What then shall we say
This phrase introduces a rhetorical question, a common technique used by Paul to engage his audience and provoke thought. In Greek, "Τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν" (Ti oun eroumen) suggests a transition from the previous argument, inviting readers to consider the implications of what has been discussed. Paul often uses this phrase to challenge assumptions and lead into deeper theological truths. It sets the stage for a discussion on faith and righteousness, encouraging believers to reflect on the nature of their own faith in light of Abraham's example.

that Abraham, our forefather
Abraham is a central figure in Jewish history and theology, revered as the patriarch of the Israelites. The Greek term "Ἀβραάμ" (Abraam) is a direct reference to the Hebrew patriarch, whose account is foundational in the book of Genesis. By calling Abraham "our forefather," Paul connects his Jewish audience to their ancestral roots, emphasizing the shared heritage and the significance of Abraham's faith. Historically, Abraham is seen as the father of faith, not only for Jews but also for Christians, as he exemplifies trust in God's promises. This connection underscores the continuity of God's plan from the Old Testament to the New Testament.

has discovered
The Greek word "εὑρηκέναι" (heurekenai) implies a finding or a realization. In the context of Romans 4:1, it suggests that Abraham's experience with God led to a profound understanding or discovery about faith and righteousness. This discovery is not merely intellectual but experiential, as Abraham's life demonstrates the principle of being justified by faith. The historical context of Abraham's life, particularly his journey from Ur to Canaan and his unwavering belief in God's promises, serves as a powerful illustration of faith in action. Paul's use of this term invites readers to consider what they, too, might discover about faith through Abraham's example.

If Abraham was indeed justified by works
The phrase "justified by works" is central to understanding the Apostle Paul's argument in Romans. The Greek word for "justified" is "δικαιόω" (dikaioō), which means to declare righteous. In the Jewish tradition, works, or "ἔργα" (erga), often referred to the deeds prescribed by the Mosaic Law. Paul is addressing a common Jewish belief that adherence to the law could lead to righteousness. However, Paul is challenging this notion by using Abraham, the patriarch of Israel, as an example. Historically, Abraham lived before the Mosaic Law was given, which underscores Paul's argument that justification comes not through works but through faith.

he had something to boast about
The concept of boasting, or "καύχημα" (kauchēma), in the ancient world often related to one's achievements or status. In a religious context, boasting about one's works could imply self-righteousness or reliance on human effort for salvation. Paul is emphasizing that if Abraham's righteousness were based on his works, he would have grounds for personal pride. However, this would contradict the biblical narrative that portrays Abraham's faith as the key to his righteousness. This distinction is crucial in understanding the nature of grace and faith in the Christian doctrine.

but not before God
The phrase "but not before God" highlights the divine perspective on righteousness. In the Greek, "πρὸς τὸν Θεόν" (pros ton Theon) indicates a direct relationship or standing before God. Paul is asserting that human boasting is irrelevant in the divine court. Before God, who sees the heart and knows the true nature of faith, human works cannot justify. This aligns with the broader biblical teaching that God values faith and humility over external compliance with the law. Historically, this would have been a radical message to a Jewish audience accustomed to the law's centrality in religious life.

For what does the Scripture say?
This phrase invites the reader to consider the authority and foundational role of Scripture in understanding God's truth. The Greek word for "Scripture" here is "γραφή" (graphē), which refers to the sacred writings of the Old Testament. In a conservative Christian perspective, this underscores the belief that the Bible is the inspired Word of God, serving as the ultimate guide for faith and practice. The rhetorical question emphasizes the importance of returning to the biblical text for answers, highlighting the sufficiency and clarity of Scripture.

'Abraham believed God
The focus here is on Abraham's faith, which is central to Paul's argument about justification by faith. The Greek word for "believed" is "ἐπίστευσεν" (episteusen), derived from "πιστεύω" (pisteuō), meaning to have faith or trust. This belief was not merely intellectual assent but a deep, personal trust in God's promises. Historically, Abraham's faith is significant because it predates the Law of Moses, illustrating that righteousness comes through faith, not works. This sets a precedent for all believers, showing that faith is the means by which we are made right with God.

and it was credited to him
The term "credited" comes from the Greek "ἐλογίσθη" (elogisthē), which is an accounting term meaning to reckon or to count. This implies that righteousness was not something Abraham earned but was accounted to him by God. In a conservative Christian view, this highlights the doctrine of imputed righteousness, where believers are declared righteous before God through faith, not by their own merit. This concept is foundational to understanding salvation as a gift of grace.

as righteousness.'
The word "righteousness" in Greek is "δικαιοσύνη" (dikaiosynē), which refers to the state of being right or just before God. In the context of Romans, righteousness is a legal standing granted by God to those who have faith in Him. This righteousness is not inherent but is given by God through faith, emphasizing the transformative power of belief. Historically, this reflects the covenantal relationship God established with Abraham, which is fulfilled in Christ and extended to all who believe. This phrase encapsulates the essence of the Gospel message: that through faith, we are made right with God, not by our works, but by His grace.

Now
The word "Now" serves as a transitional term, connecting the previous arguments made by Paul to the point he is about to make. It indicates a logical progression in his discourse. In the context of Romans, Paul is building on his discussion of faith and works, emphasizing the distinction between earning and receiving.

the wages
"Wages" in Greek is "ὀψώνιον" (opsōnion), which refers to compensation or payment for work done. In the cultural and historical context of the Roman Empire, wages were a common part of daily life, especially for soldiers and laborers. Paul uses this term to illustrate the concept of earning something through effort, contrasting it with the idea of grace.

of the worker
The "worker" (Greek: "ἐργαζομένου," ergazomenou) refers to someone who performs labor or tasks. In the biblical context, this term can be understood as anyone who attempts to earn righteousness through their own efforts or works. Paul is addressing the mindset that righteousness can be achieved through human endeavor, a common belief among both Jews and Gentiles of his time.

are not credited
"Credited" (Greek: "λογίζεται," logizetai) is an accounting term meaning to reckon or consider. In the context of Romans, it refers to how God accounts righteousness to individuals. Paul is emphasizing that righteousness is not something that can be accounted to someone as a result of their works, but rather through faith.

as a gift
The term "gift" (Greek: "χάρις," charis) is central to Paul's theology. It signifies something given freely, without expectation of repayment. In the context of salvation, it underscores the concept of grace—God's unmerited favor. Paul contrasts this with the idea of earning, highlighting that salvation is a divine gift, not a human achievement.

but as an obligation
"Obligation" (Greek: "ὀφείλημα," opheilēma) refers to a debt or something owed. In the cultural context of Paul's audience, obligations were legal and binding. By using this term, Paul illustrates that if righteousness were based on works, it would be something God owes us, rather than a gift of grace. This reinforces the idea that salvation is not transactional but relational, rooted in faith and grace.

