Therefore
The word "therefore" serves as a pivotal transition in Paul's letter to the Romans. It connects the preceding arguments about justification by faith with the practical implications that follow. In Greek, the word is "οὖν" (oun), which indicates a logical conclusion. Paul has laid a theological foundation in the previous chapters, and now he is drawing a conclusion that impacts the believer's life. This word invites the reader to reflect on the truths previously discussed, particularly the righteousness that comes from God through faith in Jesus Christ.

since we have been justified
The phrase "since we have been justified" refers to a completed action with ongoing results. The Greek word for "justified" is "δικαιωθέντες" (dikaiothentes), which is a legal term meaning to be declared righteous. This justification is not based on human merit but is a gift of grace through faith in Jesus Christ. Historically, this concept was revolutionary, as it shifted the focus from adherence to the Law to faith in Christ as the means of obtaining righteousness.

by faith
"By faith" emphasizes the means through which justification is received. The Greek term "πίστει" (pistei) underscores trust and reliance on God rather than on one's own works. This faith is not merely intellectual assent but a deep-seated trust in the person and work of Jesus Christ. The Reformation, particularly through figures like Martin Luther, highlighted this phrase as central to the doctrine of sola fide, or faith alone, as the means of salvation.

we have peace with God
The phrase "we have peace with God" speaks to the result of justification. The Greek word for peace, "εἰρήνην" (eirēnēn), conveys a sense of wholeness and reconciliation. This peace is not merely the absence of conflict but a restored relationship with God. Historically, this peace contrasts with the enmity described earlier in Romans, where humanity is at odds with God due to sin. Through Christ, believers are brought into a harmonious relationship with their Creator.

through our Lord Jesus Christ
"Through our Lord Jesus Christ" identifies the mediator of this peace and justification. The Greek preposition "διὰ" (dia) indicates the channel through which this reconciliation is achieved. Jesus Christ is central to the Christian faith, and His lordship signifies His authority and divinity. The title "Lord" (Κύριος, Kyrios) was used in the Septuagint to translate the divine name YHWH, underscoring Jesus' divine status. Historically, the early church faced persecution for proclaiming Jesus as Lord, a title that challenged the Roman emperor's claim to ultimate authority. This phrase encapsulates the Christian confession that Jesus is both Savior and Lord, the one through whom believers are justified and reconciled to God.

through whom
This phrase refers to Jesus Christ, the mediator between God and humanity. The Greek word "δι’ οὗ" (di' hou) emphasizes the means by which believers are brought into a relationship with God. Historically, this highlights the role of Christ as the High Priest, a concept deeply rooted in Jewish tradition, where the high priest was the intermediary between God and the people. In the New Testament, Jesus fulfills this role perfectly, providing a new and living way to God.

we have gained access
The Greek word "προσαγωγή" (prosagōgē) signifies an introduction or approach. In ancient times, gaining access to a king or a person of high status was a privilege reserved for a select few. Spiritually, this access is not earned by human effort but is a gift through Christ, symbolizing the breaking down of barriers between God and humanity. This access is a present reality for believers, allowing them to enter into God's presence with confidence.

by faith
Faith, or "πίστις" (pistis) in Greek, is the means by which believers receive God's grace. It is not merely intellectual assent but a deep trust and reliance on God. Historically, faith has been the cornerstone of the Christian life, as seen in the lives of the patriarchs and prophets. This faith is a response to God's revelation in Christ and is essential for salvation, as emphasized throughout the New Testament.

into this grace
The term "χάρις" (charis) refers to God's unmerited favor. Grace is a central theme in Paul's writings, highlighting the generosity and love of God towards sinners. In the historical context of the Roman church, grace was a radical concept, contrasting with the works-based righteousness prevalent in both Jewish and pagan religions. This grace is not only the means of salvation but also the sphere in which believers live and grow.

in which we stand
The Greek word "ἑστήκαμεν" (hestēkamen) implies a firm, established position. This standing is not precarious but secure, reflecting the believer's stable relationship with God. In a historical sense, standing in grace contrasts with the instability of life under the law, where one could never be sure of their standing before God. This assurance is a source of strength and confidence for Christians.

and we rejoice
The word "καυχώμεθα" (kauchōmetha) can be translated as "boast" or "exult." This rejoicing is not in human achievement but in what God has done. It reflects a deep-seated joy and confidence in God's promises. Historically, this joy is a hallmark of the Christian experience, even in the face of trials and persecution, as seen in the early church.

in the hope
Hope, or "ἐλπίς" (elpis), is a confident expectation of future good. It is not wishful thinking but a certainty based on God's promises. In the biblical context, hope is often linked with the return of Christ and the fulfillment of God's kingdom. This hope sustains believers, providing motivation and endurance in their spiritual journey.

of the glory of God
The "δόξα" (doxa) of God refers to His majesty, splendor, and divine presence. In the Old Testament, God's glory was often associated with His presence in the tabernacle or temple. In the New Testament, believers are promised a share in this glory, a future transformation into the likeness of Christ. This promise of glory is the ultimate goal of salvation, providing a future-oriented perspective that shapes the believer's life and priorities.

