucial, as it underscores the limitations of human wisdom when confronted with divine mysteries. The king's reliance on these men reveals his lack of understanding of the true source of wisdom, which is God Himself.

to read this inscription
The task "to read this inscription" was not merely about deciphering the text but understanding its meaning and implications. The inscription, written by the hand of God, was a divine message that required spiritual insight beyond human capability. The Hebrew word for "inscription" is "כתבא" (ketav), which can mean writing or script. This moment is pivotal, as it sets the stage for the revelation of God's judgment upon Babylon. The inability of the wise men to read the inscription signifies the futility of relying on human wisdom to comprehend divine revelations.

and to make its interpretation known to me
The king's demand "to make its interpretation known to me" reflects his desire for understanding and control over the situation. The word "interpretation" in Hebrew is "פשר" (pesher), which means to explain or solve a mystery. This highlights the king's dependence on his advisors to provide clarity and guidance. However, the failure of the wise men to interpret the writing emphasizes the theme of divine sovereignty and the insufficiency of human wisdom. It sets the stage for Daniel, who, endowed with God's Spirit, will reveal the true meaning of the inscription.

but they could not give its interpretation
The phrase "but they could not give its interpretation" underscores the limitations of the Babylonian wise men. Despite their reputation and skills, they were powerless to understand the divine message. This failure serves as a powerful reminder of the supremacy of God's wisdom over human knowledge. It also foreshadows the introduction of Daniel, whose ability to interpret the writing will demonstrate the power of God working through His faithful servant. This moment is a testament to the truth that true wisdom and understanding come from God alone, and not from human efforts or occult practices.

But I have heard
This phrase indicates the king's reliance on reports and testimonies about Daniel's abilities. In the historical context, Daniel's reputation had spread throughout the Babylonian empire due to his previous interpretations and wisdom. The Hebrew root for "heard" (שָׁמַע, shama) implies not just hearing but understanding and acknowledging the significance of what is heard. This reflects the king's recognition of Daniel's God-given wisdom, even if he does not fully understand its divine source.

that you can give interpretations
The ability to interpret dreams and signs was highly valued in ancient Near Eastern cultures. The Hebrew word for "interpretations" (פְּשַׁר, pesher) suggests a deep understanding and the ability to unravel mysteries. Daniel's gift of interpretation is a divine endowment, setting him apart from the Babylonian magicians and wise men. This highlights the theme of God's sovereignty and the superiority of divine wisdom over human knowledge.

and solve difficult problems
The phrase "solve difficult problems" underscores Daniel's exceptional wisdom. The Aramaic word used here, "קְשָׁט" (qeshet), can be translated as "knots" or "riddles," symbolizing complex and challenging issues. Daniel's ability to solve such problems is a testament to the Spirit of God within him, enabling him to bring clarity where there is confusion. This serves as a reminder of the power of divine insight in overcoming worldly challenges.

Now if you can read this writing
The king's challenge to Daniel to read the mysterious writing on the wall is a pivotal moment. The Aramaic word for "read" (קְרָא, qara) implies not just the ability to decipher text but to proclaim and make known its meaning. This reflects the urgency and desperation of the king, who is unable to understand the divine message. It also sets the stage for God's revelation through Daniel, emphasizing the theme of divine communication.

and tell me what it means
The king's request for the meaning of the writing highlights his dependence on Daniel's unique gift. The Aramaic word for "means" (פְּשַׁר, pesher) is the same as "interpretations," reinforcing the idea of revealing hidden truths. This moment underscores the limitations of human wisdom and the necessity of divine revelation to understand God's messages.

you will be clothed in purple
Purple clothing was a symbol of royalty and high status in ancient cultures, as the dye was rare and expensive. The promise of being clothed in purple signifies the king's recognition of Daniel's value and the honor he intends to bestow upon him. This offer reflects the worldly rewards that come with divine wisdom, though Daniel's motivations are not driven by such rewards.

and have a gold chain placed around your neck
A gold chain was another symbol of authority and prestige. In the historical context, such adornments were given to those who held significant positions in the kingdom. The king's offer to Daniel signifies the high regard in which he holds Daniel's abilities, even though Daniel's true reward comes from serving God faithfully.

and you will be made the third highest ruler in the kingdom
This promise of high rank underscores the king's desperation and the value he places on understanding the divine message. Historically, being the third highest ruler would place Daniel in a position of significant influence and power. However, Daniel's acceptance of this role is secondary to his primary mission of delivering God's message, illustrating the theme of divine purpose over personal ambition.