However
This word serves as a pivotal transition, contrasting the preceding discussion about works and wages. In the Greek, "de" often introduces a shift in thought, emphasizing a new perspective. Here, it marks a significant theological shift from human effort to divine grace, underscoring the Apostle Paul's argument that righteousness is not earned by works but is a gift from God.

to the one who does not work
The phrase highlights the cessation of reliance on human effort for salvation. The Greek word "ergazomai" implies labor or toil. Paul is addressing the futility of attempting to achieve righteousness through the law or personal merit. Historically, this was a radical departure from Jewish tradition, which emphasized adherence to the law. Paul is making it clear that salvation is not a result of human endeavor.

but believes
The Greek word "pisteuō" is used here, meaning to have faith or trust. This belief is not mere intellectual assent but a deep, personal trust in God. In the context of first-century Christianity, this was a call to shift from a works-based righteousness to a faith-based relationship with God. It emphasizes the necessity of faith as the means of receiving God's grace.

in Him who justifies
The focus is on God as the one who declares sinners righteous. The Greek word "dikaioō" means to acquit or declare righteous. This is a legal term, suggesting a courtroom setting where God, the judge, declares the believer righteous. This justification is not based on the believer's merit but on God's grace through faith.

the ungodly
The term "asebēs" in Greek refers to those who are irreverent or impious. Paul is emphasizing that God's grace extends even to those who are morally and spiritually bankrupt. This was a revolutionary concept, as it challenged the prevailing notion that only the righteous could be justified. It underscores the depth of God's mercy and the inclusivity of the gospel.

his faith is credited
The Greek word "logizomai" means to reckon or account. This accounting term suggests that faith is counted as righteousness in God's ledger. This is not a reward for faith but a gracious act of God, imputing righteousness to the believer. It reflects the transformative power of faith, which God honors by granting righteousness.

as righteousness
The term "dikaiosynē" in Greek refers to the state of being right or just. In the biblical context, it denotes a right standing before God. This righteousness is not inherent but is imputed to the believer through faith in Christ. It signifies the believer's new identity in Christ, being clothed in His righteousness, and highlights the core of the gospel message: that righteousness is a gift from God, received by faith.

And David speaks likewise
This phrase connects the teachings of Paul with the Old Testament, specifically the Psalms, showing the continuity of God's plan throughout Scripture. The Greek word for "speaks" (λέγει, legei) implies a present, active declaration, suggesting that the truths David expressed are timeless and relevant. David, a revered king and prophet, is used here to validate the doctrine of justification by faith, emphasizing that this concept is not new but rooted deeply in Jewish tradition.

of the blessedness
The term "blessedness" (μακαρισμός, makarismos) refers to a state of divine favor and happiness. In the Hebrew context, this word often denotes a profound sense of well-being and joy that comes from being in right relationship with God. This blessedness is not based on human achievement but is a gift from God, highlighting the grace that underpins the Christian faith.

of the man
The phrase "of the man" (ἀνθρώπου, anthrōpou) is inclusive, indicating that this blessedness is available to all humanity, not limited by ethnicity, gender, or social status. This universality is a cornerstone of the Gospel message, affirming that God's grace is accessible to every person who believes.

to whom God credits righteousness
The word "credits" (λογίζεται, logizetai) is an accounting term, meaning to reckon or consider. It signifies that God imputes righteousness to the believer's account, not based on their works but through faith. This concept is central to Pauline theology, emphasizing that righteousness is a gift from God, not a human accomplishment. The righteousness of God is thus seen as both a legal standing and a transformative reality in the believer's life.

apart from works
This phrase underscores the doctrine of sola fide, or faith alone, which is a fundamental tenet of conservative Christian theology. The Greek word for "works" (ἔργων, ergōn) refers to deeds or actions. Paul is making it clear that human efforts, no matter how noble, cannot earn God's favor. This teaching liberates believers from the burden of trying to achieve salvation through their own efforts and directs them to rely wholly on God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ.

Blessed
The Greek word used here is "μακάριοι" (makarioi), which conveys a sense of profound happiness and divine favor. In the biblical context, being "blessed" is not merely about temporary happiness but a deep-seated joy that comes from being in right standing with God. This echoes the Beatitudes in Matthew 5, where Jesus describes the blessedness of those who live according to God's kingdom values. The use of "blessed" here underscores the spiritual state of those who have received God's grace and forgiveness.

are those
This phrase indicates a specific group of people who are recipients of a particular blessing. In the context of Romans 4, Paul is discussing the justification by faith, using Abraham as an example. The "those" refers to individuals who, like Abraham, have faith in God and are thus justified, not by works, but by faith. This inclusionary language emphasizes that this blessed state is available to all who believe, Jew and Gentile alike.

whose lawless acts
The term "lawless acts" translates from the Greek "ἀνομίαι" (anomiai), which refers to actions that are contrary to God's law. In the Jewish context, the law was given through Moses and was central to the covenant relationship with God. However, Paul is highlighting that all humanity, Jew and Gentile, have committed acts that violate God's standards. The acknowledgment of "lawless acts" is crucial for understanding the need for forgiveness and the grace that God extends to humanity.

are forgiven
The Greek word "ἀφέθησαν" (aphethēsan) means to send away or to release. In the biblical sense, forgiveness is the act of God removing the guilt and penalty of sin. This concept is deeply rooted in the sacrificial system of the Old Testament, where the shedding of blood was required for the atonement of sins. In the New Testament, this forgiveness is fully realized through the sacrifice of Jesus Christ, who bore the sins of the world. The assurance of forgiveness is central to the Christian faith, offering believers peace and reconciliation with God.

