What then shall we say?
This phrase introduces a rhetorical question, a common technique used by Paul to engage his audience and provoke thought. The Greek phrase "Τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν;" (Ti oun eroumen?) suggests a transition from the previous discussion in Romans 5, where Paul elaborates on the abundance of grace through Jesus Christ. Historically, this method of questioning was used by rabbis to encourage deeper reflection and understanding. Paul, a former Pharisee, employs this technique to challenge the Roman believers to consider the implications of grace.

Shall we continue in sin
The Greek word for "continue" is "ἐπιμένω" (epimenō), which means to persist or remain. This implies a deliberate choice to live in a state of sin. Paul is addressing a potential misunderstanding of grace—that it might be seen as a license to sin. The historical context of the early church shows that some believers struggled with the concept of grace, fearing it might lead to moral laxity. Paul is preemptively countering this by questioning the logic of continuing in sin.

so that grace may increase?
The Greek word for "increase" is "πλεονάζω" (pleonazō), meaning to abound or multiply. Paul is referencing the argument that if grace covers sin, then more sin would result in more grace, a concept known as antinomianism. This was a heretical belief that emerged in the early church, suggesting that moral law was not necessary under grace. Paul is emphasizing that grace is not an excuse for sin but a power to overcome it. Theologically, this highlights the transformative nature of grace, which not only forgives but also empowers believers to live righteously.

By no means!
This phrase is a strong repudiation of the idea that believers should continue in sin. The Greek phrase "Μὴ γένοιτο" (Mē genoito) is an emphatic expression, often translated as "God forbid" in other versions. It conveys a sense of moral outrage and impossibility. Paul uses this phrase to underscore the absurdity of the notion that grace might encourage sin. Historically, this reflects the early church's struggle against antinomianism, the belief that grace allows for moral laxity. Paul is adamant that grace leads to holiness, not lawlessness.

We died to sin
The phrase "we died to sin" is central to understanding the believer's new identity in Christ. The Greek word for "died" (ἀπεθάνομεν, apethanomen) indicates a definitive break or separation. In the context of baptism, which Paul discusses in the surrounding verses, this death is symbolic of the believer's union with Christ in His death and resurrection. Historically, this reflects the early Christian understanding of baptism as a transformative rite, marking a transition from the old life of sin to a new life in Christ. Scripturally, this echoes Galatians 2:20, where Paul speaks of being crucified with Christ.

how can we live in it any longer?
This rhetorical question challenges the believer to consider the incongruity of living in sin after having died to it. The Greek word for "live" (ζήσομεν, zēsomen) implies a continuous, habitual lifestyle. Paul is emphasizing that a true conversion results in a changed life. Theologically, this speaks to the doctrine of sanctification, the process by which believers are made holy. Historically, this reflects the early church's emphasis on moral transformation as evidence of genuine faith. The question serves as a call to self-examination, urging believers to align their lives with their new identity in Christ.

Or aren’t you aware
This phrase challenges the reader's understanding and awareness of a fundamental Christian truth. The Greek word for "aware" is "agnoeō," which implies a lack of knowledge or understanding. Paul is addressing the Roman believers, urging them to recognize the profound implications of their baptism. This rhetorical question serves as a reminder that the truths of the faith are not just intellectual but transformative, calling believers to live in the reality of what they profess.

that all of us
The phrase "all of us" emphasizes the inclusivity and unity of believers in Christ. The Greek word "pas" signifies totality, indicating that this truth applies to every believer without exception. This collective identity underscores the communal aspect of the Christian faith, where individual experiences are part of a larger body of Christ. It reminds us that the Christian journey is not solitary but shared among all who follow Jesus.

who were baptized
"Baptized" comes from the Greek word "baptizō," meaning to immerse or submerge. In the early church, baptism was a public declaration of faith and a symbolic act of being cleansed from sin. It represents a believer's identification with Christ's death, burial, and resurrection. Archaeological findings of early Christian baptismal sites reveal the importance of this rite in the early church, highlighting its role as a foundational step in the Christian life.

into Christ Jesus
The phrase "into Christ Jesus" signifies a profound spiritual union with the Savior. The preposition "into" (Greek "eis") indicates movement towards and incorporation into Christ. This union is not merely symbolic but a real and transformative relationship. Historically, this understanding of being "in Christ" was central to Pauline theology, emphasizing that believers are no longer defined by their past but by their new identity in Jesus.

were baptized into His death
This phrase encapsulates the heart of the Christian message: identification with the death of Christ. The Greek word for "death" is "thanatos," which in this context refers to the sacrificial death of Jesus on the cross. By being baptized into His death, believers symbolically participate in the death of their old selves, dying to sin and its power. This concept is rooted in the historical reality of Christ's crucifixion, a pivotal event that changed the course of history and offers redemption to all who believe. Theologically, it speaks to the believer's call to live a life that reflects the sacrificial love and obedience of Christ.

