King Solomon
The name Solomon is derived from the Hebrew word "Shlomo," which is related to "shalom," meaning peace. Solomon, the son of King David and Bathsheba, is renowned for his wisdom, wealth, and building projects, including the First Temple in Jerusalem. His reign is often seen as a golden age for Israel, marked by prosperity and peace. However, this verse marks the beginning of a narrative shift, highlighting Solomon's human frailty and the consequences of his actions.

however
This conjunction introduces a contrast to the preceding chapters that describe Solomon's wisdom and achievements. It signals a turning point in the narrative, where Solomon's personal choices begin to diverge from God's commandments. This serves as a reminder of the importance of obedience to God, regardless of one's accomplishments or status.

loved
The Hebrew word used here is "ahav," which can denote a range of affections, from familial love to romantic desire. In this context, it suggests a deep emotional attachment that goes beyond political alliances. Solomon's love for these women indicates a personal choice that ultimately leads him away from exclusive devotion to God.

many foreign women
The term "foreign" highlights the cultural and religious differences between these women and the Israelites. Marrying foreign women was explicitly prohibited in Deuteronomy 7:3-4, as it could lead to idolatry. Solomon's actions reflect a compromise of his spiritual integrity, prioritizing personal desires over divine commandments.

along with the daughter of Pharaoh
This phrase underscores the political alliances Solomon formed through marriage. The daughter of Pharaoh represents a significant political alliance with Egypt, a powerful neighboring nation. While such alliances were common in ancient Near Eastern politics, they often came with spiritual and cultural compromises.

women of Moab, Ammon, Edom, and Sidon
These nations were historical adversaries of Israel, each with its own pantheon of gods and religious practices. The inclusion of women from these nations in Solomon's harem suggests a blending of cultures and religions, which posed a threat to the purity of Israel's worship of Yahweh. This reflects the broader biblical theme of the dangers of syncretism.

as well as Hittite women
The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people known for their advanced civilization and military prowess. Marrying Hittite women further illustrates Solomon's extensive network of political alliances. However, it also highlights his disregard for God's command to remain separate from the surrounding nations to preserve Israel's covenant identity.

from the nations
This phrase refers to the surrounding peoples and cultures that were distinct from the Israelites. Historically, these nations included the Moabites, Ammonites, Edomites, Sidonians, and Hittites. Each of these groups had their own deities and religious practices, which were often in direct opposition to the worship of Yahweh. The Hebrew word for "nations" is "goyim," which often denotes Gentile or non-Israelite peoples. The Israelites were called to be a distinct and holy nation, set apart for God's purposes, and this separation was crucial for maintaining their covenant relationship with God.

of whom the LORD had told the Israelites
This phrase underscores the direct command from God to the Israelites. The LORD, or Yahweh, had explicitly instructed His people through the Law given to Moses. In Deuteronomy 7:3-4, God warned against intermarriage with these nations because it would lead to idolatry. The use of "the LORD" (Yahweh) emphasizes the covenantal relationship and the authority of God over Israel. It is a reminder of the divine guidance and commandments that were meant to protect the spiritual integrity of the nation.

'You must not intermarry with them
The prohibition against intermarriage was not based on ethnic prejudice but on spiritual fidelity. The Hebrew verb "tithaten" (intermarry) implies forming alliances that could compromise one's faith. The concern was that such unions would lead to the adoption of pagan practices and a dilution of the worship of Yahweh. This command was about preserving the purity of worship and the distinct identity of God's people.

for surely they will turn your hearts after their gods
This phrase highlights the inevitable consequence of disobedience to God's command. The Hebrew word "natah" (turn) suggests a bending or inclining away from the right path. The heart, in Hebrew thought, is the center of one's being, encompassing mind, will, and emotions. The warning is clear: intermarriage with those who worship other gods would lead to a divided heart and ultimately to idolatry. This reflects the biblical theme that one's associations can profoundly influence one's spiritual direction.

Yet Solomon clung to these women in love
The word "clung" (Hebrew "dabaq") conveys a strong attachment or devotion. Despite the clear command and warning from God, Solomon's love for these women led him to hold fast to them, prioritizing his personal desires over divine instruction. This phrase illustrates the tension between human affection and divine command, a recurring theme in Scripture. Solomon's actions serve as a cautionary tale about the dangers of compromising one's faith for personal relationships. His failure to heed God's warning ultimately led to his spiritual downfall and had lasting consequences for the nation of Israel.

He had
This phrase indicates possession and responsibility. In the context of ancient Israel, kings often had multiple wives to secure political alliances and demonstrate wealth and power. The Hebrew root here, "hayah," implies existence and continuity, suggesting that Solomon's actions were not momentary lapses but a sustained lifestyle choice.

seven hundred wives of royal birth
The number "seven hundred" is significant, symbolizing completeness or perfection in biblical numerology. However, in this context, it underscores excess and deviation from God's design for marriage. The phrase "of royal birth" indicates that these marriages were likely political alliances, which was common in the ancient Near East. This practice, while politically expedient, often led to spiritual compromise, as foreign wives brought their gods and practices into Israel.

and three hundred concubines
Concubines were women who had a recognized relationship with a man but without the full status of a wife. The Hebrew term "pilegesh" reflects a secondary status, often used for political or social purposes. The sheer number of concubines further illustrates Solomon's departure from God's ideal of monogamous marriage, as outlined in Genesis 2:24.

and his wives turned his heart away
This phrase is pivotal, highlighting the spiritual consequences of Solomon's marriages. The Hebrew word for "heart," "leb," encompasses the mind, will, and emotions. The turning away of Solomon's heart signifies a shift in his devotion and priorities. Despite his wisdom, Solomon's heart was led astray by his foreign wives, who influenced him to worship other gods, contrary to the first commandment (Exodus 20:3). This turning away is a cautionary tale about the dangers of compromising one's faith for worldly alliances and pleasures.

For when Solomon grew old
The phrase "For when Solomon grew old" indicates a period in Solomon's life when he was advanced in years. The Hebrew word for "old" is "zāqēn," which often implies not just age but also the accumulation of experiences and wisdom. However, in Solomon's case, it also suggests a time of vulnerability. Despite his wisdom, age brought challenges that tested his spiritual fidelity. This serves as a reminder that spiritual vigilance is necessary throughout one's life, regardless of past achievements or wisdom.

his wives turned his heart
The phrase "his wives turned his heart" highlights the influence of Solomon's foreign wives. The Hebrew verb "nāṭâ" means "to turn" or "to incline," suggesting a gradual process of deviation from his original devotion. This turning of the heart signifies a shift in loyalty and affection, illustrating the profound impact that close relationships can have on one's spiritual direction. It underscores the biblical principle of being unequally yoked with those who do not share the same faith, as seen in 2 Corinthians 6:14.

after other gods
"After other gods" refers to the idolatry that Solomon's wives led him into. The Hebrew word "ʾăḥărê" means "after" or "behind," indicating a pursuit or following. This pursuit of other deities was a direct violation of the first commandment (Exodus 20:3) and a betrayal of the covenant relationship with Yahweh. Historically, the worship of other gods was prevalent among the surrounding nations, and Solomon's alliances through marriage introduced these practices into Israel, leading to spiritual compromise.

and he was not wholeheartedly devoted
The phrase "and he was not wholeheartedly devoted" reveals a divided allegiance. The Hebrew word "šālēm" means "complete" or "whole," and its negation here indicates a lack of full commitment. Solomon's heart was no longer fully aligned with God's will, reflecting a spiritual decline. This serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of a divided heart and the importance of maintaining a singular focus on God, as emphasized in Matthew 6:24.

to the LORD his God
"To the LORD his God" emphasizes the personal relationship Solomon had with Yahweh. The use of "his God" indicates a covenantal bond, which Solomon failed to honor fully. The name "LORD" (YHWH) is the covenant name of God, reminding readers of the special relationship and responsibilities that come with being God's chosen people. This phrase calls believers to reflect on their own relationship with God and the importance of faithfulness.

as his father David had been
The comparison "as his father David had been" sets a standard of devotion. David, despite his own failings, is remembered for his wholehearted devotion to God. The Hebrew word "ʾāḇ" for "father" not only denotes a biological relationship but also a spiritual legacy. David's life serves as a benchmark for faithfulness, illustrating that while perfection is unattainable, a heart fully committed to God is the ideal. This comparison challenges believers to strive for a legacy of faithfulness in their own lives.

Solomon followed
The phrase "Solomon followed" indicates a deliberate action and choice. In Hebrew, the word for "followed" is "הלך" (halak), which means to walk or to go after. This suggests not just a passive acceptance but an active pursuit. Solomon, who was granted wisdom by God, chose to walk in a path contrary to the commandments given to him. This highlights the human tendency to stray from divine guidance despite knowing the truth, emphasizing the importance of steadfastness in faith.

Ashtoreth the goddess of the Sidonians
"Ashtoreth" refers to a prominent Canaanite goddess associated with love, war, and fertility. The Sidonians, a Phoenician people, worshipped her as a principal deity. Archaeological findings, such as inscriptions and artifacts, confirm her widespread veneration in the ancient Near East. The worship of Ashtoreth involved rituals that were abominable to the Israelites, including sexual immorality and idolatry. Solomon's turning to Ashtoreth signifies a profound spiritual decline, as he embraced practices that were explicitly forbidden by God.

and Milcom the abomination of the Ammonites
"Milcom," also known as Molech, was the national god of the Ammonites. The term "abomination" in Hebrew is "שִׁקּוּץ" (shiqquwts), which denotes something detestable or loathsome, particularly in the context of idolatry. The worship of Milcom was notorious for its extreme practices, including child sacrifice. This highlights the severity of Solomon's apostasy, as he not only tolerated but participated in the worship of deities that demanded such horrific acts. The mention of Milcom underscores the moral and spiritual corruption that can result from turning away from God.

So Solomon
The name "Solomon" is derived from the Hebrew word "Shlomo," which is related to "shalom," meaning peace. Solomon, the son of David and Bathsheba, was known for his wisdom and wealth, and his reign was marked by peace and prosperity. However, this verse marks a turning point in his life, highlighting the contrast between his early years of faithfulness and his later years of spiritual decline.

did evil
The phrase "did evil" in Hebrew is "עָשָׂה הָרַע" (asah hara), which implies actions that are morally wrong or sinful in the eyes of God. This phrase is often used in the Old Testament to describe the actions of the kings of Israel and Judah who turned away from God's commandments. Solomon's actions, influenced by his foreign wives, led him to idolatry, which was considered a grave sin.

in the sight of the LORD
The phrase "in the sight of the LORD" emphasizes God's omniscience and His ability to see all actions and intentions. It serves as a reminder that nothing is hidden from God, and He judges based on His perfect knowledge. This phrase underscores the seriousness of Solomon's actions, as they were not just offenses against human laws but against God's holy standards.

and did not follow the LORD fully
The Hebrew word for "follow" is "מָלֵא" (male), which means to fill or to be full. To "follow the LORD fully" implies complete devotion and obedience to God's commandments. Solomon's heart was divided, as he allowed the influence of his foreign wives to lead him into idolatry, thus failing to maintain the wholehearted devotion that God required.

as his father David had done
David, despite his own sins, is often portrayed as a man after God's own heart (1 Samuel 13:14). His life was marked by repentance and a deep desire to follow God. This comparison highlights the standard of faithfulness that Solomon failed to meet. David's legacy was one of sincere devotion, whereas Solomon's later years were marred by compromise and disobedience.

