When you sit down
The phrase "when you sit down" suggests a deliberate action, a moment of pause and reflection. In the Hebrew context, sitting down to a meal was not merely about eating but about fellowship and relationship-building. The act of sitting indicates readiness and willingness to engage. It is a moment of potential influence and learning, especially in the presence of someone of higher status, such as a ruler. This phrase invites the reader to be mindful and intentional about the company they keep and the situations they enter.

to dine
Dining in ancient times was a significant social event, often involving more than just the consumption of food. It was a time for discussion, negotiation, and the strengthening of social bonds. The Hebrew culture placed great importance on hospitality and the sharing of meals. To dine with someone, especially a ruler, was an honor and a privilege, indicating a level of trust and respect. This phrase underscores the importance of being aware of the social dynamics and the potential implications of the meal.

with a ruler
A "ruler" in this context refers to someone in a position of authority and power. In the ancient Near East, rulers were often seen as representatives of divine authority, and their favor was highly sought after. The presence of a ruler at a meal would elevate the occasion, making it a matter of political and social significance. This phrase serves as a reminder of the influence and potential consequences of interactions with those in power. It calls for wisdom and discernment in such situations.

consider carefully
The instruction to "consider carefully" is a call to mindfulness and prudence. The Hebrew root of this phrase implies weighing options, understanding the implications, and being aware of the subtleties of the situation. It is a warning against impulsiveness and a reminder to be thoughtful and strategic. In the presence of a ruler, where words and actions can have significant consequences, careful consideration is essential.

what is set before you
"What is set before you" refers to more than just the physical food on the table. It encompasses the entire situation, including the intentions of the host, the potential traps or tests, and the broader context of the meal. In the ancient world, sharing a meal could be a gesture of peace or a prelude to betrayal. This phrase encourages the reader to be discerning and to look beyond the surface, understanding the deeper meanings and possible outcomes of the encounter.

and put a knife to your throat
This phrase is a vivid metaphorical expression that underscores the severity of self-restraint. In the Hebrew context, the word for "knife" (מַאֲכֶלֶת, ma'akhelet) is often associated with sacrifice, as seen in the account of Abraham and Isaac. The imagery of placing a knife to one's throat suggests a drastic measure to curb one's desires. Historically, this reflects the wisdom literature's emphasis on discipline and self-control. The throat, being the passage for sustenance, symbolizes the seat of appetite and desire. The phrase calls for a radical approach to self-discipline, urging believers to exercise control over their physical and spiritual appetites, aligning with the broader biblical theme of dying to self and living a life of moderation and holiness.

if you possess a great appetite
The Hebrew word for "appetite" (נֶפֶשׁ, nephesh) is often translated as "soul" or "life," indicating a deep, intrinsic desire or craving. In the ancient Near Eastern context, the concept of appetite extends beyond mere physical hunger to encompass all forms of desire and longing. This phrase warns against the dangers of excess and indulgence, which can lead to spiritual and moral decay. The "great appetite" serves as a metaphor for unchecked desires that can dominate one's life, drawing a parallel to the biblical admonition against gluttony and greed. From a conservative Christian perspective, this calls for a life of temperance, where one's desires are submitted to the will of God, reflecting the fruit of the Spirit, particularly self-control. The verse serves as a reminder to prioritize spiritual nourishment over physical or material cravings, echoing Jesus' teaching that man does not live by bread alone but by every word that comes from the mouth of God.

Do not crave
The Hebrew word for "crave" is "תִּתְאָו" (tith'av), which implies a deep longing or desire. In the context of Proverbs, this craving is not merely a physical hunger but a metaphor for the desires of the heart that can lead one astray. The wisdom literature often warns against unchecked desires, which can lead to moral and spiritual downfall. The admonition here is to exercise self-control and discernment, recognizing that not all that is desirable is beneficial.

his delicacies
The term "delicacies" refers to luxurious or sumptuous foods, often associated with wealth and opulence. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, sharing a meal was a sign of fellowship and trust. However, the delicacies of a ruler or a wealthy person could symbolize the enticements of power and materialism. The warning is against being seduced by the allure of wealth and status, which can distract from spiritual priorities and lead to compromise.

for that food
The phrase "that food" serves as a metaphor for the enticements and temptations that come with worldly pleasures. In the biblical context, food often symbolizes sustenance and provision from God. However, when it is associated with deception, it becomes a cautionary symbol of the temporary and potentially harmful nature of earthly indulgences. The wise are called to seek sustenance that nourishes the soul, rather than temporary satisfaction.

is deceptive
The Hebrew word "כָּזָב" (kazav) means false or deceitful. This highlights the underlying danger of the delicacies mentioned earlier. What appears to be a blessing or a source of pleasure can, in reality, be misleading and harmful. The deception lies in the false promise of fulfillment and happiness through material means. The verse serves as a reminder to seek truth and wisdom, which lead to genuine satisfaction and peace, rather than being misled by the fleeting and often deceptive allure of worldly pleasures.

Do not wear yourself out
The Hebrew root for "wear yourself out" is "יָגַע" (yaga), which conveys the idea of laboring to the point of exhaustion. In the ancient Near Eastern context, physical labor was a daily reality for survival, yet this proverb warns against the relentless pursuit of wealth. The wisdom literature of the Bible often contrasts the fleeting nature of material wealth with the enduring value of spiritual and moral integrity. This phrase encourages believers to prioritize their energy and efforts towards pursuits that align with God's eternal purposes rather than temporary gains.

to get rich
The pursuit of riches, or "עָשַׁר" (ashar) in Hebrew, is a common theme in Proverbs, often depicted as a potential snare. Historically, wealth was seen as a sign of God's blessing, yet the scriptures caution against making it an idol. The conservative Christian perspective emphasizes that true riches are found in a relationship with God and in living according to His will. This phrase serves as a reminder that the love of money can lead to spiritual poverty, as echoed in the New Testament (1 Timothy 6:10).

be wise enough
The call to "be wise" is central to the book of Proverbs, which is part of the wisdom literature. The Hebrew word "חָכָם" (chakam) implies not just knowledge, but the skillful application of knowledge in daily life. Wisdom, from a biblical standpoint, begins with the fear of the Lord (Proverbs 9:10) and involves discerning the right path amidst life's complexities. This phrase encourages believers to seek divine wisdom, which guides them in making choices that honor God and reflect His character.

to restrain yourself
The concept of restraint, or "בִּין" (bin) in Hebrew, involves understanding and discernment. In the biblical context, self-control is a fruit of the Spirit (Galatians 5:22-23) and is essential for living a life that pleases God. This phrase highlights the importance of exercising self-discipline in the face of temptations, such as the pursuit of wealth. It calls believers to trust in God's provision and to find contentment in Him, rather than in the accumulation of material possessions.