We therefore were buried with Him
This phrase emphasizes the believer's union with Christ in His death. The Greek word for "buried" (συνετάφημεν, synetaphēmen) suggests a complete identification with Christ's death. In the historical context of early Christianity, baptism was a public declaration of faith, symbolizing the believer's death to sin and old life. This burial with Christ signifies the end of the dominion of sin over the believer, as they are now part of Christ's redemptive work.

through baptism into death
"Baptism" (βάπτισμα, baptisma) in the early church was a profound symbol of spiritual transformation. It represents not just a ritual, but an entry into the death of Christ, where the old self is crucified. The phrase "into death" underscores the totality of this transformation, indicating that through baptism, believers participate in the death of Christ, which is essential for the resurrection to new life.

in order that, just as Christ was raised from the dead
The resurrection of Christ is central to Christian faith, and this phrase highlights the power and purpose of God in raising Jesus. The Greek word for "raised" (ἠγέρθη, ēgerthē) is in the passive voice, indicating that it was the Father who raised Christ, demonstrating His power over death. Historically, the resurrection was a pivotal event that confirmed Jesus' divinity and the truth of His teachings.

through the glory of the Father
"Glory" (δόξα, doxa) here refers to the divine majesty and power of God. The resurrection was not just an act of power but a revelation of God's glory. In the scriptural context, God's glory is often associated with His presence and action in the world, as seen in the Old Testament with the Shekinah glory. This phrase assures believers that the same power that raised Christ is at work in them.

we too may walk in newness of life
The phrase "newness of life" (καινότητι ζωῆς, kainotēti zōēs) speaks to the transformative effect of being united with Christ. "Walk" (περιπατήσωμεν, peripatēsōmen) implies a continuous, active lifestyle, not just a one-time event. This new life is characterized by a departure from sin and a pursuit of righteousness, enabled by the Holy Spirit. Historically, this concept was revolutionary, offering hope and purpose to early Christians facing persecution and trials. The newness is not merely a change in behavior but a fundamental transformation of the heart and mind, aligning believers with the will and purpose of God.

For if we have been united with Him
The phrase "united with Him" is derived from the Greek word "σύμφυτος" (symphytoi), which implies being grown together or closely connected. This word evokes the imagery of a grafted plant, where two separate entities become one. In the context of Romans 6:5, it signifies the profound spiritual union believers have with Christ. Historically, this reflects the early Christian understanding of baptism as a sacrament that symbolizes and enacts this union. Baptism is not merely a ritual but a transformative act that signifies believers' identification with Christ's death and resurrection.

in a death like His
The phrase "in a death like His" refers to the believer's participation in the death of Christ. The Greek word "θανάτῳ" (thanatō) for "death" emphasizes the completeness and finality of this act. Historically, crucifixion was a brutal and public form of execution, and by referencing Christ's death, Paul underscores the totality of the believer's break from sin. This death is not physical but spiritual, marking the end of the believer's old life dominated by sin. Theologically, it signifies the believer's acceptance of Christ's sacrifice and the renunciation of their former sinful nature.

we will certainly also be united with Him
The assurance in "we will certainly also be united with Him" is rooted in the Greek word "ἀλλά" (alla), which conveys a strong contrast and certainty. This promise is not conditional but guaranteed for those who are in Christ. Theologically, this reflects the doctrine of eternal security, where the believer's future resurrection is as certain as their present spiritual union with Christ. This assurance is a source of hope and encouragement, affirming that the believer's journey does not end with death but continues into eternal life.

in a resurrection like His
The phrase "in a resurrection like His" points to the believer's future bodily resurrection, mirroring Christ's own resurrection. The Greek word "ἀνάστασις" (anastasis) for "resurrection" signifies a rising up or standing again, emphasizing the physical and transformative nature of this event. Historically, the resurrection of Christ was a cornerstone of early Christian preaching, serving as proof of His divinity and the firstfruits of the believer's future resurrection. This promise of resurrection is central to Christian hope, affirming that just as Christ was raised from the dead, so too will believers be raised to eternal life, free from the power of sin and death.

We know
This phrase indicates a certainty and shared understanding among believers. The Greek word used here is "οἴδαμεν" (oidamen), which implies not just intellectual knowledge but an experiential understanding. This knowledge is foundational to the Christian faith, rooted in the teachings of the apostles and the transformative experience of salvation. It is a call to remember the truths of the Gospel that have been taught and internalized.

that our old self
The "old self" refers to the pre-conversion identity, characterized by sin and separation from God. The Greek term "παλαιὸς ἄνθρωπος" (palaios anthropos) suggests something worn out and obsolete. This concept is deeply rooted in the idea of transformation and renewal found throughout Scripture, where the old nature is replaced by a new creation in Christ (2 Corinthians 5:17).

was crucified with Him
This phrase signifies a profound spiritual truth: the believer's union with Christ in His death. The Greek "συνεσταυρώθη" (synestaurōthē) means "was crucified together with." This is not a physical crucifixion but a spiritual reality that signifies the end of the dominion of sin over the believer. Historically, crucifixion was a brutal form of execution, symbolizing the complete and final end of the old self's power.

so that the body of sin
The "body of sin" refers to the human body as it is influenced and dominated by sin. The Greek "σῶμα τῆς ἁμαρτίας" (sōma tēs hamartias) suggests the physical aspect of human existence that is prone to sin. This phrase highlights the pervasive nature of sin, affecting not just the spirit but the entire being.

might be rendered powerless
The Greek word "καταργηθῇ" (katargēthē) means "to be made ineffective or nullified." This indicates that through Christ's crucifixion, the power of sin is broken. It does not mean that sin is eradicated, but its authority and control over the believer are nullified. This is a promise of victory and freedom, emphasizing the transformative power of Christ's sacrifice.

that we should no longer be slaves to sin
This phrase encapsulates the purpose of the believer's union with Christ in His death. The Greek "δουλεύειν τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ" (douleuein tē hamartia) means "to serve sin as a slave." Before coming to Christ, individuals are in bondage to sin, but through His death and resurrection, believers are set free. This freedom is not just a future hope but a present reality, calling believers to live in the liberty that Christ has provided.

