Now, brothers
The term "brothers" (Greek: ἀδελφοί, adelphoi) is a term of endearment and unity, often used by Paul to address fellow believers. It signifies a familial bond among Christians, transcending biological ties and emphasizing spiritual kinship. In the early church, this term fostered a sense of community and mutual support, crucial for the fledgling Christian communities facing external pressures and internal challenges.

we want you to know
This phrase indicates Paul's intention to inform and educate the Corinthian church. The Greek word for "know" (γινώσκω, ginōskō) implies a deep, experiential understanding rather than mere intellectual awareness. Paul is not just conveying information; he is inviting the Corinthians to grasp the significance of what God is doing among the Macedonian churches, encouraging them to reflect on their own spiritual and communal practices.

about the grace
The word "grace" (Greek: χάρις, charis) is central to Paul's theology, representing unmerited favor and divine assistance given by God. In this context, it refers to the spiritual empowerment and generosity bestowed upon the Macedonian churches. This grace is not just a passive gift but an active force that enables believers to transcend their circumstances and act in ways that reflect God's character.

that God has given
This phrase underscores the divine origin of the grace experienced by the Macedonian churches. The verb "has given" (Greek: δίδωμι, didōmi) highlights God's initiative and generosity. It is a reminder that all spiritual gifts and abilities are sourced in God, and believers are stewards of these gifts, called to use them for the edification of the church and the glory of God.

the churches of Macedonia
The "churches of Macedonia" refer to the Christian communities in the region of Macedonia, including Philippi, Thessalonica, and Berea. Historically, these churches were known for their poverty and persecution, yet they exhibited remarkable generosity and faith. Their example serves as a powerful testimony to the transformative power of God's grace, challenging other churches to emulate their commitment and sacrificial giving despite their own hardships.

In the terrible ordeal they suffered
This phrase highlights the severe trials faced by the Macedonian churches. The Greek word for "ordeal" (δοκιμή, dokimē) implies a testing or proving of character. Historically, the Macedonian region was known for its economic hardships and persecution, especially under Roman rule. Despite these challenges, the believers' faith was tested and proven genuine, serving as a testament to their steadfastness in Christ. This context reminds us that trials can refine and strengthen our faith, producing perseverance and character.

their abundant joy
The juxtaposition of "abundant joy" with "terrible ordeal" is striking. The Greek word for "joy" (χαρά, chara) suggests a deep, spiritual joy that transcends circumstances. This joy is rooted in their relationship with Christ and the hope of the Gospel. Historically, joy in suffering is a recurring theme in the New Testament, reflecting the early Christians' understanding that their ultimate hope and treasure were in heaven, not in earthly circumstances. This joy is a fruit of the Spirit, demonstrating the transformative power of the Gospel in believers' lives.

and deep poverty
The phrase "deep poverty" underscores the extreme financial hardship faced by the Macedonian believers. The Greek word for "poverty" (πτωχεία, ptōcheia) indicates a state of destitution. Despite their lack of material wealth, their spiritual richness was evident. This reflects the biblical principle that true wealth is not measured by material possessions but by spiritual abundance. Historically, the early church often consisted of the poor and marginalized, yet their faith and generosity were profound, challenging modern believers to reconsider the true source of wealth and security.

overflowed into rich generosity
The imagery of "overflowed" suggests an abundance that cannot be contained. The Greek word for "overflowed" (περισσεύω, perisseuō) conveys the idea of exceeding expectations. Despite their poverty, the Macedonians gave generously, demonstrating that generosity is not dependent on wealth but on the heart's condition. The term "rich generosity" (πλοῦτος τῆς ἁπλότητος, ploutos tēs haplotētos) highlights the sincerity and liberality of their giving. This reflects the biblical teaching that God values the heart's intent over the amount given. Historically, this act of generosity served as a powerful witness to the unity and love within the body of Christ, encouraging believers to give sacrificially and joyfully, trusting in God's provision.

For I testify
The Apostle Paul begins with a personal affirmation, "For I testify," which underscores the sincerity and truthfulness of his statement. The Greek word for "testify" is "μαρτυρέω" (martureō), which means to bear witness or to give evidence. Paul is not merely sharing an opinion; he is providing a solemn witness to the actions of the Macedonian churches. This phrase sets the tone for the authenticity and reliability of the account that follows, emphasizing the importance of truthfulness in Christian testimony.

that they gave
The phrase "that they gave" highlights the act of giving, which is central to the Christian life. The Greek word used here is "ἔδωκαν" (edōkan), derived from "δίδωμι" (didōmi), meaning to give or to bestow. This act of giving is not just a financial transaction but a spiritual exercise that reflects the heart of the giver. In the context of the early church, giving was a tangible expression of love and unity among believers, demonstrating their commitment to one another and to the work of the Gospel.

according to their ability
"According to their ability" indicates that the Macedonian churches gave in proportion to what they had. The Greek phrase "καθὸ" (katho) suggests a standard or measure, implying that their giving was thoughtful and intentional. This principle of proportional giving is rooted in the Old Testament, where offerings were often given according to one's means (Deuteronomy 16:17). It reflects a heart of stewardship, recognizing that all resources are ultimately God's and should be used wisely and generously.

and even beyond it
The phrase "and even beyond it" reveals the extraordinary nature of the Macedonians' generosity. The Greek word "παρὰ" (para) means beyond or more than. This suggests that their giving was sacrificial, going above and beyond what was expected or comfortable. Such generosity is a hallmark of Christian charity, reflecting the sacrificial love of Christ Himself. It challenges believers to consider how they might also give sacrificially, trusting in God's provision and grace.