whose sins
"Sins" here is translated from the Greek "ἁμαρτίαι" (hamartiai), which means to miss the mark. This term encompasses all forms of moral failure and rebellion against God. The recognition of sin is essential for understanding the human condition and the need for a Savior. In Romans, Paul systematically addresses the universality of sin and the inability of the law to bring about righteousness, pointing instead to faith in Christ as the solution.

are covered
The concept of sins being "covered" comes from the Greek word "ἐπεκαλύφθησαν" (epekalyphthēsan), which means to conceal or hide. This imagery is reminiscent of the Old Testament Day of Atonement, where the high priest would sprinkle the blood of a sacrifice on the mercy seat to cover the sins of the people. In the New Testament, this covering is achieved through the blood of Christ, which not only covers but removes sin. The covering of sins signifies God's mercy and the complete cleansing available through Jesus, allowing believers to stand blameless before Him.

Blessed is the man
The word "blessed" in Greek is "makarios," which conveys a sense of profound happiness and divine favor. In the context of Romans 4:8, it reflects the ultimate state of well-being and joy that comes from being in right standing with God. This blessing is not based on human merit but is a gift from God. Historically, the concept of being "blessed" is deeply rooted in Jewish tradition, where it signifies a life aligned with God's will, resulting in peace and prosperity. The phrase "the man" is inclusive, indicating that this blessing is available to all who are justified by faith, not just a select few.

whose sin
The Greek word for "sin" here is "hamartia," which means to miss the mark or fall short of God's standards. In the Jewish sacrificial system, sin required atonement through offerings, highlighting humanity's inability to achieve righteousness on their own. Theologically, sin represents a barrier between humanity and God, but through Christ, this barrier is removed. The emphasis on "whose sin" underscores the personal nature of sin and the individual need for redemption.

the Lord
"The Lord" refers to Yahweh, the covenant-keeping God of Israel, who is both just and merciful. In the New Testament context, it also points to Jesus Christ, who embodies God's redemptive plan. The use of "the Lord" signifies divine authority and the ultimate source of forgiveness. Historically, the Lord's role as judge and redeemer is central to the biblical narrative, emphasizing His sovereignty and grace.

will never count
The phrase "will never count" comes from the Greek word "logizomai," which means to reckon or consider. In accounting terms, it implies not crediting or charging something to someone's account. This is a powerful declaration of God's grace, where He chooses not to hold our sins against us. Theologically, this reflects the doctrine of justification, where believers are declared righteous through faith in Christ. The permanence of "never" assures believers of their secure standing before God.

against him
The phrase "against him" highlights the personal nature of God's forgiveness. It is not a general amnesty but a specific pardon for each individual who places their faith in Christ. This underscores the intimate relationship between God and the believer, where sins are not just overlooked but completely removed from one's account. Historically, this assurance would have been revolutionary for both Jews and Gentiles, who were accustomed to a system of continual sacrifices and offerings for sin. The personal application of this forgiveness is a cornerstone of Christian faith, offering peace and reconciliation with God.

Is this blessing
The "blessing" referred to here is the blessing of righteousness by faith, as discussed earlier in Romans 4. In the Greek, the word for blessing is "makarismos," which implies a state of happiness or favor. This blessing is not merely a temporal or material benefit but a profound spiritual state of being right with God. Historically, the Jewish people considered themselves uniquely blessed due to their covenant with God, marked by circumcision. However, Paul is challenging this notion by suggesting that this blessing transcends physical signs and is accessible to all who have faith.

only on the circumcised
"Circumcised" refers to the Jewish people, who were given the covenant of circumcision as a sign of their unique relationship with God (Genesis 17:10-14). In the historical context, circumcision was a physical mark of the covenant between God and Abraham's descendants. However, Paul is questioning whether this physical sign is the sole determinant of receiving God's blessing. The Greek word "peritome" emphasizes the physical act, but Paul is leading to a deeper spiritual truth that goes beyond physical rituals.

or also on the uncircumcised?
"Uncircumcised" refers to the Gentiles, who were not part of the Jewish covenant community. The Greek word "akrobystia" denotes those who are not circumcised, often used pejoratively by Jews to describe Gentiles. Paul is making a radical statement by suggesting that the blessing of righteousness by faith is available to the Gentiles as well. This was a revolutionary idea in the early church, breaking down the barriers between Jews and Gentiles and emphasizing the universality of the gospel.

We have been saying
This phrase indicates that Paul is reiterating a point he has been making throughout his letter. The Greek verb "lego" means to say or speak, and in this context, it implies a continuous assertion. Paul is emphasizing the consistency of his message about faith and righteousness, which he has been articulating to both Jewish and Gentile believers.

that Abraham’s faith
Abraham is a central figure in Jewish history, revered as the father of the Jewish nation. The Greek word "pistis" for faith denotes trust, belief, and confidence. Abraham's faith is highlighted as exemplary because it was based on trust in God's promises, even before the law or circumcision was given. This sets a precedent for understanding righteousness as based on faith rather than works or rituals.

was credited as righteousness
The phrase "credited as righteousness" is crucial in Paul's argument. The Greek word "logizomai" means to reckon or account, suggesting that righteousness is not earned but accounted to someone by God. This concept is rooted in Genesis 15:6, where Abraham's belief in God's promise was counted to him as righteousness. Paul uses this to illustrate that righteousness comes through faith, not through adherence to the law or physical signs like circumcision. This teaching underscores the grace of God, who justifies the ungodly through faith, making it a cornerstone of Christian doctrine.

In what context was it credited?
This phrase invites us to consider the circumstances under which righteousness was attributed to Abraham. The Greek word for "credited" is "elogisthe," which implies a reckoning or accounting. This term is crucial in understanding the doctrine of justification by faith. Historically, this reflects the Jewish understanding of righteousness being accounted to someone, not by their works, but by their faith. This sets the stage for the argument that righteousness is a gift from God, not earned by human effort.