For anyone who has died
This phrase refers to the spiritual death that occurs when a believer is united with Christ in His death through baptism. The Greek word for "died" is "apothnesko," which means to die off or to be separated from life. In the context of Romans 6, it signifies a separation from the old sinful nature. Historically, baptism has been seen as a rite of passage, symbolizing the believer's death to sin and resurrection to a new life in Christ. This spiritual death is not a physical demise but a transformative process where the believer's old self is crucified with Christ, as Paul elaborates in Romans 6:6.

has been freed
The Greek word used here is "dikaioo," which is often translated as "justified" or "declared righteous." In this context, it means to be acquitted or set free from the power and penalty of sin. This freedom is not merely a legal declaration but an actual liberation from the bondage of sin. Historically, the concept of freedom in Christ has been a cornerstone of Christian doctrine, emphasizing that believers are no longer slaves to sin but are free to live righteously. This freedom is a gift of grace, not earned by works, and it empowers believers to live in accordance with God's will.

from sin
The term "sin" in Greek is "hamartia," which means missing the mark or falling short of God's standard. In the biblical context, sin is not just individual acts of wrongdoing but a pervasive power that enslaves humanity. The historical understanding of sin in the Jewish tradition was deeply rooted in the Law, which highlighted humanity's inability to achieve righteousness on its own. In Romans 6, Paul presents sin as a defeated foe for those who are in Christ. The believer's union with Christ in His death and resurrection breaks the dominion of sin, allowing them to live a new life characterized by righteousness and holiness.

Now if
The phrase "Now if" introduces a conditional statement, which is a common rhetorical device used by Paul to engage the reader in a logical progression of thought. The Greek word for "if" (εἰ) can also be understood as "since" in this context, indicating a certainty rather than a mere possibility. This reflects the assurance that believers have in their union with Christ, emphasizing the reality of their spiritual death and resurrection with Him.

we died with Christ
The concept of dying with Christ is central to Pauline theology. The Greek verb "died" (ἀπεθάνομεν) is in the aorist tense, indicating a completed action. This refers to the believer's identification with Christ's death through baptism, as discussed earlier in Romans 6. Historically, baptism was a public declaration of faith, symbolizing the believer's death to sin and old life. This death is not physical but spiritual, marking the end of the believer's bondage to sin.

we believe
The Greek word for "believe" (πιστεύομεν) is in the present tense, suggesting an ongoing, active faith. This belief is not merely intellectual assent but a deep, abiding trust in the promises of God. In the historical context of the early church, this faith was often tested by persecution, making the assurance of living with Christ a source of hope and strength.

that we will also live
The future tense of "will also live" (καὶ συζήσομεν) points to the certainty of the believer's future resurrection and eternal life with Christ. This promise is rooted in the resurrection of Jesus, which is the cornerstone of Christian hope. Theologically, this life is both a present reality and a future hope, as believers experience new life in Christ now and anticipate its fullness in eternity.

with Him
The phrase "with Him" underscores the intimate union between Christ and the believer. The preposition "with" (σὺν) signifies close association and partnership. This reflects the biblical theme of communion with God, which is the ultimate goal of salvation. Historically, this assurance of being with Christ provided comfort and encouragement to early Christians facing trials and persecution, reminding them of their eternal destiny in the presence of their Savior.

We know
This phrase emphasizes the certainty and assurance that believers have in the truth of the resurrection. The Greek word used here is "οἴδαμεν" (oidamen), which implies a deep, intuitive knowledge. This is not mere intellectual assent but a profound understanding rooted in faith. Historically, the early church was built on the testimony of the resurrection, a cornerstone of Christian doctrine that provided hope and assurance to believers facing persecution.

that since Christ was raised from the dead
The resurrection of Christ is central to Christian faith, signifying victory over sin and death. The Greek word for "raised" is "ἐγείρω" (egeirō), which means to awaken or to lift up. This event is not just a historical occurrence but a transformative reality that impacts the believer's life. Archaeological evidence, such as early Christian tombs and inscriptions, supports the historical belief in the resurrection, underscoring its foundational role in the early church.

He cannot die again
This phrase highlights the permanence and finality of Christ's victory over death. The Greek "οὐκέτι" (ouketi) means "no longer" or "never again," emphasizing the eternal nature of Christ's triumph. In the scriptural context, this assurance is a source of hope for believers, affirming that death has been defeated once and for all. Historically, this belief distinguished Christianity from other religions of the time, which often viewed death as a cyclical or recurring event.

death no longer has mastery over Him
The word "mastery" comes from the Greek "κυριεύω" (kurieuō), meaning to have dominion or control. This phrase signifies that death, which once held sway over humanity due to sin, has been conquered by Christ. In the broader scriptural narrative, this victory is part of God's redemptive plan, restoring the relationship between God and humanity. Theologically, this underscores the power of the resurrection and the hope of eternal life for believers, as death's dominion is broken.