At that time
This phrase situates the events within a specific period in Solomon's reign, a time when his heart had turned away from the Lord due to his foreign wives. The Hebrew context suggests a pivotal moment, marking a decline from his earlier devotion. Historically, this period reflects Solomon's later years, where political alliances through marriages led to spiritual compromises.

on a hill east of Jerusalem
The geographical reference to a hill east of Jerusalem is significant. This location is traditionally associated with the Mount of Olives. The choice of this site for idol worship is particularly grievous, given its proximity to the Temple, the center of worship for Yahweh. Archaeologically, this area has been identified with ancient cultic practices, underscoring the historical reality of the text.

Solomon built a high place
The act of building a "high place" indicates the establishment of a site for pagan worship. In Hebrew, "high place" (bamah) often refers to elevated sites used for religious rites. Solomon's involvement in constructing such places marks a stark departure from his earlier dedication to building the Temple for the Lord, highlighting a tragic shift in his spiritual priorities.

for Chemosh, the abomination of Moab
Chemosh was the national deity of the Moabites, often associated with detestable practices, including child sacrifice. The term "abomination" (Hebrew: toebah) conveys something detestable or loathsome, especially in the eyes of God. This reflects the deep spiritual corruption that had infiltrated Israel under Solomon's reign, as he allowed foreign deities to be worshipped within the land.

and for Molech, the abomination of the Ammonites
Molech, like Chemosh, was associated with abhorrent practices, including child sacrifice. The Ammonites' worship of Molech was particularly offensive to God, as it directly contravened His commandments. The repetition of "abomination" emphasizes the severity of Solomon's actions in endorsing such worship, which was strictly forbidden in the Mosaic Law.

He did the same
This phrase indicates Solomon's consistent actions across all his foreign marriages. The Hebrew root here is "עשׂה" (asah), meaning "to do" or "to make." It suggests a deliberate and repeated action, highlighting Solomon's intentional departure from God's commandments. Historically, this reflects a pattern of compromise that can be seen in the lives of many leaders who, despite their wisdom or initial faithfulness, gradually succumb to external influences.

for all his foreign wives
The term "foreign wives" refers to women from nations outside of Israel, specifically those whom God had warned the Israelites not to intermarry with due to their idolatrous practices. The Hebrew word for "foreign" is "נָכְרִי" (nokri), which implies not just foreignness but also a sense of being alien or strange to the covenant community of Israel. This highlights the spiritual danger Solomon exposed himself to by forming alliances through marriage with those who did not share his faith.

who burned incense
Burning incense was a common practice in ancient Near Eastern religious rituals, symbolizing prayers or offerings ascending to the gods. The Hebrew word "קָטַר" (qatar) is used here, which means "to burn" or "to offer incense." This practice was explicitly associated with idol worship, contrasting sharply with the worship of Yahweh, where incense was used in a very specific and regulated manner within the temple.

and sacrificed
Sacrificing to gods was a central act of worship in ancient religions, often involving animals or other offerings. The Hebrew word "זָבַח" (zabach) means "to slaughter for sacrifice." This act of sacrifice to foreign gods was a direct violation of the first commandment, which forbids the worship of any god other than Yahweh. It underscores the gravity of Solomon's sin, as he allowed and facilitated the worship of false gods within his kingdom.

to their gods
The phrase "their gods" refers to the deities worshiped by Solomon's foreign wives, such as Ashtoreth, Milcom, and Chemosh. The Hebrew word for "gods" is "אֱלֹהִים" (elohim), which can refer to the true God or false gods, depending on the context. In this case, it denotes the idols of the surrounding nations, which were in direct opposition to the God of Israel. This highlights the spiritual adultery that Solomon committed by allowing these practices, leading Israel away from exclusive devotion to Yahweh.

Now the LORD
The term "LORD" in this context is translated from the Hebrew "Yahweh," the covenant name of God, emphasizing His eternal, self-existent nature and His personal relationship with Israel. This name is significant as it underscores the seriousness of Solomon's actions against a God who is not distant but intimately involved with His people.

grew angry
The Hebrew word used here is "anaph," which conveys a deep, righteous indignation. This is not a capricious anger but a just response to Solomon's disobedience. God's anger is always rooted in His holiness and justice, reflecting His intolerance for sin and idolatry, especially from those who have been given much.

with Solomon
Solomon, the son of David, was chosen by God to lead Israel and was endowed with wisdom and wealth. His name means "peace," yet his actions led to turmoil. This highlights the tragic irony of a king who, despite his wisdom, failed to maintain peace with God.

because his heart had turned away
The "heart" in Hebrew thought is the center of one's being, encompassing mind, will, and emotions. Solomon's heart turning away signifies a complete departure from devotion to God. This phrase indicates a gradual process of spiritual decline, warning believers of the dangers of divided loyalties.

from the LORD, the God of Israel
This phrase reiterates the personal and national relationship between Yahweh and Israel. It emphasizes the covenantal breach, as Solomon's actions were not just personal failings but had national implications, affecting the entire people of God.

who had appeared to him twice
The divine appearances to Solomon are recorded in 1 Kings 3:5 and 1 Kings 9:2. These encounters were profound, direct communications from God, underscoring the gravity of Solomon's apostasy. Despite these personal revelations, Solomon's heart strayed, illustrating that spiritual experiences alone do not guarantee faithfulness without continual obedience and devotion.

Although He had warned
The phrase "Although He had warned" indicates a direct and personal communication from God to Solomon. The Hebrew root for "warned" is "צָוָה" (tsavah), which means to command or charge. This highlights the seriousness and authority of God's instructions. Historically, God’s warnings were often delivered through prophets or direct revelation, emphasizing His desire for His people to remain faithful. This warning is a testament to God's patience and His desire for Solomon to adhere to the covenant.

Solomon specifically
The mention of "Solomon specifically" underscores the personal nature of God's relationship with Solomon. Solomon, as the king of Israel, had a unique role and responsibility. The Hebrew name "שְׁלֹמֹה" (Shlomo) means "peaceful," reflecting the peace and prosperity of his reign. However, this peace was contingent upon his obedience to God. The specificity of the warning to Solomon highlights the king's accountability and the personal nature of divine guidance.

not to follow other gods
The phrase "not to follow other gods" is a direct reference to the first commandment, which prohibits idolatry. The Hebrew word for "gods" is "אֱלֹהִים" (elohim), which can refer to the one true God or, in this context, false deities. Historically, the surrounding nations worshiped a pantheon of gods, and Israel was called to be distinct. This command was crucial for maintaining the purity of worship and the nation's covenant relationship with Yahweh.

Solomon did not keep
"Solomon did not keep" indicates a failure to adhere to God's command. The Hebrew root "שָׁמַר" (shamar) means to guard, keep, or observe. This failure is not just a passive neglect but an active choice to disregard God's instructions. Solomon's disobedience is a pivotal moment, leading to the eventual division of the kingdom. It serves as a cautionary tale about the consequences of straying from God's path.

the LORD’s command
The "LORD’s command" refers to the divine instructions given by Yahweh, the covenant name of God. The use of "LORD" in all caps in English translations signifies the Hebrew "יהוה" (YHWH), the personal name of God revealed to Moses. This command is not merely a suggestion but a binding directive from the Creator. The historical context of Israel's covenant with God required strict adherence to His laws to ensure His continued blessing and presence among them.

Then the LORD said to Solomon
This phrase marks a direct communication from God to Solomon, emphasizing the personal nature of God's relationship with the king. The Hebrew word for "LORD" is "YHWH," the sacred name of God, signifying His eternal and unchanging nature. This direct address underscores the gravity of the situation and the seriousness of Solomon's actions. Historically, God speaking directly to individuals was a significant event, often marking a pivotal moment in biblical narratives.

Since you have done this
The phrase refers to Solomon's actions, specifically his turning away from God by worshiping other deities, influenced by his foreign wives. The Hebrew root for "done" (עָשָׂה, 'asah) implies deliberate action, indicating that Solomon's idolatry was a conscious choice. This highlights the theme of personal responsibility and the consequences of straying from God's commands.

and have not kept My covenant and statutes
The covenant refers to the sacred agreement between God and Israel, with statutes being the specific laws given to guide the people. The Hebrew word for "kept" (שָׁמַר, shamar) means to guard or observe, suggesting a failure to protect and uphold the divine laws. This breach of covenant is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, often leading to divine judgment.

which I commanded you
This phrase emphasizes the direct nature of God's instructions to Solomon. The Hebrew root for "commanded" (צָוָה, tsavah) conveys a sense of authoritative order. It reminds readers of the divine authority behind the laws and the expectation of obedience from those chosen by God.

I will surely tear the kingdom away from you
The imagery of tearing (קָרַע, qara) is vivid and forceful, symbolizing a violent and irrevocable action. This reflects the severity of Solomon's disobedience and the consequential loss of the unified kingdom. Historically, this prophecy foreshadows the division of Israel into the northern and southern kingdoms, a significant event in biblical history.

and give it to your servant
This phrase indicates a transfer of power, highlighting the theme of divine sovereignty in appointing leaders. The "servant" refers to Jeroboam, who would later become king of the northern tribes. This transfer serves as a reminder that God raises and deposes leaders according to His will, often using unexpected individuals to fulfill His purposes.

Nevertheless
This word serves as a pivotal transition in the narrative, indicating a shift from judgment to mercy. In Hebrew, the word often translated as "nevertheless" is "ulam," which conveys a sense of contrast or exception. Here, it underscores God's grace and the conditional nature of His judgment. Despite Solomon's failures, God's covenantal promises remain steadfast, highlighting His unchanging nature and faithfulness.

for the sake of your father David
This phrase emphasizes the enduring covenant God made with David. The Hebrew word for "sake" is "ma'an," which implies purpose or reason. God's decision to delay judgment is not based on Solomon's merit but on His covenantal loyalty to David. This reflects the biblical theme of generational blessings and the importance of righteous leadership. David's heart for God and his role as a man after God's own heart (1 Samuel 13:14) continue to influence Israel's destiny.

I will not do it during your lifetime
Here, God shows restraint and patience. The phrase "during your lifetime" indicates a temporal postponement of judgment. This decision reflects God's mercy, allowing Solomon to maintain his reign despite his disobedience. It also serves as a reminder of the temporal nature of human life and the enduring nature of God's plans. The Hebrew concept of "lifetime" (yamim) often signifies a period of divine opportunity for repentance and change.