When you glance at wealth
The Hebrew word for "glance" here is "תָּשִׁית" (tasheet), which implies a fleeting or superficial look. This suggests that wealth is not something to be deeply focused on or trusted. In the historical context of ancient Israel, wealth was often seen as a blessing from God, yet the wisdom literature, including Proverbs, frequently warns against placing one's trust in material riches. The conservative Christian perspective emphasizes that our focus should be on eternal treasures rather than temporal wealth, aligning with Jesus' teaching in Matthew 6:19-21 about storing treasures in heaven.

it disappears
The Hebrew root "עָשָׂה" (asah) conveys the idea of vanishing or ceasing to exist. This reflects the transient nature of material wealth. Archaeological findings from ancient Near Eastern cultures show that wealth could be easily lost due to war, theft, or economic collapse. The Bible consistently teaches that earthly riches are temporary and unreliable, urging believers to seek stability in their relationship with God.

for it makes wings for itself
The imagery of wealth growing wings is vivid and metaphorical, suggesting that wealth is inherently unstable and prone to sudden loss. The Hebrew word "עָשָׂה" (asah) is used again here, emphasizing the active nature of wealth's departure. In a conservative Christian view, this serves as a reminder that wealth is not a secure foundation for life. Instead, believers are encouraged to trust in God's provision and sovereignty.

and flies like an eagle to the sky
The eagle is a powerful symbol in the Bible, often representing swiftness and strength. The Hebrew word "נֶשֶׁר" (nesher) for "eagle" underscores the speed and inevitability with which wealth can vanish. Historically, eagles were seen as majestic and untouchable, soaring high above the earth. This imagery reinforces the idea that wealth can quickly and effortlessly escape our grasp. From a conservative Christian perspective, this serves as a caution against idolizing wealth and a call to prioritize spiritual riches, which are eternal and secure in Christ.

Do not eat
The phrase "do not eat" is a direct command, urging the reader to exercise discernment and self-control. In the Hebrew context, eating is often symbolic of fellowship and acceptance. To "eat" with someone implies a level of intimacy and agreement. This command suggests a need for caution in forming close associations, especially with those whose character is questionable.

the bread
Bread, in biblical times, was a staple of daily life and a symbol of sustenance and provision. It represents the basic necessities provided by God. In this context, "the bread" of a stingy man is not just physical food but also what he offers in terms of relationship and influence. Accepting this bread could imply accepting his values and worldview.

of a stingy man
The Hebrew word for "stingy" can also be translated as "evil eye," which in ancient Near Eastern culture, referred to someone who is greedy or envious. A stingy man is one who hoards resources and is unwilling to share generously. This phrase warns against associating with individuals whose hearts are not aligned with God's principles of generosity and love.

and do not crave
To "crave" is to have an intense desire or longing. This phrase warns against allowing one's desires to be captivated by what is ultimately unworthy or harmful. It speaks to the importance of guarding one's heart and desires, aligning them with God's will rather than the fleeting pleasures offered by the world.

his delicacies
Delicacies refer to luxurious or sumptuous foods, often associated with wealth and indulgence. In a broader sense, they symbolize the allure of materialism and the temptation to seek satisfaction in earthly pleasures. The warning here is to not be enticed by the temporary and deceptive allure of wealth and luxury, which can lead one away from a life of righteousness and contentment in God.

For as he thinks
The Hebrew word for "thinks" here is "שָׁעַר" (sha'ar), which can also mean to calculate or estimate. This suggests a deep, reflective process, not just fleeting thoughts. In the ancient Near Eastern context, thought was considered a powerful force that shaped one's reality. The idea is that our inner contemplations and meditations have a profound impact on who we become. This aligns with the biblical principle that transformation begins in the mind, as seen in Romans 12:2, where believers are urged to be transformed by the renewing of their minds.

in his heart
The Hebrew term "לֵב" (lev) is used for "heart," which in biblical times was considered the center of not only emotions but also intellect and will. The heart was seen as the core of one's being, the seat of decision-making and moral character. This phrase emphasizes that our true identity and actions stem from our innermost thoughts and desires. The heart, in biblical anthropology, is the wellspring of life (Proverbs 4:23), and thus, what resides in the heart ultimately defines a person.

so is he
This phrase underscores the principle that our identity and actions are a direct reflection of our inner thoughts and beliefs. The Hebrew construction here implies a definitive state of being; it is not merely a potential outcome but a present reality. This reflects the biblical teaching that our inner life shapes our external reality. Jesus echoes this truth in Matthew 12:34, where He states that out of the abundance of the heart, the mouth speaks. The verse serves as a powerful reminder of the importance of guarding and cultivating our thoughts, as they are the blueprint for our lives.

You will vomit up
The phrase "you will vomit up" is a vivid metaphor that conveys the idea of rejection and regret. In the Hebrew context, the act of vomiting is associated with expulsion and the body's natural response to something harmful or disagreeable. This imagery suggests that what was consumed, whether physically or metaphorically, was not beneficial or was taken under false pretenses. In a broader spiritual sense, it warns against partaking in deceitful or insincere offerings, as they ultimately lead to dissatisfaction and spiritual emptiness.

what little you have eaten
The phrase "what little you have eaten" emphasizes scarcity and the futility of the effort. In the ancient Near Eastern culture, sharing a meal was a sign of fellowship and trust. However, this proverb warns that even the small amount consumed in such a setting, if done under false pretenses or with ulterior motives, will not bring satisfaction or nourishment. It serves as a caution against engaging in relationships or situations that are not grounded in truth and integrity, as they will not yield lasting benefits.

and waste your pleasant words
The phrase "and waste your pleasant words" highlights the futility of insincere flattery or deceitful speech. In the Hebrew tradition, words hold significant power and are seen as a reflection of one's heart and intentions. The use of "pleasant words" suggests attempts to charm or manipulate, which ultimately prove to be ineffective and wasted. This serves as a reminder of the importance of sincerity and truthfulness in communication, as only words spoken with genuine intent can build trust and foster meaningful relationships. The proverb underscores the biblical principle that integrity and honesty are foundational to a life that honors God and others.

Do not speak
The phrase "Do not speak" is a direct command, emphasizing the importance of discernment in communication. In the Hebrew text, the verb used here is "דַּבֵּר" (daber), which means to speak or declare. This command suggests a deliberate choice to refrain from engaging in conversation with certain individuals. The wisdom literature of the Bible often advises restraint in speech, highlighting the power and potential consequences of words. In a broader biblical context, this aligns with teachings found in James 1:19, which encourages believers to be "quick to listen, slow to speak."

to a fool
The term "fool" in Hebrew is "כְּסִיל" (kesil), which refers to someone who is morally deficient, lacking in judgment, or resistant to wisdom. In the book of Proverbs, a fool is often characterized by a rejection of God’s instruction and an inclination towards folly. This is not merely an intellectual deficiency but a spiritual and moral one. The fool's heart is closed to understanding, making meaningful dialogue unproductive. Historically, the concept of a fool in ancient Israel was not just about lack of intelligence but a willful ignorance of divine truth.

for he will despise
The word "despise" comes from the Hebrew "בָּזָה" (baza), meaning to hold in contempt or to scorn. This indicates a deep-seated disdain and rejection. The fool's response to wisdom is not neutral; it is actively negative. This reflects a heart posture that is resistant to correction and truth. In the biblical narrative, despising wisdom is equated with despising God Himself, as wisdom is seen as a divine attribute.

the wisdom
"Wisdom" in Hebrew is "חָכְמָה" (chokmah), a central theme in Proverbs. It encompasses not only knowledge but also the skillful application of knowledge in daily life. Wisdom is portrayed as a precious and divine gift, essential for righteous living. In the context of Proverbs, wisdom is often personified and is seen as calling out to those who will listen. The fool's rejection of wisdom is thus a rejection of a life aligned with God’s will.

of your words
The phrase "of your words" underscores the personal nature of the communication being rejected. The Hebrew word for "words" is "דְּבָרֶיךָ" (debarekha), which can also mean matters or things. This suggests that the wisdom being offered is not abstract but practical and relevant to the listener's life. The rejection of these words by the fool is a missed opportunity for growth and transformation. In the broader scriptural context, words are powerful and can bring life or death, as seen in Proverbs 18:21.