The death He died
This phrase emphasizes the singular and unique nature of Christ's sacrificial death. In the Greek, the word for "death" (θάνατος, thanatos) signifies a complete and final separation from life. Historically, crucifixion was a method of execution reserved for the most heinous criminals, yet Christ's death was not for His own sins but for the sins of humanity. This underscores the gravity and the purpose of His sacrifice, fulfilling the Old Testament prophecies and sacrificial system, which pointed to a need for a perfect atonement.

He died to sin
The Greek word for "sin" (ἁμαρτία, hamartia) refers to missing the mark or falling short of God's standard. Christ's death was a decisive act against sin, breaking its power and dominion. In a historical context, this reflects the Jewish understanding of sin as a barrier between humanity and God, which required atonement. Christ's death effectively dismantled this barrier, offering reconciliation and redemption.

once for all
The phrase "once for all" (ἐφάπαξ, ephapax) in Greek indicates a singular, unrepeatable event. This highlights the sufficiency and completeness of Christ's sacrifice. Unlike the repeated sacrifices of the Old Testament, which were temporary and symbolic, Christ's death was final and all-encompassing. This is a cornerstone of Christian doctrine, affirming that no further sacrifice is needed for the atonement of sin.

but the life He lives
The transition from death to life in this phrase signifies resurrection and victory. The Greek word for "life" (ζωή, zoe) implies not just physical life but a quality of life that is eternal and divine. This life is characterized by a restored relationship with God, free from the bondage of sin. Historically, the resurrection was a pivotal event that transformed the early Christian community, providing hope and assurance of eternal life.

He lives to God
This phrase encapsulates the purpose and direction of Christ's resurrected life. The Greek preposition "to" (τῷ, tō) indicates orientation or direction. Christ's life is now fully oriented towards God, exemplifying perfect obedience and communion. This serves as a model for believers, who are called to live their lives in devotion and service to God. In a scriptural context, this reflects the ultimate goal of salvation: to restore humanity to a right relationship with God, living in His presence and for His glory.

So you too
This phrase serves as a direct application to the readers, linking them to the preceding verses where Paul discusses the believer's union with Christ in His death and resurrection. The Greek word for "you" here is "καὶ ὑμεῖς" (kai hymeis), emphasizing the personal responsibility and inclusion of the audience in the transformative power of Christ's work. Historically, this reflects the early Christian understanding that the teachings of the apostles were not just for the original recipients but for all believers.

must count yourselves
The Greek word "λογίζεσθε" (logizesthe) is used here, which means to reckon, consider, or account. This is an imperative, indicating a command rather than a suggestion. It implies a deliberate and conscious decision to view oneself in a particular way. In the context of first-century accounting practices, this term would resonate with the idea of balancing the books, ensuring that one's spiritual account reflects the reality of being in Christ.

dead to sin
The concept of being "dead to sin" is profound, suggesting a complete separation or cessation of relationship with sin. The Greek word "νεκροὺς" (nekrous) means dead, lifeless, or inoperative. This reflects the transformative power of Christ's death, which believers are called to identify with. Historically, this would have been a radical departure from the Jewish understanding of sin and atonement, emphasizing a new identity in Christ rather than adherence to the law.

but alive to God
The contrast between being "dead to sin" and "alive to God" highlights the new life believers have in Christ. The Greek word "ζῶντας" (zontas) means living, vibrant, or active. This phrase underscores the dynamic and ongoing relationship believers are to have with God, characterized by spiritual vitality and growth. In the early church, this new life was often symbolized by baptism, representing death to the old self and resurrection to new life.

in Christ Jesus
This phrase encapsulates the entire theological foundation of Paul's message. The preposition "ἐν" (en) signifies being within or in union with Christ. The name "Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ" (Christō Iēsou) emphasizes both the messianic role of Jesus and His personal relationship with believers. Historically, this reflects the early Christian confession of Jesus as Lord and the centrality of His person and work in the believer's life. Theologically, it speaks to the believer's identity and position, which is secure and unchanging because it is rooted in Christ Himself.

Therefore
This word serves as a bridge connecting the previous teachings to the practical application that follows. In Romans 6, Paul has been discussing the believer's union with Christ in His death and resurrection. The Greek word "οὖν" (oun) indicates a conclusion drawn from the preceding arguments. It emphasizes that what follows is a logical outcome of the truths previously established, particularly the believer's new identity in Christ and freedom from sin's dominion.

do not let sin
The phrase underscores the believer's responsibility in the sanctification process. The Greek verb "βασιλευέτω" (basileuetō) is in the imperative mood, suggesting a command. It implies that sin, personified as a ruler, should no longer have authority or control. This reflects the transformative power of grace, which enables believers to resist sin's influence actively.

reign
The imagery of reigning suggests a kingdom or dominion. In the context of Romans, Paul contrasts the reign of sin with the reign of grace. Historically, the concept of reigning would resonate with Roman Christians familiar with the power dynamics of the Roman Empire. Theologically, it points to the shift from being under the law and sin to being under grace and righteousness.

in your mortal body
This phrase highlights the physical aspect of human existence. The term "mortal" (θνητῷ, thnētō) reminds believers of their temporal, earthly nature, subject to decay and death. Yet, it is precisely in this mortal state that believers are called to live out their new life in Christ. The body, once an instrument of sin, is now to be an instrument of righteousness.

to obey its desires
The word "desires" (ἐπιθυμίαις, epithymiais) refers to strong cravings or lusts, often associated with sinful inclinations. In the historical context, these desires could encompass a range of temptations prevalent in Roman society. Scripturally, it echoes the broader biblical theme of the struggle between the flesh and the spirit. Believers are exhorted not to succumb to these desires, empowered by the Holy Spirit to live in holiness.