I will tear it out of the hand of your son
This phrase conveys the inevitability of divine judgment due to Solomon's idolatry. The Hebrew verb "tear" (qara) is a strong term, often used to describe violent action or separation. It signifies the seriousness of the impending division of the kingdom. The "hand" symbolizes power and control, indicating that Solomon's son will lose authority over the united kingdom. This serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of turning away from God and the impact of a leader's actions on future generations.

Yet I will not tear the whole kingdom from him
This phrase reflects God's mercy and faithfulness despite Solomon's disobedience. The Hebrew word for "tear" (קָרַע, qara) conveys a violent action, symbolizing the severity of the judgment. However, the word "yet" introduces a contrast, highlighting God's restraint. Historically, this decision underscores the importance of the Davidic covenant, where God promised David an enduring dynasty (2 Samuel 7:16). God's decision to not completely dismantle the kingdom demonstrates His commitment to His promises, even when His people fail.

but will give him one tribe
The "one tribe" refers to the tribe of Judah, which remained loyal to the house of David. The Hebrew word for "give" (נָתַן, natan) implies a deliberate and gracious act. This allocation was not due to Solomon's merit but was an act of divine grace. Archaeologically, the division of the kingdom into Israel and Judah is well-documented, with Judah maintaining Jerusalem as its capital. This division fulfilled God's word while preserving a remnant for David's lineage.

for the sake of My servant David
David is referred to as "My servant," a title of honor and covenantal relationship. The Hebrew word for "servant" (עֶבֶד, eved) signifies loyalty and service. David's heart for God and his role in establishing Israel as a united kingdom earned him this enduring legacy. God's faithfulness to David is a testament to His unchanging nature and His commitment to His promises, serving as an inspiration for believers to remain faithful.

and for the sake of Jerusalem
Jerusalem holds a special place in God's plan, chosen as the city where His name would dwell (1 Kings 11:36). The Hebrew root for "chosen" (בָּחַר, bachar) indicates a deliberate selection. Jerusalem's significance is both spiritual and historical, as it became the center of worship and the location of the Temple. God's preservation of Jerusalem underscores its role in His redemptive plan, foreshadowing its future importance in biblical prophecy.

which I have chosen
The act of choosing (בָּחַר, bachar) reflects God's sovereign will and purpose. This choice is not arbitrary but is rooted in His divine plan for salvation history. Jerusalem's selection as the spiritual center for Israel and the world highlights God's intention to establish a place where His presence would be manifest. This divine choice reassures believers of God's sovereign control and His ability to bring His purposes to fruition, regardless of human failure.

Then the LORD
This phrase signifies the direct intervention of God in the affairs of men. In the Hebrew text, "LORD" is "Yahweh," the covenant name of God, emphasizing His sovereignty and faithfulness. The use of "Then" indicates a consequential action, following Solomon's disobedience and idolatry, as described earlier in the chapter. It serves as a reminder that God is actively involved in the unfolding of history, especially in response to the faithfulness or unfaithfulness of His people.

raised up
The Hebrew word used here is "קָם" (qam), which means to establish or to set up. This implies that God is the one who empowers and allows adversaries to rise, serving His divine purposes. It reflects the biblical theme that God can use even opposition to fulfill His will, as seen throughout the Scriptures. This action is not arbitrary but is a response to Solomon's turning away from God.

against Solomon
Solomon, the son of David, was known for his wisdom and wealth, yet his heart turned away from God due to his marriages to foreign women and subsequent idolatry. The phrase "against Solomon" indicates a direct consequence of his actions. It serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of compromising one's faith and the inevitable divine discipline that follows.

an adversary
The Hebrew word "שָׂטָן" (satan) is used here, which means adversary or opponent. This is not necessarily a reference to Satan as a personal being but rather to any opponent or obstacle. In this context, it highlights the role of Hadad as a divinely appointed instrument of correction for Solomon. It underscores the biblical principle that God can use various means to bring His people back to Himself.

Hadad the Edomite
Hadad was a member of the Edomite royal family. The Edomites were descendants of Esau, Jacob's brother, and had a long history of enmity with Israel. The mention of Hadad's Edomite heritage is significant, as it recalls the ancient hostilities between the two nations. This historical context adds depth to the narrative, showing how old rivalries can resurface as part of God's disciplinary measures.

from the royal line of Edom
This phrase emphasizes Hadad's noble lineage, indicating that he was not just any adversary but one with a legitimate claim to leadership and influence. The royal line of Edom suggests a certain level of power and resources at Hadad's disposal, making him a formidable opponent. This detail highlights the seriousness of the threat against Solomon and serves as a reminder of the potential consequences of straying from God's commandments.

Earlier, when David was in Edom
This phrase sets the historical context for the events described. The Hebrew root for "Edom" is "אֱדוֹם" (Edom), which means "red." Edom was a region southeast of Israel, inhabited by the descendants of Esau, Jacob's brother. The relationship between Israel and Edom was often contentious, reflecting the sibling rivalry between Esau and Jacob. David's presence in Edom indicates a period of military campaign or control, as Edom was a vassal state under David's reign. This historical backdrop highlights the fulfillment of God's promise to David of expanding his kingdom and subduing surrounding nations.

Joab the commander of the army
Joab, whose name in Hebrew is "יוֹאָב" (Yo'av), meaning "Yahweh is father," was a key military leader under King David. His role as "commander of the army" underscores his importance in David's administration. Joab was known for his military prowess and loyalty to David, though his methods were often ruthless. His actions in Edom reflect his commitment to securing David's kingdom, even through severe measures. Joab's leadership exemplifies the tension between divine mandate and human execution, as his actions sometimes conflicted with David's wishes or God's laws.

had gone up to bury the dead
The act of burying the dead is significant in ancient Near Eastern culture, reflecting respect for the deceased and adherence to religious customs. The Hebrew word for "bury" is "קָבַר" (qabar), which implies an act of honor and duty. Joab's task of burying the dead suggests a conclusion to a battle or conflict, emphasizing the finality of God's judgment on Edom. This act also highlights the somber reality of war and the cost of expanding a kingdom, reminding readers of the human toll in fulfilling divine purposes.

and he had struck down every male in Edom
This phrase describes the extent of Joab's military campaign. The Hebrew verb "נָכָה" (nakah) means "to strike" or "to smite," indicating a decisive and thorough action. The phrase "every male" underscores the completeness of the conquest, reflecting ancient warfare practices where eliminating male populations was a strategy to prevent future rebellion. This action fulfilled God's earlier prophecy to Rebekah that "the older will serve the younger" (Genesis 25:23), as Edom, descended from Esau, was subjugated by Israel, descended from Jacob. This fulfillment of prophecy demonstrates God's sovereignty and the unfolding of His divine plan through history.

For six months
This phrase indicates a significant period of time, suggesting a thorough and determined campaign. The Hebrew word for "months" is "חֹדֶשׁ" (chodesh), which can also imply a new moon or a renewal, symbolizing a complete cycle. The duration underscores the intensity and commitment of Joab's mission, reflecting the seriousness with which Israel pursued its military objectives. Historically, this extended campaign would have required substantial resources and planning, indicating the strategic importance of Edom to Israel.

Joab
Joab, the son of Zeruiah, was a prominent military commander under King David. His name in Hebrew, "יוֹאָב" (Yo'av), means "Yahweh is father," highlighting his connection to the divine purpose in his leadership. Joab's actions, while often ruthless, were driven by loyalty to David and the kingdom of Israel. His role in this campaign against Edom reflects his reputation as a formidable and decisive leader, tasked with securing Israel's borders and eliminating threats.

and all Israel
This phrase emphasizes the collective involvement of the nation in the campaign. "All Israel" signifies not just the military forces but the unity and support of the tribes under David's rule. The Hebrew term "כָּל־יִשְׂרָאֵל" (kol-Yisrael) conveys a sense of national identity and purpose. This unity was crucial for maintaining stability and asserting dominance over neighboring territories, as Israel sought to establish itself as a powerful kingdom.

remained there
The Hebrew word "יָשַׁב" (yashab) means to dwell or sit, indicating a prolonged presence. This suggests that the campaign was not a quick raid but a sustained occupation, aimed at complete control and subjugation of Edom. The strategic decision to remain highlights the importance of securing the region and preventing future insurrections.

until he had killed every male
This phrase reflects the brutal reality of ancient warfare, where total annihilation of the male population was sometimes pursued to prevent future retaliation. The Hebrew word for "killed" is "הִכָּה" (hikah), meaning to strike or smite, indicating a decisive and forceful action. This harsh measure underscores the severity of the conflict and the lengths to which Israel went to ensure its security and dominance.

in Edom
Edom, located to the south of Israel, was a significant neighboring nation with historical enmity towards Israel. The Hebrew name "אֱדוֹם" (Edom) is associated with Esau, Jacob's brother, symbolizing a longstanding familial and national rivalry. The campaign against Edom was not only a military endeavor but also a fulfillment of prophetic tensions between the descendants of Jacob and Esau. The subjugation of Edom was crucial for Israel's control over trade routes and regional influence.

But Hadad fled to Egypt
The name "Hadad" is significant, as it is derived from the name of a storm and fertility god worshiped in ancient Syria and Mesopotamia. This highlights the cultural and religious influences surrounding the narrative. The act of fleeing to Egypt is historically and scripturally significant. Egypt often served as a place of refuge or exile in biblical narratives, as seen with figures like Abraham and Joseph. This reflects the geopolitical dynamics of the time, where Egypt was a powerful and influential nation.

along with some Edomites from his father’s servants
The Edomites were descendants of Esau, Jacob's brother, and had a tumultuous relationship with Israel. The mention of "his father’s servants" indicates loyalty and a remnant of Hadad's father's influence, suggesting a continuation of Edomite leadership and resistance against Israelite dominance. This phrase underscores the historical enmity and the ongoing struggle for power and survival among neighboring nations.

Hadad was still a small boy at the time
The phrase "small boy" emphasizes Hadad's vulnerability and the precariousness of his situation. Despite his youth, Hadad's escape to Egypt foreshadows his future role in opposing Solomon's kingdom. This detail highlights God's sovereignty and the unfolding of His plans, even through seemingly insignificant or powerless individuals. It serves as a reminder of the biblical theme that God often uses the weak and the young to fulfill His purposes, as seen in the accounts of David and Josiah.

They set out from Midian
The phrase "set out from Midian" indicates a departure from a region historically significant in the biblical narrative. Midian, located in the northwestern part of the Arabian Peninsula, was a place where Moses once found refuge (Exodus 2:15). The Midianites were descendants of Abraham through Keturah (Genesis 25:1-2), and their land was often a place of refuge and transition. This departure signifies a movement away from a familiar place, symbolizing a journey of change and divine orchestration in Hadad's life.

and went to Paran
"Paran" refers to a desert region in the Sinai Peninsula. It is a place associated with the Israelites' wilderness wanderings (Numbers 10:12). The journey to Paran suggests a passage through a barren and challenging landscape, often symbolic of testing and preparation in biblical terms. This movement through Paran can be seen as a metaphor for spiritual refinement and reliance on God's provision during times of trial.