Do not move
The phrase "Do not move" is a direct command, emphasizing the importance of respecting established boundaries. In the Hebrew context, the verb used here is "nasag," which means to remove or to shift. This command reflects a broader principle of integrity and respect for others' property and rights. In ancient Israel, boundary stones were sacred markers that defined property lines. Moving them was not only an act of theft but also a violation of communal trust and divine law. This command serves as a reminder of the importance of honesty and respect in our dealings with others.

an ancient boundary stone
The "ancient boundary stone" refers to the physical markers used to delineate property lines in ancient times. These stones were often set by ancestors and held significant legal and cultural weight. The Hebrew word for "ancient" is "olam," which conveys a sense of perpetuity or timelessness. This highlights the enduring nature of these boundaries, which were meant to be respected across generations. The boundary stone symbolizes the stability and order that God desires in human relationships and society. It serves as a metaphor for respecting the limits and rights established by God and tradition.

or encroach on
The phrase "or encroach on" suggests an act of intrusion or violation. The Hebrew word "bo" implies entering or coming into an area unlawfully. This warning against encroachment underscores the importance of respecting others' space and possessions. In a broader sense, it speaks to the ethical principle of not taking advantage of others, especially those who are vulnerable. It calls for a life of righteousness and justice, where one honors the rights and dignity of others.

the fields of the fatherless
The "fields of the fatherless" refers to the property belonging to orphans, who were among the most vulnerable members of ancient society. The Hebrew term "yatom" for "fatherless" highlights their lack of protection and provision, as they had no father to defend their rights. In biblical times, the fatherless were often subject to exploitation and injustice. This phrase serves as a call to protect and uphold the rights of the marginalized and defenseless. It reflects God's heart for justice and His command to care for the needy, as seen throughout Scripture. The verse as a whole is a powerful reminder of the call to live justly, respecting both divine and human laws, and to care for those who cannot defend themselves.

for their Redeemer is strong
The word "Redeemer" in Hebrew is "go'el," which refers to a kinsman-redeemer. This concept is deeply rooted in the cultural and legal practices of ancient Israel, where a close relative had the responsibility to redeem or avenge a family member in distress. This could involve buying back property, marrying a widow to preserve the family line, or avenging blood. In the context of Proverbs, the "Redeemer" is a divine figure, representing God Himself. The strength of the Redeemer underscores His omnipotence and unwavering commitment to justice. This phrase assures believers that God is not only willing but also fully capable of defending and delivering those who are oppressed or wronged. It is a powerful reminder of God's protective nature and His role as a defender of the vulnerable.

He will take up their case against you
The phrase "take up their case" is a legal term, suggesting a courtroom scenario where God acts as an advocate or judge. The Hebrew word "riyb" can mean to contend, plead, or strive, often used in legal contexts. This imagery conveys the idea of God actively intervening on behalf of those who are wronged. In ancient times, the legal system was often skewed in favor of the powerful, but this verse reassures the faithful that God Himself will ensure justice is served. The phrase "against you" serves as a warning to those who would exploit or harm others, emphasizing that they will ultimately face divine justice. This part of the verse is a call to righteousness and integrity, reminding believers that God sees all actions and will hold everyone accountable. It inspires confidence in God's justice and encourages believers to trust in His timing and sovereignty.

Apply your heart
The phrase "Apply your heart" calls for an intentional and deliberate focus of one's inner being, emotions, and will. In Hebrew, the word for heart is "lev," which encompasses not just emotions but also the mind and will. This suggests a holistic engagement, urging believers to commit their entire being to the pursuit of wisdom. Historically, the heart was seen as the center of thought and decision-making, not just emotion. This directive is a call to prioritize spiritual and moral understanding above all else, aligning one's desires and decisions with God's will.

to instruction
The term "instruction" in Hebrew is "musar," which can also be translated as discipline or correction. This implies that learning and growth often come through correction and the willingness to be taught. In the ancient Near Eastern context, instruction was not merely academic but practical, involving the shaping of character and behavior. The verse encourages believers to embrace discipline as a means of gaining wisdom, recognizing that true understanding often requires humility and a readiness to be corrected.

and your ears
"Ears" in this context symbolize attentiveness and readiness to listen. In the Hebrew culture, listening was an active process, involving not just hearing words but understanding and responding to them. The call to incline one's ears suggests a posture of openness and receptivity, essential for gaining wisdom. It emphasizes the importance of being attentive to God's word and the teachings of wise counselors, highlighting that wisdom is often received through careful listening.

to words of knowledge
"Words of knowledge" refers to insights and truths that are grounded in divine revelation and practical understanding. In the biblical context, knowledge is not merely intellectual but deeply connected to living in accordance with God's will. The Hebrew word for knowledge, "da'at," implies a deep, intimate understanding that comes from experience and relationship with God. This phrase encourages believers to seek out and value words that convey God's truth, recognizing that true knowledge leads to a life of righteousness and purpose.

Do not withhold discipline from a child
The Hebrew word for "discipline" here is "מוּסָר" (musar), which encompasses correction, instruction, and moral training. In the ancient Near Eastern context, discipline was seen as an essential part of upbringing, ensuring that children grew into responsible and righteous adults. The phrase emphasizes the importance of active parental involvement in guiding a child's moral and ethical development. From a conservative Christian perspective, this aligns with the belief that parents are stewards of their children's spiritual and moral education, tasked with instilling values that reflect biblical teachings.

although you strike him with a rod
The "rod" in Hebrew is "שֵׁבֶט" (shebet), which can refer to a physical rod or staff, often used symbolically in the Bible to represent authority and guidance. Historically, the rod was a tool for shepherds, used to guide and protect their flock, not to harm them. In this context, the rod symbolizes corrective discipline intended to guide a child back to the right path. Conservative Christian interpretation often views this as a metaphor for firm but loving correction, emphasizing the importance of setting boundaries and consequences to teach children right from wrong.

he will not die
This phrase reassures that proper discipline, when administered with love and care, will not harm the child but rather contribute to their well-being and character development. The Hebrew understanding of "die" here is not merely physical death but can also imply spiritual or moral ruin. The verse underscores the belief that discipline is a life-giving process, essential for nurturing a child's growth into a morally upright individual. From a conservative Christian viewpoint, this reflects the biblical principle that loving correction is a form of protection, safeguarding the child's future and spiritual health.