Then Daniel answered the king
This phrase introduces Daniel's response to King Belshazzar. The name "Daniel" means "God is my judge" in Hebrew, reflecting his role as a prophet and servant of God. Daniel's response is significant because it demonstrates his courage and faithfulness in the face of royal authority. Historically, Daniel was a Jewish exile in Babylon, yet he maintained his integrity and devotion to God, serving as a model of steadfastness for believers.

You may keep your gifts
Daniel's refusal of the king's gifts underscores his integrity and the purity of his motives. In the ancient Near Eastern context, gifts from a king were often seen as a means to secure loyalty or favor. By rejecting these gifts, Daniel demonstrates that his service and message are not for sale, emphasizing that his allegiance is to God alone. This act of refusal highlights the biblical principle that true servants of God do not seek earthly rewards but are motivated by a higher calling.

and give your rewards to someone else
This phrase further emphasizes Daniel's disinterest in material wealth or earthly recognition. The Hebrew culture often viewed rewards as a sign of honor or status, yet Daniel's focus remains on delivering God's message. His statement reflects a deep understanding that true reward comes from God, not from human accolades. This serves as an inspiration for believers to prioritize spiritual over material wealth.

Nevertheless, I will read the writing for the king
Despite rejecting the king's gifts, Daniel commits to fulfilling his prophetic duty. The phrase "I will read the writing" indicates Daniel's confidence in his God-given ability to interpret the mysterious message. This reflects the biblical theme of God's sovereignty and the empowerment of His servants to accomplish His purposes. Daniel's willingness to serve without expectation of reward exemplifies the selfless nature of true ministry.

and tell him what it means
Daniel's role as an interpreter of divine messages is central to his prophetic ministry. The phrase "tell him what it means" signifies the importance of understanding and communicating God's revelations. In the broader scriptural context, this highlights the role of prophets as God's mouthpieces, tasked with conveying His truth to humanity. Daniel's faithfulness in delivering God's message, regardless of personal gain, serves as a powerful example of obedience and dedication to God's will.

O king
This phrase is a direct address to King Belshazzar, the ruler of Babylon at the time. The use of "O king" is a respectful salutation, acknowledging the king's authority and position. In the historical context, addressing a king in such a manner was customary, reflecting the hierarchical structure of ancient Near Eastern societies. It sets the tone for the message that follows, which is both a reminder and a warning.

the Most High God
This title for God emphasizes His supreme authority and sovereignty over all earthly powers. In Hebrew, "El Elyon" is often used to denote God's ultimate supremacy. This phrase serves to remind Belshazzar that despite his earthly power, there is a higher divine authority that governs the universe. Theologically, it underscores the biblical theme that God is the ruler above all rulers, a central tenet in the book of Daniel.

gave
The verb "gave" indicates that the sovereignty and power Nebuchadnezzar possessed were not of his own making but were granted by God. This reflects the biblical principle that all authority is established by God (Romans 13:1). It serves as a humbling reminder that human power is temporary and dependent on God's will.

your father Nebuchadnezzar
Although Nebuchadnezzar was not Belshazzar's biological father, the term "father" is used here in a broader sense, referring to a predecessor or ancestor. Historically, Nebuchadnezzar was a significant figure in Babylonian history, known for his conquests and the construction of the Hanging Gardens. This reference serves to draw a parallel between the two kings and to highlight the lessons Belshazzar should have learned from Nebuchadnezzar's experiences.

sovereignty
This word denotes supreme power or authority. In the context of Nebuchadnezzar, it refers to his rule over the vast Babylonian Empire. Theologically, it is a reminder that true sovereignty belongs to God, who delegates authority to human rulers according to His purposes. This concept is central to understanding the dynamics of divine and human authority in the biblical narrative.

and greatness
The term "greatness" here refers to the extent of Nebuchadnezzar's influence and the magnificence of his reign. Historically, Nebuchadnezzar's Babylon was a center of culture and power. Theologically, it serves as a reminder that human greatness is a reflection of God's greatness and should be used to honor Him.

and glory
"Glory" in this context refers to the honor and majesty associated with Nebuchadnezzar's reign. In the Hebrew Bible, "glory" often signifies the visible manifestation of God's presence. This phrase suggests that any glory attributed to human rulers is ultimately a reflection of God's own glory.

and honor
The word "honor" denotes respect and esteem. In the ancient world, a king's honor was tied to his ability to rule justly and effectively. This phrase serves as a reminder that true honor comes from God and should be sought in alignment with His will. It also foreshadows the consequences of failing to honor God, as seen in Belshazzar's impending judgment.