Then others joined them
The phrase "others joined them" highlights the gathering of support and alliance. In the biblical context, the joining of others often signifies the formation of a community or coalition with a shared purpose. This can be seen as a divine orchestration where God brings people together to fulfill His plans. It reflects the biblical principle that God often uses community and relationships to accomplish His purposes.

and went to Egypt
"Egypt" in the Bible is frequently a place of refuge and provision, as well as a symbol of worldly power and influence. It was to Egypt that Abraham went during a famine (Genesis 12:10), and where Joseph rose to power (Genesis 41). The journey to Egypt in this context suggests seeking refuge and resources in a place known for its wealth and political significance. It also foreshadows the complex relationship between Israel and Egypt throughout biblical history.

to Pharaoh, the king
"Pharaoh, the king" refers to the ruler of Egypt, a title used for the monarchs of ancient Egypt. Pharaohs were seen as powerful and often divine figures in their culture. In the biblical narrative, interactions with Pharaohs are significant, as they often represent encounters with earthly authority and power. This meeting with Pharaoh indicates a strategic alliance and the seeking of favor from a powerful ruler.

who gave Hadad a house, a land, and food
The provision of "a house, a land, and food" by Pharaoh to Hadad signifies a generous and hospitable reception. In ancient Near Eastern culture, such gifts were a sign of favor and protection. This act of kindness from Pharaoh can be seen as God's providence at work, ensuring Hadad's survival and well-being. It reflects the biblical theme of God's provision through unexpected means and people, even those outside the covenant community.

Pharaoh
The term "Pharaoh" refers to the title used by the monarchs of ancient Egypt. In Hebrew, it is "פַּרְעֹה" (Par'oh). Pharaohs were considered divine figures, ruling with absolute power. This historical context highlights the significance of Hadad's favor in the eyes of such a powerful ruler, indicating a strong political alliance and the potential influence Hadad wielded in Egypt.

was so pleased
The phrase "was so pleased" suggests a deep sense of satisfaction or delight. In the Hebrew context, this implies a favorable disposition that Pharaoh had towards Hadad, which was not merely political but also personal. This favor could have been due to Hadad's royal lineage or his potential as an ally against common enemies, such as Israel.

with Hadad
Hadad was an Edomite prince who fled to Egypt after David's conquest of Edom. His presence in Egypt and the favor he found there is significant, as it sets the stage for future conflicts with Israel. The name "Hadad" is associated with a storm god in ancient Near Eastern cultures, which may imply strength and power, characteristics that Pharaoh might have admired.

that he gave him
The act of giving in marriage was a common diplomatic practice in ancient times, used to seal alliances and ensure loyalty. This gesture by Pharaoh indicates a formal and binding relationship, suggesting that Hadad was not merely a guest but a valued ally.

the sister of his own wife
This phrase underscores the importance of the marriage alliance. By giving Hadad the sister of his wife, Pharaoh was integrating Hadad into the royal family, a sign of high honor and trust. This move would have elevated Hadad's status and influence within Egypt.

Queen Tahpenes
Queen Tahpenes is mentioned here as the wife of Pharaoh, and her sister's marriage to Hadad further solidifies the alliance. The name "Tahpenes" is Egyptian, and her mention provides a glimpse into the royal household's dynamics. This connection would have given Hadad a significant position in Egyptian society, potentially impacting his future actions against Israel.

in marriage
Marriage in the ancient Near East was not only a personal union but also a political tool. This marriage would have been seen as a strategic alliance, strengthening ties between Egypt and Hadad. It reflects the complex interplay of personal relationships and political strategy in the biblical narrative.

The sister of Tahpenes
This phrase introduces us to a woman of significant standing, as she is related to Tahpenes, the queen or a high-ranking consort in the Egyptian court. The name "Tahpenes" is of Egyptian origin, suggesting a connection between Israel and Egypt during Solomon's reign. This relationship highlights the political alliances Solomon formed, which were common in ancient Near Eastern diplomacy. The mention of Tahpenes' sister indicates the integration of foreign influences into Israel's royal family, a practice that would later contribute to Solomon's spiritual decline.

bore him Genubath
The act of bearing a child in the context of ancient Israel was significant, as it ensured the continuation of lineage and legacy. The name "Genubath" is of uncertain origin, but it may reflect a cultural blend, given the Egyptian context. This birth signifies the intertwining of Israelite and Egyptian bloodlines, which could symbolize both the strength and potential pitfalls of such alliances. The presence of Genubath in the narrative underscores the complexities of Solomon's reign, where political marriages brought both prosperity and spiritual challenges.

whom Tahpenes weaned
Weaning in ancient cultures was a significant milestone, marking the transition from infancy to early childhood. It was often celebrated with a feast, indicating the child's survival past the vulnerable early years. Tahpenes' involvement in weaning Genubath suggests her influential role in the child's upbringing, further emphasizing the close ties between the Egyptian and Israelite royal families. This nurturing act by an Egyptian royal figure highlights the deep integration and acceptance of Solomon's offspring within the Egyptian court.

in Pharaoh’s palace
The mention of Pharaoh's palace situates the narrative within the grandeur and power of ancient Egypt. The palace was not just a residence but a symbol of authority and influence. Genubath's upbringing in such an environment suggests that he was afforded the privileges and education of Egyptian royalty. This setting reflects the political strategy of Solomon, who sought to secure peace and prosperity through alliances with powerful neighbors. However, it also foreshadows the potential for foreign influences to lead Israel away from its covenantal obligations to Yahweh.

and Genubath lived there
The phrase indicates a prolonged stay, suggesting that Genubath was raised as an Egyptian, fully immersed in their culture and customs. This residency would have provided him with unique insights and experiences, potentially positioning him as a figure of influence between the two nations. However, it also raises questions about his identity and loyalty, as living in a foreign land could lead to a dilution of his Israelite heritage and faith.

with the sons of Pharaoh
This final phrase underscores the close relationship between Genubath and the Egyptian royal family. Being raised alongside Pharaoh's sons would have granted him status and connections, possibly preparing him for a role in diplomatic relations. However, it also serves as a cautionary note about the dangers of such alliances, as the influence of foreign gods and practices could easily infiltrate the Israelite faith. This narrative element serves as a reminder of the importance of maintaining spiritual integrity amidst political and cultural exchanges.

When Hadad heard in Egypt
The name "Hadad" is of Semitic origin, often associated with a storm god in ancient Near Eastern cultures. Hadad's presence in Egypt signifies a period of refuge, as Egypt was a common place of asylum for those fleeing political turmoil in Israel. This phrase sets the stage for Hadad's awareness of a significant political shift, highlighting the interconnectedness of ancient Near Eastern politics.

that David rested with his fathers
The phrase "rested with his fathers" is a Hebrew idiom for death, emphasizing the continuity of life and legacy in the context of family and ancestry. David's death marks the end of a significant era in Israel's history, as he was a king after God's own heart, whose reign was characterized by military success and the establishment of Jerusalem as the political and spiritual center of Israel.

and that Joab the commander of the army was dead
Joab, a formidable military leader and nephew of King David, played a crucial role in securing David's kingdom. His death signifies a weakening of the military might and stability that characterized David's reign. Joab's complex character, marked by loyalty and ruthlessness, is a reminder of the human element in divine plans, where God uses imperfect people to fulfill His purposes.

he said to Pharaoh
Pharaoh, the title for the king of Egypt, represents a powerful ally or adversary in the biblical narrative. Hadad's approach to Pharaoh indicates a strategic move, seeking permission and support to return to his homeland. This interaction underscores the diplomatic relationships between Israel and Egypt, which were often marked by treaties, marriages, and political maneuvering.

Let me go, that I may return to my own country
Hadad's request to return to his own country reflects a deep-seated desire for identity and belonging. The longing to return home is a universal theme, resonating with the biblical narrative of exile and return. It also foreshadows the political unrest that Solomon would face, as Hadad's return would contribute to the adversities that arose during Solomon's reign, fulfilling God's word about the consequences of Solomon's disobedience.

But Pharaoh asked him
The phrase begins with "But," indicating a contrast or a shift in the narrative. "Pharaoh" refers to the ruler of Egypt, a significant figure in the ancient world, often seen as a symbol of power and authority. The Hebrew root for "Pharaoh" is "Par'oh," which means "great house," reflecting the grandeur and might of the Egyptian monarchy. Historically, Egypt was a place of refuge and political alliance for many, including biblical figures like Abraham and Joseph. Pharaoh's inquiry suggests a relationship of hospitality and perhaps political alliance with Hadad, a foreigner in his court.

What have you lacked here with me
This question implies a sense of provision and care. The Hebrew word for "lacked" is "ḥāsēr," which conveys a sense of deficiency or need. Pharaoh's question suggests that he believes he has provided well for Hadad, offering him a place of security and abundance. This reflects the historical context where foreign dignitaries or exiles were often treated with honor in royal courts, receiving land, wealth, or positions of influence.

that you suddenly want to go back to your own country?
The word "suddenly" indicates an unexpected or abrupt decision, suggesting urgency or a change in circumstances. The desire to "go back" to one's "own country" highlights themes of identity, belonging, and loyalty. In the ancient Near Eastern context, one's homeland was deeply tied to personal and familial identity. Hadad's longing to return may reflect a sense of duty or a call to reclaim his heritage and position in Edom, his native land.

'Nothing,' Hadad replied, 'but please let me go.'
Hadad's response, "Nothing," indicates that his decision is not due to any lack or mistreatment. The Hebrew word for "nothing" is "lō," a simple negation, emphasizing that his departure is not due to dissatisfaction. His polite request, "please let me go," shows respect and acknowledgment of Pharaoh's authority. This reflects the cultural norms of honor and diplomacy, where even in leaving, Hadad seeks to maintain a respectful relationship with Pharaoh. His request underscores a personal conviction or calling that transcends material provision, pointing to a deeper purpose or divine prompting in his return to Edom.

And God raised up
This phrase indicates divine intervention in the affairs of men. The Hebrew root for "raised up" is "קוּם" (qum), which means to establish or set up. In the context of 1 Kings, it underscores God's sovereignty and His active role in the unfolding of history. God is not passive; He orchestrates events to fulfill His purposes, even using adversaries to discipline and redirect His people.

against Solomon
Solomon, despite his wisdom and the prosperity of his reign, had turned away from God by allowing idolatry to flourish. The phrase "against Solomon" highlights the personal nature of this divine action. It serves as a reminder that no one, not even a king, is beyond accountability. Solomon's disobedience had consequences, and God was actively working to bring him back to righteousness.

another adversary
The Hebrew word for "adversary" is "שָׂטָן" (satan), which can mean opponent or accuser. This is not just a physical enemy but a spiritual and moral challenge. The presence of adversaries in Solomon's life is a reflection of the spiritual warfare that believers face. It is a call to remain vigilant and faithful, recognizing that challenges can be opportunities for growth and repentance.