Of their own accord
Finally, "Of their own accord" emphasizes the voluntary nature of the Macedonians' giving. The Greek word "αὐθαίρετος" (authairetos) means self-chosen or voluntary. This indicates that their generosity was not coerced or compelled by external pressure but was a free and willing response to God's grace in their lives. This voluntary spirit is crucial in Christian giving, as it reflects a heart transformed by the Gospel, eager to participate in God's work out of love and gratitude rather than obligation.

they earnestly pleaded
The Greek word for "earnestly" is "παρακαλέω" (parakaleo), which conveys a sense of urgent appeal or strong encouragement. This reflects the deep desire and commitment of the Macedonian churches to participate in the collection for the Jerusalem saints, despite their own poverty. Historically, this demonstrates the early Christian community's understanding of mutual support and the importance of unity in the body of Christ. Their earnestness is a model of sacrificial giving and a testament to their faith and love.

with us
The phrase indicates a partnership and shared mission between the Macedonian churches and Paul’s ministry team. It underscores the communal aspect of the early church, where believers worked together for the common good. This partnership is rooted in the Greek concept of "koinonia," which means fellowship or communion, highlighting the interconnectedness of the Christian community.

for the privilege
The Greek word "χάρις" (charis) is often translated as "grace" or "favor." Here, it is rendered as "privilege," emphasizing that the Macedonians viewed giving not as an obligation but as a gracious opportunity bestowed upon them by God. This reflects a heart transformed by the gospel, where giving is seen as a joy and honor rather than a burden.

of sharing
The term "κοινωνία" (koinonia) is used again, reinforcing the idea of fellowship and partnership. In the context of the early church, sharing was not merely about financial support but also about participating in the lives and struggles of fellow believers. This sharing is a tangible expression of love and unity, central to the Christian faith.

in this service
The Greek word "διακονία" (diakonia) refers to ministry or service. It is the same root from which we get the word "deacon." This highlights that the act of giving is a form of ministry, a service to God and His people. It elevates the act of financial support to a spiritual service, integral to the mission of the church.

to the saints
The term "saints" refers to the believers in Jerusalem who were experiencing hardship. In the early church, "saints" was a common term for Christians, emphasizing their set-apart status in Christ. This phrase reminds us of the global nature of the church and the call to support one another across geographical and cultural boundaries, reflecting the universal body of Christ.

And they did not do as we expected
The phrase highlights the surprising nature of the Macedonian believers' actions. The Greek word for "expected" (προσδοκία) implies anticipation or a preconceived notion. Paul and his companions had certain expectations based on human reasoning, perhaps considering the Macedonians' poverty. However, the Macedonians exceeded these expectations, demonstrating that God's work often transcends human understanding. This serves as a reminder that God's ways are higher than ours (Isaiah 55:8-9), and He often works through unexpected means to fulfill His purposes.

but they gave themselves first to the Lord
The act of giving oneself "first to the Lord" signifies a total surrender and dedication to God. The Greek word for "gave" (δίδωμι) implies a voluntary and deliberate act. This reflects the biblical principle that true generosity and service stem from a heart fully committed to God. The Macedonians' primary allegiance was to the Lord, which empowered their subsequent actions. This aligns with the greatest commandment to love the Lord with all one's heart, soul, and mind (Matthew 22:37).

and then to us
After dedicating themselves to the Lord, the Macedonians extended their commitment to Paul and his companions. This sequence underscores the biblical teaching that our relationship with God should inform and direct our relationships with others. The Greek word for "then" (καί) indicates a natural progression from their devotion to God to their support for His servants. This reflects the interconnectedness of the body of Christ, where love for God naturally flows into love for fellow believers (1 John 4:20-21).

in keeping with God’s will
The phrase emphasizes that the Macedonians' actions were aligned with divine purpose. The Greek word for "will" (θέλημα) refers to God's desired plan or intention. Their generosity was not merely a human initiative but a response to God's prompting. This highlights the importance of seeking and submitting to God's will in all aspects of life. It serves as a reminder that true Christian service and giving are guided by the Holy Spirit and rooted in obedience to God's directives (Romans 12:2).

So we urged Titus
The phrase "So we urged Titus" indicates a continuation of a previous thought, showing Paul's strategic and pastoral approach. The Greek word for "urged" is "παρακαλέω" (parakaleó), which can mean to exhort, encourage, or comfort. This reflects Paul's leadership style, which is not authoritarian but rather persuasive and supportive. Titus, a trusted companion of Paul, is seen as a reliable and faithful servant of the Gospel. Historically, Titus was a Gentile convert and a key figure in the early church, often entrusted with delicate missions, such as this one, to ensure the unity and growth of the church.

to help complete
The phrase "to help complete" suggests a process that is ongoing and requires further action. The Greek word "ἐπιτελέω" (epiteleó) means to bring to an end, accomplish, or perfect. This implies that the work of grace is not a one-time event but a continuous journey. In the context of Christian living, it highlights the importance of perseverance and dedication in fulfilling God's work. Theologically, it underscores the concept of sanctification, where believers are progressively transformed into the likeness of Christ.

your act of grace
"Your act of grace" refers to the charitable contribution that the Corinthian church was encouraged to make. The Greek word "χάρις" (charis) is often translated as grace, favor, or kindness. In this context, it signifies the generosity and benevolence that should characterize the Christian community. This act of grace is not merely a financial transaction but a spiritual exercise that reflects the grace believers have received from God. Historically, the collection was intended to support the impoverished church in Jerusalem, demonstrating the interconnectedness and mutual support within the body of Christ.

just as he had started it
The phrase "just as he had started it" indicates that Titus had previously initiated this work among the Corinthians. The Greek word "προενάρχομαι" (proenarchomai) means to begin before or to make a start. This suggests that the Corinthians had already shown willingness and enthusiasm in their giving, and Titus's role was to bring this initial commitment to fruition. It serves as a reminder of the importance of follow-through in our commitments and the role of leaders in encouraging and guiding others to complete what they have begun. This reflects the biblical principle of faithfulness in stewardship and the importance of finishing well in the tasks God has entrusted to us.