Because of the greatness that He bestowed on him
This phrase highlights the divine sovereignty and authority granted by God. The Hebrew root for "greatness" is "gadol," which signifies not just size but also importance and majesty. The greatness bestowed upon King Nebuchadnezzar was not of his own making but a gift from God, emphasizing the biblical theme that all authority is ultimately derived from the divine. This serves as a reminder of God's control over earthly kingdoms and His ability to raise leaders according to His purpose.

all the peoples, nations, and men of every language
This phrase underscores the vastness of Nebuchadnezzar's empire, which was a melting pot of cultures and languages. The historical context here is the Babylonian Empire, known for its diversity and extensive reach. The phrase reflects the biblical narrative of God's influence over all nations, as seen in the Tower of Babel (Genesis 11) and later in the Great Commission (Matthew 28:19), where the gospel is to be preached to all nations.

feared and trembled before him
The words "feared" and "trembled" convey a sense of awe and reverence, but also terror. The Hebrew word for "feared" is "yare," which can mean both reverence and dread. This duality reflects the power and authority that Nebuchadnezzar wielded, which was both respected and feared by those under his rule. It serves as a reminder of the awe-inspiring power of God, who is to be revered above all earthly kings.

Whom he wished he killed, and whom he wished he kept alive
This phrase illustrates the absolute power that Nebuchadnezzar held over life and death, a power that is ultimately God's alone. The historical context here is the absolute monarchy of ancient Near Eastern kings, who had the authority to decide the fate of their subjects. This serves as a cautionary tale of the dangers of unchecked human power and a reminder that true justice and mercy come from God.

whom he wished he exalted, and whom he wished he humbled
The ability to exalt or humble is a divine prerogative, as seen in the biblical principle that God opposes the proud but gives grace to the humble (James 4:6). The Hebrew root for "exalted" is "rum," meaning to lift up, while "humbled" is "shaphel," meaning to bring low. This reflects the biblical theme of God's sovereignty in raising and lowering leaders according to His will, as seen in the accounts of Joseph, David, and ultimately Jesus Christ, who was exalted after being humbled on the cross.

But when his heart became arrogant
The phrase "heart became arrogant" refers to the inner disposition of King Nebuchadnezzar, whose account is recounted in Daniel 4. The Hebrew word for "heart" (לֵב, lev) often signifies the center of one's being, encompassing mind, will, and emotions. Arrogance here is a translation of the Hebrew word גָּבַהּ (gavah), which means to be high or exalted. This suggests a self-elevation above others and, more importantly, above God. In a biblical context, arrogance is a grave sin, as it reflects a departure from recognizing God's sovereignty. The heart's arrogance is a cautionary tale for believers to remain humble and acknowledge God's ultimate authority.

and his spirit was hardened with pride
The "spirit" (רוּחַ, ruach) in Hebrew can denote breath, wind, or spirit, often indicating one's inner life or disposition. A "hardened" spirit suggests a stubbornness or resistance to change, akin to the hardening of Pharaoh's heart in Exodus. The word "pride" (זִיד, zid) implies presumptuousness or insolence. This hardening is not merely an emotional state but a spiritual condition that leads to downfall. In the biblical narrative, pride precedes destruction (Proverbs 16:18), serving as a warning to maintain a posture of humility before God.

he was deposed from his royal throne
The term "deposed" indicates a removal from power, a common theme in the Bible where God humbles the proud and exalts the humble (1 Samuel 2:7). The "royal throne" symbolizes authority and dominion, which in Nebuchadnezzar's case, was granted by God. The historical context of Babylonian kingship, with its grandeur and might, underscores the dramatic nature of this divine intervention. This serves as a reminder that all earthly power is temporary and subject to God's will.

and stripped of his glory
"Stripped" conveys a forceful removal, indicating that what was once possessed is now taken away. "Glory" (כָּבוֹד, kavod) in Hebrew often refers to weightiness or honor, suggesting the king's reputation and splendor. In biblical theology, true glory belongs to God alone, and human glory is but a reflection of divine favor. Nebuchadnezzar's loss of glory illustrates the futility of human pride and the transient nature of worldly honor. It calls believers to seek the glory that comes from God, which is eternal and unshakeable.