Punish him with a rod
The phrase "punish him with a rod" refers to the practice of discipline, which is a recurring theme in the book of Proverbs. The Hebrew word for "rod" is "שֵׁבֶט" (shebet), which can mean a staff or scepter, symbolizing authority and correction. In ancient Israelite culture, the rod was a tool used by shepherds to guide and protect their sheep, as well as a symbol of parental authority. The use of the rod in this context is metaphorical, emphasizing the importance of corrective discipline in guiding a child towards wisdom and righteousness. From a conservative Christian perspective, this discipline is not about physical punishment but about guiding children in the ways of the Lord, teaching them right from wrong, and instilling moral values.

and you will deliver his soul
The phrase "and you will deliver his soul" highlights the ultimate goal of discipline, which is the salvation and well-being of the child's soul. The Hebrew word for "soul" is "נֶפֶשׁ" (nephesh), which refers to the life, self, or essence of a person. In the biblical context, the soul is the eternal part of a human being, and its salvation is of utmost importance. This phrase underscores the belief that proper discipline can lead a child away from destructive paths and towards a life that honors God. It reflects the conservative Christian view that parental guidance is crucial in leading children to a saving knowledge of Jesus Christ and eternal life.

from Sheol
The term "Sheol" in Hebrew, "שְׁאוֹל" (sheol), refers to the realm of the dead or the grave. In the Old Testament, Sheol is often depicted as a place of darkness and separation from God. Delivering a soul from Sheol implies rescuing it from spiritual death and eternal separation from God. This phrase emphasizes the gravity of the consequences of a life lived without discipline and moral guidance. From a conservative Christian perspective, it serves as a reminder of the eternal stakes involved in raising children and the responsibility of parents to guide their children towards a relationship with God, ultimately leading them away from spiritual peril and towards eternal life in Christ.

My son
This phrase is a common address in the book of Proverbs, reflecting the intimate and personal nature of the wisdom being imparted. The Hebrew word for "son" is "בֵּן" (ben), which not only refers to a biological child but also to a student or disciple. In the ancient Near Eastern context, wisdom literature often took the form of a father instructing his son, emphasizing the importance of passing down moral and spiritual teachings to the next generation. This phrase sets the tone for a relationship built on love, guidance, and the desire for the son's well-being.

if your heart is wise
The heart, or "לֵב" (lev) in Hebrew, is considered the center of one's inner life, encompassing mind, will, and emotions. Wisdom, or "חָכְמָה" (chokmah), is more than just knowledge; it is the practical application of understanding and discernment in daily life. In the biblical context, a wise heart is one that aligns with God's will and seeks to live according to His commandments. This phrase underscores the conditional nature of the father's joy, which is contingent upon the son's pursuit of wisdom. It highlights the biblical principle that true wisdom begins with the fear of the Lord (Proverbs 9:10).

my heart will indeed rejoice
The father's heart, or "לֵב" (lev), mirrors the son's, indicating a deep emotional connection and shared joy. The Hebrew word for "rejoice" is "שָׂמַח" (samach), which conveys a sense of gladness and delight. This phrase reflects the profound satisfaction and fulfillment that comes from seeing a loved one walk in wisdom. In the conservative Christian perspective, this joy is not merely personal but is also reflective of God's own delight when His children choose the path of righteousness. The repetition of the heart motif emphasizes the relational and emotional dimensions of wisdom, suggesting that the pursuit of wisdom is not only an intellectual endeavor but also a deeply relational one that brings joy to both earthly and heavenly fathers.

My inmost being
The phrase "my inmost being" refers to the deepest part of a person, often associated with the heart or soul. In Hebrew, the word used here is "כִּלְיוֹתַי" (kil'yotai), which can be translated as "kidneys" in a literal sense, but metaphorically it represents the seat of emotions and moral character. In ancient Hebrew thought, the kidneys were considered the center of one's emotional and moral life, much like the heart is viewed in modern Western culture. This phrase emphasizes the profound joy and satisfaction that comes from witnessing righteousness and truth, suggesting that such joy is not superficial but deeply rooted in one's core being.

will rejoice
The verb "will rejoice" is derived from the Hebrew root "שָׂמַח" (samach), which means to be glad or joyful. This word conveys a sense of exuberant happiness and delight. In the context of this verse, it indicates a response that is not merely passive but active and vibrant. The use of this word suggests that the speaker's joy is a natural and inevitable reaction to the presence of truth and righteousness, highlighting the intrinsic value and beauty of these virtues.

when your lips speak
The phrase "when your lips speak" underscores the importance of verbal expression in conveying truth and righteousness. In the Hebrew culture, speech was considered a powerful tool that could build up or tear down, bless or curse. The lips, as instruments of speech, are often seen as a reflection of the heart's condition. This phrase implies that the act of speaking is not just a mechanical process but a moral one, where the words chosen reveal the speaker's inner character and values.

what is right
The phrase "what is right" is translated from the Hebrew word "מֵישָׁרִים" (meysharim), which means uprightness, equity, or straightness. It denotes a standard of moral integrity and ethical conduct. In the biblical context, "what is right" aligns with God's laws and principles, serving as a benchmark for righteous living. This phrase emphasizes the importance of aligning one's speech with divine truth and justice, suggesting that such alignment brings joy not only to the speaker but also to those who witness it. The verse as a whole encourages believers to cultivate speech that reflects God's righteousness, promising that such speech will bring deep, abiding joy to the soul.

Do not let your heart envy sinners
The phrase begins with a direct admonition against envy, a powerful emotion that can lead one astray. The Hebrew word for "envy" is "קָנָא" (qanah), which implies a deep, consuming jealousy. In the ancient context, envy was seen as a destructive force that could lead to moral and spiritual decay. The "heart" in Hebrew thought is the center of one's being, encompassing mind, will, and emotions. The warning here is against allowing one's innermost self to be consumed by the success or apparent prosperity of "sinners"—those who live in opposition to God's commandments. Historically, Israel was surrounded by nations whose practices were often contrary to God's laws, and the temptation to envy their prosperity was real. This verse calls believers to guard their hearts against such feelings, recognizing that the prosperity of the wicked is fleeting and ultimately unfulfilling.

but always continue
The word "always" suggests a perpetual, unwavering commitment. The Hebrew root "תָּמִיד" (tamid) conveys the idea of continuity and constancy. This is not a temporary state but a lifelong pursuit. The call to "continue" implies perseverance and steadfastness, qualities that are essential in the life of faith. In the historical context of Israel, where external pressures and temptations were constant, this exhortation would have been a reminder to remain faithful to God's covenant despite the allure of surrounding cultures.

in the fear of the LORD
The "fear of the LORD" is a central theme in the wisdom literature of the Bible. The Hebrew word "יִרְאָה" (yirah) can mean fear, awe, or reverence. It is not a fear that paralyzes but one that inspires a deep respect and acknowledgment of God's holiness and authority. This fear is foundational to wisdom and understanding, as stated in Proverbs 9:10, "The fear of the LORD is the beginning of wisdom." In the ancient Near Eastern context, where many gods were worshiped, the call to fear the LORD alone was a radical declaration of allegiance to the one true God. This reverence is not merely an emotional response but a guiding principle that shapes one's actions and decisions. It is a call to live in a way that honors God, recognizing His sovereignty and aligning one's life with His will.