Not only that, but we also rejoice in our sufferings, because we know that suffering produces perseverance
Not only that
This phrase serves as a continuation from the previous verses, indicating that the Apostle Paul is building upon a foundational truth. In the context of Romans 5, Paul has been discussing the peace and hope that believers have through faith in Jesus Christ. The Greek phrase here, "οὐ μόνον δέ," suggests an emphasis on the additional benefits of faith, beyond the initial joy of salvation. It implies that the Christian life is not just about the avoidance of suffering but includes a deeper, more profound experience that encompasses suffering.

but we also rejoice
The Greek word for "rejoice" is "καυχώμεθα," which can also be translated as "boast" or "glory." This is not a superficial happiness but a deep-seated joy that comes from understanding one's position in Christ. In a conservative Christian perspective, this joy is rooted in the assurance of God's sovereignty and goodness, even amidst trials. It reflects a counter-cultural attitude where believers find joy not in the absence of trouble but in the presence of God during those times.

in our sufferings
The term "sufferings" is translated from the Greek "θλίψεις," which refers to pressures, afflictions, or tribulations. Historically, early Christians faced significant persecution, and this context would resonate deeply with Paul's audience. From a conservative viewpoint, suffering is seen as a tool used by God to refine and strengthen faith. It is not purposeless but is allowed by God to develop character and reliance on Him.

because we know
This phrase indicates a certainty and assurance in the believer's understanding. The Greek word "εἰδότες" implies an experiential knowledge, not just intellectual assent. It suggests that through past experiences, believers have come to a firm conviction about the purpose and outcome of their trials. This knowledge is rooted in the promises of Scripture and the faithfulness of God throughout history.

that suffering produces perseverance
The word "produces" comes from the Greek "κατεργάζεται," meaning to work out or bring about. It implies an active process where suffering is not wasted but is used by God to achieve a specific purpose. "Perseverance," or "ὑπομονή," refers to steadfastness or endurance. In the conservative Christian tradition, this endurance is seen as a vital quality for spiritual maturity. It is through enduring trials that believers are shaped into the likeness of Christ, developing a faith that is resilient and unwavering. This process is a testament to God's transformative power in the life of a believer, turning what the world sees as negative into a profound spiritual gain.

perseverance
The Greek word for "perseverance" is "ὑπομονή" (hypomonē), which conveys a sense of steadfastness and endurance under trial. In the context of early Christianity, believers faced significant persecution and hardship. This perseverance is not passive but active, involving a steadfast commitment to faith despite external pressures. Historically, the early church's perseverance was a testament to their faith, as they held firm to their beliefs amidst Roman oppression. This perseverance is a divine gift, cultivated through trials, and is essential for spiritual maturity.

character
The term "character" is translated from the Greek word "δοκιμή" (dokimē), which refers to proven character or tested virtue. It implies a process of refining, much like the purification of metals. In the biblical context, character is developed through enduring trials and is a reflection of one's inner moral and spiritual quality. The historical backdrop of the Roman Empire, with its emphasis on virtue and honor, provides a rich context for understanding the importance of character. For Christians, character is not just about moral integrity but is deeply rooted in the transformation brought about by the Holy Spirit.

hope
The word "hope" comes from the Greek "ἐλπίς" (elpis), which signifies a confident expectation and assurance of what is to come. In the biblical narrative, hope is not wishful thinking but a firm assurance based on God's promises. This hope is anchored in the resurrection of Jesus Christ and the future glory that awaits believers. Archaeologically, the catacombs in Rome, with their inscriptions and symbols of hope, reflect the early Christians' anticipation of eternal life. Scripturally, hope is a recurring theme, emphasizing the certainty of God's faithfulness and the believer's future inheritance. This hope sustains and motivates Christians to live faithfully in the present.

And hope
The word "hope" in Greek is "ἐλπίς" (elpis), which signifies a confident expectation or trust. In the context of Romans, this hope is not a mere wishful thinking but a firm assurance rooted in the promises of God. Historically, hope in the biblical sense is anchored in the faithfulness of God, who has consistently fulfilled His promises throughout Scripture. This hope is a central theme in the Christian life, providing believers with a forward-looking assurance of salvation and eternal life.

does not disappoint us
The phrase "does not disappoint" comes from the Greek "καταισχύνω" (kataischynō), meaning to put to shame or disgrace. In the ancient world, hope that failed to materialize would lead to public shame. However, Paul assures believers that the hope we have in Christ will never lead to disappointment or shame because it is grounded in the unchanging nature of God. This assurance is a source of great comfort and encouragement, reinforcing the reliability of God's promises.

because God’s love
"God’s love" is translated from "ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ Θεοῦ" (hē agapē tou Theou). The term "ἀγάπη" (agapē) is a selfless, sacrificial love that seeks the best for others. This divine love is the foundation of the Christian faith, demonstrated supremely in the sacrifice of Jesus Christ. Historically, God's love has been a central theme throughout the Bible, from His covenant with Israel to the sending of His Son. This love is not earned but freely given, transforming the hearts and lives of believers.

has been poured into our hearts
The imagery of "poured" comes from the Greek "ἐκχέω" (ekcheō), which means to pour out or spill. This suggests an abundant and generous outpouring, not a mere trickle. The heart, in biblical terms, is the center of one's being, encompassing mind, will, and emotions. The pouring of God's love into our hearts signifies a deep, transformative experience that affects every aspect of our lives. This outpouring is a continuous process, renewing and sustaining believers in their walk with God.

through the Holy Spirit
The Holy Spirit, or "Πνεύματος Ἁγίου" (Pneumatos Hagiou), is the third person of the Trinity, who plays a crucial role in the life of a believer. The Holy Spirit is the agent of God's love, actively working within us to produce spiritual fruit and guide us into all truth. Historically, the Holy Spirit has been present from the beginning, involved in creation and the inspiration of Scripture. In the New Testament, the Spirit's role is emphasized in empowering, comforting, and sanctifying believers.

who has been given to us
The phrase "has been given" is from the Greek "δοθείς" (dotheis), indicating a gift freely bestowed. The Holy Spirit is a gift from God, promised by Jesus to His disciples as a helper and advocate. This gift is not earned by human effort but is a gracious provision from God, enabling believers to live out their faith with power and conviction. The giving of the Holy Spirit marks the beginning of a new relationship with God, characterized by intimacy, guidance, and empowerment for service.