He was driven away from mankind
This phrase refers to King Nebuchadnezzar's humbling experience as described in Daniel 4. The Hebrew root for "driven away" is "nadach," which implies being banished or expelled. Historically, this reflects the Babylonian king's temporary removal from his throne and society due to his pride. This serves as a powerful reminder of God's sovereignty and the consequences of human arrogance.

and his mind was like that of an animal
The transformation of Nebuchadnezzar's mind to that of an animal signifies a profound humbling. The Hebrew word for "mind" here is "levav," often translated as "heart" or "inner self." This indicates a complete change in his reasoning and understanding, emphasizing the depth of his fall from grace. It illustrates the biblical theme that God can change the heart and mind of any individual, regardless of their status.

He lived with the wild donkeys
This phrase paints a vivid picture of Nebuchadnezzar's condition. The wild donkey, or "pere" in Hebrew, symbolizes untamed and solitary existence. Archaeological findings suggest that wild donkeys were common in the Mesopotamian region, reinforcing the historical accuracy of this account. Spiritually, this imagery underscores the isolation and degradation that result from defying God.

and ate grass like an ox
Eating grass like an ox further illustrates Nebuchadnezzar's debasement. The ox, or "shor" in Hebrew, is a domesticated animal, yet here it highlights the king's loss of human dignity and reason. This serves as a metaphor for how pride can reduce a person to a state of spiritual and moral bankruptcy, reminding believers of the importance of humility before God.

and his body was drenched with the dew of heaven
The phrase "drenched with the dew of heaven" signifies Nebuchadnezzar's exposure to the elements, a stark contrast to his former life of luxury. The "dew," or "tal" in Hebrew, often symbolizes divine blessing or presence. In this context, it reflects God's continued oversight and eventual restoration of Nebuchadnezzar, illustrating that even in judgment, God's grace is present.

until he acknowledged that the Most High God is ruler over the kingdom of mankind
This is the climax of Nebuchadnezzar's story, where he recognizes God's ultimate authority. The term "acknowledged" comes from the Hebrew "yada," meaning to know or recognize deeply. This acknowledgment is not just intellectual but a heartfelt submission to God's sovereignty. It serves as a powerful testament to the transformative power of repentance and the necessity of recognizing God's rule in our lives.

and sets over it whom He wishes
This final phrase emphasizes God's control over earthly kingdoms. The Hebrew root "shith" for "sets" implies establishing or appointing. This reflects the biblical principle that all authority is ordained by God, as echoed in Romans 13:1. It reassures believers that despite human appearances, God is in control, appointing leaders according to His divine purpose and plan.

But you his son, Belshazzar
The phrase "But you his son, Belshazzar" directly addresses the Babylonian king, Belshazzar, who is identified as the son of Nebuchadnezzar. Historically, Belshazzar was the co-regent of Babylon, serving under his father Nabonidus. The term "son" here is used in a broader sense, as Nebuchadnezzar was likely his grandfather. This highlights the biblical theme of generational responsibility and the expectation that Belshazzar should have learned from the experiences and lessons of his forebears.

have not humbled your heart
The phrase "have not humbled your heart" is a direct indictment of Belshazzar's pride and arrogance. In the Hebrew context, the heart is often seen as the center of will and decision-making. To humble one's heart is to submit to God's authority and recognize one's own limitations and need for divine guidance. This echoes the biblical principle found throughout Scripture that God opposes the proud but gives grace to the humble (James 4:6). Belshazzar's failure to humble himself is a stark contrast to his predecessor Nebuchadnezzar, who eventually acknowledged God's sovereignty after being humbled.

although you knew all this
The phrase "although you knew all this" underscores Belshazzar's culpability. He was not ignorant of the events that transpired with Nebuchadnezzar, including the divine judgment and subsequent restoration after Nebuchadnezzar's humbling experience (Daniel 4). This knowledge should have led Belshazzar to a posture of humility and reverence towards God. The phrase serves as a reminder of the biblical principle that to whom much is given, much is required (Luke 12:48). Belshazzar's willful ignorance and refusal to learn from the past highlight the danger of pride and the importance of heeding God's warnings.