For surely
This phrase emphasizes certainty and assurance. In the Hebrew text, the word "surely" is often translated from the word "ki" (כִּי), which can mean "for" or "because." It serves as a strong affirmation, indicating that what follows is a guaranteed truth. In the context of Proverbs, this assurance is rooted in the wisdom and promises of God, which are unwavering and reliable. The use of "surely" here is meant to instill confidence in the reader, reminding them that God's promises are steadfast.

there is a future
The Hebrew word for "future" is "acharit" (אַחֲרִית), which can also mean "end" or "latter time." This word suggests not just a temporal future but an ultimate outcome or destiny. In the wisdom literature of the Bible, the concept of a future is often tied to the idea of divine justice and the fulfillment of God's plans. The assurance of a future implies that life is not random or meaningless; rather, it is directed by God's sovereign will. For the believer, this future is filled with hope and purpose, grounded in the promises of God.

and your hope
The word "hope" in Hebrew is "tiqvah" (תִּקְוָה), which conveys a sense of expectation and trust. In the biblical context, hope is not a mere wishful thinking but a confident expectation based on God's faithfulness. This hope is deeply rooted in the character of God, who is trustworthy and true to His word. For the believer, hope is an anchor for the soul, providing stability and assurance even in uncertain times. It is a forward-looking trust that God will fulfill His promises.

will not be cut off
The phrase "will not be cut off" is derived from the Hebrew "lo yikaret" (לֹא יִכָּרֵת), which means "will not be destroyed" or "will not be severed." This expression conveys the idea of permanence and continuity. In the biblical narrative, being "cut off" often refers to being separated from God's blessings or covenant promises. Here, the assurance is that the hope of the righteous will endure and remain intact. It is a promise of divine preservation and faithfulness, affirming that those who trust in the Lord will not be disappointed or abandoned. This assurance encourages believers to remain steadfast in their faith, knowing that their hope in God is secure and everlasting.

Listen
The Hebrew word for "listen" is "שְׁמַע" (shema), which implies not just hearing but also obeying and understanding. In the ancient Near Eastern context, listening was an active process that involved a commitment to act upon what was heard. This call to listen is a foundational principle in the wisdom literature of the Bible, emphasizing the importance of being receptive to instruction and guidance. It is a reminder that wisdom begins with a posture of humility and openness to learning.

my son
The phrase "my son" is a common address in the book of Proverbs, reflecting the intimate and personal nature of the instruction. It suggests a relationship of care and responsibility, akin to that of a father to his child. This familial language underscores the importance of the teachings as coming from a place of love and concern for the well-being of the listener. Historically, this reflects the tradition of passing down wisdom from one generation to the next, ensuring the continuity of godly living.

and be wise
The Hebrew word for "wise" is "חָכָם" (chakam), which encompasses not only knowledge but also the skillful application of that knowledge in daily life. Wisdom in the biblical sense is practical and moral, guiding one to live in accordance with God's will. The exhortation to "be wise" is a call to actively pursue and cultivate wisdom, recognizing it as a valuable and essential quality for a righteous life.

and guide your heart
The phrase "guide your heart" involves the Hebrew concept of the heart, "לֵב" (lev), which in biblical terms refers to the center of one's inner life, including mind, will, and emotions. To guide one's heart is to exercise control and direction over one's inner thoughts and desires. This reflects the biblical understanding that true wisdom involves not only external actions but also the internal orientation of one's life towards God.

on the right course
The "right course" implies a path of righteousness and integrity, aligned with God's commandments and principles. The Hebrew word for "right" is "יָשָׁר" (yashar), meaning straight or upright. This imagery of a path or course is common in wisdom literature, symbolizing the journey of life and the choices one makes along the way. The exhortation to guide one's heart on the right course is a call to live a life that is pleasing to God, marked by moral and spiritual integrity.

Do not join
The phrase "Do not join" serves as a cautionary directive, urging the reader to exercise discernment in their associations. The Hebrew root for "join" is "תְּהִי" (tehi), which implies becoming or being in the company of. This is a call to be mindful of the influence that companions can have on one's character and behavior. In a historical context, the Israelites were often warned against mingling with pagan cultures that could lead them astray from their covenant with God. This principle remains relevant, emphasizing the importance of surrounding oneself with those who uphold godly values.

those who drink too much wine
The phrase "those who drink too much wine" highlights the dangers of excessive indulgence in alcohol. The Hebrew word for "wine" is "יַיִן" (yayin), which was a common beverage in biblical times, often used in celebrations and religious rituals. However, the Bible frequently warns against overindulgence, which can lead to a loss of self-control and moral compromise. Historically, wine was a symbol of joy and blessing, but also of potential downfall when misused. This serves as a reminder of the need for moderation and the avoidance of behaviors that can lead to spiritual and physical harm.

or gorge themselves on meat
The phrase "or gorge themselves on meat" addresses the issue of gluttony, which is the excessive consumption of food. The Hebrew root for "gorge" is "זָלַל" (zalal), meaning to be lavish or wasteful. In ancient times, meat was a luxury and often associated with feasting and celebration. However, the Bible cautions against overindulgence, which can lead to a lack of discipline and self-control. This warning is not just about physical health, but also about spiritual well-being, as gluttony can become an idol that distracts from one's relationship with God. The emphasis is on living a balanced life that honors God in all aspects, including dietary habits.

for the drunkard
The Hebrew word for "drunkard" is "סֹבֵא" (sobe), which refers to one who habitually drinks to excess. In the ancient Near Eastern context, drunkenness was often associated with a lack of self-control and moral decay. The Bible consistently warns against excessive drinking, as it leads to impaired judgment and a departure from godly living. The drunkard is depicted as someone who prioritizes temporary pleasure over long-term well-being, ultimately leading to ruin.

and the glutton
The term "glutton" comes from the Hebrew "זָלַל" (zalal), meaning to be lavish or wasteful, particularly with food. Gluttony, like drunkenness, is a form of excess that reflects a lack of discipline. In biblical times, food was a precious resource, and overindulgence was seen as a misuse of God's provision. Gluttony is often linked with laziness and a disregard for the needs of others, highlighting a self-centered lifestyle that neglects spiritual and communal responsibilities.

will come to poverty
"Poverty" in Hebrew is "רֵישׁ" (resh), indicating a state of need or destitution. The verse warns that the lifestyle of excess, whether through drinking or eating, leads to financial and spiritual impoverishment. This is not merely a material condition but also a metaphor for spiritual bankruptcy. The Bible teaches that wise stewardship and self-control are essential for a life that honors God and sustains one's household.

and drowsiness
"Drowsiness" is translated from the Hebrew "תַּרְדֵּמָה" (tardemah), which implies a state of lethargy or slothfulness. This term suggests a lack of vigilance and alertness, both physically and spiritually. In the biblical worldview, drowsiness is often a consequence of indulgence and neglect of one's duties. It serves as a warning against complacency and the dangers of not being spiritually awake and active in one's faith.

will clothe them in rags
The imagery of being "clothed in rags" symbolizes disgrace and humiliation. In ancient cultures, clothing was a sign of one's status and dignity. To be dressed in rags was to be visibly marked by failure and poverty. This phrase underscores the inevitable outcome of a life given to excess and laziness. It serves as a vivid reminder that the choices we make have tangible consequences, both in this life and in our spiritual journey. The call is to pursue righteousness and wisdom, which lead to honor and provision.