For at just the right time
This phrase emphasizes God's perfect timing in the unfolding of His redemptive plan. The Greek word used here is "κατὰ καιρὸν" (kata kairon), which implies a divinely appointed moment. Historically, this was a period when the Roman Empire had established peace (Pax Romana), facilitating the spread of the Gospel. Spiritually, it signifies God's sovereignty and wisdom, orchestrating events in history to fulfill His purposes. This timing was not random but meticulously planned, reflecting God's omniscience and His deep love for humanity.

while we were still powerless
The term "powerless" translates from the Greek "ἀσθενῶν" (asthenon), meaning weak or without strength. This highlights humanity's inability to save itself or to live righteously apart from divine intervention. In a spiritual sense, it underscores the total depravity and helplessness of mankind due to sin. Historically, it reflects the state of humanity under the Law, unable to achieve righteousness through their own efforts. This powerlessness sets the stage for the necessity of divine grace and intervention.

Christ died
The centrality of Christ's sacrificial death is underscored here. The Greek "Χριστὸς ἀπέθανεν" (Christos apethanen) points to the historical and pivotal event of the crucifixion. This act is the ultimate demonstration of God's love and justice, fulfilling Old Testament prophecies and typologies of the sacrificial system. Theologically, it signifies the substitutionary atonement, where Christ took upon Himself the penalty for sin, offering redemption to all who believe.

for the ungodly
The word "ungodly" comes from the Greek "ἀσεβῶν" (asebon), meaning irreverent or impious. This term describes those who are morally and spiritually opposed to God. It is a stark reminder of the depth of human sinfulness and the extent of God's grace. Historically, it includes both Jews and Gentiles, emphasizing the universality of sin and the need for salvation. This phrase highlights the radical nature of God's love, extending grace to those who are least deserving, showcasing the transformative power of the Gospel.

Very rarely
The phrase "very rarely" underscores the exceptional nature of the act being described. In the Greek, the word used is "μόλις" (molis), which conveys the idea of something happening with great difficulty or infrequency. This sets the stage for understanding the rarity and preciousness of sacrificial love. In the historical context of the Roman Empire, acts of self-sacrifice were often celebrated in literature and philosophy, yet they were not common in practice. This rarity highlights the extraordinary nature of Christ's sacrifice, which Paul is leading up to in the subsequent verses.

will anyone die
The act of dying for another is the ultimate sacrifice, representing the highest form of love and commitment. The Greek word "ἀποθνῄσκω" (apothnēskō) is used here, meaning to die or to face death. In the scriptural context, this phrase invites reflection on the value of life and the profound nature of giving one's life for another. Historically, martyrdom was known in Jewish tradition, but it was not a widespread expectation. This sets a backdrop for understanding the magnitude of Christ's sacrifice.

for a righteous man
The term "righteous" in Greek is "δίκαιος" (dikaios), which refers to someone who is just or morally upright. In the Jewish tradition, a righteous person was one who adhered to the Law and lived a life pleasing to God. However, Paul points out that even for such a person, it is rare for someone to be willing to die. This distinction between righteousness and goodness is crucial in understanding the depth of human love compared to divine love.

though for a good man
The word "good" in Greek is "ἀγαθός" (agathos), which implies a broader sense of goodness, including kindness and benevolence. The distinction between a "righteous" and a "good" man suggests that while righteousness is about adherence to the law, goodness encompasses a relational and moral warmth that might inspire others to acts of sacrifice. In the cultural context of Paul's time, a "good" person might be someone who has shown tangible kindness or generosity, making them more likely to inspire sacrificial acts.

someone might possibly dare to die
The phrase "might possibly dare" uses the Greek "τάχα" (tacha) and "τολμάω" (tolmaō), indicating a hypothetical scenario that is conceivable but not guaranteed. The use of "dare" suggests courage and boldness, emphasizing the extraordinary nature of such an act. In the historical context, acts of heroism and bravery were celebrated, yet Paul points out that even these are rare when it comes to sacrificing one's life. This sets the stage for contrasting human love with the divine love demonstrated by Christ, which is the ultimate act of daring sacrifice.

But God
This phrase introduces a contrast and highlights divine intervention. The Greek word for "God" here is "Theos," which signifies the supreme deity, the Creator of the universe. In the context of Romans, Paul often uses "But God" to signify a turning point where human inability is met with divine action. Historically, this reflects the Jewish understanding of God as the ultimate authority and source of salvation, contrasting human sinfulness with divine grace.

proves
The Greek word used here is "synistēmi," which means to demonstrate, establish, or commend. This word implies a definitive action that is ongoing and evident. In the historical context of the early church, this demonstration of God's love was crucial for believers who faced persecution and doubt. It reassures them of the certainty and reality of God's love, not just as a past event but as a present and continuous truth.

His own love
The phrase "His own love" emphasizes the personal and unique nature of God's love. The Greek word for love here is "agape," which is a selfless, sacrificial love that seeks the best for others. This is not a generic love but a specific, intentional love from God Himself. In the scriptural context, this love is foundational to the Christian faith, as it is the basis for the salvation narrative and the relationship between God and humanity.

for us
This phrase personalizes the message, indicating that God's love is directed towards humanity. The Greek preposition "huper" is used, which can mean "for the sake of" or "on behalf of." This suggests a substitutionary aspect, where God's actions are for the benefit of others. Historically, this would have been a radical concept in a world where gods were often seen as distant and indifferent to human affairs.

in that while we were still sinners
This phrase underscores the condition of humanity at the time of God's intervention. The Greek word for "sinners" is "hamartōlos," which means those who have missed the mark or fallen short of God's standards. The use of "still" (eti in Greek) indicates that God's love was extended to us despite our ongoing state of sin. This highlights the unconditional nature of God's love, which does not wait for human improvement or worthiness.

Christ died for us
The culmination of the verse is the sacrificial death of Christ. The Greek word "Christos" refers to the Anointed One, the Messiah, fulfilling Old Testament prophecies. "Died" (apothnēskō in Greek) signifies a complete and voluntary act of sacrifice. The phrase "for us" reiterates the substitutionary atonement, where Christ's death was on behalf of humanity. In the historical and scriptural context, this is the central tenet of the Gospel, demonstrating the depth of God's love and the means of reconciliation between God and humanity.