but present yourselves to God
The contrast here is stark and intentional. Instead of offering oneself to sin, believers are called to offer themselves to God. The same Greek word for "present" (παρίστημι, paristēmi) is used, indicating a conscious and voluntary act of dedication. This act of presenting oneself to God is an act of worship and surrender, aligning with the biblical theme of living sacrifices as seen in Romans 12:1.

as those who have been brought from death to life
This phrase captures the transformative power of the Gospel. The Greek word for "brought" (ζάω, zaō) implies being made alive, reflecting the spiritual resurrection believers experience through Christ. Historically, this would resonate with the early Christians who understood baptism as a symbol of dying to sin and rising to new life in Christ. The imagery of moving from "death to life" underscores the radical change in identity and purpose for those in Christ.

and present the parts of your body to Him as instruments of righteousness
Here, the call is to actively use one's body for God's purposes. The repetition of "present" (παρίστημι, paristēmi) emphasizes the ongoing nature of this commitment. "Instruments" (ὅπλα, hopla) again suggests tools or weapons, but this time for "righteousness" (δικαιοσύνη, dikaiosynē), which denotes justice, virtue, and moral integrity. This aligns with the biblical call to live out one's faith through actions that reflect God's character and will.

For sin shall not be your master
The phrase "sin shall not be your master" speaks to the dominion and authority that sin once held over humanity. In the Greek, the word for "master" is "κυριεύσει" (kurieusei), which implies lordship or control. Historically, sin's mastery began with the fall of Adam and Eve, leading to a pervasive influence over human nature. However, through Christ's redemptive work, believers are liberated from this bondage. This liberation is not merely a future hope but a present reality for those in Christ. Theologically, this signifies a shift in allegiance; believers are no longer slaves to sin but are empowered to live righteously.

because you are not under law
The phrase "not under law" refers to the Mosaic Law, which was given to Israel as a covenantal framework. The Greek word "νόμον" (nomon) is used here, indicating the legalistic system that defined sin and righteousness. Historically, the Law served to reveal sin and guide the Israelites, but it was powerless to save. In the New Testament context, being "under law" implies being subject to its penalties and unable to achieve righteousness through it. Paul emphasizes that believers are no longer bound by the Law's demands because Christ fulfilled the Law's requirements on their behalf.

but under grace
The phrase "under grace" introduces the transformative power of God's unmerited favor. The Greek word "χάρις" (charis) denotes grace, kindness, and favor. This grace is not earned but freely given through faith in Jesus Christ. Historically, grace represents the new covenant established by Christ's sacrifice, contrasting the old covenant of the Law. Being "under grace" means living in the freedom and empowerment that comes from God's Spirit, enabling believers to overcome sin and live in righteousness. This grace is the foundation of the Christian life, offering both justification and sanctification. It is a call to live in the reality of God's love and power, transforming believers from the inside out.

What then?
This phrase serves as a rhetorical question, prompting the reader to consider the implications of the preceding discussion. In the context of Romans, Paul has been discussing the transformative power of grace and the believer's new identity in Christ. The Greek phrase "Τί οὖν" (Ti oun) is often used by Paul to transition into a logical conclusion or to address potential misunderstandings. Here, it invites the reader to reflect on the relationship between law and grace, setting the stage for a deeper exploration of Christian ethics.

Shall we sin
The Greek verb "ἁμαρτήσωμεν" (hamartēsōmen) is in the aorist subjunctive, suggesting a hypothetical action. Paul is addressing a potential misinterpretation of grace—that it might be seen as a license to sin. The concept of sin in the Bible is not merely about breaking rules but is fundamentally about missing the mark of God's holiness and purpose for humanity. This question challenges the reader to consider the true nature of grace and its implications for moral behavior.

because we are not under law
The phrase "οὐκ ἐσμὲν ὑπὸ νόμον" (ouk esmen hypo nomon) indicates a shift from the Mosaic Law to a new covenant of grace. Historically, the law was given to Israel as a means to reveal sin and guide the people in righteousness. However, Paul emphasizes that believers are no longer under the jurisdiction of the law as a means of justification. This does not mean the law is irrelevant; rather, it points to a new way of living that is empowered by the Spirit.

but under grace
The Greek "ἀλλὰ ὑπὸ χάριν" (alla hypo charin) contrasts the previous state under the law with the current state under grace. Grace, "χάρις" (charis), is a central theme in Paul's writings, representing God's unmerited favor and transformative power. Being under grace means living in the freedom and empowerment that comes from a relationship with Christ, where the Spirit enables believers to fulfill the righteous requirements of the law through love and obedience.

Certainly not!
The Greek phrase "μὴ γένοιτο" (mē genoito) is a strong negation, often translated as "By no means!" or "God forbid!" It reflects Paul's vehement rejection of the idea that grace could lead to moral laxity. This emphatic response underscores the transformative nature of grace, which not only forgives sin but also empowers believers to live righteously. The Christian life, according to Paul, is not about exploiting grace but about being transformed by it, leading to a life that reflects the holiness and love of God.