But just as you excel in everything
The phrase "excel in everything" suggests a standard of excellence that the Corinthian church is encouraged to maintain. The Greek word for "excel" is "περισσεύω" (perisseuō), which means to abound or overflow. This implies not just adequacy but abundance in their spiritual lives. Historically, Corinth was a wealthy city, and Paul is urging the believers to reflect their spiritual wealth in their actions, just as they do in other areas of their lives.

in faith
Faith, or "πίστις" (pistis) in Greek, is foundational to the Christian life. It is the assurance of things hoped for and the conviction of things not seen (Hebrews 11:1). The Corinthians are commended for their faith, which is the bedrock of their relationship with God. In a city known for its diverse beliefs, maintaining strong faith was crucial for the early Christians.

in speech
The term "speech" here is translated from the Greek word "λόγος" (logos), which can mean word, message, or discourse. This suggests that the Corinthians were articulate in their expression of the Gospel. In a culture that valued rhetoric and eloquence, their ability to communicate effectively was a significant asset to their witness.

in knowledge
Knowledge, or "γνῶσις" (gnōsis), refers to understanding and insight, particularly in spiritual matters. The Corinthians were known for their intellectual pursuits, and Paul acknowledges their grasp of Christian doctrine. However, he also reminds them that knowledge must be coupled with love (1 Corinthians 8:1).

in complete earnestness
"Complete earnestness" is derived from the Greek word "σπουδή" (spoudē), meaning diligence or zeal. This reflects the Corinthians' sincere and passionate commitment to their faith. In the context of their spiritual journey, it underscores the importance of being fervent and proactive in their Christian walk.

and in the love we inspired in you
The phrase "the love we inspired in you" highlights the transformative power of Christian love, or "ἀγάπη" (agapē). This love is selfless and sacrificial, modeled after Christ's love for humanity. Paul and his companions had demonstrated this love, and it had taken root in the hearts of the Corinthians, shaping their community and interactions.

see that you also excel in this grace of giving
Finally, Paul encourages them to "excel in this grace of giving." The word "grace" here is "χάρις" (charis), which can mean favor, kindness, or gift. Giving is seen as an extension of God's grace, a tangible expression of their faith and love. In the historical context, Paul was organizing a collection for the impoverished church in Jerusalem, and he wanted the Corinthians to participate generously, reflecting their spiritual maturity and unity with the broader body of Christ.

I am not giving a command
In this phrase, the Apostle Paul clarifies his approach to the Corinthians regarding the collection for the saints in Jerusalem. The Greek word used here for "command" is "ἐπιταγή" (epitagē), which implies an authoritative directive. Paul is emphasizing that his appeal is not a legalistic requirement but rather an invitation to express genuine Christian love and generosity. This reflects the New Testament principle that giving should be voluntary and motivated by love, not compulsion, aligning with the broader scriptural teaching that God loves a cheerful giver (2 Corinthians 9:7).

but I want to test the sincerity of your love
Here, Paul uses the Greek word "δοκιμάζω" (dokimazō), meaning to test or prove. The apostle is not questioning the Corinthians' love but rather providing them an opportunity to demonstrate it in a tangible way. This testing is not for Paul's benefit but for the Corinthians' own spiritual growth. It echoes the biblical theme that faith and love are often proven through actions, as seen in James 2:17, where faith without works is dead. The historical context of the early church, which often faced persecution and poverty, made such acts of love and support crucial for the survival and unity of the Christian community.

by comparison with the earnestness of others
Paul is drawing a parallel between the Corinthians and other churches, particularly the Macedonians, who had already shown great generosity despite their own trials (2 Corinthians 8:1-5). The Greek word for "earnestness" is "σπουδή" (spoudē), which conveys diligence and zeal. This comparison is not meant to shame the Corinthians but to inspire them by the example of their fellow believers. It highlights the communal aspect of the early church, where the actions of one group could encourage and motivate others, fostering a spirit of unity and mutual support.

For you know
This phrase indicates a shared understanding among the believers in Corinth. The Greek word for "know" is "ginōskō," which implies not just intellectual knowledge but an experiential understanding. Paul appeals to their personal experience and relationship with Christ, reminding them of the foundational truths they have embraced.

the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ
The term "grace" (Greek: "charis") is central to Christian theology, representing unmerited favor and divine assistance given to humanity. This grace is personified in Jesus Christ, emphasizing His role as both Lord and Savior. The title "Lord" (Greek: "Kyrios") signifies authority and divinity, while "Jesus Christ" underscores His mission as the Anointed One, the Messiah.

that though He was rich
This phrase speaks to the pre-incarnate glory and divine status of Christ. The richness here is not merely material but encompasses the fullness of divine attributes and heavenly glory. The Greek word "plousios" conveys abundance and wealth, highlighting the contrast between Christ's divine nature and His earthly mission.

yet for your sakes
The phrase "for your sakes" underscores the selfless nature of Christ's sacrifice. It is a direct appeal to the personal impact of Christ's actions on the believers. The Greek "di' humas" indicates a substitutionary aspect, where Christ's actions were specifically for the benefit of others, emphasizing His love and selflessness.

He became poor
This refers to the incarnation and the humility of Christ. The Greek word "ptōcheuō" means to become destitute or impoverished. Christ's poverty is seen in His taking on human flesh, living a life of humility, and ultimately suffering and dying on the cross. This voluntary act of becoming poor is a profound demonstration of His love and commitment to humanity.

so that you through His poverty
The purpose of Christ's poverty is highlighted here. The phrase "through His poverty" indicates the means by which believers are enriched. It is through Christ's self-emptying and sacrificial life that believers gain spiritual wealth. The Greek "hina" (so that) introduces the purpose clause, showing the intentionality behind Christ's actions.

might become rich
The richness referred to here is spiritual and eternal, contrasting with the temporary and material wealth of the world. The Greek "ploutizō" means to be made rich or to enrich, signifying the transformation and blessings believers receive through Christ. This richness includes salvation, eternal life, and the inheritance of God's kingdom, underscoring the abundant life promised to those who follow Christ.