Therefore
This word serves as a bridge, connecting the previous arguments made by Paul to the conclusion he is about to draw. In the Greek, "oun" is often used to indicate a logical conclusion. Paul has been discussing the peace and reconciliation believers have with God through Jesus Christ. The use of "therefore" emphasizes that what follows is a direct result of the justification and peace previously mentioned.

since we have now been justified
The Greek word for "justified" is "dikaioō," which means to be declared righteous. This is a legal term, suggesting a courtroom setting where believers are acquitted of their sins. The phrase "have now" indicates a present reality for believers, emphasizing the immediate and ongoing effect of Christ's sacrifice. Justification is not a future hope but a current state for those in Christ.

by His blood
The phrase "by His blood" underscores the means of our justification. The Greek word "haima" refers to blood, symbolizing life and sacrifice. In the Old Testament, blood was central to the sacrificial system, pointing to the ultimate sacrifice of Christ. His blood signifies the new covenant, fulfilling the law and the prophets. This highlights the sacrificial love of Jesus, who willingly shed His blood for the redemption of humanity.

how much more
This phrase is a rhetorical device used by Paul to emphasize the certainty and greatness of the salvation believers have in Christ. The Greek "pollō mallon" suggests an argument from the lesser to the greater. If God has already done the greater work of justifying us through Christ's blood, how much more can we trust Him to complete our salvation?

shall we be saved
The future tense of "saved" (Greek "sōzō") indicates the ongoing and future aspect of salvation. While justification is a present reality, salvation encompasses the full scope of God's redemptive work, including sanctification and glorification. This points to the assurance believers have in their ultimate deliverance and eternal life with God.

from wrath
The "wrath" mentioned here refers to God's righteous judgment against sin. In the Greek, "orgē" denotes a settled, determined indignation. This is not a capricious anger but a holy response to sin. Through Christ, believers are saved from this wrath, highlighting the protective and redemptive nature of God's love.

through Him
The phrase "through Him" emphasizes the mediatory role of Jesus Christ. The Greek "dia" indicates the channel or means by which something is accomplished. It is only through Jesus that believers are justified and saved. This underscores the exclusivity and sufficiency of Christ's work on the cross, affirming that salvation is found in no one else.

For if, while we were enemies
This phrase highlights the state of humanity before reconciliation with God. The Greek word for "enemies" (ἐχθροί, echthroi) implies hostility and opposition. In the historical context of the Roman Empire, enemies were often seen as those who were actively opposed to the state or its values. Spiritually, this enmity represents humanity's rebellion against God's holiness and righteousness. Theologically, it underscores the depth of human sinfulness and the need for divine intervention.

we were reconciled to God
The term "reconciled" (καταλλαγή, katallagē) in Greek conveys the idea of restoring a broken relationship. In the ancient world, reconciliation often involved a mediator who would bring two opposing parties together. Here, the reconciliation is between humanity and God, achieved through Christ. This reflects the biblical narrative of God’s redemptive plan, where despite human rebellion, God initiates the process of restoring fellowship with His creation.

through the death of His Son
This phrase emphasizes the means by which reconciliation is achieved. The death of Jesus is central to Christian theology, representing the ultimate sacrifice for sin. The historical context of crucifixion in the Roman world was one of shame and suffering, yet in the Christian faith, it becomes the symbol of victory and love. Theologically, it underscores the gravity of sin and the extent of God’s love, as He offers His own Son to restore humanity.

how much more
This rhetorical phrase is used by Paul to emphasize the certainty and abundance of what follows. It suggests a logical progression from the lesser to the greater. If reconciliation was possible through Christ’s death, then the subsequent benefits are even more assured. This reflects a common teaching method in Jewish thought, where the argument moves from the lesser to the greater to make a point more compelling.

having been reconciled
This phrase reiterates the accomplished fact of reconciliation. The perfect tense in Greek (καταλλαγέντες, katallagentes) indicates a completed action with ongoing results. It assures believers of their restored relationship with God, a state that is both present and continuous. This assurance is foundational to the Christian faith, providing believers with confidence in their standing before God.

shall we be saved through His life!
The future tense "shall we be saved" (σωθησόμεθα, sōthēsometha) points to the ongoing and future aspects of salvation. While reconciliation is achieved through Christ’s death, His resurrected life ensures the believer’s continued salvation. Theologically, this speaks to the doctrine of sanctification and glorification, where believers are not only saved from sin but are also being transformed into the likeness of Christ. The resurrection life of Jesus is the guarantee of eternal life for all who believe, offering hope and assurance of a future with God.

Not only that
This phrase serves as a continuation and amplification of the preceding verses, emphasizing that the blessings of salvation are not limited to what has already been mentioned. The Greek phrase "ou monon de" suggests an escalation in the argument, indicating that there is more to the Christian experience than just the initial benefits of justification. It invites believers to explore the depth and richness of their faith, encouraging a mindset of gratitude and anticipation for the fullness of God's promises.

but we also rejoice
The Greek word for "rejoice" here is "kauchaomai," which can also mean to boast or glory. This is not a superficial or fleeting happiness but a deep, abiding joy that stems from a profound understanding of one's relationship with God. In the historical context of the early church, this joy was countercultural, as Christians often faced persecution. Yet, their joy was rooted in the eternal and unshakeable truth of their salvation, serving as a powerful testimony to the transformative power of the Gospel.

in God
This phrase centers the believer's joy in the person and character of God Himself. It is a reminder that the ultimate source of our joy is not in circumstances or material blessings but in the eternal, unchanging nature of God. Theologically, this reflects the idea that true contentment and fulfillment are found in a relationship with the Creator, who is sovereign, loving, and just. Historically, this was a radical departure from the pagan practices of the time, which often involved appeasing capricious deities.