Do you not know
This phrase serves as a rhetorical question, emphasizing the importance of the knowledge Paul is about to impart. In Greek, "οὐκ οἴδατε" (ouk oidate) implies a reminder of something the audience should already understand. Paul often uses this technique to engage the reader's conscience and provoke self-reflection. It underscores the necessity of awareness in the Christian life, particularly regarding spiritual servitude.

when you offer yourselves
The Greek word "παραστήσητε" (parastēsēte) means to present or offer. This implies a voluntary action, suggesting that believers have a choice in whom they serve. The act of offering oneself is a conscious decision, reflecting the biblical principle of free will. Historically, this would resonate with the Roman audience familiar with the concept of presenting oneself for service or allegiance.

as obedient slaves
The term "δοῦλοι" (douloi) refers to slaves or bondservants. In the Roman context, slavery was a common institution, and the idea of being a slave to someone or something was well understood. The adjective "obedient" highlights the nature of this servitude—not just any service, but one characterized by compliance and submission. This reflects the Christian call to submit to God's will.

you are slaves to the one you obey
This phrase emphasizes the principle of allegiance and its consequences. The Greek "ὑπακούετε" (hypakouete) means to listen or obey, indicating that true servitude is marked by whom one listens to and follows. The historical context of Roman slavery, where a slave's identity and fate were tied to their master, parallels the spiritual truth that our spiritual allegiance determines our spiritual condition.

whether you are slaves to sin
Here, "sin" (ἁμαρτία, hamartia) is personified as a master. In the biblical narrative, sin is not merely an act but a power that enslaves. The imagery of slavery to sin would resonate with Paul's audience, who understood the oppressive nature of both physical and spiritual bondage. This highlights the destructive nature of sin, which leads to separation from God.

leading to death
The Greek word "θάνατον" (thanaton) signifies not just physical death but spiritual death—eternal separation from God. This phrase underscores the ultimate consequence of sin. In the biblical worldview, death is the antithesis of the life God offers, reinforcing the gravity of choosing sin as a master.

or to obedience
"Obedience" (ὑπακοή, hypakoē) is presented as the alternative to sin. It implies submission to God's will and commands. In the Christian context, obedience is not merely following rules but a heartfelt response to God's grace. This obedience leads to transformation and aligns with the biblical theme of sanctification.

leading to righteousness
"Righteousness" (δικαιοσύνη, dikaiosynē) in this context refers to a right standing with God, achieved through faith and obedience. It is the state of being justified and sanctified, reflecting God's character. Historically, righteousness was a key theme in Jewish law and prophetic writings, and Paul redefines it in light of Christ's redemptive work. This phrase encapsulates the hope and promise of the Christian life—eternal life and communion with God.

But thanks be to God
This phrase begins with an expression of gratitude, directing the focus to God as the source of all good things. The Greek word for "thanks" is "χάρις" (charis), which is often translated as "grace" or "favor." This indicates that the gratitude expressed is not merely a polite acknowledgment but a recognition of God's unmerited favor and active role in the transformation of believers. Historically, this reflects the early Christian understanding that all spiritual progress and sanctification are ultimately gifts from God, not achievements of human effort.

that, though you once were slaves to sin
The phrase "slaves to sin" uses the Greek word "δοῦλοι" (douloi), meaning "slaves" or "bondservants." This metaphor highlights the totality of the control sin had over individuals before their conversion. In the Roman world, slavery was a common institution, and being a slave meant having no personal autonomy. Spiritually, this implies that before knowing Christ, individuals were completely under the dominion of sin, unable to free themselves. This historical context underscores the depth of the transformation that occurs through salvation.

you wholeheartedly obeyed
The word "wholeheartedly" translates from the Greek "ἐκ καρδίας" (ek kardias), meaning "from the heart." This signifies a sincere and complete obedience, not merely an external compliance. In biblical terms, the heart is the center of will and emotion, indicating that this obedience is genuine and stems from an inner transformation. This reflects the biblical teaching that true obedience to God is not just about outward actions but involves a change of heart and mind.

the form of teaching to which you were committed
The "form of teaching" refers to the apostolic doctrine and the core truths of the Christian faith. The Greek word "τύπον" (tupon) suggests a pattern or model, indicating that the teaching was a well-defined and authoritative standard. Historically, this teaching would have been the gospel message and the ethical instructions given by the apostles. The phrase "to which you were committed" implies a deliberate and active dedication to this teaching, suggesting that believers are entrusted with the truth and are responsible for adhering to it.

You have been set free
The phrase "have been set free" comes from the Greek word "eleutheroo," which means to liberate or to make free. In the context of Romans, Paul is addressing the transformative power of Christ's sacrifice. Historically, the concept of freedom was significant in Roman society, where slavery was prevalent. Paul uses this imagery to convey the spiritual liberation believers experience through Christ. This freedom is not just a release from the penalty of sin but also from its power and dominion over one's life. It is a call to live in the liberty that Christ provides, a liberty that empowers believers to pursue holiness.

from sin
The Greek word for "sin" here is "hamartia," which means missing the mark or falling short of God's standard. In the Jewish context, sin was understood as a transgression against God's law. Paul emphasizes that through Christ, believers are no longer under the bondage of sin. This is a profound shift from the Old Testament sacrificial system, where sin required continual atonement. In Christ, the ultimate sacrifice has been made, and believers are no longer slaves to sin's power. This freedom from sin is both a positional truth and a practical reality, encouraging believers to live in the victory Christ has secured.

and have become slaves
The term "slaves" is translated from the Greek word "doulos," which means a bondservant or one who is devoted to another to the disregard of one's own interests. In the Roman world, slavery was a common institution, and Paul uses this metaphor to illustrate total devotion and commitment. While the term "slave" may carry negative connotations, Paul redefines it in a positive light, indicating a willing and joyful submission to a new master—righteousness. This servitude is not oppressive but liberating, as it aligns with God's perfect will and purpose for humanity.

to righteousness
"Righteousness" in Greek is "dikaiosyne," which refers to the state of being right or just in the eyes of God. In the biblical context, righteousness is not merely about moral behavior but about being in right relationship with God. Through Christ, believers are imputed with His righteousness, enabling them to live lives that reflect God's character. This new allegiance to righteousness is a transformative process, where believers grow in holiness and reflect the image of Christ. It is both a gift and a calling, empowering believers to live out their faith in practical ways that honor God.