Listen to your father
The Hebrew word for "listen" is "שְׁמַע" (shema), which implies not just hearing but also obeying and internalizing the wisdom imparted. In the ancient Near Eastern context, the father was often seen as the primary source of instruction and guidance. This phrase emphasizes the importance of heeding parental wisdom, which is a recurring theme in Proverbs. The father, as the giver of life, is a representative of God's authority and provision, reminding us of the divine order in family structures.

who gave you life
This phrase acknowledges the biological and nurturing role of the father. In Hebrew culture, the family was the central unit of society, and the father was seen as a life-giver, not only physically but also spiritually and morally. This underscores the respect and gratitude owed to parents for their role in God's creation and sustenance of life. It is a call to recognize the divine partnership in the act of creation and the ongoing responsibility of parents to guide their children.

and do not despise your mother
The word "despise" comes from the Hebrew "בָּזָה" (baza), meaning to hold in contempt or to scorn. This is a strong admonition against treating one's mother with disrespect or disregard. In the biblical context, the mother was often the primary caregiver and teacher of the home, and her role was vital in the moral and spiritual upbringing of children. This phrase calls for honoring the mother, recognizing her sacrifices and wisdom, and valuing her contributions to one's life.

when she is old
This phrase highlights the importance of respecting and valuing parents throughout their lives, especially in their old age. In ancient Israel, the elderly were revered for their wisdom and experience. The command to honor one's parents is timeless and extends beyond their years of active parenting. It is a reminder of the enduring nature of familial bonds and the responsibility to care for and respect parents as they age, reflecting God's eternal love and faithfulness.

Buy
The Hebrew word used here is "qanah," which means to acquire or purchase. In the context of Proverbs, this term suggests a deliberate and intentional effort to obtain something of great value. The act of buying implies a transaction where something is given up in exchange for something else. Spiritually, this can be seen as a call to prioritize spiritual wealth over material possessions, emphasizing the importance of investing in one's spiritual growth and understanding.

the truth
The Hebrew word for truth is "emet," which conveys a sense of stability, reliability, and faithfulness. In the biblical context, truth is not just factual accuracy but encompasses moral integrity and faithfulness to God's word. The pursuit of truth is a pursuit of God's wisdom and understanding, which is foundational to a righteous life. Historically, truth was seen as a divine attribute, and seeking it was akin to seeking God Himself.

and do not sell it
The phrase "do not sell it" implies retaining and valuing what has been acquired. In the ancient world, selling something often meant relinquishing ownership or control. Spiritually, this is a warning against abandoning or compromising one's commitment to truth for temporary gains or worldly pressures. It underscores the permanence and non-negotiable nature of divine wisdom once it is acquired.

wisdom
The Hebrew word "chokmah" refers to skillful living, practical application of knowledge, and discernment. Wisdom in the biblical sense is not merely intellectual but deeply practical, guiding one's actions and decisions in alignment with God's will. It is a gift from God that enables individuals to navigate life's complexities with righteousness and integrity.

instruction
The Hebrew term "musar" can be translated as discipline or correction. It involves the process of learning through guidance, often involving correction or reproof. Instruction is essential for growth and maturity, and in the biblical context, it is closely associated with the fear of the Lord, which is the beginning of wisdom. It is through instruction that one learns to live a life pleasing to God.

and understanding
The Hebrew word "binah" refers to insight or discernment. Understanding goes beyond knowledge, involving the ability to perceive the deeper meaning or significance of things. It is the capacity to see beyond the surface and grasp the underlying principles at work. In the biblical context, understanding is a divine gift that enables believers to comprehend God's ways and apply His truths to their lives.

The father of a righteous man
The term "father" in this context is not merely biological but also spiritual and moral. In Hebrew, the word for father is "אָב" (av), which signifies a source or origin. A father is seen as a guide and mentor, responsible for the upbringing and moral direction of his children. The "righteous man" refers to one who lives in accordance with God's laws and principles. Righteousness in Hebrew is "צַדִּיק" (tzaddik), which implies justice, morality, and adherence to divine commandments. The father of such a man experiences profound joy because his son embodies the values and teachings he has imparted, reflecting a life aligned with God's will.

will greatly rejoice
The phrase "will greatly rejoice" indicates an overwhelming sense of joy and satisfaction. The Hebrew root for rejoice is "שָׂמַח" (samach), which conveys a deep, exuberant happiness. This joy is not superficial but deeply rooted in the spiritual success and moral integrity of the son. In the cultural and historical context of ancient Israel, a father's honor and legacy were closely tied to the character and reputation of his offspring. Thus, the father's joy is both personal and communal, as his son's righteousness brings honor to the family and community.

and he who fathers a wise son
The act of "fathering" here extends beyond physical procreation to include nurturing, teaching, and guiding. The Hebrew word for "wise" is "חָכָם" (chakam), which encompasses not only intellectual acumen but also practical wisdom and discernment in living a life pleasing to God. Wisdom in the biblical sense is the application of knowledge in a way that honors God and benefits others. A wise son is one who makes prudent decisions, seeks understanding, and lives with integrity. The father who has successfully imparted wisdom to his son finds fulfillment in seeing his son navigate life with godly insight.

will delight in him
The word "delight" suggests a deep, abiding pleasure and satisfaction. In Hebrew, "delight" is "גִּיל" (gil), which implies a sense of exultation and gladness. This delight is not merely emotional but is rooted in the recognition of the son's wise choices and godly character. The father takes pride in his son's accomplishments and moral standing, knowing that his legacy of faith and wisdom will continue through his son. This delight is a testament to the father's successful role in shaping a son who honors God and contributes positively to society.

May your father and mother be glad
This phrase emphasizes the importance of honoring one's parents, a theme deeply rooted in the Judeo-Christian tradition. The Hebrew word for "glad" here is "שָׂמַח" (samach), which conveys a sense of joy and delight. In the context of ancient Israel, family was the cornerstone of society, and the well-being of parents was often seen as a reflection of the righteousness and success of their children. The commandment to honor one's father and mother is one of the Ten Commandments (Exodus 20:12), underscoring its significance. In a conservative Christian perspective, this joy is not merely emotional but is tied to the spiritual and moral upbringing of children who walk in the ways of the Lord, bringing honor to their family.

and may she who gave you birth rejoice!
The phrase "she who gave you birth" highlights the unique and profound bond between a mother and her child. The Hebrew word for "rejoice" is "גִּיל" (gil), which suggests a deep, exultant joy. In the historical context of the Bible, motherhood was highly esteemed, and a mother's joy was often linked to the fulfillment of her hopes and prayers for her children. The imagery here is one of a mother witnessing the fruits of her labor and love, seeing her child grow in wisdom and stature. From a conservative Christian viewpoint, this rejoicing is not only in the child's achievements but in their spiritual growth and commitment to living a life that honors God. This verse serves as a reminder of the blessings that come from living a life that brings joy to one's parents, reflecting the broader biblical principle of living in a way that honors God and family.