through our Lord Jesus Christ
The phrase underscores the mediatorial role of Jesus in the believer's relationship with God. The title "Lord" (Greek: "Kyrios") affirms His divinity and authority, while "Jesus Christ" acknowledges His role as the Messiah and Savior. This highlights the centrality of Christ in the Christian faith, as He is the means by which reconciliation with God is possible. In the early church, this was a foundational truth that distinguished Christianity from other religions, emphasizing that salvation is through Christ alone.

through whom we have now received reconciliation
The Greek word for "reconciliation" is "katallagē," which implies a restoration of a broken relationship. This is a powerful image of the Gospel, illustrating how humanity, once alienated from God due to sin, is now brought back into a harmonious relationship with Him through Christ. The use of "now" emphasizes the immediacy and present reality of this reconciliation, offering assurance and peace to believers. Historically, this concept would have resonated deeply with both Jewish and Gentile audiences, as it fulfilled the Jewish hope for peace with God and offered Gentiles inclusion into God's covenant community.

Therefore
This word serves as a bridge, connecting the preceding arguments in Romans with the profound theological truths that follow. In the Greek, "διὰ τοῦτο" (dia touto) indicates a conclusion or result. Paul is drawing a logical inference from his previous discussion about justification by faith and the peace believers have with God. It signals a shift to a foundational explanation of sin and death's entrance into the world.

just as
The phrase "καθὼς" (kathōs) introduces a comparison, setting up a parallel between Adam and Christ, which Paul will elaborate on in the subsequent verses. This comparison is crucial for understanding the doctrine of original sin and the redemptive work of Christ. It invites readers to consider the symmetry between the actions of Adam and the redemptive act of Jesus.

sin entered the world
The Greek word for sin, "ἁμαρτία" (hamartia), conveys the idea of missing the mark or falling short of God's standard. The entrance of sin into the world marks a pivotal moment in human history, as described in Genesis 3. This phrase underscores the historical reality of the Fall, which brought about a fundamental change in the human condition and the created order.

through one man
This refers to Adam, the first human, whose disobedience in the Garden of Eden had cosmic consequences. The Greek "δι’ ἑνὸς ἀνθρώπου" (di’ henos anthrōpou) emphasizes the singularity of Adam's act and its far-reaching impact. Adam's role as the federal head of humanity means that his sin affected all his descendants, a concept that is foundational to the doctrine of original sin.

and death through sin
Death, "θάνατος" (thanatos) in Greek, is both physical and spiritual, signifying separation from God. The entrance of death through sin highlights the direct consequence of Adam's transgression. This reflects the Genesis account where God warned Adam that eating from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil would result in death (Genesis 2:17). Death is portrayed as an intruder in God's good creation, a result of sin's corruption.

so also death was passed on to all men
The phrase "οὕτως εἰς πάντας ἀνθρώπους ὁ θάνατος διῆλθεν" (houtōs eis pantas anthrōpous ho thanatos diēlthen) indicates the universality of death's reign. The transmission of death to all humanity underscores the pervasive impact of sin. This concept is central to understanding human mortality and the need for redemption. It reflects the biblical teaching that all are born into a fallen state, necessitating divine intervention.

because all sinned
The Greek "ἐφ’ ᾧ πάντες ἥμαρτον" (eph’ hō pantes hēmarton) can be understood as "in whom all sinned," suggesting that all humanity participated in Adam's sin. This phrase encapsulates the doctrine of original sin, where Adam's guilt is imputed to his descendants. It highlights the solidarity of the human race in sin and the need for a Savior. This theological truth sets the stage for the redemptive work of Christ, who offers life and righteousness to all who believe.

For sin was in the world
The phrase "For sin was in the world" indicates the presence of sin even before the Mosaic Law was established. The Greek word for "sin" here is "hamartia," which means missing the mark or falling short of God's standards. This concept of sin predates the Law, suggesting that humanity's inherent sinful nature has been a constant since the fall of Adam. Historically, this underscores the pervasive nature of sin and its impact on human history, as seen in the narratives of Genesis before the giving of the Law.

before the law was given
The phrase "before the law was given" refers to the period from Adam to Moses, a time when the Mosaic Law had not yet been established. The Greek word for "law" is "nomos," which in this context refers specifically to the Law given to Moses on Mount Sinai. This highlights the fact that sin existed independently of the Law, emphasizing the universality of sin and the need for a savior even before the codification of God's commandments.

but sin is not taken into account
The phrase "but sin is not taken into account" suggests that without the Law, sin was not imputed or charged to individuals in the same way it was after the Law was given. The Greek word "ellogeo" is used here, meaning to reckon or charge to one's account. This does not imply that sin did not exist or have consequences, but rather that the Law brought a clearer understanding and accountability for sin.

when there is no law
The phrase "when there is no law" reiterates the idea that the Law serves as a means of defining and identifying sin. Without the Law, there is no formal accounting or legal charge of sin, though its presence and effects are still real. This highlights the role of the Law in revealing the holiness of God and the sinfulness of man, pointing to the necessity of grace and redemption through Jesus Christ. Historically, this period before the Law serves as a backdrop to the unfolding of God's redemptive plan, culminating in the New Covenant through Christ.