I am speaking in human terms
Paul begins this verse by acknowledging that he is using a metaphor that is relatable to human understanding. The Greek word "ἀνθρώπινος" (anthrōpinos) suggests a manner of speaking that is accessible and relatable. Paul often uses everyday language and analogies to convey spiritual truths, recognizing the limitations of human comprehension when it comes to divine matters. This approach underscores the importance of making spiritual truths understandable and applicable to everyday life.

because of the weakness of your flesh
The term "weakness" comes from the Greek "ἀσθένεια" (astheneia), which implies a lack of strength or capability. "Flesh" in Greek is "σάρξ" (sarx), often used by Paul to denote the sinful nature or human propensity to sin. This phrase highlights the human condition of being prone to sin and moral failure. It serves as a reminder of the ongoing struggle between the spiritual and the carnal, emphasizing the need for divine assistance and grace to overcome the inherent weaknesses of our human nature.

Just as you used to offer the parts of your body in slavery to impurity and to escalating wickedness
Here, Paul uses the imagery of slavery to describe the former life of sin. The Greek word for "offer" is "παρίστημι" (paristēmi), meaning to present or yield. "Impurity" is translated from "ἀκαθαρσία" (akatharsia), referring to moral uncleanness. "Escalating wickedness" suggests a progression or deepening of sinful behavior. This phrase paints a vivid picture of how sin can dominate and control one's life, leading to a downward spiral of moral decay. It serves as a stark reminder of the bondage of sin and the destructive path it leads to.

so now offer them in slavery to righteousness leading to holiness
Paul contrasts the former life of sin with a new life dedicated to righteousness. The Greek word for "righteousness" is "δικαιοσύνη" (dikaiosynē), which implies living in a way that is just and in accordance with God's standards. "Holiness" comes from "ἁγιασμός" (hagiasmos), meaning sanctification or being set apart for God. This phrase calls believers to a transformative life, where their actions and choices are aligned with God's will, leading to spiritual growth and sanctification. It is an invitation to live a life that reflects God's character and purpose, moving from the bondage of sin to the freedom found in serving righteousness.

For when you were slaves to sin
The phrase "slaves to sin" is a powerful metaphor used by Paul to describe the condition of humanity before accepting Christ. The Greek word for "slaves" is "doulos," which implies complete subservience and lack of freedom. In the ancient Roman context, slavery was a common institution, and a slave had no rights or autonomy. Paul uses this imagery to illustrate the total control sin had over individuals before they were redeemed by Christ. Sin, in this context, is not merely an act but a dominating power that dictates the actions and desires of those who are not in Christ. This highlights the need for a Savior who can liberate individuals from this bondage.

you were free of obligation to righteousness
The term "free of obligation" suggests a lack of responsibility or duty. In Greek, the word "eleutheros" is used, which means free or unrestrained. Paul is making a stark contrast between the state of being enslaved to sin and the concept of being free from righteousness. Before coming to faith, individuals did not feel compelled or bound to live according to God's standards of righteousness. This freedom, however, is not a positive liberty but rather an absence of the moral and spiritual compulsion to pursue what is right in God's eyes. Historically, this reflects the Gentile world, which was not under the Mosaic Law and thus did not have the same moral framework as the Jewish people. Paul is emphasizing that without Christ, there is no true freedom, as true freedom is found in being bound to righteousness through Him.

What fruit did you reap
The phrase "What fruit did you reap" invites reflection on the results or consequences of past actions. In the Greek, the word for "fruit" is "karpos," which often signifies the visible outcome or product of one's actions. In a biblical context, "fruit" is frequently used to describe the results of living either in accordance with or contrary to God's will. Here, Paul is urging the Roman Christians to consider the tangible outcomes of their former sinful lives. The rhetorical question implies that the "fruit" of sin is ultimately unfulfilling and destructive, contrasting with the fruitful life that comes from living in Christ.

at that time
This phrase "at that time" refers to the period before the Roman believers came to faith in Christ. It highlights a distinct separation between their past and present lives. Historically, this would have been a time when the Roman Christians were immersed in the pagan culture of Rome, which was characterized by idolatry and moral decadence. Paul is reminding them of their previous state to emphasize the transformation that has occurred through their conversion.

from the things you are now ashamed of
The "things you are now ashamed of" points to the sinful behaviors and lifestyles that the believers once engaged in. The Greek word for "ashamed" is "aischynō," which conveys a sense of disgrace or dishonor. This shame is a result of the Holy Spirit's convicting work, leading believers to recognize the moral and spiritual bankruptcy of their former ways. In a conservative Christian perspective, this acknowledgment of past sin is crucial for genuine repentance and spiritual growth.