Was it after his circumcision, or before?
Here, Paul is addressing a critical question about the timing of Abraham's justification. Circumcision was a sign of the covenant between God and Abraham's descendants, a physical mark of belonging to God's chosen people. The historical context is essential; circumcision was a significant Jewish identity marker. By asking this question, Paul challenges the belief that physical rituals or laws are prerequisites for righteousness. The Greek word "peritome" for circumcision emphasizes the physical act, which was a point of pride and identity for the Jewish people.

It was not after, but before
Paul provides a definitive answer, emphasizing that Abraham was declared righteous before he was circumcised. This is a pivotal point in Paul's argument that faith, not works or rituals, is the basis for righteousness. The historical context is that Abraham's faith was credited as righteousness in Genesis 15:6, while circumcision was instituted in Genesis 17. This chronological order is crucial; it underscores that God's promise and Abraham's faith preceded the law. This serves as a powerful reminder that God's grace and the gift of righteousness are available to all who believe, regardless of their adherence to the law or rituals. This truth is foundational for understanding the universality of the Gospel message.

And he received the sign of circumcision
This phrase refers to Abraham, who received circumcision as a physical sign of the covenant between him and God. The Greek word for "sign" is "σημεῖον" (sēmeion), which indicates a mark or token. In the historical context, circumcision was a significant ritual in Jewish tradition, symbolizing a deeper spiritual truth. It was not merely a physical act but a representation of the covenant relationship and the righteousness that comes by faith.

a seal of the righteousness
The term "seal" in Greek is "σφραγίς" (sphragis), which denotes a mark of authenticity or confirmation. In ancient times, a seal was used to validate documents, ensuring their authenticity. Here, circumcision is described as a seal, confirming the righteousness that Abraham had already received through faith. This emphasizes that righteousness is not achieved through physical acts but is a divine gift, authenticated by faith.

that he had by faith
The phrase underscores the foundational Christian doctrine that righteousness is obtained through faith, not works. The Greek word for "faith" is "πίστις" (pistis), which implies trust and belief in God. Abraham's faith was credited to him as righteousness before he was circumcised, highlighting that faith precedes and is independent of ritualistic observance.

while he was still uncircumcised
This part of the verse emphasizes the timing of Abraham's justification. He was declared righteous before undergoing circumcision, which serves as a powerful argument against the necessity of adhering to the law for salvation. It underscores the universality of the gospel, showing that righteousness through faith is available to all, regardless of their adherence to Jewish customs.

So then, he is the father of all who believe
Abraham is described as the "father" of all believers, both Jews and Gentiles. The Greek word "πατήρ" (patēr) signifies a progenitor or originator. In this context, it highlights Abraham's role as a spiritual ancestor to all who follow his example of faith. This establishes a spiritual lineage that transcends ethnic and cultural boundaries, uniting all believers under the promise of faith.

but have not been circumcised
This phrase refers to Gentile believers who, like Abraham, are justified by faith without the need for circumcision. It reinforces the message that physical rituals are not prerequisites for righteousness. The inclusion of uncircumcised believers in the family of faith demonstrates the inclusivity of the gospel and God's plan for salvation for all humanity.

in order that righteousness might be credited to them
The concept of righteousness being "credited" is central to Paul's argument. The Greek word "λογίζομαι" (logizomai) means to reckon or account. This accounting term illustrates the imputation of righteousness to believers, not based on their works, but on their faith. It is a divine transaction where God attributes righteousness to those who trust in Him, echoing the grace and mercy inherent in the gospel message.

And he is also the father
This phrase refers to Abraham, who is recognized as the patriarch of the Jewish people. The term "father" here is not just biological but spiritual, indicating a foundational role in the faith. In the Greek, "father" (πατήρ, patēr) implies a source or origin, emphasizing Abraham's role as a spiritual progenitor for both Jews and Gentiles who share his faith.

of the circumcised
Circumcision was a physical sign of the covenant between God and Abraham's descendants (Genesis 17:10-14). It marked the Jewish people as set apart for God. Historically, this practice distinguished the Israelites from surrounding nations, serving as a constant reminder of their unique relationship with God.

who are not only circumcised
This phrase highlights that physical circumcision alone is insufficient for righteousness. Paul is addressing a common Jewish belief that physical descent from Abraham and adherence to the law were enough for salvation. The Greek word for "only" (μόνον, monon) underscores the limitation of relying solely on external rites without internal faith.

but who also walk
The word "walk" (περιπατέω, peripateō) in Greek implies a way of life or conduct. It suggests an ongoing, active faith journey. This metaphor of walking is used throughout Scripture to describe living in accordance with God's will, indicating that true faith is demonstrated through action.

in the footsteps of the faith
"Footsteps" (ἴχνος, ichnos) refers to a path or track, symbolizing the example set by Abraham. The phrase suggests that believers are to follow the pattern of faith that Abraham exhibited. This is not merely imitation but a call to embody the same trust and obedience to God.

that our father Abraham had
This phrase reiterates Abraham's role as a spiritual ancestor. The possessive "our" indicates a shared heritage among believers, both Jew and Gentile, who claim Abraham as their spiritual forefather through faith.

before he was circumcised
This is a crucial point in Paul's argument. Abraham's faith was credited to him as righteousness before he underwent circumcision (Genesis 15:6). This chronological detail emphasizes that righteousness comes through faith, not through ritual or law. It underscores the universality of the gospel, which is accessible to all who believe, regardless of their adherence to Jewish customs.

It was not through the law
The phrase emphasizes the distinction between the law and the promise given to Abraham. The Greek word for "law" is "νόμος" (nomos), which refers to the Mosaic Law given to Israel. Historically, the law was given to guide the Israelites in their covenant relationship with God. However, Paul underscores that Abraham's promise was not contingent upon adherence to this law, which was given centuries later. This highlights the precedence of faith over legalistic observance, a foundational principle in Christian theology.

that Abraham and his offspring
"Abraham" is a central figure in biblical history, known as the father of faith. His "offspring" (Greek: "σπέρμα" - sperma) refers not only to his physical descendants, the Israelites, but also to all who share in his faith, including Gentile believers. This broadens the scope of God's promise, showing its fulfillment in a spiritual lineage that transcends ethnic boundaries, aligning with God's plan for a universal family of believers.