But you have exalted yourself
This phrase highlights the sin of pride, a recurring theme throughout the Bible. The Hebrew root for "exalted" is "רום" (rum), which means to lift up or raise high. In the context of Daniel 5, Belshazzar's pride is a direct affront to God, echoing the pride of other biblical figures who fell due to their arrogance, such as Lucifer and Nebuchadnezzar. This serves as a warning against self-glorification and the importance of humility before God.

against the Lord of heaven
The title "Lord of heaven" emphasizes God's supreme authority and sovereignty over all creation. In the ancient Near Eastern context, where multiple deities were worshiped, this title asserts the monotheistic belief in the one true God who reigns above all. It reminds us of God's ultimate power and the futility of opposing His will.

You had the vessels of His temple brought to you
The vessels from the temple in Jerusalem were sacred, dedicated to the worship of Yahweh. By using these holy items for a profane purpose, Belshazzar desecrated what was consecrated to God. This act of sacrilege reflects a deeper spiritual rebellion and disregard for the holiness of God, reminiscent of other biblical accounts where sacred objects were misused, leading to divine judgment.

and you and your nobles, your wives and your concubines drank wine from them
This phrase illustrates the communal nature of Belshazzar's sin, involving not just himself but also his court. It underscores the influence of leadership and the responsibility leaders have in guiding others toward or away from righteousness. The act of drinking wine from the sacred vessels symbolizes indulgence and disrespect, contrasting with the biblical call to honor what is holy.

You praised the gods of silver and gold, of bronze and iron, of wood and stone
Here, the text lists materials commonly used for idols, highlighting the folly of idolatry. These gods, crafted by human hands, are lifeless and powerless. The repetition of materials emphasizes their earthly and perishable nature, contrasting with the eternal and living God. This serves as a reminder of the first two commandments, which prohibit idolatry and the worship of graven images.

which cannot see or hear or understand
This phrase critiques the impotence of idols, which lack the senses and intellect attributed to the living God. The Hebrew scriptures often mock the futility of idol worship, as seen in passages like Psalm 115:4-8. It underscores the absurdity of worshiping creations rather than the Creator, who is omniscient and omnipotent.

But you did not honor the God
The word "honor" here is significant, derived from the Hebrew "כבד" (kavod), meaning to give weight or glory. Belshazzar's failure to honor God is a central indictment against him. It reflects a broader biblical theme where true worship involves recognizing God's glory and giving Him the reverence He deserves.

who holds in His hand your life and all your ways
This phrase powerfully conveys God's sovereignty and control over human existence. The imagery of God holding life in His hand suggests both His authority and His care. It echoes biblical teachings that God is the sustainer of life, as seen in Job 12:10 and Acts 17:28. This serves as a humbling reminder of our dependence on God for every breath and decision.

Therefore
The word "therefore" serves as a pivotal connector, linking the preceding narrative to the divine action that follows. In the context of Daniel 5, it signifies a consequential moment, where the actions of King Belshazzar have led to a divine response. Theologically, this highlights the principle of divine justice and accountability, where human actions, especially those of pride and sacrilege, elicit a response from God. The Hebrew root for "therefore" often implies a logical conclusion, underscoring the inevitability of God's intervention in the affairs of men.

He sent
This phrase emphasizes the sovereignty and initiative of God. The "He" refers to the God of Israel, who is actively involved in the events of history. The sending of the hand is a direct act of divine will, illustrating that God is not distant or detached but is intimately aware of and responsive to human actions. The Hebrew concept of sending often involves commissioning or dispatching with authority, reinforcing the idea that this act is purposeful and authoritative.

the hand
The "hand" is a significant symbol in biblical literature, often representing power, action, and intervention. In this context, the hand is a supernatural manifestation, a visible sign of God's presence and judgment. Archaeologically, the imagery of a hand writing would have been striking and fearsome, as it defied natural explanation and pointed to a higher power at work. Theologically, the hand of God is a recurring motif, symbolizing His ability to guide, protect, and, in this case, judge.

that wrote
The act of writing is crucial in this narrative, as it conveys a message that is both permanent and authoritative. In ancient cultures, writing was a means of recording decrees and laws, and here it serves as a divine edict. The Hebrew root for "wrote" implies inscribing or engraving, suggesting that the message is indelible and unchangeable. This underscores the finality and seriousness of God's judgment against Belshazzar.

the inscription
The "inscription" refers to the mysterious writing on the wall, which is later revealed to be a message of judgment. In the historical context of Babylon, inscriptions were often used to convey important messages from the king or gods, making this divine inscription a powerful counterpoint to the king's authority. Scripturally, this inscription serves as a prophetic revelation, a direct communication from God that requires interpretation by Daniel. It highlights the theme of divine revelation and the need for spiritual discernment to understand God's messages.