Nevertheless
This word serves as a transition, indicating a contrast or exception to what has been previously stated. In the context of Romans 5, Paul has been discussing the entrance of sin and death into the world through Adam. The Greek word used here is "ἀλλά" (alla), which often introduces a significant point or shift in argument. It emphasizes the continuation of death's dominion despite the absence of explicit law before Moses, underscoring the pervasive impact of sin.

death reigned
The phrase "death reigned" uses the Greek word "ἐβασίλευσεν" (ebasileusen), which means to rule as a king. This imagery of death as a reigning monarch highlights its absolute power and dominion over humanity from Adam onward. It suggests that death was not merely a consequence but an active, ruling force in the world, affecting all of creation. This reign of death is a direct result of sin, illustrating the gravity of Adam's transgression and its universal impact.

from the time of Adam to the time of Moses
This phrase sets a historical framework, indicating the period between two pivotal figures in biblical history. Adam, as the first man, represents the introduction of sin and death into the world. Moses, on the other hand, is associated with the giving of the Law. The period between them is significant because it underscores that death's reign was not dependent on the Law, which was given through Moses. This highlights the universality of sin and death, affecting all humanity regardless of the presence of the Law.

even over those who did not sin by breaking a command
Here, Paul addresses the fact that death affected even those who did not commit sins in the same manner as Adam, who directly violated a specific command from God. The Greek word for "command" is "παραβάσεως" (parabaseos), meaning a transgression or violation. This indicates that the reign of death was not limited to those who sinned in the same way as Adam, but extended to all, showing the inherited nature of sin and its consequences.

as did Adam
Adam is presented as a unique figure whose sin had far-reaching consequences. The comparison here emphasizes that Adam's transgression was distinct because it was a direct violation of God's command. This sets the stage for understanding Adam as a representative head of humanity, whose actions brought sin and death into the world, affecting all his descendants.

who is a pattern of the one to come
The word "pattern" is translated from the Greek "τύπος" (typos), meaning a type or model. Adam is described as a type of Christ, the "one to come." This typology is significant in understanding the parallel between Adam and Christ. Just as Adam's actions had universal implications for humanity, so too does Christ's redemptive work. Adam's disobedience brought death, while Christ's obedience brings life. This sets the stage for the contrast between the old creation in Adam and the new creation in Christ, offering hope and redemption through Jesus.

But the gift
The word "gift" in Greek is "charisma," which denotes a favor or blessing freely given. In the context of Romans, this gift refers to the grace and salvation offered through Jesus Christ. Unlike human gifts, which can be conditional or limited, this divine gift is abundant and unmerited, emphasizing the generosity and love of God. Theologically, this gift contrasts with the consequences of sin, highlighting the transformative power of divine grace.

is not like the trespass
The term "trespass" comes from the Greek "paraptoma," meaning a false step or transgression. This word underscores the deliberate nature of sin, as seen in Adam's disobedience. The contrast here is profound: while the trespass brought death and separation from God, the gift brings life and reconciliation. This juxtaposition serves to magnify the superiority and sufficiency of Christ's redemptive work over the fall of man.

For if the many died
The phrase "the many" refers to humanity as a whole, emphasizing the universal impact of Adam's sin. The Greek word "polloi" indicates a large number, signifying that Adam's trespass affected all of humanity, bringing spiritual death and separation from God. This sets the stage for understanding the far-reaching effects of Christ's redemptive act, which is available to all.

by the trespass of the one man
"One man" refers to Adam, whose single act of disobedience had catastrophic consequences for all his descendants. This highlights the concept of federal headship, where Adam acted as a representative for humanity. Theologically, this underscores the seriousness of sin and the need for a savior to rectify the broken relationship between God and man.

how much more did God’s grace
The phrase "how much more" is a rhetorical device used by Paul to emphasize the superiority of Christ's work over Adam's sin. "God’s grace" is the unmerited favor and love of God, which is infinitely greater than the power of sin. This grace is not only sufficient to cover sin but also to restore and transform the believer's life, offering hope and assurance of eternal life.

and the gift that came by the grace
This reiterates the concept of "charisma," emphasizing that the gift of salvation is a result of God's grace, not human effort. The grace of God is the source of this gift, highlighting the divine initiative in the plan of salvation. It is a reminder that salvation is a work of God from start to finish, underscoring the doctrine of sola gratia, or grace alone.

of the one man, Jesus Christ
"One man, Jesus Christ" stands in contrast to "the one man" Adam. While Adam's act brought death, Jesus' act of obedience and sacrifice brings life. Jesus, as the second Adam, represents a new beginning for humanity. His life, death, and resurrection provide the means for reconciliation with God, offering a new identity and destiny for those who believe.

overflow to the many
The word "overflow" in Greek is "perisseuo," which means to abound or exceed. This suggests that the grace and gift of God through Jesus Christ are not just sufficient but superabundant, more than enough to cover the multitude of sins. "The many" again refers to all who are affected by Adam's sin but now have access to redemption through Christ. This highlights the inclusivity and generosity of God's salvation plan, offering hope to all who accept it.

The gift
The term "gift" in this context is derived from the Greek word "dōrea," which signifies a free gift, emphasizing the unmerited nature of what is given. In the Christian theological framework, this gift refers to the righteousness and salvation offered through Jesus Christ. Unlike human transactions, this divine gift is not earned but freely bestowed, highlighting the generosity and love of God. This concept is central to the doctrine of grace, which underscores that salvation is not a result of human effort but a divine endowment.

is not like the trespass
The word "trespass" comes from the Greek "paraptōma," meaning a false step or transgression. Here, Paul contrasts the nature of Adam's sin with the redemptive work of Christ. Adam's trespass brought sin and death into the world, affecting all humanity. In contrast, the gift of grace through Christ is not merely a reversal of this trespass but an abundant provision that surpasses the effects of sin. This distinction underscores the superiority and sufficiency of Christ's atonement over the fall of man.