received the promise
The "promise" (Greek: "ἐπαγγελία" - epangelia) refers to God's covenantal assurance to Abraham that he would be the father of many nations and that through him, all nations would be blessed (Genesis 12:2-3). This promise is foundational to understanding God's redemptive plan, which is fulfilled in Christ. It signifies a divine commitment that is not dependent on human effort but on God's faithfulness.

that he would be heir of the world
The term "heir" (Greek: "κληρονόμος" - klēronomos) implies inheritance, a key biblical theme. Abraham's inheritance is not limited to physical land but extends to a spiritual inheritance encompassing the whole world. This reflects the eschatological vision where believers, as Abraham's spiritual descendants, inherit the kingdom of God. It points to the ultimate fulfillment of God's promises in the new creation.

but through the righteousness
"Righteousness" (Greek: "δικαιοσύνη" - dikaiosynē) is a central theme in Paul's writings, denoting a right standing with God. This righteousness is not achieved by human effort but is imputed by God through faith. It underscores the transformative power of faith, which aligns believers with God's will and purposes, enabling them to partake in His promises.

that comes by faith
The phrase "by faith" (Greek: "πίστεως" - pisteōs) encapsulates the essence of the gospel message. Faith is the means by which believers receive God's promises, contrasting with the works-based approach of the law. This faith is not mere intellectual assent but a deep trust and reliance on God's character and promises. It is through this faith that believers are justified and become partakers of the divine inheritance promised to Abraham. This principle of faith over works is a cornerstone of Christian doctrine, emphasizing grace and the believer's relationship with God.

For if those who live by the law
This phrase refers to individuals who attempt to achieve righteousness and inheritance of God's promises through adherence to the Mosaic Law. The Greek word for "law" here is "νόμος" (nomos), which encompasses not only the written commandments but also the broader legalistic system. Historically, the Jewish people were given the Law as a covenant through Moses, which was meant to guide them in holiness. However, Paul argues that reliance on the law for salvation negates the necessity of faith. This reflects a key theological point: the law was never intended to be the ultimate means of salvation but a guide pointing to the need for a savior.

are heirs
The term "heirs" in Greek is "κληρονόμοι" (klēronomoi), which implies receiving an inheritance. In the biblical context, this inheritance is the promise of eternal life and the blessings of God's kingdom. The concept of inheritance is deeply rooted in the Old Testament, where God promised Abraham that his descendants would inherit the land. Paul is emphasizing that the true heirs of God's promises are not those who rely on the law but those who have faith, aligning with the promise given to Abraham, which was based on faith, not law.

faith is useless
The Greek word for "useless" is "κενή" (kenē), meaning empty or void. Paul is making a profound statement about the nature of faith in relation to the law. If inheritance could be obtained through the law, then faith, which is central to the Christian doctrine, would be rendered ineffective. This underscores the importance of faith as the means by which believers are justified and receive God's promises. It is a call to trust in God's grace rather than human efforts.

and the promise is worthless
The word "worthless" in Greek is "καταργέω" (katargeō), which means to abolish or nullify. The promise refers to the covenantal assurances given by God, particularly the promise to Abraham that he would be the father of many nations and that through his seed all nations would be blessed. If the law were the means to achieve this promise, then the promise itself would be nullified because it was given based on faith, not law. This highlights the continuity of God's plan from the Old Testament to the New Testament, where faith is the consistent requirement for receiving God's promises.

because the law
The term "law" in this context refers to the Mosaic Law, which was given to the Israelites. The Greek word used here is "νόμος" (nomos), which encompasses not only the written commandments but also the broader legal and moral expectations of the Jewish tradition. Historically, the law was seen as a guide to righteous living, but it also highlighted human inability to achieve perfection. The law serves as a mirror, reflecting humanity's sinful nature and need for a Savior.

brings wrath
The phrase "brings wrath" indicates the consequence of failing to uphold the law. The Greek word for "wrath" is "ὀργή" (orgē), which signifies a strong, passionate response to injustice or sin. In a biblical context, it often refers to God's righteous anger against sin. The law, by defining sin, inevitably leads to wrath because it exposes human shortcomings and the just penalty for sin. This underscores the need for grace, as the law alone cannot save.

And where there is no law
This phrase suggests a condition or state where the law is absent. The absence of law implies a lack of defined boundaries or standards. In the Greek, "where there is no law" is "οὗ δὲ οὐκ ἔστιν νόμος" (hou de ouk estin nomos). This highlights the idea that without a codified standard, there can be no accountability to that standard. Historically, this can be seen in the context of Gentiles who were not given the Mosaic Law, yet were still accountable to God's moral law written on their hearts.

there is no transgression
The term "transgression" comes from the Greek "παράβασις" (parabasis), meaning a violation or overstepping of a boundary. Transgression implies a willful act of disobedience against a known law. Without the law, there can be no transgression because there is no defined line to cross. This does not mean there is no sin, but rather that sin is not accounted as a legal violation without the law. This highlights the purpose of the law: to reveal sin and point to the necessity of faith and grace for salvation.

Therefore, the promise comes by faith
This phrase emphasizes the foundational Christian doctrine that the promises of God, particularly the promise of salvation, are accessed through faith. The Greek word for "faith" is "pistis," which conveys trust, belief, and confidence. Historically, this reflects the shift from the Jewish law-based righteousness to a faith-based righteousness, as Paul addresses both Jewish and Gentile believers in Rome. The promise is not earned by works but is a gift received through faith, aligning with the broader biblical narrative of grace.

so that it may rest on grace
The word "grace" in Greek is "charis," meaning unmerited favor. This highlights the nature of God's promise as a gift, not something that can be earned. In the historical context of the early church, this was a radical departure from the prevailing Jewish thought that emphasized adherence to the law. Grace ensures that the promise is available to all, regardless of their ability to fulfill the law, underscoring the inclusivity of the Gospel.

and may be guaranteed to all Abraham’s offspring
The term "guaranteed" suggests a certainty and assurance that is rooted in God's faithfulness. The promise is not just for the physical descendants of Abraham but for all who share in the faith of Abraham. This reflects the Abrahamic covenant, which was not limited to ethnic Israel but extended to all nations, as seen in Genesis 12:3. The historical context here is crucial, as Paul is addressing a diverse audience in Rome, emphasizing the unity of believers.

not only to those who are of the law
This phrase refers to the Jewish people who were given the Mosaic Law. Paul acknowledges their place in God's redemptive history but clarifies that the promise is not confined to them. The historical context is the tension between Jewish and Gentile believers in the early church, where Paul seeks to bridge the gap by highlighting the universal scope of God's promise.

but also to those who are of the faith of Abraham
Here, Paul expands the scope of God's promise to include Gentiles who share Abraham's faith. The "faith of Abraham" is a faith that trusts in God's promises despite circumstances, as Abraham did when he believed God's promise of a son. This phrase underscores the spiritual lineage that transcends ethnic boundaries, uniting all believers under the same promise.