Rezon son of Eliada
Rezon's introduction as an adversary is significant. His name, "רְזוֹן" (Rezon), means "prince" or "ruler," suggesting a person of influence and power. The mention of his lineage, "son of Eliada," provides historical context, grounding the narrative in real events and people. It reminds us that God's plans often involve individuals who may seem insignificant but are used mightily in His divine narrative.

who had fled from his master
This phrase indicates a past conflict and a break from authority. Rezon's flight from his master, Hadadezer, king of Zobah, suggests a history of rebellion and ambition. It reflects the broader theme of rebellion against God, as seen in Solomon's own life. This historical detail serves as a metaphor for the spiritual journey, where fleeing from worldly masters can lead to a confrontation with divine authority.

Hadadezer king of Zobah
Hadadezer, whose name means "Hadad is my help," was a powerful king in the region of Zobah, a Syrian kingdom. The historical context of Zobah as a significant power in the Near East during this period provides insight into the geopolitical dynamics at play. This reference to Hadadezer situates Rezon's rebellion within a larger narrative of regional power struggles, illustrating how God uses even international politics to accomplish His will.

Rezon
Rezon, whose name means "prince" or "ruler" in Hebrew, is a significant figure in the narrative of 1 Kings. His role as a leader of rebels highlights the political instability during the latter part of King Solomon's reign. Historically, Rezon's opposition to Israel can be seen as part of the broader geopolitical struggles in the region, where various leaders sought to assert their independence from larger empires.

leader of a band of rebels
The phrase "leader of a band of rebels" indicates Rezon's position as a commander of a group of insurgents. This reflects the turbulent times in which local leaders often rose against established powers. The Hebrew term for "rebels" can also imply marauders or raiders, suggesting that Rezon's group engaged in guerrilla warfare tactics, which were common in the ancient Near East.

when David killed the Zobahites
This reference to David's military campaigns against the Zobahites situates Rezon's account within the larger narrative of Israel's expansion under King David. The Zobahites were a powerful Aramean kingdom, and David's victory over them is recorded in 2 Samuel 8. This historical context underscores the ongoing conflict between Israel and its neighbors, which continued into Solomon's reign.

he went to Damascus
Rezon's move to Damascus is significant, as Damascus was a major city in the ancient Near East and would later become the capital of the Aramean kingdom. This relocation suggests a strategic decision to establish a power base in a city with considerable influence and resources. Archaeological evidence supports Damascus's prominence during this period, highlighting its role as a center of trade and military power.

where they settled and took control
The phrase "settled and took control" indicates that Rezon and his followers not only found refuge in Damascus but also established dominance there. This act of taking control reflects the shifting power dynamics in the region, as local leaders like Rezon capitalized on opportunities to assert their authority. Scripturally, this development foreshadows the challenges Solomon would face from external adversaries, as God allowed adversaries to rise against him due to his disobedience (1 Kings 11:14-25).

Rezon
The name "Rezon" is derived from the Hebrew root "רָזוֹן" (Razon), which means "prince" or "ruler." Rezon was a significant adversary to Solomon, representing the external threats that arose due to Solomon's disobedience to God. Historically, Rezon was a leader who seized control of Damascus, establishing a kingdom that would become a persistent thorn in Israel's side. His rise to power is a reminder of the political instability that can arise when a nation turns away from divine guidance.

Israel’s enemy
The phrase "Israel’s enemy" underscores the adversarial relationship between Rezon and the nation of Israel. In the Hebrew context, the word for "enemy" is "אוֹיֵב" (oyev), which conveys not just opposition but active hostility. This enmity is emblematic of the spiritual and physical conflicts that Israel faced when it strayed from God's commandments. It serves as a cautionary tale about the consequences of forsaking divine wisdom and the protection it affords.

throughout the days of Solomon
This phrase highlights the duration of Rezon's enmity, which persisted "throughout the days of Solomon." Solomon's reign, though marked by wisdom and prosperity, was also a time of spiritual decline due to his alliances and idolatry. The continuous nature of Rezon's opposition serves as a metaphor for the enduring consequences of sin and the importance of steadfast faithfulness to God.

adding to the trouble
The phrase "adding to the trouble" indicates that Rezon's actions compounded the difficulties faced by Solomon. The Hebrew word for "trouble" is "רָעָה" (ra'ah), which can mean evil, distress, or calamity. This addition of trouble reflects the cumulative effect of disobedience and the way in which one sin can lead to further complications and challenges.

caused by Hadad
Hadad was another adversary of Israel, and his mention here provides context for the compounded nature of Israel's troubles. Hadad, an Edomite prince, had his own grievances against Israel, and his actions, combined with Rezon's, illustrate the multifaceted nature of the threats that arose due to Solomon's failure to remain true to God's covenant.

So Rezon ruled over Aram
The phrase "ruled over Aram" indicates Rezon's dominion over the region of Aram, known today as Syria. This area was strategically significant, and Rezon's control over it posed a direct threat to Israel's security. The historical and geographical context of Aram as a neighboring power highlights the geopolitical challenges faced by Israel and the importance of divine favor in securing national stability.

with hostility toward Israel
The phrase "with hostility toward Israel" emphasizes the aggressive stance Rezon maintained against God's chosen people. The Hebrew word for "hostility" is "שִׂנְאָה" (sin'ah), which conveys deep-seated enmity and animosity. This hostility serves as a stark reminder of the spiritual warfare that believers face and the necessity of relying on God's strength to overcome opposition.

Now Jeroboam son of Nebat
The introduction of Jeroboam is significant in the narrative of Israel's history. His name, Jeroboam, means "the people will contend" or "he pleads the people's cause," which foreshadows his future role in leading a rebellion. The mention of his father, Nebat, is a common biblical practice to establish lineage and identity. Jeroboam's emergence marks a pivotal moment in the division of the united monarchy of Israel.

an Ephraimite from Zeredah
Ephraim was one of the prominent tribes of Israel, often associated with leadership and strength. Being an Ephraimite, Jeroboam was from a tribe that had historical tensions with Judah, Solomon's tribe. Zeredah, his hometown, is less known but its mention roots Jeroboam in a specific geographical and tribal context, emphasizing his connection to the northern tribes.

a servant of Solomon
This phrase highlights Jeroboam's initial position within Solomon's administration. As a servant, or more accurately, an official, Jeroboam had firsthand experience of Solomon's reign and policies. This role provided him with insights into the kingdom's operations and possibly fueled his later ambitions and grievances.

whose mother’s name was Zeruah, a widow
The mention of Zeruah, Jeroboam's mother, and her status as a widow, adds a personal dimension to Jeroboam's background. In ancient Israel, widows were often vulnerable and marginalized, which might have influenced Jeroboam's perspectives on justice and leadership. This detail humanizes Jeroboam and provides a glimpse into his formative influences.

also rebelled against the king
The act of rebellion is central to Jeroboam's story. The Hebrew root for "rebelled" suggests a rising up or lifting oneself against authority. This rebellion was not merely political but also spiritual, as it eventually led to the division of the kingdom and the establishment of alternative worship centers. Jeroboam's rebellion is a turning point that fulfills God's judgment on Solomon's idolatry, as prophesied earlier in the chapter.

This is the account
This phrase introduces a narrative that provides a detailed explanation of events. In Hebrew, the word for "account" is "דָּבָר" (davar), which can mean word, matter, or thing. It signifies the importance of the account that follows, emphasizing that it is not just a tale but a significant historical and spiritual event. This sets the stage for understanding the gravity of rebellion against God's anointed king.

of how he rebelled
The Hebrew root for "rebelled" is "מָרַד" (marad), which means to revolt or rise up against authority. This rebellion is not merely political but also spiritual, as it represents a turning away from God's established order. In the context of Israel's history, rebellion against the king was seen as rebellion against God Himself, who had appointed the king.

against the king
The king in question is Solomon, the son of David, who was chosen by God to lead Israel. Solomon's reign was marked by wisdom and prosperity, but also by a gradual turning away from God due to his foreign wives and idolatry. Rebelling against Solomon was significant because it was a challenge to the divinely ordained leadership and the Davidic covenant.

Solomon had built
Solomon's building projects were extensive and renowned, including the construction of the Temple and his palace. The Hebrew word "בָּנָה" (banah) means to build or establish. Solomon's building efforts were a testament to his wisdom and the prosperity of Israel under his rule, but they also became a source of burden and discontent among the people due to the heavy labor and taxes required.

the supporting terraces
The "supporting terraces" refer to the "Millo," a structure or series of terraces that fortified the city of Jerusalem. The Hebrew term "מִלּוֹא" (Millo) suggests a filling or embankment. Archaeological evidence supports the existence of such structures, which were crucial for the defense and expansion of the city. This construction project, while impressive, also symbolizes the physical and spiritual fortification of the kingdom, which was being undermined by internal rebellion.

and repaired the gap in the wall
Repairing the gap in the wall was a strategic move to strengthen the city's defenses. The Hebrew word for "repaired" is "סָגַר" (sagar), meaning to close or shut. This action reflects Solomon's efforts to maintain the integrity and security of Jerusalem, the city of David. However, it also metaphorically highlights the breaches in spiritual and moral integrity that were emerging within the kingdom.

of the city of his father David
Jerusalem, the city of David, holds profound significance as the political and spiritual center of Israel. David, Solomon's father, established Jerusalem as the capital and brought the Ark of the Covenant there, making it the focal point of worship. The mention of David underscores the legacy and covenantal promises associated with his lineage. Solomon's actions, both in building and in failing to remain faithful, have direct implications for the city and the fulfillment of God's promises to David.

Now Jeroboam
The introduction of Jeroboam is significant in the narrative of Israel's history. His name, meaning "the people will contend" or "he increases the people," foreshadows his future role in leading a significant portion of Israel. Jeroboam's emergence at this point in the text signals a shift in the kingdom's dynamics, as he becomes a central figure in the division of Israel. Historically, Jeroboam's rise is set against the backdrop of Solomon's reign, a time of great prosperity but also of underlying discontent due to heavy taxation and forced labor.

was a mighty man of valor
This phrase highlights Jeroboam's strength and capability. The Hebrew term "gibbor chayil" is often used to describe warriors or individuals of great courage and ability. In the context of ancient Israel, being a "mighty man of valor" would imply not only physical strength but also leadership qualities and a reputation for bravery. This description sets Jeroboam apart as a man of potential and influence, qualities that Solomon recognizes and values.

and when Solomon saw
Solomon's perception and recognition of Jeroboam's abilities are crucial. As a wise king, Solomon was known for his discernment, and his acknowledgment of Jeroboam's talents indicates that Jeroboam was indeed exceptional. This moment of recognition is pivotal, as it sets the stage for Jeroboam's future rise to power. It also reflects Solomon's administrative acumen in identifying and utilizing capable individuals for the kingdom's benefit.

that the young man was industrious
The term "industrious" underscores Jeroboam's work ethic and diligence. In Hebrew, the word conveys a sense of being active, energetic, and hardworking. This characteristic would have been particularly valuable in the context of managing labor forces and overseeing large projects. Jeroboam's industrious nature not only earns him Solomon's favor but also positions him as a leader who can inspire and mobilize others.

he put him in charge
Solomon's decision to appoint Jeroboam to a position of authority demonstrates trust and confidence in his abilities. This act of delegation is significant, as it provides Jeroboam with experience and influence within the kingdom. It also reflects a common practice in ancient monarchies, where capable individuals were often elevated to positions of power to ensure efficient governance and project management.

of the whole labor force
The labor force mentioned here refers to the workers involved in Solomon's extensive building projects, including the construction of the temple and other infrastructure. This was a massive undertaking, requiring careful organization and leadership. Jeroboam's role in overseeing this labor force indicates his managerial skills and ability to handle complex tasks, further establishing his credentials as a leader.

of the house of Joseph
The reference to the "house of Joseph" is significant, as it denotes the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh, descendants of Joseph. These tribes were among the most prominent in Israel, and their labor force would have been substantial. Jeroboam's connection to the house of Joseph, particularly as an Ephraimite, is crucial in understanding his later support and the tribal dynamics that contribute to the eventual division of the kingdom. This phrase also highlights the regional and tribal affiliations that played a significant role in Israel's political landscape.