Now this is the inscription that was written
This phrase introduces the mysterious writing on the wall, a divine message delivered during King Belshazzar's feast. The context is crucial: Babylon, once a mighty empire, is on the brink of collapse. The phrase sets the stage for a revelation from God, emphasizing the seriousness and divine origin of the message. Historically, the use of inscriptions was common in ancient Near Eastern cultures for decrees and divine messages, underscoring the gravity of what is to follow.

MENE
The word "MENE" is repeated for emphasis, indicating certainty and urgency. In Aramaic, it is derived from the root "m-n-h," meaning "to number" or "to count." This word signifies that God has numbered the days of Belshazzar's kingdom, and it is coming to an end. The repetition underscores the finality and inevitability of God's judgment. In a broader biblical context, it reflects the theme of divine sovereignty over human affairs, reminding believers that God is the ultimate arbiter of history.

TEKEL
"TEKEL" comes from the Aramaic root "t-q-l," meaning "to weigh." This word conveys the idea of being weighed on a balance and found wanting. It is a direct judgment on Belshazzar's reign, indicating moral and spiritual deficiency. The imagery of weighing is common in biblical literature, symbolizing God's righteous judgment. For believers, it serves as a sobering reminder of the need for integrity and righteousness in the sight of God.

PARSIN
"PARSIN" is the plural form of "PERES," derived from the root "p-r-s," meaning "to divide" or "to break." This word foretells the division of Belshazzar's kingdom, which will be given to the Medes and Persians. The use of the plural form suggests completeness and thoroughness in the impending judgment. Historically, this prophecy was fulfilled when Babylon fell to the Medo-Persian Empire. Theologically, it highlights the transient nature of earthly kingdoms and the enduring sovereignty of God.

This is the interpretation of the message
The phrase introduces the divine revelation given to Daniel, who is interpreting the mysterious writing on the wall. In the context of the Babylonian court, where human wisdom and pagan divination were prevalent, this statement underscores the supremacy of God's wisdom. The Hebrew word for "interpretation" is "peshar," which implies a divinely inspired explanation, setting the stage for a message that transcends human understanding.

MENE
This word is repeated twice in the original text, emphasizing its importance. "Mene" comes from the Aramaic root "menah," meaning "to number" or "to reckon." In the historical context, this reflects the ancient Near Eastern practice of accounting and measuring, which was crucial for governance and administration. Spiritually, it signifies God's sovereign control over time and kingdoms, reminding us that all earthly powers are subject to His divine timetable.

God has numbered the days of your reign
This phrase highlights the divine authority over human affairs. The use of "God" (Aramaic "Elah") emphasizes the monotheistic belief in the one true God, contrasting with the polytheistic beliefs of Babylon. The "numbering" of days signifies a predetermined limit set by God, reflecting the biblical theme that human life and power are finite and accountable to the Creator. Historically, this was a direct message to King Belshazzar, whose reign was being weighed and found wanting.

and brought it to an end
The conclusion of the message is both a declaration and a fulfillment of divine judgment. The phrase "brought it to an end" (Aramaic "shelem") conveys the idea of completion or fulfillment. In the historical context, this prophecy was fulfilled that very night with the fall of Babylon to the Medes and Persians. Theologically, it serves as a sobering reminder of the certainty of God's judgments and the ultimate accountability of all rulers and nations before Him.

TEKEL
The word "TEKEL" is of Aramaic origin, derived from the root "teqal," which means "to weigh." In the context of Daniel 5, this word is part of the mysterious writing on the wall that appeared during King Belshazzar's feast. The use of "TEKEL" signifies a divine assessment of Belshazzar's reign. Historically, weighing was a common method to determine value and worth, often used in trade and justice. Spiritually, this word reminds us that God evaluates the hearts and actions of individuals and nations, holding them accountable to His righteous standards.