He is the father of us all
This concluding phrase reinforces the idea of spiritual kinship among believers. Abraham is the "father" not just of the Jewish nation but of all who believe, Jew and Gentile alike. This reflects the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham that he would be the father of many nations (Genesis 17:4-5). In the early church, this was a powerful message of unity and inclusion, breaking down barriers and fostering a sense of belonging among diverse believers.

As it is written
This phrase underscores the authority and reliability of Scripture. The Apostle Paul often uses this phrase to connect his teachings with the Old Testament, emphasizing the continuity of God's plan. The Greek word "gegraptai" (γέγραπται) is in the perfect tense, indicating a completed action with ongoing effects, highlighting the enduring truth of God's Word.

I have made you a father of many nations
This promise to Abraham, originally found in Genesis 17:5, is a cornerstone of God's covenant. The phrase "I have made" (Greek: "tethēka," τέθεικα) is in the perfect tense, indicating that God's promise is as good as fulfilled, even before its physical manifestation. This reflects God's sovereign power and faithfulness. Historically, Abraham is seen as the patriarch not only of Israel but also of many peoples, fulfilling this divine promise.

He is our father
Paul identifies Abraham as a spiritual father to all who believe, both Jews and Gentiles. This concept is rooted in the idea of faith transcending ethnic boundaries. The Greek word "patēr" (πατήρ) signifies not just biological ancestry but also a spiritual lineage, emphasizing the unity of believers in faith.

in the presence of God
This phrase highlights the immediacy and intimacy of Abraham's relationship with God. The Greek "katenanti" (κατέναντι) suggests being directly before or in the sight of God, indicating that Abraham's faith was lived out in direct accountability to God, a model for all believers.

in whom he believed
Abraham's faith was not in an abstract concept but in the personal, living God. The Greek "episteusen" (ἐπίστευσεν) denotes a trust and reliance on God, emphasizing that faith is relational and active. This belief was credited to him as righteousness, setting a precedent for justification by faith.

the God who gives life to the dead
This phrase speaks to God's omnipotence and His ability to transcend natural limitations. The Greek "zōopoiountos" (ζῳοποιοῦντος) means to make alive, pointing to God's power to resurrect and bring life where there is none. This is a foreshadowing of the resurrection of Christ and the hope of eternal life for believers.

and calls into being what does not yet exist
This reflects God's creative power, reminiscent of the creation account in Genesis. The Greek "kalountos" (καλοῦντος) means to call or summon, indicating God's authority to bring forth reality from nothingness. This underscores the theme of faith in God's promises, even when they seem impossible by human standards. It inspires believers to trust in God's ability to fulfill His promises, no matter how improbable they may seem.

Against all hope
This phrase captures the seemingly impossible situation Abraham faced. The Greek word for "hope" here is "ἐλπίς" (elpis), which denotes a confident expectation. Abraham's circumstances were dire; he was old, and Sarah was barren. Yet, against all human reasoning and expectation, he maintained a divine hope. This highlights the Christian belief that faith often transcends human logic and understanding, relying instead on God's promises.

Abraham in hope believed
The phrase emphasizes Abraham's unwavering faith. The Greek word for "believed" is "ἐπίστευσεν" (episteusen), which means to have faith or trust. Abraham's faith was not passive; it was an active trust in God's promise. This serves as a model for believers, illustrating that true faith involves trusting God even when circumstances seem impossible.

and so became the father of many nations
This fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham is rooted in Genesis 17:5, where God changes Abram's name to Abraham, meaning "father of a multitude." Historically, this promise was fulfilled as Abraham became the patriarch of the Israelites, Ishmaelites, Edomites, and others. Spiritually, it points to the multitude of believers who are considered Abraham's descendants through faith (Galatians 3:7).

just as he had been told
This phrase underscores the reliability of God's word. The Greek "κατὰ τὸ εἰρημένον" (kata to eirēmenon) means "according to what was spoken." It emphasizes that God's promises are sure and trustworthy. For believers, this is a reminder that God's word is unchanging and dependable, providing a foundation for faith.

'So shall your offspring be.'
This direct quotation from Genesis 15:5 is a pivotal promise in the Abrahamic covenant. The Hebrew root for "offspring" is "זֶרַע" (zera), meaning seed or descendants. This promise not only referred to Abraham's physical descendants but also to his spiritual descendants—those who would come to faith in Christ. It highlights the expansive nature of God's promise, extending beyond ethnic Israel to include all who believe.

Without weakening in his faith
This phrase highlights the unwavering trust Abraham had in God's promises. The Greek word for "weakening" is "astheneō," which means to be feeble or frail. Despite the physical impossibilities, Abraham's faith remained robust. This steadfastness is a testament to the power of faith that transcends human limitations. In a conservative Christian perspective, this serves as an encouragement to believers to hold firm in their faith, even when circumstances seem insurmountable.

he acknowledged the decrepitude of his body
The term "acknowledged" comes from the Greek "katanoeō," meaning to observe fully or consider attentively. Abraham was fully aware of his physical limitations, described here as "decrepitude," which refers to a state of decay or weakness due to old age. This acknowledgment did not deter his faith but rather highlighted the miraculous nature of God's promise. It teaches believers to recognize their limitations while trusting in God's limitless power.

since he was about a hundred years old
This phrase emphasizes the improbability of Abraham fathering a child at such an advanced age. Historically, this detail underscores the miraculous nature of Isaac's birth. In the context of the ancient Near East, longevity was respected, but the ability to father children at such an age was unheard of. This serves as a reminder that God's promises often defy human expectations and natural laws.

and the lifelessness of Sarah’s womb
The "lifelessness" of Sarah's womb is a critical element in understanding the miracle of Isaac's birth. The Greek word "nekros," meaning dead or lifeless, underscores the impossibility of Sarah conceiving a child. This situation sets the stage for God's intervention, demonstrating His power to bring life from barrenness. For conservative Christians, this is a powerful illustration of God's ability to fulfill His promises against all odds, encouraging believers to trust in His timing and sovereignty.