For if the many died by the trespass of the one man
The phrase "the many" refers to all of humanity, illustrating the universal impact of Adam's sin. The Greek word "polloi" is used here, indicating a large number, which in this context means all people. The "one man" is Adam, whose disobedience led to spiritual and physical death for all his descendants. This concept is rooted in the doctrine of original sin, which posits that Adam's sin has been imputed to all humanity, resulting in a fallen nature.

how much more did God’s grace
The phrase "how much more" is a rhetorical device used by Paul to emphasize the superiority of Christ's redemptive work over Adam's sin. "God’s grace" is the unmerited favor and love of God towards humanity. The Greek word "charis" is used here, which conveys the idea of a gift that brings joy and favor. This grace is not only sufficient to cover the trespass but is abundant, overflowing, and transformative, offering new life and reconciliation with God.

and the gift that came by the grace of the one man, Jesus Christ
This phrase highlights the source of the gift—Jesus Christ. The "one man" here is a deliberate parallel to Adam, emphasizing that just as Adam's act had universal consequences, so does the redemptive act of Christ. The grace that comes through Jesus is a direct contrast to the condemnation that came through Adam. This underscores the Christian belief in Jesus as the second Adam, whose obedience and sacrifice bring life and righteousness to all who believe.

overflow to the many
The word "overflow" is translated from the Greek "perisseuō," which means to abound or exceed. This suggests that the grace and gift of God through Christ are not just adequate but superabundant, more than sufficient to counteract the effects of sin. "The many" again refers to all who are affected by Adam's sin but now have access to redemption through Christ. This abundance of grace is a central theme in Paul's message, offering hope and assurance of salvation to believers.

For if, by the trespass of the one man
The phrase "by the trespass of the one man" refers to the sin of Adam, whose disobedience in the Garden of Eden brought sin and death into the world. The Greek word for "trespass" is "paraptōma," which implies a false step or deviation from the right path. This highlights the gravity of Adam's sin, which was not merely a mistake but a deliberate act of disobedience against God's command. Historically, this event is foundational in Christian theology, as it sets the stage for the need for redemption and the coming of Christ.

death reigned through that one man
"Death reigned" signifies the dominion and power that death held over humanity as a result of Adam's sin. The Greek word "basileuō" is used for "reigned," indicating a kingly rule. This paints a picture of death as a tyrant that has authority over all people. Theologically, this underscores the pervasive impact of sin, which brought both physical and spiritual death, separating humanity from God.

how much more will those who receive an abundance of grace
The phrase "how much more" introduces a contrast between the consequences of Adam's sin and the redemptive work of Christ. "Abundance of grace" refers to the overflowing, generous nature of God's grace, which is far greater than the effects of sin. The Greek word "perisseia" for "abundance" suggests a superabundance or excess, emphasizing that God's grace is more than sufficient to overcome the power of sin and death.

and of the gift of righteousness
The "gift of righteousness" is a central theme in Paul's theology, highlighting that righteousness is not earned but given freely by God through faith in Jesus Christ. The Greek word "dōrea" for "gift" underscores the unmerited nature of this righteousness. This righteousness restores the believer's relationship with God, allowing them to stand justified before Him.

reign in life through the one man, Jesus Christ
"Reign in life" contrasts with the earlier "death reigned," indicating a new dominion for those in Christ. The Greek word "zōē" for "life" refers to both eternal life and the quality of life that believers experience now, characterized by a restored relationship with God. "Through the one man, Jesus Christ" emphasizes the centrality of Christ's redemptive work. Just as Adam's act brought death, Christ's obedience and sacrifice bring life and victory over sin. This highlights the transformative power of the Gospel, offering hope and assurance to believers that they are no longer under the tyranny of sin but are empowered to live victoriously through Christ.

So then
This phrase serves as a conclusion or summation of the preceding arguments. In Greek, "ἄρα οὖν" (ara oun) is used to draw a logical conclusion. Paul is summarizing the theological argument he has been building, emphasizing the parallel between Adam and Christ. This phrase invites the reader to consider the weight of the argument and its implications for humanity.

just as one trespass
The "one trespass" refers to Adam's sin in the Garden of Eden. The Greek word for "trespass" is "παράπτωμα" (paraptoma), which means a false step or transgression. This highlights the gravity of Adam's disobedience, which was not merely a mistake but a deliberate act against God's command. Historically, this event is foundational in Christian theology as it marks the entrance of sin into the world, affecting all of humanity.

brought condemnation for all men
The Greek word for "condemnation" is "κατάκριμα" (katakrima), indicating a judicial verdict of guilt. This phrase underscores the universal impact of Adam's sin, which brought a state of guilt and separation from God to all humanity. Theologically, this is known as original sin, a concept that has been central to Christian doctrine, emphasizing the need for redemption.

so also one act of righteousness
This refers to the redemptive work of Jesus Christ, particularly His obedience unto death on the cross. The Greek term "δικαίωμα" (dikaioma) signifies a righteous act or decree. Christ's obedience is seen as the antithesis of Adam's disobedience, providing a way for humanity to be reconciled with God. This act is central to the Christian faith, symbolizing hope and restoration.

brought justification and life
"Justification" in Greek is "δικαίωσις" (dikaiosis), meaning acquittal or being declared righteous. This is a legal term that signifies the believer's new standing before God, free from the guilt of sin. "Life" in Greek is "ζωή" (zoe), which refers to both eternal life and a quality of life that begins now through a relationship with Christ. This phrase encapsulates the transformative power of Christ's sacrifice, offering believers a new identity and eternal hope.

for all men
This phrase emphasizes the universal scope of Christ's redemptive work. Just as Adam's sin affected all, Christ's righteousness is available to all. Theologically, this speaks to the inclusivity of the Gospel, affirming that salvation through Christ is offered to every person, regardless of background or status. This universal offer of grace is a cornerstone of Christian evangelism and mission.