At that time
This phrase sets the stage for a significant moment in Israel's history. The timing is crucial as it follows Solomon's turning away from God due to his foreign wives and idolatry. Historically, this period marks the beginning of the division of the united monarchy. The phrase indicates a divinely appointed moment, emphasizing God's sovereignty in orchestrating events according to His purpose.

when Jeroboam went out of Jerusalem
Jeroboam, a servant of Solomon, is introduced as he leaves Jerusalem. His departure from the city, the center of Israelite worship and governance, symbolizes a transition from the established order. Historically, Jeroboam was an Ephraimite, and his exit from Jerusalem foreshadows his future role in leading the northern tribes. This movement signifies a shift in power dynamics within the kingdom.

the prophet Ahijah the Shilonite
Ahijah is identified as a prophet from Shiloh, a place of historical religious significance as the location of the Tabernacle before the temple was built in Jerusalem. The mention of Ahijah underscores the prophetic authority and divine message he carries. Prophets in Israel were God's mouthpieces, and Ahijah's role here is pivotal in communicating God's will regarding the kingdom's future.

met him on the road
The meeting on the road is symbolic of a divine encounter. Roads in biblical narratives often represent journeys, both physical and spiritual. This meeting signifies a turning point in Jeroboam's life and the nation's history. It is a moment of divine intervention where God's plans are revealed outside the confines of the city, in a more personal and direct setting.

as he was wearing a new cloak
The new cloak worn by Ahijah is rich in symbolic meaning. In biblical times, garments often represented authority, identity, and status. The new cloak suggests a new beginning or a fresh revelation. It foreshadows the prophetic act that Ahijah will perform, symbolizing the tearing of the kingdom from Solomon's lineage and the establishment of a new order under Jeroboam.

and the two of them were alone in the field
The solitude of the encounter highlights the personal and confidential nature of the prophetic message. Fields in Scripture can symbolize openness and readiness for harvest, indicating that the time is ripe for God's message to be delivered. The privacy ensures that the message is received without interference, emphasizing the direct communication between God, through His prophet, and Jeroboam. This setting underscores the gravity and intimacy of the divine revelation about to unfold.

And Ahijah
Ahijah the Shilonite was a prophet during the reign of Solomon. His name means "brother of Yahweh" or "Yahweh is my brother," indicating a close relationship with God. Prophets in Israel were God's mouthpieces, often delivering messages of both judgment and hope. Ahijah's role here is pivotal as he acts as a divine messenger, setting the stage for a significant shift in Israel's history.

took hold of
This phrase signifies a deliberate and purposeful action. In the Hebrew context, taking hold of something often implies authority and intention. Ahijah's action is not random but a symbolic gesture directed by God to convey a profound message to Jeroboam, Solomon's servant.

the new cloak
The cloak, or "mantle," in ancient Israelite culture, was more than just a garment; it symbolized authority and identity. The fact that it was "new" suggests a fresh beginning or a new phase. In the prophetic tradition, a cloak could also represent the prophetic office or the anointing of God. Ahijah's use of a new cloak underscores the newness of the impending change in Israel's leadership.

he was wearing
This detail emphasizes the personal nature of the prophecy. Ahijah uses his own garment, indicating that the message is directly from him as God's representative. It also suggests immediacy and personal investment in the prophetic act, as he sacrifices his own cloak to deliver God's message.

tore it into twelve pieces
Tearing a garment in the Hebrew tradition often symbolizes mourning, distress, or a significant change. The number twelve is significant in Israel's history, representing the twelve tribes descended from the sons of Jacob. By tearing the cloak into twelve pieces, Ahijah visually and symbolically communicates the division of the united kingdom of Israel. This act foreshadows the splitting of the kingdom after Solomon's reign, with ten tribes forming the northern kingdom of Israel under Jeroboam and two tribes remaining with the house of David in the southern kingdom of Judah.

“And he said to Jeroboam,”
This phrase introduces a pivotal moment in the narrative of 1 Kings. The speaker is the prophet Ahijah, who is delivering a divine message to Jeroboam. The name "Jeroboam" is significant as it means "the people will contend" or "he increases the people," which foreshadows his future role as a leader of the northern tribes of Israel. This encounter is a divine appointment, highlighting the sovereignty of God in orchestrating the events of history. The prophetic nature of this meeting underscores the biblical theme that God communicates His will through chosen messengers.

“Take ten pieces for yourself,”
The act of taking "ten pieces" is symbolic and prophetic. Ahijah had torn a new garment into twelve pieces, representing the twelve tribes of Israel. The "ten pieces" signify the ten tribes that Jeroboam would rule over, as God was about to divide the kingdom due to Solomon's disobedience. This division is not just a political maneuver but a divine judgment and fulfillment of God's word. The number ten often symbolizes completeness in biblical numerology, indicating a complete portion of the kingdom being given to Jeroboam.

“for this is what the LORD, the God of Israel, says”
This phrase emphasizes the authority and source of the message. "The LORD, the God of Israel," is a reminder of the covenant relationship between God and His people. It is a declaration that the forthcoming events are not merely human decisions but are orchestrated by God Himself. The use of "LORD" (YHWH) signifies the covenantal name of God, highlighting His faithfulness and sovereignty. This divine declaration assures Jeroboam that the message is trustworthy and rooted in God's unchanging nature.

“‘Behold, I will tear the kingdom out of the hand of Solomon”
The word "Behold" is a call to attention, indicating the importance and certainty of the message. The phrase "I will tear the kingdom" uses vivid imagery to describe the impending division. The tearing signifies a forceful and decisive action by God, reflecting His judgment on Solomon's idolatry and unfaithfulness. The "hand of Solomon" represents his reign and authority, which is being removed due to his failure to uphold God's commandments. This act serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of disobedience to God.

“and will give you ten tribes.”
This promise to Jeroboam is both a blessing and a responsibility. The "ten tribes" represent the majority of the nation of Israel, signifying a significant shift in power and leadership. This transfer of authority is a divine appointment, indicating that God is raising Jeroboam to fulfill His purposes. The giving of the tribes is not just a political change but a fulfillment of God's plan for His people. It highlights the theme of God's sovereignty in raising leaders according to His will and purpose, even amidst human failure.

But one tribe
This phrase signifies the division of the united kingdom of Israel. The Hebrew word for "tribe" is "שֵׁבֶט" (shevet), which can also mean "staff" or "rod," symbolizing authority and identity. Historically, this refers to the tribe of Judah, which remained loyal to the Davidic line. This division was a direct consequence of Solomon's disobedience, yet God's promise to David ensured that his lineage would not be entirely cut off.

will remain
The Hebrew root "נָתַן" (natan) means "to give" or "to grant." This indicates God's sovereign decision to preserve a remnant for David's sake. It underscores the theme of divine grace and faithfulness, as God maintains His covenant despite human failure.

for the sake of My servant David
David is referred to as "My servant," highlighting his special relationship with God. The Hebrew word "עֶבֶד" (eved) denotes a servant or bondservant, emphasizing loyalty and service. David's heart for God and his covenant with Him (2 Samuel 7) ensured that his lineage would continue, demonstrating God's unwavering commitment to His promises.

and for the sake of Jerusalem
Jerusalem, the city of David, holds a central place in biblical history. The Hebrew name "יְרוּשָׁלַיִם" (Yerushalayim) is often associated with peace and completeness. God's choice of Jerusalem as His dwelling place (Psalm 132:13) signifies its spiritual significance and the divine plan for redemption that would unfold there.

the city I have chosen
The act of choosing, "בָּחַר" (bachar) in Hebrew, reflects God's sovereign will and purpose. Jerusalem was chosen as the spiritual and political center of Israel, a place where God's presence would dwell in the temple. This choice underscores the city's enduring significance in God's redemptive history.

out of all the tribes of Israel
This phrase emphasizes the unique selection of Jerusalem and the tribe of Judah from among the twelve tribes. It highlights God's sovereign election and the unfolding of His divine plan through a specific lineage and location. This choice is a testament to God's providence and the fulfillment of His promises throughout biblical history.

For they have forsaken Me
The phrase "forsaken Me" is rooted in the Hebrew word "עזב" (azav), which means to leave, abandon, or desert. This word conveys a deep sense of betrayal and neglect. In the historical context, Israel's forsaking of God was not merely a passive act but an active turning away from the covenant relationship established with Yahweh. This abandonment is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, highlighting the Israelites' struggle with faithfulness. From a conservative Christian perspective, this serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of turning away from God and the importance of steadfastness in faith.

and worshiped Ashtoreth the goddess of the Sidonians
"Ashtoreth" refers to a prominent Canaanite goddess associated with love and war, often linked to the planet Venus. The worship of Ashtoreth, known in other cultures as Astarte or Ishtar, involved rituals that were abhorrent to the Israelites, including temple prostitution. The Sidonians, a Phoenician people, were known for their maritime trade and cultural influence, which included religious practices. The adoption of Ashtoreth worship by the Israelites signifies a profound spiritual decline and syncretism, where the purity of worship to Yahweh was compromised. This highlights the constant temptation of God's people to conform to surrounding cultures, a warning still relevant today.

Chemosh the god of the Moabites
"Chemosh" was the national deity of the Moabites, often associated with the practice of child sacrifice, as suggested by archaeological findings and biblical references. The Moabites were descendants of Lot, and their worship practices were in direct opposition to the worship of Yahweh. The mention of Chemosh underscores the severity of Israel's idolatry, as they embraced gods that demanded such detestable practices. This serves as a reminder of the destructive nature of idolatry and the moral decay it brings.

and Milcom the god of the Ammonites
"Milcom," also known as Molech, was the god of the Ammonites, another nation descended from Lot. Like Chemosh, the worship of Milcom involved child sacrifice, a practice strictly forbidden by God. The Ammonites were often in conflict with Israel, and their religious practices were seen as abominations. The inclusion of Milcom in this verse highlights the extent of Israel's spiritual adultery, as they not only adopted foreign gods but also the most heinous of their practices. This serves as a stark warning against compromising one's faith and values.