He did not waver
The phrase "He did not waver" speaks to the unwavering faith of Abraham. The Greek word used here is "diakrinō," which means to doubt or hesitate. In the context of Abraham's life, this highlights his steadfast trust in God's promises despite seemingly impossible circumstances. Historically, Abraham's faith is a cornerstone for both Jewish and Christian traditions, serving as a model of trust in God's faithfulness. His unwavering belief is a call for believers to hold firm in their faith, even when faced with trials or delays in the fulfillment of God's promises.

through unbelief
The term "unbelief" is translated from the Greek word "apistia," which denotes a lack of faith or trust. In the scriptural context, unbelief is often portrayed as a barrier to experiencing God's power and blessings. Abraham's account is a testament to overcoming this barrier. Despite his advanced age and Sarah's barrenness, he chose to believe in God's promise of a son. This serves as an encouragement for believers to combat doubt and trust in God's ability to fulfill His promises, regardless of human limitations.

regarding the promise of God
The "promise of God" refers to the specific covenant God made with Abraham, promising him numerous descendants and that he would be the father of many nations. This promise is foundational in the biblical narrative, as it sets the stage for the unfolding of God's redemptive plan through Abraham's lineage, ultimately leading to the coming of Christ. Theologically, it underscores the faithfulness of God in keeping His promises, encouraging believers to trust in His word and timing.

but was strengthened in his faith
The phrase "was strengthened in his faith" indicates a process of growth and fortification in belief. The Greek word "endynamoō" suggests being empowered or made strong. Abraham's faith was not static; it grew stronger as he continued to trust in God. This is a powerful reminder that faith can be nurtured and developed through reliance on God and His promises. For believers, it is an invitation to seek spiritual growth and resilience through prayer, study of Scripture, and fellowship with other believers.

and gave glory to God
"Giving glory to God" is an expression of worship and acknowledgment of God's sovereignty and power. The Greek word "doxa" refers to honor, praise, and worship. Abraham's response to God's promise was not only belief but also worship, recognizing God's greatness and faithfulness. This act of glorifying God is central to the Christian life, as it reflects a heart of gratitude and reverence. It serves as a reminder that faith is not just about receiving from God but also about honoring Him in all circumstances.

being fully persuaded
The phrase "being fully persuaded" comes from the Greek word "plerophoreo," which means to be completely assured or convinced. This term implies a deep, unwavering confidence. In the context of Romans 4, it reflects Abraham's absolute trust in God's promises despite seemingly impossible circumstances. Historically, Abraham's faith is a cornerstone example of belief in God's power and faithfulness, serving as a model for believers. This complete persuasion is not based on human logic or evidence but on the character and reliability of God Himself.

that God
The focus here is on "God," the central figure in whom Abraham places his trust. The God of Abraham is the same God worshipped by Christians today, characterized by omnipotence, omniscience, and faithfulness. In the Hebrew tradition, God is known as Yahweh, the covenant-keeping God. This highlights the personal relationship and commitment God has with His people, reinforcing the idea that faith is not just belief in a higher power but trust in a personal, relational God.

was able
The phrase "was able" is derived from the Greek word "dunatos," which means powerful or capable. This emphasizes God's omnipotence, His ability to accomplish what He wills. In the context of Abraham's story, it underscores the belief that nothing is too difficult for God. Historically, this reflects the understanding of God as the Creator, who has power over all creation and can intervene supernaturally in human affairs.

to do
"To do" signifies action and fulfillment. It is not merely about intention but about bringing something to completion. This reflects the biblical theme that God is not passive; He is actively involved in the world and in the lives of His people. Theologically, it reassures believers that God's promises are not empty words but are backed by His ability and willingness to act.

what He had promised
The phrase "what He had promised" refers to the specific promises God made to Abraham, including the promise of a son and the establishment of a great nation through his lineage. The Greek word "epangello" means to announce or proclaim a promise. This highlights the faithfulness of God, who is true to His word. Scripturally, this ties into the broader narrative of God's covenant with humanity, fulfilled ultimately in Jesus Christ. For believers, it serves as a reminder that God's promises are trustworthy and that He is faithful to fulfill them in His perfect timing.

This is why
The phrase "This is why" serves as a connective tissue linking the preceding argument to the conclusion that follows. In the context of Romans 4, Paul has been discussing the faith of Abraham and how it was credited to him as righteousness. The Greek word used here, "διό" (dio), is a conjunction that indicates causation or reason. It emphasizes the logical flow of Paul's argument, underscoring that the righteousness credited to Abraham was not due to his works but because of his faith. This sets the stage for understanding the nature of faith and righteousness in the Christian life.

it was credited
The phrase "it was credited" is translated from the Greek word "ἐλογίσθη" (elogisthē), which means to reckon, count, or consider. This term is an accounting metaphor, suggesting that righteousness was accounted to Abraham's spiritual ledger. In a historical context, this reflects the legal and financial practices of the time, where debts and credits were meticulously recorded. Spiritually, it signifies that righteousness is not something earned but is imputed by God through faith. This concept is foundational to the doctrine of justification by faith, a cornerstone of conservative Christian theology.

to him
The phrase "to him" refers specifically to Abraham, the patriarch of the Jewish faith, who is also considered the father of all who believe, both Jew and Gentile. In the broader scriptural context, Abraham's faith journey is chronicled in Genesis, where he is called by God to leave his homeland and trust in God's promises. The personal nature of this phrase highlights the individual relationship between God and Abraham, emphasizing that faith is a personal commitment and trust in God's promises.

as righteousness
The phrase "as righteousness" is pivotal in understanding the theological implications of this verse. The Greek word for righteousness, "δικαιοσύνη" (dikaiosynē), denotes a state of being right or just. In the Hebrew context, righteousness (צדקה, tzedakah) often involves ethical conduct and justice. However, Paul redefines righteousness in terms of faith rather than works. This righteousness is not inherent but is a status granted by God to those who believe. It underscores the transformative power of faith, which aligns believers with God's will and purposes, and is central to the message of salvation through faith in Jesus Christ.