And this is my opinion
The Apostle Paul begins this verse by offering his personal judgment or advice. The Greek word used here is "gnōmē," which implies a thoughtful and considered opinion rather than a command. This reflects Paul's pastoral heart, as he guides the Corinthians with wisdom and care, respecting their autonomy while encouraging them towards spiritual maturity.

about what is beneficial for you
Paul is concerned with what is advantageous or profitable for the Corinthians. The Greek word "sympheron" suggests something that brings together or contributes to the well-being of the community. Paul’s focus is not merely on financial giving but on the spiritual growth and unity that result from generous actions.

in this matter
The "matter" refers to the collection for the saints in Jerusalem, a significant project that Paul was organizing. This collection was not just a financial transaction but a demonstration of the unity and love within the body of Christ. Historically, this collection was a tangible expression of the Gentile churches' solidarity with the Jewish believers, bridging cultural and ethnic divides.

Last year
This phrase indicates a specific time frame, showing that the Corinthians had previously committed to this cause. It serves as a reminder of their initial enthusiasm and commitment. The historical context suggests that the Corinthians had pledged their support during Paul's previous visit, highlighting the importance of following through on commitments made in faith.

you were the first
The Corinthians were pioneers in this charitable endeavor. The Greek word "prōtos" emphasizes their leadership and initiative. This commendation serves to encourage them to continue in their good work, reminding them of their role as examples to other churches.

not only to give
The act of giving is highlighted here, but it is not the sole focus. The Greek word "poieō" implies action and effort, suggesting that their giving was an active expression of their faith. This aligns with the biblical principle that faith without works is dead (James 2:26).

but even to have such a desire
Paul commends the Corinthians not just for their actions but for their intentions. The Greek word "thelō" indicates a strong will or desire, reflecting the sincerity and eagerness of their hearts. This desire is crucial, as it aligns with the biblical teaching that God loves a cheerful giver (2 Corinthians 9:7).

Now finish the work
This phrase calls for the completion of a task that has already been initiated. The Greek word for "finish" is "epiteleō," which implies bringing something to its intended goal or purpose. Historically, this reflects the Corinthian church's commitment to a collection for the impoverished believers in Jerusalem. Paul is urging them to bring their initial enthusiasm to fruition. In a broader spiritual context, this can be seen as a call to believers to persevere in their commitments to God and others, ensuring that their actions align with their initial intentions and promises.

so that you may complete it
The word "complete" in Greek is "epiteleo," similar to "finish," emphasizing the importance of bringing something to its full conclusion. This repetition underscores the necessity of not just starting a good work but seeing it through to the end. In the Christian life, this speaks to the importance of faithfulness and diligence, reflecting God's own faithfulness to complete the good work He begins in us (Philippians 1:6).

just as eagerly as you began
"Eagerly" translates from the Greek "prothumia," which denotes a readiness and willingness of mind. The Corinthians initially showed great zeal in their desire to help, and Paul is encouraging them to maintain that same level of enthusiasm. This serves as a reminder that our initial fervor in serving God and others should not wane over time. Historically, this reflects the early church's spirit of generosity and communal support, which was a hallmark of Christian identity.

according to your means
This phrase highlights the principle of giving in proportion to one's ability. The Greek word "kata" (according to) suggests a standard or measure, while "dynamis" (means) refers to one's power or resources. Paul is not asking the Corinthians to give beyond their capacity, but rather to give what they can. This principle is consistent with the biblical teaching that God values the heart and intention behind the gift more than the amount (Mark 12:41-44). It encourages believers to give thoughtfully and responsibly, trusting that God honors and multiplies even the smallest offerings given in faith.

For if the willingness is there
The Greek word for "willingness" is "προθυμία" (prothymia), which conveys a sense of eagerness and readiness of mind. In the context of Christian giving, this highlights the importance of the heart's intention over the material value of the gift. Historically, the early church emphasized the spirit of generosity as a reflection of Christ's love. This phrase encourages believers to cultivate a heart that is eager to serve and give, aligning with the biblical principle that God loves a cheerful giver (2 Corinthians 9:7).

the gift is acceptable
The term "acceptable" in Greek is "εὐπρόσδεκτος" (euprosdektos), meaning well-received or pleasing. This reflects the biblical teaching that God values the attitude behind the offering more than the offering itself. In the Old Testament, sacrifices were only pleasing to God when offered with a pure heart (Isaiah 1:11-17). This phrase reassures believers that their sincere efforts, regardless of size, are valued by God when given with the right heart.

according to what one has
This phrase emphasizes the principle of proportional giving. The Greek word "καθό" (katho) means "according to" or "in proportion to." This teaching aligns with the biblical concept of stewardship, where believers are called to manage their resources wisely and give in accordance with their means. Historically, this principle was evident in the early church, where believers shared their possessions to meet each other's needs (Acts 2:44-45).

not according to what he does not have
This phrase underscores the fairness and reasonableness of God's expectations. The Greek "οὐ" (ou) for "not" negates the idea of giving beyond one's capacity. This teaching protects believers from the burden of guilt or pressure to give more than they can afford. It reflects the biblical understanding that God does not demand from us what we do not possess, but rather, He desires our faithful stewardship of what we do have. This principle encourages believers to give joyfully and without compulsion, trusting that God honors their sincere contributions.