You have been weighed
This phrase indicates a divine judgment process. The imagery of scales suggests a precise and fair evaluation, reflecting the biblical principle that God is just and His judgments are true. In the ancient Near East, scales were a symbol of justice and fairness, often used in legal and commercial contexts. Theologically, this phrase underscores the belief that God is intimately involved in the affairs of humanity, assessing the moral and spiritual weight of our lives.

on the scales
The "scales" symbolize the standard of God's righteousness and truth. In biblical times, scales were used to measure commodities, ensuring fairness and honesty in transactions. Here, they represent God's perfect justice, against which Belshazzar's life and reign are measured. This imagery serves as a powerful reminder that human actions are not hidden from God and that He holds everyone accountable to His divine law.

and found deficient
The term "deficient" conveys a sense of lacking or falling short. In the context of Daniel 5, it indicates that Belshazzar's moral and spiritual character did not meet God's standards. Historically, this pronouncement foreshadows the imminent fall of Babylon, as Belshazzar's kingdom is judged and found wanting. Scripturally, this serves as a warning to all believers to live lives that are pleasing to God, emphasizing the importance of integrity, righteousness, and faithfulness in our walk with Him.

Peres
The word "Peres" is a play on words in the Aramaic language, which is the original language of this passage. It is related to the word "upharsin" mentioned earlier in the chapter, which means "divided" or "broken." The term "Peres" also sounds like the word for "Persians," indicating the dual meaning of the prophecy. This wordplay is significant as it underscores the divine judgment and the precision of God's message to Belshazzar. The use of such a term highlights the sovereignty of God in orchestrating the rise and fall of empires according to His divine plan.

Your kingdom has been divided
This phrase signifies the end of the Babylonian Empire's dominance. Historically, the Babylonian Empire was known for its grandeur and power, but this divine message through Daniel reveals that no earthly kingdom is beyond God's control. The division of the kingdom is a direct consequence of the pride and impiety of its rulers, particularly Belshazzar, who failed to honor the God of heaven. This serves as a reminder of the biblical principle that pride precedes a fall (Proverbs 16:18) and that God opposes the proud but gives grace to the humble (James 4:6).

and given over to the Medes and Persians
The Medes and Persians were two distinct groups that formed a powerful alliance under the leadership of Cyrus the Great. Historically, this prophecy was fulfilled when Cyrus conquered Babylon in 539 B.C., marking the transition from the Babylonian Empire to the Medo-Persian Empire. This transfer of power was not merely a political shift but a fulfillment of God's prophetic word, as previously revealed through the prophet Isaiah (Isaiah 45:1) and Jeremiah (Jeremiah 51:11). The mention of the Medes and Persians emphasizes the accuracy of biblical prophecy and God's control over the nations. It also foreshadows the unfolding of God's redemptive plan, as the Persian Empire would later play a crucial role in the return of the Jewish exiles to their homeland, setting the stage for the coming of the Messiah.

Then Belshazzar gave an order
The phrase highlights the authority of Belshazzar, the Babylonian king, who despite the ominous prophecy delivered by Daniel, chooses to honor him. This act of giving an order reflects the king's immediate response to the interpretation of the writing on the wall. Historically, Belshazzar was a co-regent with his father Nabonidus, which is why he could only offer Daniel the position of third ruler. This moment underscores the transient nature of earthly power and the sovereignty of God over human affairs.

and they clothed Daniel in purple
Purple was a color associated with royalty and high status in ancient times, often reserved for kings and nobles due to the expense of the dye. By clothing Daniel in purple, Belshazzar acknowledges Daniel's wisdom and the divine insight he provided. This act symbolizes the honor and recognition bestowed upon Daniel, even in a pagan court, and serves as a testament to God's ability to elevate His faithful servants in any circumstance.

placed a gold chain around his neck
The gold chain is a symbol of authority and distinction. In ancient cultures, such adornments were often given as rewards for service or as signs of high office. This gesture signifies the king's acknowledgment of Daniel's role in interpreting the divine message. It also reflects the biblical theme that God honors those who honor Him, as Daniel's faithfulness and integrity are publicly recognized.