My son
This phrase is a tender and intimate address, often used in the wisdom literature of the Bible, particularly in Proverbs. It reflects the relationship between a father and his child, symbolizing not only a biological connection but also a spiritual and instructional bond. In Hebrew, "ben" (בֵּן) is used, which can mean son, grandson, or even a member of a group. This term emphasizes the importance of the familial and covenantal relationship that God desires with His people, akin to a father guiding his child in the ways of wisdom and righteousness.

give me your heart
The heart, or "lev" (לֵב) in Hebrew, is considered the center of one's being in biblical thought. It encompasses not just emotions but also the mind, will, and inner life. To "give your heart" is to offer one's entire self, including thoughts, desires, and decisions, to God. This phrase calls for a complete and sincere devotion, urging believers to prioritize their relationship with God above all else. It is a call to surrender and trust, recognizing that true wisdom and life are found in aligning one's heart with God's will.

and let your eyes delight
The eyes are often seen as the windows to the soul, and in biblical literature, they represent perception, focus, and desire. The Hebrew word "ayin" (עַיִן) is used for eyes, and it signifies not just physical sight but also spiritual insight and understanding. To let one's eyes "delight" suggests finding joy and satisfaction in what one sees and perceives. This phrase encourages believers to focus their attention and desires on what is good, pure, and aligned with God's truth, finding joy in His guidance and commandments.

in my ways
The "ways" refer to the paths or courses of life that are in accordance with God's wisdom and commandments. The Hebrew word "derek" (דֶּרֶךְ) is used, which means way, road, or journey. This term implies a manner of living that is consistent with God's character and purposes. The call to delight in God's ways is an invitation to walk in obedience and righteousness, finding fulfillment and purpose in living according to His divine plan. It is a reminder that God's ways are higher and lead to life, peace, and blessing.

For a prostitute
The Hebrew word for "prostitute" here is "זונה" (zonah), which refers to a woman who engages in sexual relations for payment. In the ancient Near Eastern context, prostitution was often linked to pagan worship and idolatry, where sexual acts were part of religious rituals. This word serves as a warning against engaging in such practices, which are seen as spiritually and morally degrading. The use of "prostitute" in this verse symbolizes the seductive and destructive nature of sin, drawing individuals away from the path of righteousness.

is a deep pit
The imagery of a "deep pit" in Hebrew, "שׁוּחָה עֲמֻקָּה" (shuchah amukkah), conveys a sense of danger and entrapment. In ancient times, pits were often used as traps for animals or as prisons for people. Once someone falls into a deep pit, escape is nearly impossible without help. This metaphor highlights the perilous consequences of engaging with a prostitute, suggesting that such actions lead to spiritual and moral entrapment, from which it is difficult to escape without divine intervention.

and an adulteress
The term "adulteress" in Hebrew is "נָכְרִיָּה" (nokriyah), which can also mean "foreign woman" or "stranger." This word emphasizes the idea of being led astray by someone who is outside the covenant community of Israel. In the biblical context, marrying or engaging with foreign women often led to the worship of foreign gods, thus turning one's heart away from the Lord. The adulteress represents the allure of infidelity and the temptation to break the sacred covenant of marriage, which is a reflection of one's covenant with God.

is a narrow well
The phrase "narrow well" in Hebrew, "בְּאֵר צָרָה" (be'er tzarah), suggests a confined and dangerous space. Wells were essential for life in the arid regions of the ancient Near East, but a narrow well could be treacherous, posing the risk of falling in and being unable to climb out. This metaphor underscores the restrictive and suffocating nature of adultery, which, like a narrow well, offers no room for freedom or life. It serves as a stark warning that the path of infidelity leads to spiritual suffocation and death, rather than the life-giving water that a well should provide.

Like a robber
The phrase "like a robber" evokes imagery of stealth, danger, and malicious intent. In the Hebrew text, the word used here is "כְּפָרִיץ" (keparitz), which can be translated as "a violent one" or "a bandit." This comparison suggests that the subject of the verse, often interpreted as a seductive or immoral woman, operates with the same cunning and harmful intent as a thief. Historically, robbers were a common threat in ancient times, often lying in ambush along trade routes. This metaphor highlights the deceptive and destructive nature of sin, warning believers to be vigilant against spiritual and moral threats that can lead them astray.

she lies in wait
The phrase "she lies in wait" indicates a premeditated and deliberate action. The Hebrew root "אָרַב" (arab) means to ambush or lurk, suggesting a calculated and patient approach to ensnaring her victims. This imagery is reminiscent of a predator stalking its prey, emphasizing the danger and subtlety of temptation. In a spiritual context, it serves as a caution to Christians to be aware of the subtle and often hidden nature of sin, which can appear harmless but ultimately leads to spiritual harm.

and multiplies the faithless
The phrase "and multiplies the faithless" speaks to the consequences of succumbing to such temptations. The Hebrew word "בּוֹגְדִים" (bogedim) refers to traitors or those who are unfaithful. This suggests that the actions of the immoral woman not only lead individuals into sin but also increase the number of those who are unfaithful to God. Historically, faithlessness was a significant concern in Israel, as it often led to idolatry and a turning away from God's commandments. This phrase serves as a warning about the ripple effect of sin, where one act of unfaithfulness can lead to a broader decline in spiritual integrity.

among men
The phrase "among men" indicates the widespread impact of such sin. The Hebrew word "בָּאָדָם" (ba'adam) can be understood as "among humanity" or "in society." This highlights the communal aspect of sin, where individual actions can affect the moral fabric of the entire community. In a conservative Christian perspective, this serves as a reminder of the importance of personal holiness and the responsibility of believers to uphold moral standards, not only for their own sake but for the well-being of the broader community. It underscores the call to be a light in the world, resisting the pervasive influence of sin and striving to lead others toward faithfulness to God.

Who has woe?
The Hebrew word for "woe" is "אוֹי" (oy), which conveys a deep sense of lamentation and distress. In the context of Proverbs, this word sets the stage for a series of rhetorical questions that highlight the consequences of certain behaviors, particularly those associated with excessive drinking. The use of "woe" here is a call to self-examination, urging the reader to consider the source of their troubles and to seek wisdom and righteousness as a remedy.

Who has sorrow?
"Sorrow" in Hebrew is "אֲבוֹן" (avon), often associated with grief and anguish. This term underscores the emotional and spiritual toll that sin and folly can exact on an individual. In the biblical context, sorrow is frequently linked to the consequences of turning away from God's commandments. The verse invites reflection on how one's choices, particularly those involving indulgence, can lead to profound sadness and regret.

Who has strife?
The word "strife" is translated from the Hebrew "מִדְיָן" (midyan), which refers to conflict and contention. This term is significant in the wisdom literature of the Bible, as it often describes the discord that arises from foolish or sinful behavior. The presence of strife is a warning sign of a life out of alignment with God's peace and order. The verse encourages the reader to pursue harmony and understanding, which are fruits of a life guided by wisdom.

Who has complaints?
"Complaints" comes from the Hebrew "שִׂיחַ" (siach), meaning murmuring or dissatisfaction. This word captures the restless discontent that can plague those who are not living in accordance with divine wisdom. Complaints are symptomatic of a deeper spiritual malaise, often stemming from a lack of gratitude and trust in God's provision. The verse challenges the reader to cultivate a spirit of thankfulness and contentment, which are antidotes to a complaining heart.