It is not our intention
The phrase underscores the apostle Paul's deliberate and thoughtful approach to the matter of giving. The Greek word for "intention" (θέλω, thelō) implies a willful desire or purpose. Paul is clarifying that his guidance is not arbitrary but is rooted in a purposeful and divinely inspired plan. This reflects the broader biblical principle that God desires intentionality in our actions, especially in matters of charity and support.

that others may be relieved
The term "relieved" (ἄνεσις, anesis) in Greek conveys a sense of relaxation or easing of burdens. Historically, the early church was marked by a spirit of mutual support, as seen in Acts 2:44-45, where believers shared their possessions. Paul is advocating for a community where resources are shared to alleviate the hardships of others, reflecting the heart of Christ's teaching on loving one's neighbor.

while you are burdened
The word "burdened" (θλίψις, thlipsis) often refers to affliction or distress. Paul is sensitive to the potential for imbalance, where one group's relief could inadvertently cause another's hardship. This reflects a deep understanding of the Christian call to bear one another's burdens (Galatians 6:2) without creating new ones, emphasizing the importance of wisdom and discernment in charitable acts.

but that there may be equality
The concept of "equality" (ἰσότης, isotēs) here is not about absolute sameness but rather fairness and balance. In the historical context of the early church, this principle was revolutionary, challenging societal norms of hierarchy and privilege. Paul envisions a community where resources are distributed in a way that reflects the kingdom of God, where each person's needs are met, and no one is left in want. This echoes the Old Testament principle of Jubilee (Leviticus 25), where debts were forgiven, and land was restored, symbolizing God's desire for justice and equity among His people.

At the present time
This phrase emphasizes the immediacy and urgency of the situation. In the Greek, "νῦν" (nun) indicates the current moment, suggesting that the Corinthians have a timely opportunity to act. Historically, this reflects the socio-economic conditions of the early church, where believers were encouraged to respond to immediate needs within the Christian community. The call to action is not for a distant future but for the present, highlighting the importance of seizing the moment to fulfill God's work.

your surplus
The Greek word for "surplus" is "περίσσευμα" (perisseuma), which means abundance or excess. This suggests that the Corinthians were blessed with more than they needed. In a conservative Christian perspective, this abundance is seen as a blessing from God, entrusted to believers to be used for His purposes. The concept of stewardship is central here, where Christians are called to manage their resources wisely and generously, recognizing that all they have is ultimately God's provision.

will meet their need
The phrase "will meet" comes from the Greek "γένηται" (genētai), meaning to become or to happen. This implies an active transformation where the Corinthians' surplus becomes the means to fulfill the needs of others. The "need" (Greek: "ὑστέρημα," husterēma) refers to a deficiency or lack. Historically, the Jerusalem church was experiencing poverty, and Paul was organizing a collection to support them. This reflects the early church's commitment to mutual aid and the principle that those with more should help those with less, fostering a spirit of unity and love.

so that in turn their surplus
The reciprocity implied here is significant. The phrase "in turn" (Greek: "καὶ ἐκείνων," kai ekeinōn) suggests a future time when roles might reverse. This reflects the biblical principle of sowing and reaping, where generosity is expected to be reciprocated, not necessarily in material terms but in spiritual blessings and support. It underscores the interconnectedness of the body of Christ, where each member supports the other, creating a cycle of giving and receiving.

will meet your need
This mirrors the earlier phrase, reinforcing the idea of mutual support. The Corinthians, though currently in a position to give, may one day find themselves in need. This serves as a reminder of the transient nature of material wealth and the importance of building relationships based on love and support rather than mere transactions. It also highlights the divine economy, where God provides for His people through the generosity of others.

Then there will be equality
The Greek word for "equality" is "ἰσότης" (isotēs), which means fairness or equity. This is not about enforced equality but a voluntary leveling of resources to ensure that no one lacks what is necessary. In the conservative Christian view, this reflects God's justice and the ideal of the early church, where believers shared everything in common (Acts 4:32-35). It is a call to live out the gospel through practical acts of love, ensuring that all members of the community are cared for, reflecting the kingdom of God on earth.

As it is written
This phrase indicates that Paul is referencing Scripture, specifically the Old Testament. It underscores the authority and continuity of God's Word across both Testaments. The phrase suggests that the principles Paul is discussing are not new but are rooted in the longstanding tradition of God's dealings with His people. This continuity is crucial for understanding the unity of the Bible and the consistency of God's character and expectations.

He who gathered much had no excess
This part of the verse is a direct reference to Exodus 16:18, where the Israelites gathered manna in the wilderness. The Greek word for "gathered" (συνάγω, synagō) implies collecting or bringing together, which in the context of Exodus, was a daily act of faith and obedience. The miraculous provision of manna was such that no matter how much was gathered, it was always sufficient for the needs of the day. This illustrates God's provision and the principle of equality and fairness in His economy. It teaches that in God's kingdom, abundance is not for hoarding but for meeting needs.

and he who gathered little had no shortfall
This phrase continues the thought from Exodus 16:18, emphasizing that even those who gathered less had enough. The Greek word for "shortfall" (ὑστερέω, hystereō) means to lack or be in need. This reflects God's miraculous provision and care, ensuring that all needs are met regardless of the quantity gathered. It speaks to the sufficiency of God's grace and provision, encouraging believers to trust in God's ability to meet their needs. This principle also encourages a spirit of generosity and sharing within the Christian community, as it reflects God's heart for equity and care for all His children.