and issued a proclamation concerning him
The issuance of a proclamation indicates a formal and public declaration of Daniel's new status. This act not only elevates Daniel but also serves as a witness to the Babylonian court of the power and wisdom of the God of Israel. It highlights the theme of divine justice and the fulfillment of God's purposes through His chosen instruments.

that he should be the third ruler in the kingdom
The position of third ruler is significant, as it reflects the highest possible rank Daniel could attain under Belshazzar's co-regency. This appointment is a fulfillment of the king's promise and demonstrates the immediate impact of Daniel's interpretation. It also serves as a reminder of the temporary nature of human kingdoms, as the Babylonian empire would soon fall to the Medes and Persians, fulfilling the prophecy Daniel had just interpreted. This phrase underscores the biblical truth that God's kingdom is eternal, while earthly powers are fleeting.

That very night
This phrase underscores the immediacy and suddenness of God's judgment. In the context of the narrative, it highlights the swift fulfillment of the prophecy given through the mysterious writing on the wall. The Hebrew word for "night" (לַיְלָה, laylah) often symbolizes a time of judgment or divine intervention in the Bible. This serves as a reminder of the unpredictability of life and the importance of being spiritually prepared at all times, as God's timing is perfect and His plans are executed with precision.

Belshazzar
Belshazzar, the central figure in this verse, was the co-regent of Babylon, ruling alongside his father Nabonidus. Historically, Belshazzar's existence was confirmed through archaeological discoveries, such as the Nabonidus Cylinder, which mentions him. His name means "Bel, protect the king," reflecting the Babylonian practice of invoking their gods for protection. However, despite his name and royal status, Belshazzar's reliance on false gods and his arrogance led to his downfall, illustrating the biblical principle that pride precedes destruction (Proverbs 16:18).

king of the Chaldeans
The term "Chaldeans" refers to the people of Babylon, a dominant empire known for its wealth, power, and idolatry. The Chaldeans were renowned for their advancements in astronomy and mathematics, yet their spiritual blindness and moral decay are evident in the narrative. The title "king of the Chaldeans" emphasizes Belshazzar's authority and responsibility over a great empire, yet it also serves as a stark reminder that earthly power is fleeting and subject to the sovereignty of God.

was slain
The phrase "was slain" indicates the finality of Belshazzar's fate. The Hebrew root for "slain" (קָטַל, qatal) conveys the act of killing or putting to death. This abrupt end to Belshazzar's life serves as a sobering testament to the consequences of defying the living God. It echoes the biblical theme that divine justice will ultimately prevail, and those who oppose God will face His righteous judgment. This event also marks the transition of power from the Babylonian Empire to the Medo-Persian Empire, fulfilling God's prophetic word and demonstrating His control over the rise and fall of nations.

and Darius the Mede
The identity of "Darius the Mede" has been a subject of much scholarly debate. In the historical context, Darius is often associated with the Medo-Persian Empire, which succeeded the Babylonian Empire. The Medes were an ancient Iranian people who, along with the Persians, formed a significant part of the empire that conquered Babylon. Some scholars suggest that Darius the Mede could be another name for Gubaru, a governor under Cyrus the Great, or possibly an honorific title for Cyrus himself. From a conservative Christian perspective, Darius the Mede is seen as a historical figure used by God to fulfill His divine plan, as prophesied in the book of Daniel. This transition of power signifies God's sovereignty over the nations and His ability to raise leaders according to His purpose.

received the kingdom
The phrase "received the kingdom" indicates a transfer of power and authority. In the context of Daniel 5, this transfer was divinely orchestrated as a judgment against the pride and idolatry of Belshazzar, the last king of Babylon. The Hebrew root for "received" (קבל - qabal) implies acceptance or taking possession, suggesting that Darius did not seize the kingdom by force but was granted authority, possibly by divine appointment. This highlights the biblical theme that all authority is ultimately given by God, as seen in Romans 13:1, where it states that "there is no authority except that which God has established."

being about sixty-two years old
The mention of Darius's age, "sixty-two years old," provides a historical anchor, suggesting maturity and experience in leadership. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, age was often associated with wisdom and the ability to govern effectively. This detail underscores the notion that God appoints leaders who are equipped for their roles, regardless of their background or nationality. The specificity of age also serves to authenticate the historical narrative, providing a tangible connection to the events described. From a theological perspective, it reminds believers that God’s timing is perfect, and He prepares His chosen instruments for their appointed tasks, as seen throughout the biblical narrative.