The outcome of those things is death
"The outcome of those things is death" serves as a stark warning about the ultimate consequence of sin. The Greek word for "outcome" is "telos," meaning the end or result. Paul is unequivocally stating that the end result of living in sin is spiritual death, which is eternal separation from God. This aligns with the broader biblical teaching that sin leads to death, as seen in Romans 6:23, "For the wages of sin is death." In contrast, the life in Christ offers eternal life, underscoring the gravity of choosing between a life of sin and a life of righteousness. This serves as a powerful reminder of the transformative power of the Gospel and the hope found in Jesus Christ.

But now
This phrase marks a significant transition from the past to the present. In the context of Romans, Paul often contrasts the believer's former life of sin with their new life in Christ. The Greek word "νυνί" (nyni) emphasizes the present reality of the believer's transformation. Historically, this reflects the early Christian understanding of conversion as a definitive break from the past, a theme that resonates throughout Paul's letters.

that you have been set free from sin
The Greek word for "set free" is "ἐλευθερόω" (eleutheroō), which means to liberate or release. This liberation is not just a legal declaration but a transformative act of God. In the historical context of Roman slavery, freedom was a profound change in status, symbolizing a complete shift in identity and allegiance. Spiritually, this freedom from sin signifies the believer's release from the power and penalty of sin, a core tenet of Christian doctrine.

and have become slaves to God
The term "slaves" here is "δοῦλοι" (douloi) in Greek, which can also be translated as "servants." This paradoxical language highlights the Christian concept of freedom through submission to God. In the Roman world, slavery was a common institution, and Paul uses this metaphor to illustrate total devotion and obedience to God. This servitude is not oppressive but liberating, as it aligns the believer with God's will and purpose.

the fruit you reap
"Fruit" in Greek is "καρπός" (karpos), often used metaphorically in the New Testament to describe the visible outcomes of one's life. In agricultural terms, fruit is the result of growth and cultivation. Spiritually, it represents the evidence of a transformed life, characterized by virtues and actions that reflect God's character. This imagery would resonate with Paul's audience, familiar with the agrarian society of the time.

leads to holiness
The Greek word for "holiness" is "ἁγιασμός" (hagiasmos), which denotes sanctification or being set apart for God. Holiness is both a positional status and a progressive journey for the believer. Historically, holiness was a central theme in Jewish religious life, and Paul extends this concept to the Christian experience, emphasizing moral and spiritual purity as the natural outcome of a life dedicated to God.

and the outcome is eternal life
"Eternal life" in Greek is "ζωὴ αἰώνιος" (zōē aiōnios), signifying not just unending existence but a quality of life that begins now and continues forever. This life is characterized by a relationship with God, marked by peace, joy, and fulfillment. In the scriptural context, eternal life is the ultimate promise and hope for believers, contrasting with the death that results from sin. It is the culmination of God's redemptive work through Christ, offering assurance and motivation for holy living.

For the wages of sin
The term "wages" (Greek: "ὀψώνια" - opsōnia) refers to the payment or compensation one receives for work done. In the Roman context, this would have been understood as the daily pay given to a soldier or laborer. Theologically, it signifies the inevitable outcome or consequence of sin, which is a life lived in rebellion against God. Sin, in its essence, is missing the mark of God's holiness and righteousness. Historically, the concept of sin and its consequences is deeply rooted in the Jewish understanding of the law and the sacrificial system, which pointed to the need for atonement.

is death
Death (Greek: "θάνατος" - thanatos) here is not merely physical death but encompasses spiritual death, which is eternal separation from God. In the biblical narrative, death entered the world through Adam's sin (Genesis 3), and it is the ultimate penalty for sin. This death is contrasted with the life that God offers, highlighting the severity and seriousness of sin's consequences. Theologically, it underscores the need for redemption and the hope of resurrection through Christ.

but the gift of God
The word "gift" (Greek: "χάρισμα" - charisma) emphasizes the unearned and gracious nature of what God offers. Unlike wages, which are earned, a gift is freely given. This reflects the core of the Gospel message: salvation cannot be earned by human effort but is a result of God's grace. The historical context of Roman patronage systems, where gifts were given by benefactors to clients, helps illuminate the nature of God's grace as a divine benefactor offering life to humanity.

is eternal life
"Eternal life" (Greek: "ζωὴ αἰώνιος" - zōē aiōnios) refers to the quality and duration of life that is found in a relationship with God through Jesus Christ. It is not just life without end but a transformed life that begins now and continues forever. Scripturally, eternal life is a central theme in the New Testament, promised by Jesus to those who believe in Him (John 3:16). It signifies a restored relationship with God, free from the power and penalty of sin.

in Christ Jesus our Lord
This phrase underscores the centrality of Jesus Christ in the Christian faith. "In Christ" (Greek: "ἐν Χριστῷ" - en Christō) denotes a union with Christ, where believers are spiritually joined to Him. Jesus is the mediator of the new covenant, and through His death and resurrection, He provides the means for eternal life. The title "our Lord" (Greek: "Κύριος" - Kyrios) affirms His authority and divinity, acknowledging Him as the sovereign ruler over all. Historically, the confession of Jesus as Lord was a radical declaration in the Roman Empire, where Caesar was considered lord. This phrase encapsulates the Christian hope and assurance that life, both now and forever, is found in Jesus Christ alone.