But thanks be to God
This phrase begins with an expression of gratitude, a common theme in Paul's letters. The Greek word for "thanks" is "χάρις" (charis), which can also mean grace or favor. Paul acknowledges that any good work or intention originates from God’s grace. This sets a tone of humility and recognition of divine sovereignty, reminding believers that all good things, including the motivations of the heart, are gifts from God.

who put into the heart
The phrase "put into the heart" suggests a divine intervention or inspiration. The Greek word "ἐνδιδόναι" (endidonai) implies an active placing or implanting. This reflects the belief that God actively works within individuals to guide their desires and actions. In a historical context, this underscores the early Christian understanding of God’s intimate involvement in the lives of believers, shaping their inner motivations to align with His will.

of Titus
Titus was a trusted companion and fellow worker of Paul. His mention here highlights the importance of faithful leadership within the early church. Historically, Titus played a significant role in the organization and encouragement of the early Christian communities. His character and actions were a testament to the transformative power of the Gospel, serving as a model for Christian leadership and dedication.

the same devotion
The Greek word for "devotion" is "σπουδή" (spoudē), which can also mean diligence or earnestness. This indicates a fervent commitment and eagerness. Paul is emphasizing that Titus shares the same level of commitment and concern for the Corinthians as he does. This shared devotion is a reflection of the unity and shared purpose that should characterize the body of Christ, as believers work together for the common good.

I have for you
Paul’s personal investment in the Corinthian church is evident here. His use of "I have" underscores a personal and ongoing commitment. This phrase reflects the pastoral heart of Paul, who deeply cared for the spiritual well-being of the communities he served. It serves as an example of the selfless love and dedication that Christian leaders are called to exhibit, mirroring the love of Christ for His church.

For not only did he welcome our appeal
The phrase "welcome our appeal" suggests a positive reception and readiness to respond. The Greek word for "welcome" is "δέχομαι" (dechomai), which implies a warm and willing acceptance. In the context of the early church, this reflects the spirit of cooperation and unity among believers. The "appeal" refers to the request made by Paul and his companions, likely concerning the collection for the Jerusalem church. This highlights the importance of mutual support and the willingness to assist fellow Christians in need, a principle deeply rooted in the teachings of Christ about love and charity.

but he is eagerly coming to you
The word "eagerly" is translated from the Greek "σπουδαίως" (spoudaiōs), which conveys a sense of earnestness and diligence. This eagerness reflects the commitment and enthusiasm of Titus, the individual being referred to, in fulfilling his mission. It underscores the dedication expected of Christian leaders and servants, who are called to serve with zeal and passion. The historical context of the early church, with its challenges and opportunities, required such fervent dedication to spread the Gospel and support the burgeoning Christian communities.

of his own volition
The phrase "of his own volition" is significant as it indicates that Titus's actions were not compelled by external pressure but were a result of his own free will and desire to serve. The Greek term "αὐθαίρετος" (authairetos) suggests a voluntary and self-motivated action. This highlights the principle of willing service in the Christian faith, where actions are most valuable when they stem from a genuine heart and personal conviction. In the broader scriptural context, this aligns with the teachings of giving and serving not out of compulsion but out of love and devotion to God and His people.

Along with Titus
The mention of Titus here is significant. Titus was a trusted companion of Paul, often seen as a mediator and a leader in the early church. His name, of Latin origin, means "honorable" or "defender." Titus played a crucial role in the Corinthian church, as seen in other parts of the New Testament. His presence alongside Paul in this mission underscores the importance of teamwork and trust in ministry. Historically, Titus is known for his diplomatic skills, which were essential in resolving conflicts within the early church, particularly in Corinth.

we are sending
The phrase "we are sending" indicates a deliberate and purposeful action. The Greek word used here, "συμπέμπω" (sympempo), suggests a joint sending, emphasizing the unity and collective decision-making of the early church leaders. This reflects the communal nature of the early Christian mission, where decisions were made collaboratively, and individuals were sent with the authority and blessing of the church community.

the brother
The identity of "the brother" is not specified, but he is described as someone well-regarded. The term "brother" (ἀδελφός, adelphos) in the New Testament often denotes a fellow believer, emphasizing the familial bond among Christians. This reflects the early church's understanding of itself as a family united by faith in Christ. The anonymity of this brother highlights the humility and collective focus of the early church, where the mission was more important than individual recognition.

who is praised by all the churches
This phrase indicates that the brother had a widespread reputation for his work. The Greek word for "praised" (ἐπαινέω, epainéō) suggests commendation and approval. His recognition by "all the churches" implies a consistent and exemplary character, as well as effective ministry. This widespread acknowledgment underscores the importance of a good reputation and integrity in Christian service, as it reflects the light of Christ to the broader community.

for his work in the gospel
The phrase "his work in the gospel" highlights the brother's dedication to spreading the message of Christ. The term "gospel" (εὐαγγέλιον, euangelion) means "good news," referring to the message of salvation through Jesus Christ. His work in the gospel would have involved preaching, teaching, and possibly organizing efforts to support the church's mission. This underscores the centrality of the gospel in the life and mission of the early church, as well as the importance of laboring diligently for the cause of Christ.

More than that
This phrase indicates a continuation and expansion of the previous thought. In the context of Paul's letter, it emphasizes the importance and additional responsibilities of the individual being discussed. The Greek word used here, "δε" (de), often serves as a conjunction to add emphasis or introduce a new aspect of the narrative. Historically, this reflects the layered responsibilities in early Christian communities, where leaders were often tasked with multiple roles to ensure the effective spread of the Gospel.

he was chosen by the churches
The phrase underscores the communal decision-making process in the early Church. The Greek word "χειροτονέω" (cheirotoneo) implies a selection or appointment by a show of hands, indicating a democratic process. This reflects the early Christian practice of involving the entire congregation in significant decisions, highlighting the unity and shared mission of the Church. It also emphasizes the trust and respect the churches had for this individual, recognizing his integrity and capability.

to accompany us with this gift
This phrase highlights the role of the chosen individual as a companion and steward of the financial gift. The Greek word "συνεκδημέω" (synekdēmeō) means to travel together, indicating partnership and accountability. The "gift" refers to the collection for the Jerusalem church, a significant act of charity and solidarity among the early Christians. This reflects the interconnectedness of the early Christian communities and their commitment to supporting one another.