Now
This word serves as a transition, connecting the previous discussion to the present application. In the context of Romans 4, Paul has been discussing the faith of Abraham and how it was credited to him as righteousness. The use of "now" indicates a shift from the historical example to its relevance for the present audience. It emphasizes the immediacy and continuity of the message, suggesting that the principles of faith and righteousness are timeless and applicable to believers today.

it was not written
This phrase underscores the intentionality and purpose behind the Scriptures. The Greek word for "written" (γέγραπται, gegraptai) is in the perfect tense, indicating a completed action with ongoing relevance. Paul is emphasizing that the account of Abraham's faith was recorded not merely as a historical account but with a purpose that transcends time. It highlights the divine inspiration and enduring authority of Scripture, affirming that what was written in the past holds significance for all generations.

for his sake alone
Here, Paul clarifies that the narrative of Abraham's faith was not preserved solely for Abraham's benefit. The phrase "for his sake alone" suggests that while Abraham was the immediate subject, the implications of his faith extend beyond his personal story. This reflects the communal and universal nature of God's revelation, indicating that the lessons of faith are meant for the edification of all believers, not just the individual to whom they were originally given.

but for ours also
This phrase brings the message home to the readers, making it clear that the principles of faith and righteousness are applicable to them as well. The inclusion of "ours" signifies the collective identity of the Christian community, united by faith in Christ. It emphasizes the continuity of God's plan and the shared inheritance of faith among believers. This phrase serves as an encouragement, reminding readers that they too are part of the unfolding account of God's redemptive work.

but also for us
This phrase extends the promise and assurance of faith beyond the historical figure of Abraham to all believers. The Greek word for "us" (ἡμᾶς, hēmas) is inclusive, indicating that the righteousness credited to Abraham is also available to all who share his faith. This highlights the universal nature of the Gospel, transcending time and ethnicity. Historically, this was a radical concept, as the early church was grappling with the inclusion of Gentiles. The phrase assures believers that the same faith that justified Abraham is effective for them, emphasizing the continuity of God's plan of salvation.

to whom righteousness will be credited—
The concept of "righteousness" (δικαιοσύνη, dikaiosynē) being "credited" (λογίζεται, logizetai) is central to Pauline theology. It reflects the idea of imputed righteousness, where believers are accounted as righteous through faith, not by works. This echoes Genesis 15:6, where Abraham's faith was credited as righteousness. In a historical context, this was a revolutionary idea, challenging the prevailing Jewish thought that righteousness was achieved through adherence to the Law. Paul is emphasizing that righteousness is a gift from God, not a human achievement, reinforcing the doctrine of justification by faith.

for us who believe in Him
The phrase underscores the necessity of faith in the believer's life. The Greek word for "believe" (πιστεύω, pisteuō) implies trust and reliance, not mere intellectual assent. This belief is specifically "in Him," referring to God, who raised Jesus from the dead. The historical context of this statement is crucial, as the early Christians were defining their faith in contrast to both Jewish and pagan beliefs. This belief is not generic but is centered on the specific act of God raising Jesus, which is the cornerstone of Christian faith.

who raised Jesus our Lord from the dead
This phrase encapsulates the core of the Christian Gospel: the resurrection of Jesus. The Greek verb "raised" (ἐγείραντα, egeiranta) signifies God's power and authority over life and death. The title "our Lord" (κύριος, kyrios) affirms the divinity and sovereignty of Jesus, a confession that was both a theological and political statement in the Roman Empire, where Caesar was often called "lord." The resurrection is the ultimate validation of Jesus' divine mission and the assurance of believers' future resurrection. Historically, the resurrection was a stumbling block for many, yet it remains the foundation of Christian hope and the ultimate demonstration of God's power and love.

He was delivered over to death
The phrase "He was delivered over" in Greek is "παρεδόθη" (paredothē), which implies a handing over or surrendering. This term is significant in the context of the Passion of Christ, where Jesus was handed over by Judas, the Jewish leaders, and ultimately by God Himself as part of the divine plan for redemption. Theologically, this highlights the sovereignty of God in the salvation narrative, emphasizing that Jesus' death was not merely a result of human actions but a fulfillment of divine purpose. Historically, this reflects the Roman practice of delivering a prisoner to the authorities for execution, underscoring the gravity and official nature of Jesus' sacrifice.

for our trespasses
The word "trespasses" translates from the Greek "παραπτώματα" (paraptōmata), meaning offenses or sins. This term conveys the idea of deviating from the right path or falling away from God's standards. In the Jewish context, trespasses were violations of the Law, which required atonement. Theologically, this phrase underscores the substitutionary nature of Christ's death; He was delivered over because of our sins, taking upon Himself the punishment that was due to us. This reflects the core Christian doctrine of atonement, where Jesus' sacrifice reconciles humanity with God.

and was raised to life
The phrase "was raised to life" comes from the Greek "ἠγέρθη" (ēgerthē), indicating a divine action of raising from the dead. This resurrection is central to Christian faith, as it signifies victory over sin and death. Historically, the resurrection was a pivotal event that transformed the early disciples, empowering them to spread the Gospel. Theologically, it confirms Jesus' divinity and the truth of His teachings, providing believers with the hope of eternal life. The resurrection is not just a return to life but an entry into a new, glorified existence, which believers are promised to share.

for our justification
The term "justification" is translated from the Greek "δικαίωσιν" (dikaiōsin), meaning to be declared righteous. In a legal sense, it refers to acquittal or being made right with the law. Scripturally, justification is a key Pauline doctrine, where believers are declared righteous before God through faith in Jesus Christ. This is not based on human merit but on Christ's righteousness imputed to us. Theologically, this phrase encapsulates the essence of the Gospel: through Jesus' resurrection, believers are justified, signifying a restored relationship with God and the assurance of salvation. This justification is both a present reality and a future hope, as believers are continually being transformed into the likeness of Christ.