They have not walked in My ways
The phrase "walked in My ways" is a metaphor for living according to God's commandments and statutes. The Hebrew word "הלך" (halak) means to walk or go, implying a continuous, habitual lifestyle. In biblical terms, walking in God's ways signifies obedience and alignment with His will. The failure to walk in God's ways indicates a deliberate choice to pursue a path contrary to His commands. This serves as a reminder of the importance of daily, intentional living in accordance with God's Word.

nor done what is right in My eyes
"Right in My eyes" refers to actions and behaviors that align with God's standards of righteousness and justice. The Hebrew word "ישר" (yashar) means straight or upright, emphasizing moral integrity. The Israelites' failure to do what is right in God's eyes reflects a departure from His ethical and moral standards. This phrase challenges believers to evaluate their actions and motivations, ensuring they align with divine principles rather than human standards.

nor kept My statutes and ordinances
"Statutes and ordinances" refer to the specific laws and decrees given by God to govern the moral, ceremonial, and civil life of Israel. The Hebrew words "חק" (choq) and "משפט" (mishpat) denote decrees and judgments, respectively. These were not mere suggestions but binding commands meant to set Israel apart as a holy nation. The failure to keep these statutes and ordinances signifies a breach of the covenant and a rejection of God's authority. This serves as a call to uphold God's laws as a reflection of His character and will.

as David the father of Solomon did
David is often held as the standard of faithfulness and devotion to God, despite his personal failings. His heart was aligned with God's, and he sought to uphold His commandments. The reference to David serves as a contrast to Solomon's actions and a reminder of the legacy of faithfulness expected of Israel's leaders. For conservative Christians, David's example is a testament to the power of repentance and the importance of a heart fully devoted to God.

Nevertheless
This word serves as a pivotal transition, indicating a shift from judgment to mercy. In Hebrew, the word often translated as "nevertheless" is "ulam," which conveys a sense of contrast or exception. Here, it underscores God's grace and His willingness to temper justice with mercy, reflecting His covenantal faithfulness despite human failure.

I will not take the whole kingdom out of his hand
This phrase reveals God's sovereign decision to limit the extent of His judgment. The Hebrew word for "take" is "laqach," which implies a deliberate action. God's restraint in not removing the entire kingdom from Solomon's lineage highlights His commitment to His promises, even when His people fall short.

because I have made him ruler all the days of his life
The phrase emphasizes God's sovereign appointment of Solomon as king. The Hebrew word for "made" is "nathan," meaning to give or appoint. This underscores the divine authority behind Solomon's reign, affirming that his kingship was not merely a result of human ambition but a fulfillment of God's plan.

for the sake of My servant David
This phrase points to the Davidic covenant, where God promised David an enduring dynasty. The Hebrew word for "servant" is "ebed," which denotes a close relationship and loyalty. David's faithfulness and God's covenant with him serve as the basis for the mercy extended to Solomon, illustrating the enduring impact of a righteous life.

whom I chose
The act of choosing, in Hebrew "bachar," signifies God's sovereign election. David was chosen not for his perfection but for his heart after God. This choice reflects God's grace and His ability to use imperfect people to fulfill His perfect will, providing hope that God can work through anyone He chooses.

and who kept My commandments and statutes
This phrase highlights the importance of obedience in maintaining a relationship with God. The Hebrew words for "commandments" (mitzvot) and "statutes" (chukim) refer to the laws and decrees given by God. David's adherence to these reflects a life aligned with God's will, serving as a model for faithfulness and the blessings that follow obedience.

But I will take
This phrase signifies a divine intervention and decision. The Hebrew root for "take" is "לָקַח" (laqach), which often implies a forceful or authoritative action. In the context of 1 Kings, it underscores God's sovereign authority to alter the course of history according to His will. This action is not merely a political maneuver but a fulfillment of divine prophecy and judgment due to Solomon's disobedience.

the kingdom
The term "kingdom" here refers to the united monarchy of Israel, established under Saul and solidified under David and Solomon. The Hebrew word "מַמְלָכָה" (mamlakah) denotes a realm or dominion. Historically, this kingdom was a significant power in the ancient Near East, and its division marks a pivotal moment in Israel's history, leading to the formation of two separate entities: Israel and Judah.

out of his son’s hand
This phrase indicates the transfer of power from Solomon's lineage, specifically his son Rehoboam. The "hand" symbolizes control and authority. The historical context reveals that Rehoboam's inability to maintain the kingdom was partly due to his failure to heed wise counsel, leading to the fulfillment of God's judgment against Solomon's idolatry.

and give it to you
The "you" in this passage refers to Jeroboam, the son of Nebat. The Hebrew root "נָתַן" (nathan) for "give" implies a bestowal or granting of authority. This divine appointment of Jeroboam as king over the ten tribes is a testament to God's sovereign choice, often using unlikely individuals to accomplish His purposes, as seen throughout biblical narratives.

ten tribes
The division into "ten tribes" signifies the majority of the Israelite tribes forming the northern kingdom, known as Israel. This separation left the tribes of Judah and Benjamin under Rehoboam's rule, forming the southern kingdom of Judah. Archaeological evidence and historical records from neighboring nations corroborate the existence of these two distinct kingdoms, highlighting the geopolitical and spiritual ramifications of this division. Theologically, this split serves as a reminder of the consequences of turning away from God's commandments, as well as His continued faithfulness to His covenant promises despite human failure.

Yet to his son
This phrase refers to the promise God made concerning Solomon's lineage. Despite Solomon's disobedience, God shows mercy by preserving a portion of the kingdom for his son. The Hebrew word for "son" here is "בֵּן" (ben), which signifies not only a direct descendant but also a continuation of a legacy. This highlights God's faithfulness to His covenant with David, ensuring that David's line would not be completely cut off.

I will give one tribe
The "one tribe" refers to the tribe of Judah, which would remain under the rule of Solomon's descendants. Historically, this is significant as it sets the stage for the division of the kingdom into Israel and Judah. The Hebrew word for "tribe" is "שֵׁבֶט" (shevet), which can also mean "scepter" or "staff," symbolizing authority and governance. This reflects God's sovereign control over the political landscape of Israel.

so that My servant David
The term "My servant David" underscores the special relationship between God and David. The Hebrew word for "servant" is "עֶבֶד" (eved), which implies loyalty and dedication. David is often seen as a model king, a man after God's own heart, and this phrase reaffirms God's commitment to David's legacy despite the failings of his descendants.

may always have a lamp
The "lamp" symbolizes the enduring presence and guidance of God. In ancient Near Eastern culture, a lamp was a symbol of life and continuity. The Hebrew word "נֵר" (ner) is used here, indicating that David's lineage would continue to shine and provide leadership. This metaphor also points to the Messianic hope, as Jesus Christ, the Light of the World, would come from David's line.

before Me in Jerusalem
Jerusalem holds a central place in God's plan, chosen as the city where His presence would dwell. The phrase "before Me" suggests a direct relationship and favor from God. The Hebrew word "לְפָנַי" (lefanai) means "in front of" or "in the presence of," indicating that David's line would have a special standing before God in the holy city.

the city where I chose to put My Name
This phrase emphasizes God's sovereign choice of Jerusalem as the spiritual center of Israel. The Hebrew word for "chose" is "בָּחַר" (bachar), which conveys a deliberate and purposeful selection. "My Name" refers to God's presence and authority, as His name represents His character and covenant promises. This underscores the theological significance of Jerusalem as the focal point of worship and divine interaction with His people.

But as for you
This phrase marks a direct and personal address, indicating a shift in focus to Jeroboam. In the Hebrew text, the word "you" is emphasized, highlighting God's specific choice and calling. This personal selection underscores the sovereignty of God in appointing leaders according to His divine plan. It serves as a reminder that God knows each individual intimately and has a purpose for their lives.

I will take you
The Hebrew verb "take" (לָקַח, laqach) implies a deliberate action by God. It suggests divine intervention and selection, emphasizing that Jeroboam's rise to power is not by chance or human effort but by God's sovereign will. This reflects the biblical theme that God raises leaders according to His purposes, often choosing the unlikely or unexpected to fulfill His plans.

and you shall reign
The promise of reigning signifies authority and leadership. In the biblical context, reigning is not merely about power but about stewardship and responsibility before God. The Hebrew concept of kingship involves justice, righteousness, and leading the people in accordance with God's laws. This phrase calls to mind the responsibility that comes with leadership, reminding us that true leadership is service to God and His people.

over all that your heart desires
This phrase suggests a fulfillment of personal ambition and dreams, yet it is bounded by God's will. The heart, in Hebrew thought, is the center of will and desire. This promise indicates that God is aware of Jeroboam's aspirations and is willing to grant them, provided they align with His divine purpose. It serves as an encouragement that God knows the desires of our hearts and can fulfill them in His perfect timing and way.

and you will be king over Israel
This is the culmination of God's promise to Jeroboam. Being king over Israel is a significant role, as Israel is God's chosen nation. The historical context here is crucial: Jeroboam is being promised leadership over the ten northern tribes, which will become the kingdom of Israel after the division from Judah. This promise is both a privilege and a heavy responsibility, as the king is expected to lead the people in faithfulness to God. It highlights the biblical principle that leadership is a divine calling with the purpose of guiding God's people according to His covenant.

If you listen
The Hebrew root for "listen" is "שָׁמַע" (shama), which implies not just hearing but also obeying and understanding. In the biblical context, listening is an active engagement with God's word, requiring a response. This phrase sets the condition for the promise that follows, emphasizing the importance of obedience to God's commands as a prerequisite for His blessings.

to all that I command you
The phrase underscores the comprehensive nature of God's expectations. The Hebrew word for "command" is "צָוָה" (tsavah), which conveys a sense of authoritative instruction. This reflects the covenant relationship between God and His people, where adherence to His commands is a sign of faithfulness and devotion.

and walk in My ways
"Walk" in Hebrew is "הָלַךְ" (halak), which metaphorically represents one's conduct or lifestyle. "My ways" refers to the path of righteousness and holiness that God sets before His people. This phrase calls for a life that mirrors God's character and principles, aligning one's actions with His divine will.

and do what is right in My sight
The concept of doing "what is right" is rooted in the Hebrew word "יָשָׁר" (yashar), meaning straight or upright. "In My sight" indicates living with an awareness of God's omnipresence and judgment. This phrase challenges believers to maintain integrity and righteousness, knowing that God sees and evaluates all actions.

keeping My statutes and commandments
"Statutes" (חֻקּוֹת, chukot) and "commandments" (מִצְוֹת, mitzvot) refer to the specific laws given by God. The repetition of these terms highlights the importance of both the moral and ceremonial aspects of the law. Keeping them is a demonstration of loyalty and love for God, reflecting a heart committed to His covenant.

as My servant David did
David is presented as a model of faithfulness, despite his imperfections. The term "servant" (עֶבֶד, eved) signifies a relationship of submission and dedication to God. David's life, characterized by repentance and a heart after God, serves as an example for all believers to follow.