which is being administered by us
The administration of the gift indicates a structured and responsible approach to handling church resources. The Greek word "διακονέω" (diakoneo) means to serve or minister, suggesting that the handling of the gift was seen as a form of service to God and the community. This reflects the early Church's emphasis on stewardship and integrity in financial matters, ensuring that resources were used effectively for the intended purpose.

to the glory of the Lord Himself
This phrase emphasizes that the ultimate purpose of the gift and its administration is to honor God. The Greek word "δόξα" (doxa) means glory, suggesting that all actions are to reflect God's majesty and goodness. This aligns with the conservative Christian perspective that all aspects of life, including financial dealings, should be conducted in a manner that glorifies God and reflects His character.

and to show our eagerness to help
The phrase highlights the motivation behind the collection and its administration. The Greek word "προθυμία" (prothymia) means readiness or willingness, indicating a proactive and enthusiastic approach to service. This reflects the early Church's commitment to charity and mutual support, demonstrating love and concern for fellow believers. It serves as an inspiration for modern Christians to approach acts of service with the same eagerness and dedication.

We hope
The phrase "We hope" reflects the apostle Paul's earnest desire and expectation. The Greek word used here is "ἐλπίζομεν" (elpizomen), which conveys a sense of confident expectation rather than mere wishful thinking. In the context of Christian ministry, hope is not a passive state but an active trust in God's providence and guidance. Paul’s hope is rooted in his faith and commitment to integrity, emphasizing the importance of maintaining a clear conscience before God and man.

to avoid
The Greek term "στελλόμενοι" (stellomenoi) is translated as "to avoid," which means to arrange or prepare in advance to prevent something undesirable. Paul is proactive in his approach, taking deliberate steps to ensure that no one can find fault in the handling of the funds. This reflects a principle of foresight and prudence in Christian stewardship, highlighting the importance of being above reproach in all dealings.

any criticism
The word "μωμηθῇ" (mōmēthē) refers to blame or reproach. Paul is acutely aware of the potential for criticism and seeks to preempt it. In the early church, as today, transparency and accountability are crucial in financial matters. Paul’s concern for avoiding criticism underscores the need for leaders to maintain integrity and transparency, ensuring that their actions do not become a stumbling block to others.

of the way
This phrase indicates the method or manner in which something is done. Paul is concerned not just with the outcome but with the process. The Christian life is not only about achieving goals but also about how those goals are achieved. The emphasis on "the way" reflects a commitment to ethical conduct and the pursuit of righteousness in every aspect of ministry.

we administer
The Greek word "διακονουμένῃ" (diakonoumenē) is used here, which is related to the term "diakonia," meaning service or ministry. This highlights the role of Paul and his companions as servants of Christ, entrusted with the responsibility of managing the resources given by the church. It underscores the concept of stewardship, where leaders are called to faithfully manage what has been entrusted to them for the glory of God and the benefit of others.

this generous gift
The phrase "τῆς χάριτος ταύτης" (tēs charitos tautēs) can be translated as "this grace" or "this generous gift." The use of "charis" (grace) indicates that the gift is not merely a financial contribution but a manifestation of God’s grace working through the believers. It reflects the spirit of generosity that characterizes the Christian community, where giving is seen as an act of worship and a response to God’s abundant grace. Paul’s careful administration of this gift is a testament to the sacred trust placed in him by the churches and by God.

For we are taking great care
This phrase emphasizes the diligence and intentionality of Paul and his companions. The Greek word used here, "προνοοῦμεν" (pronoumen), suggests a proactive and thoughtful approach. In the context of the early church, this reflects the importance of integrity and accountability, especially in handling financial matters. Paul is underscoring the necessity of being meticulous and conscientious, ensuring that their actions align with their teachings.

to do what is right
The phrase "to do what is right" is derived from the Greek "καλὰ" (kala), meaning good or honorable. This reflects a moral and ethical standard that is not just about following rules but embodying the virtues of the Christian faith. In a historical context, this was crucial for the early church to maintain credibility and witness in a diverse and often skeptical society. The emphasis is on living out the gospel in a way that is visibly righteous.

not only in the eyes of the Lord
Here, Paul acknowledges the ultimate accountability to God. The phrase "in the eyes of the Lord" reminds believers that their actions are always observed by God, who is the ultimate judge of righteousness. This reflects a deep-seated belief in divine omniscience and the importance of living a life that is pleasing to God. It is a call to maintain a God-centered focus in all actions.

but also in the eyes of men
This phrase highlights the importance of maintaining a good reputation among people. The Greek word "ἀνθρώπων" (anthrōpōn) refers to mankind or humanity. Paul is aware that the church's witness is not only spiritual but also social. By ensuring that their actions are honorable in the sight of others, they protect the integrity of the Christian message and avoid giving any cause for scandal or reproach. This dual accountability—to God and to people—reflects a holistic approach to Christian ethics.

And we are sending
The phrase "we are sending" indicates a deliberate and purposeful action by Paul and his companions. The Greek word used here is "πέμπω" (pempo), which implies a mission or commission. This reflects the early church's organized efforts to maintain unity and accountability among believers. The act of sending someone on behalf of the church underscores the importance of community and shared responsibility in the body of Christ.

with them
The phrase "with them" refers to the group of individuals entrusted with the task of delivering the collection for the Jerusalem church. This highlights the collaborative nature of the early Christian mission. The use of "with" (Greek "σύν," syn) emphasizes partnership and fellowship, reminding us of the interconnectedness of the church body and the importance of working together for the common good.

our brother
The term "brother" (Greek "ἀδελφός," adelphos) is a term of endearment and spiritual kinship. In the early church, believers referred to one another as brothers and sisters, signifying their shared faith and unity in Christ. This familial language underscores the deep bonds formed within the Christian community, transcending cultural and social barriers.