For just as
This phrase introduces a comparison, setting the stage for a parallel between two significant events in human history. The Greek word "ὥσπερ" (hósper) is used here, emphasizing a direct correlation. This comparison is foundational to understanding the doctrine of original sin and redemption. It invites the reader to consider the symmetry in God's plan, where the fall and redemption are intricately linked.

through the disobedience
The term "disobedience" comes from the Greek "παρακοή" (parakoē), which implies a failure to listen or heed. This disobedience refers to Adam's transgression in the Garden of Eden, an act that had profound consequences for all humanity. Historically, this event is seen as the entry point of sin into the world, affecting the nature of mankind and its relationship with God.

of the one man
This phrase specifically identifies Adam as the source of the initial disobedience. The singular "one man" underscores the theological concept of federal headship, where Adam acted as a representative for all humanity. This idea is rooted in the historical understanding of Adam as the first human, whose actions set a precedent for all his descendants.

the many were made sinners
The Greek word "κατεστάθησαν" (katestathēsan) is used here, meaning "were made" or "were appointed." This indicates a change in status or condition. The phrase suggests that through Adam's sin, humanity collectively inherited a sinful nature. This is a key point in the doctrine of original sin, which posits that all humans are born with an inherent tendency to sin.

so also through the obedience
The word "obedience" is translated from the Greek "ὑπακοή" (hypakoē), which means compliance or submission to authority. This refers to the obedience of Jesus Christ, particularly His willingness to fulfill God's redemptive plan through His life, death, and resurrection. This obedience is seen as the antidote to Adam's disobedience, offering a path to righteousness.

of the one man
Here, the "one man" refers to Jesus Christ, drawing a parallel to Adam. Just as Adam's actions had universal implications, so do Christ's. This highlights the concept of Christ as the "second Adam," a theological term that underscores His role in restoring what was lost through Adam's fall.

the many will be made righteous
The future tense "will be made" (Greek "κατασταθήσονται," katastathēsontai) indicates a promise and a hope for transformation. "Righteous" (Greek "δίκαιοι," dikaioi) refers to being in right standing with God. This phrase encapsulates the essence of the Gospel message: through faith in Christ, believers are justified and granted righteousness, not by their own merit, but through the redemptive work of Jesus. This promise is central to Christian hope and assurance, offering a future where believers are restored to a right relationship with God.

The law came in
The Greek word for "law" here is "νόμος" (nomos), which refers to the Mosaic Law given to Israel. Historically, the law was introduced to reveal God's standards of holiness and righteousness. It served as a mirror to show humanity its sinful nature. The phrase "came in" suggests an addition or an entrance, indicating that the law was not the original means of salvation but was introduced to serve a specific purpose in God's redemptive plan.

so that the trespass would increase
The word "trespass" is translated from the Greek "παράπτωμα" (paraptoma), meaning a deviation from truth and uprightness. The law's purpose was not to cause sin but to make humanity aware of its sinfulness. By defining sin, the law highlighted the extent of human rebellion against God. Historically, this aligns with the Jewish understanding that the law was a tutor leading to Christ, as it exposed the depth of human sin and the need for a Savior.

but where sin increased
The Greek word for "sin" is "ἁμαρτία" (hamartia), which means missing the mark or failing to meet God's standard. The increase of sin refers to the heightened awareness and recognition of sinfulness due to the law. This phrase underscores the pervasive nature of sin in human life, which became more evident with the law's introduction.

grace increased all the more
The term "grace" comes from the Greek "χάρις" (charis), signifying unmerited favor and divine assistance given to humans for their regeneration and sanctification. The phrase "increased all the more" is translated from "ὑπερπερισσεύω" (hyperperisseuo), meaning to abound exceedingly. This highlights the superabundance of God's grace, which not only matches but surpasses the increase of sin. In a historical and scriptural context, this reflects the transformative power of the Gospel, where God's grace through Jesus Christ overcomes the condemnation brought by the law.

so that
This phrase indicates purpose or result, connecting the preceding discussion about sin and grace to the outcome described in this verse. In the Greek, "ἵνα" (hina) is often used to express purpose, showing that the following statement is the intended result of what has been previously discussed. This highlights the divine intention behind the narrative of sin and grace, emphasizing God's sovereign plan in salvation history.

just as sin reigned
The imagery of sin "reigning" suggests a dominion or authority, akin to a king ruling over his subjects. The Greek word "ἐβασίλευσεν" (ebasileusen) is derived from "βασιλεύω" (basileuō), meaning to rule as a king. Historically, this reflects the pervasive influence of sin in the world, as seen from the fall of Adam. Sin's reign is characterized by its power to corrupt and lead humanity away from God, resulting in spiritual and physical death.

in death
Death here is both physical and spiritual, a consequence of sin's dominion. The Greek "ἐν τῷ θανάτῳ" (en tō thanatō) underscores the sphere in which sin's reign is most evident. Biblically, death entered the world through Adam's transgression (Genesis 2:17, Romans 5:12), and it serves as the ultimate penalty for sin. This phrase reminds believers of the stark reality of life without God's intervention.

so also grace might reign
In contrast to sin, grace is depicted as a reigning power. The Greek "ἡ χάρις βασιλεύσῃ" (hē charis basileusē) uses the same verb for reigning, indicating a parallel but opposite dominion. Grace, unmerited favor from God, overcomes the reign of sin, offering redemption and life. This reflects the transformative power of God's grace, which not only forgives but also empowers believers to live righteously.

through righteousness
Righteousness is the means by which grace reigns. The Greek "διὰ δικαιοσύνης" (dia dikaiosynēs) suggests that righteousness is the channel or instrument of grace's dominion. This righteousness is not of human origin but is imputed through faith in Christ (Romans 3:22). It signifies a restored relationship with God, where believers are justified and made right before Him.

to bring eternal life
The ultimate purpose of grace reigning through righteousness is to grant eternal life. The Greek "εἰς ζωὴν αἰώνιον" (eis zōēn aiōnion) indicates a movement towards or result in eternal life. This life is not merely unending existence but a quality of life in communion with God, beginning now and continuing forever. It is the fulfillment of God's promise and the hope of every believer.

through Jesus Christ our Lord
Jesus Christ is the agent through whom eternal life is made possible. The Greek "διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν" (dia Iēsou Christou tou Kyriou hēmōn) emphasizes His central role in salvation. As Lord, He has authority over all, and through His death and resurrection, He conquered sin and death. This phrase affirms the exclusivity of Christ as the mediator of God's grace and the source of eternal life, underscoring the Christian confession of faith in Jesus as Lord.