I will be with you
This promise of divine presence is central to the covenant relationship. The assurance "I will be with you" echoes God's promises to the patriarchs and leaders of Israel, signifying His support, guidance, and blessing. It is a reminder that God's presence is the source of strength and success.

and I will build you a lasting dynasty
The Hebrew word for "dynasty" is "בַּיִת" (bayit), meaning house or family. This promise of a "lasting dynasty" parallels God's covenant with David, offering stability and continuity. It signifies God's intention to establish a legacy through those who are faithful to Him.

as I built for David
This comparison to David's dynasty underscores the magnitude of the promise. David's house was established by God as a perpetual kingdom, ultimately fulfilled in Christ. It highlights God's faithfulness to His promises and His sovereign plan for His people.

and I will give Israel to you
The promise to "give Israel" signifies the transfer of leadership and blessing. It reflects God's sovereign choice and the conditional nature of His promises, dependent on obedience. This phrase assures the recipient of God's provision and the fulfillment of His covenant promises.

I will humble
The phrase "I will humble" is a direct declaration from God, indicating His sovereign authority over the affairs of men. The Hebrew root word here is "עָנָה" (anah), which means to afflict or to bring low. This humbling is not merely punitive but corrective, designed to bring about repentance and restoration. In the broader biblical narrative, God often uses humbling as a means to draw His people back to Himself, emphasizing His desire for a relationship rather than mere judgment.

the descendants of David
This phrase refers to the royal lineage of King David, which God had promised to establish forever (2 Samuel 7:16). The Hebrew term "זֶרַע" (zera) means seed or offspring, indicating not just immediate descendants but the entire dynastic line. Historically, this humbling began with Solomon's disobedience and the subsequent division of the kingdom. Yet, it is crucial to note that despite the humbling, God's covenant with David remains intact, pointing to the eventual coming of the Messiah, Jesus Christ, who is the ultimate fulfillment of the Davidic line.

but not forever
The phrase "but not forever" provides a glimmer of hope and assurance of God's enduring mercy. The Hebrew word "עוֹלָם" (olam) often denotes an indefinite or eternal duration. Here, it signifies that while the humbling is severe, it is not permanent. This temporary nature of God's discipline reflects His character as both just and merciful. It underscores the biblical theme of restoration and redemption, reminding believers that God's plans ultimately lead to renewal and fulfillment of His promises. This assurance is a source of hope, encouraging faithfulness and trust in God's unchanging nature.

So Solomon sought to kill Jeroboam
The phrase begins with "So," indicating a consequence or result of previous events. Solomon, the king renowned for wisdom, is now acting out of fear and anger. The Hebrew root for "sought" (בקש - baqash) implies a determined pursuit, reflecting Solomon's desperation to eliminate a perceived threat to his throne. This action contrasts sharply with Solomon's earlier reputation for wisdom and justice, highlighting the spiritual decline that accompanies his disobedience to God. Historically, this moment marks the beginning of the division of Israel, as Jeroboam is destined to lead the northern tribes. Solomon's attempt to kill Jeroboam is a direct result of the prophecy given by the prophet Ahijah, which foretold the division of the kingdom due to Solomon's idolatry (1 Kings 11:29-39).

but Jeroboam fled to Egypt
The word "but" introduces a contrast, showing that Jeroboam's escape was successful despite Solomon's intentions. "Fled" (נוס - nus) in Hebrew conveys a sense of urgency and fear, indicating Jeroboam's awareness of the danger he faced. Egypt, at this time, was a place of refuge for those fleeing political turmoil in Israel, much like it had been for others in biblical history, such as Moses. Jeroboam's flight to Egypt is significant as it aligns with God's sovereign plan, ensuring the survival of the one chosen to lead the northern tribes.

to Shishak king of Egypt
"Shishak" is the Hebrew rendering of the Egyptian Pharaoh Shoshenq I, who ruled during the 22nd Dynasty. Archaeological evidence, including inscriptions at Karnak, confirms Shishak's existence and his campaigns in Canaan, providing historical context to the biblical narrative. Shishak's willingness to harbor Jeroboam suggests political motivations, as Egypt often sought to influence the balance of power in the region. This alliance foreshadows future interactions between Egypt and Israel, particularly during Rehoboam's reign.

where he remained until Solomon’s death
The phrase "where he remained" indicates a period of waiting and preparation for Jeroboam. The Hebrew verb "remained" (ישב - yashab) suggests a settled state, implying that Jeroboam found a degree of stability and protection in Egypt. This period of exile was part of God's providential plan, allowing Jeroboam to return and fulfill the prophecy after Solomon's death. "Until Solomon’s death" marks a significant transition in Israel's history, as the united kingdom would soon be divided. Solomon's death signifies the end of an era of peace and prosperity, overshadowed by his spiritual decline and the impending judgment on his house. This verse serves as a reminder of the consequences of turning away from God's commandments and the unfolding of His divine plan despite human actions.

As for the rest of the acts of Solomon
This phrase introduces a summary statement about King Solomon's reign. The Hebrew word for "acts" is "דִּבְרֵי" (divrei), which can also mean "words" or "matters." This suggests that the chronicler is referring to a comprehensive account of Solomon's deeds, both public and private. Solomon's reign was marked by significant achievements, including the construction of the Temple in Jerusalem, extensive trade, and diplomatic relations. Historically, Solomon's era is often seen as a golden age for Israel, characterized by peace and prosperity.

all that he did
The phrase emphasizes the totality of Solomon's accomplishments. The Hebrew word "כָּל" (kol) means "all" or "every," indicating that nothing of importance was omitted from the record. Solomon's actions were numerous and varied, from his administrative reforms to his building projects. His reign was a time of great architectural and cultural development, which left a lasting impact on the nation of Israel.

as well as his wisdom
Solomon's wisdom is legendary, and the Hebrew word "חָכְמָתוֹ" (chokhmato) underscores this attribute. Solomon's wisdom was a divine gift, famously demonstrated in the judgment of the two women claiming the same baby (1 Kings 3:16-28). His wisdom extended beyond judicial matters to include knowledge of nature, proverbs, and songs. Solomon's wisdom was renowned throughout the ancient world, attracting visitors like the Queen of Sheba, who came to test him with hard questions (1 Kings 10:1-13).

are they not written
This rhetorical question implies that the deeds and wisdom of Solomon were well-documented. The Hebrew verb "כָּתוּבִים" (k'tuvim) means "written," suggesting that there was a formal record of Solomon's reign. This documentation would have served as an official account for future generations, preserving the memory of Solomon's contributions to Israel's history.

in the Book of the Acts of Solomon?
The "Book of the Acts of Solomon" is mentioned here as a source for further information about Solomon's reign. While this book is not part of the biblical canon, it is believed to have been a historical record, possibly similar to the annals kept by other ancient Near Eastern kingdoms. The existence of such a book indicates that Solomon's reign was of significant interest and importance, warranting detailed documentation. This reference also highlights the practice of recording royal histories, which was common in the ancient world.

Thus, the time
The phrase "Thus, the time" serves as a summation of Solomon's reign, indicating a conclusion to a significant era in Israel's history. The Hebrew word for "time" here is "yāmîm," which can mean "days" or "years," emphasizing the measured and finite nature of Solomon's rule. This phrase invites reflection on the passage of time and the importance of stewardship over the years God grants to leaders.

that Solomon reigned
"Solomon" is derived from the Hebrew "Shlomo," meaning "peaceful." His reign is often seen as a golden age of peace and prosperity for Israel. The word "reigned" comes from the Hebrew "mālak," which implies not just ruling but also the responsibility and authority bestowed by God. Solomon's reign is marked by wisdom, wealth, and the building of the Temple, yet it also serves as a cautionary tale of how even the wisest can fall into idolatry and disobedience.

in Jerusalem
"Jerusalem," from the Hebrew "Yerushalayim," meaning "foundation of peace," is the political and spiritual center of Israel. It is the city chosen by God for His Temple, symbolizing His presence among His people. Solomon's reign in Jerusalem underscores the city's significance as the heart of Israelite worship and governance, a place where God's covenant with David is fulfilled.

over all Israel
The phrase "over all Israel" highlights the unity of the twelve tribes under Solomon's rule. This unity is a fulfillment of God's promise to David, Solomon's father, and represents a high point in Israel's history. However, it also foreshadows the division that will occur after Solomon's death, reminding readers of the fragility of human leadership and the need for reliance on God's guidance.

was forty years
The number "forty" in the Bible often signifies a period of testing, trial, or judgment. It is a time of completeness and fulfillment. Solomon's forty-year reign is a period of both blessing and warning, as his initial faithfulness gives way to idolatry and political alliances that lead Israel away from God. This serves as a reminder of the importance of perseverance in faith and obedience throughout one's life.

And Solomon rested
The phrase "rested" is a euphemism for death, often used in the Old Testament to denote the peaceful passing of a person. The Hebrew word used here is "שָׁכַב" (shakab), which implies lying down or sleeping, suggesting a sense of peace and completion. Solomon's reign, marked by wisdom and prosperity, ends with this peaceful transition, despite the spiritual decline in his later years. This phrase reminds us of the biblical promise of rest for the faithful, a theme echoed in the New Testament (Hebrews 4:9-11).

with his fathers
This phrase indicates Solomon's joining of his ancestors in death, a common biblical expression that signifies continuity and the ongoing legacy of the family line. It reflects the Hebrew understanding of Sheol, the abode of the dead, where the patriarchs awaited the fulfillment of God's promises. This continuity underscores the importance of family and heritage in the biblical narrative, reminding believers of the spiritual legacy they inherit and pass on.

and was buried
The act of burial is significant in ancient Israelite culture, reflecting respect and honor for the deceased. Archaeological findings in Jerusalem have uncovered burial sites from the period, providing insight into the customs and practices of the time. Burial in a family tomb was a way to maintain familial bonds even in death, emphasizing the hope of resurrection and eternal life, themes that resonate throughout Scripture.

in the city of his father David
This refers to Jerusalem, the city David established as the political and spiritual center of Israel. Solomon's burial here signifies the continuation of David's dynasty and the fulfillment of God's covenant with David (2 Samuel 7:12-16). Jerusalem holds profound theological significance as the city of God, the place where His presence dwelt in the temple Solomon built, and the future site of Christ's redemptive work.

And his son Rehoboam
Rehoboam's ascension marks a pivotal moment in Israel's history. His name, meaning "the people enlarge" or "he who enlarges the people," ironically contrasts with the division that soon follows his reign. This transition highlights the biblical theme of leadership and the consequences of faithfulness or failure to adhere to God's commandments. Rehoboam's account serves as a cautionary tale about the importance of seeking divine wisdom and guidance.

became king in his place
The phrase signifies the transfer of authority and responsibility from Solomon to Rehoboam. This succession is part of the Davidic covenant, which promised an enduring dynasty. However, Rehoboam's reign begins the division of the united kingdom, illustrating the fragility of human leadership apart from God's guidance. It serves as a reminder of the ultimate kingship of Christ, the true Son of David, whose reign brings unity and peace.