whom we have often tested
The phrase "whom we have often tested" suggests a process of proving or examining the character and reliability of this brother. The Greek word "δοκιμάζω" (dokimazo) means to test or approve, often used in the context of refining metals. This indicates that the brother has undergone trials and has demonstrated steadfastness and integrity, qualities essential for leadership and trust within the church.

and found diligent
The word "diligent" (Greek "σπουδαῖος," spoudaios) conveys a sense of earnestness, zeal, and careful attention to duty. This brother's diligence is a testament to his commitment to the work of the Lord and his reliability in fulfilling his responsibilities. It serves as an example for all believers to approach their tasks with dedication and fervor.

in many things
The phrase "in many things" suggests that this brother has proven his diligence across various tasks and situations. This breadth of experience indicates versatility and a well-rounded character, making him a valuable asset to the mission. It reminds us that faithfulness in small things often leads to greater responsibilities in God's kingdom.

but now even more diligent
The phrase "but now even more diligent" indicates an increase in zeal and commitment. The Greek word "περισσοτέρως" (perissoteros) means "more abundantly" or "to a greater degree." This suggests that the brother's confidence in the Corinthians has spurred him to an even higher level of dedication, illustrating how mutual encouragement within the body of Christ can lead to greater spiritual growth and effectiveness.

because of his great confidence in you
The phrase "because of his great confidence in you" reveals the brother's trust and belief in the Corinthians' faith and integrity. The Greek word "πεποίθησις" (pepoithesis) means confidence or trust, indicating a strong assurance. This confidence likely stems from the Corinthians' previous actions and their commitment to the cause, serving as a reminder of the power of a good testimony and the impact it can have on others' faith and motivation.

As for Titus
Titus is a significant figure in the New Testament, often seen as a trusted companion and co-worker of the Apostle Paul. The Greek name "Τίτος" (Titos) suggests a person of honor and respect. Historically, Titus was a Gentile convert and played a crucial role in the early church, particularly in Corinth and Crete. His mention here underscores his importance and reliability in the ministry, reflecting Paul's deep trust in him.

he is my partner
The term "partner" in Greek is "κοινωνός" (koinonos), which implies a deep fellowship and shared mission. This word conveys more than just a working relationship; it suggests a spiritual and communal bond. In the context of the early church, such partnerships were vital for spreading the Gospel and establishing Christian communities. Paul's use of this term highlights the unity and cooperation necessary for effective ministry.

and fellow worker among you
The phrase "fellow worker" comes from the Greek "συνεργός" (synergos), meaning one who labors alongside another. This term emphasizes the collaborative nature of Christian ministry. In the historical context of the early church, such cooperation was essential for addressing the challenges of spreading Christianity in a predominantly pagan world. It reflects the idea that ministry is a shared effort, requiring the contributions of many.

as for our brothers
The word "brothers" (Greek: "ἀδελφοί," adelphoi) is often used in the New Testament to denote fellow believers, emphasizing the familial bond among Christians. This term reflects the early church's understanding of itself as a family united by faith in Christ. It underscores the sense of community and mutual support that characterized the early Christian movement.

they are messengers of the churches
The term "messengers" is translated from the Greek "ἀπόστολοι" (apostoloi), which can also mean "apostles." In this context, it refers to those sent by the churches to carry out specific tasks or missions. Historically, these individuals were entrusted with important responsibilities, such as delivering messages or managing collections for the needy. This highlights the organized and mission-oriented nature of the early church.

to the glory of Christ
This phrase encapsulates the ultimate purpose of all Christian ministry and service. The Greek word for "glory" is "δόξα" (doxa), which signifies honor, praise, and splendor. In the scriptural context, the glory of Christ is the ultimate aim of the church's work, reflecting the belief that all efforts should point back to Christ and magnify His name. This serves as a reminder that the focus of all Christian endeavors should be to honor and exalt Jesus Christ.

In full view of the churches
This phrase emphasizes transparency and accountability within the Christian community. The Greek word for "churches" is "ekklesiai," which refers to the assemblies or gatherings of believers. Historically, the early church was a close-knit community where actions were visible to all, fostering a culture of mutual encouragement and accountability. This public demonstration of faith and love serves as a testimony to the transformative power of the Gospel, encouraging others to follow suit.

then, show these men
The word "show" comes from the Greek "endeiknymi," meaning to demonstrate or prove. Paul is urging the Corinthians to provide tangible evidence of their love and commitment. "These men" refers to the delegates sent by Paul, including Titus, who were tasked with collecting the offering for the Jerusalem church. This act of showing is not merely for the sake of appearances but as a genuine expression of Christian love and unity.

the proof of your love
"Proof" in Greek is "endeixis," which implies a demonstration or manifestation. Paul is calling for a visible and concrete expression of love, which in this context is the financial contribution to the needy saints in Jerusalem. This love is agape, a selfless, sacrificial love that reflects the love of Christ. The Corinthians' generosity would serve as evidence of their spiritual maturity and commitment to the body of Christ.

and the reason for our boasting about you
The term "boasting" is derived from the Greek "kauchesis," which can mean pride or glorying in something. Paul often uses this term to express confidence in the work of God in the lives of believers. His boasting is not in human achievement but in the grace of God that enables the Corinthians to act in love. This boasting serves as an encouragement to other churches, showcasing the Corinthians as an example of faithfulness and generosity.

about you
The focus here is on the Corinthians themselves, highlighting their role in the broader mission of the church. Paul’s confidence in them is not misplaced; it is based on their previous actions and the work of the Holy Spirit in their lives. This personal address serves to remind the Corinthians of their identity in Christ and their responsibility to live out their faith in tangible ways. Their actions have implications not only for their local community but for the global church, as they contribute to the unity and mission of the body of Christ.