Who has needless wounds?
The phrase "needless wounds" is derived from the Hebrew "חִנָּם" (chinnam), meaning without cause or gratuitous. This highlights the self-inflicted nature of the injuries that result from reckless behavior, particularly drunkenness. The imagery of needless wounds serves as a powerful metaphor for the avoidable pain and suffering that come from ignoring wisdom's counsel. The verse calls for a life of prudence and self-control, which can prevent such unnecessary harm.

Who has red eyes?
"Red eyes" is translated from the Hebrew "עֵינַיִם אָדוֹם" (einayim adom), which vividly describes the physical effects of excessive drinking. This phrase serves as a tangible reminder of the visible consequences of indulgence and lack of restraint. In the broader scriptural context, red eyes can symbolize a lack of clarity and vision, both physically and spiritually. The verse encourages the pursuit of sobriety and vigilance, which are essential for maintaining spiritual insight and discernment.

Those who linger over wine
The phrase "linger over wine" suggests a habitual or excessive indulgence in alcohol. In the Hebrew context, the word "linger" implies a sense of tarrying or spending an undue amount of time. Historically, wine was a common beverage in ancient Israel, often consumed with meals. However, the Bible frequently warns against overindulgence. The Hebrew word for wine, "yayin," is associated with both blessing and potential danger. In a conservative Christian perspective, this phrase serves as a caution against allowing any substance to take precedence over one's spiritual and moral responsibilities. It is a call to moderation and self-control, virtues that are highly esteemed in the Christian faith.

who go to taste mixed drinks
The term "mixed drinks" refers to beverages that are more potent due to the addition of spices or other ingredients. In ancient times, these drinks were often used in social or religious settings, sometimes leading to excess and moral compromise. The Hebrew word for "mixed" can also imply a blending that dilutes purity, symbolizing how indulgence can lead to a compromised life. From a conservative Christian viewpoint, this phrase warns against the allure of worldly pleasures that can lead one away from a life of holiness and dedication to God. It encourages believers to seek fulfillment in their relationship with God rather than in temporary, earthly pleasures. This aligns with the broader biblical teaching that calls for a life of sobriety and vigilance, always ready to serve and honor God.

Do not gaze
The Hebrew word for "gaze" is "ra'ah," which means to look intently or to consider with desire. This phrase warns against the initial temptation that comes from focusing on something alluring. In a broader spiritual context, it serves as a reminder to guard one's heart and eyes against the allure of sin. The act of gazing can lead to a deeper entanglement with temptation, suggesting that the battle against sin often begins with what we allow ourselves to focus on.

at wine
The Hebrew term "yayin" refers to fermented grape juice, commonly consumed in ancient times. Wine was a staple in the diet of the Israelites, used in celebrations and religious rituals. However, the Bible frequently warns against excessive consumption. This phrase highlights the potential danger of wine, not as an inherently evil substance, but as something that can lead to moral and spiritual downfall if not approached with caution and moderation.

while it is red
The redness of wine is often associated with its appeal and quality. In ancient times, red wine was considered more potent and desirable. This phrase underscores the seductive nature of wine, drawing attention to its visual allure. The color red can symbolize both vitality and danger, serving as a metaphor for the dual nature of wine—capable of bringing joy but also leading to ruin if misused.

when it sparkles in the cup
The sparkling of wine refers to its effervescence and visual appeal. The Hebrew word "natan" can imply giving or presenting, suggesting that wine presents itself attractively. This imagery evokes the initial enticement of sin, which often appears beautiful and harmless. The sparkling wine is a metaphor for the deceptive nature of temptation, which can captivate the senses and cloud judgment.

and goes down smoothly
The phrase "goes down smoothly" speaks to the ease and pleasure of consuming wine. The Hebrew root "halak" means to walk or proceed, indicating the effortless nature of indulgence. This serves as a caution against the seductive ease with which one can fall into excess. The smoothness of wine is a metaphor for the subtlety of sin, which can lead one astray without immediate awareness of its consequences.

In the end
This phrase emphasizes the ultimate outcome or consequence of an action. In the Hebrew text, the word used here is "אַחֲרִית" (acharit), which often refers to the final result or the latter days. Theologically, this serves as a reminder that while certain actions or behaviors may seem harmless or even pleasurable initially, their true nature and consequences are revealed over time. This aligns with the biblical principle of sowing and reaping, where the end result of one's actions is often not immediately apparent but is inevitable.

it bites like a snake
The imagery of a snake bite is vivid and powerful. In Hebrew, the word for snake is "נָחָשׁ" (nachash), which is the same word used for the serpent in the Garden of Eden (Genesis 3). This connection evokes the idea of deception and hidden danger. Snakes often strike unexpectedly, symbolizing the sudden and painful consequences of indulging in sin or folly. The bite of a snake can be deadly, illustrating the severe repercussions that can follow poor choices. This serves as a warning to be vigilant and discerning in one's actions.

and stings like a viper
The viper, or "צִפְעֹנִי" (tsiphoni) in Hebrew, is a venomous snake known for its potent and painful sting. The use of both "bites" and "stings" in this verse underscores the dual nature of the consequences—both immediate and lingering. Historically, vipers were feared in the ancient Near East for their deadly venom, making them an apt metaphor for the destructive power of sin. Theologically, this phrase highlights the insidious nature of sin, which not only harms but can also have a lasting impact on one's life and soul. It serves as a call to wisdom and caution, urging believers to avoid the paths that lead to such perilous outcomes.

Your eyes will see strange things
The phrase "Your eyes will see strange things" suggests a distortion of perception, often associated with the effects of intoxication or moral corruption. In the Hebrew text, the word for "strange" (זָרוֹת, zarot) can imply foreign or alien, indicating experiences or visions that are outside the norm of righteous living. Historically, this aligns with the biblical warnings against drunkenness and the loss of self-control it brings. In a broader spiritual context, it serves as a metaphor for how sin can cloud one's spiritual vision, leading to a life that is out of alignment with God's will. The eyes, often seen as the windows to the soul, are here depicted as being led astray, emphasizing the importance of guarding one's heart and mind against influences that can lead to spiritual blindness.

and your mind will utter perversities
The phrase "and your mind will utter perversities" highlights the impact of sin on one's thoughts and speech. The Hebrew word for "mind" (לֵב, lev) is often translated as "heart," representing the center of one's inner life, including thoughts, emotions, and will. "Utter" (יְדַבֵּר, yedabber) implies speaking or declaring, suggesting that what fills the heart inevitably comes out in speech. "Perversities" (תַּהְפֻּכוֹת, tahpukot) refers to things that are twisted or distorted, morally or ethically. This phrase warns of the degradation of moral integrity when one is under the influence of sin, particularly through substances or behaviors that impair judgment. In a scriptural context, it serves as a reminder of the biblical principle that out of the abundance of the heart, the mouth speaks (Matthew 12:34). It underscores the need for vigilance in maintaining purity of heart and mind, as these are reflected in one's words and actions. This verse, therefore, calls believers to a life of sobriety and righteousness, avoiding anything that could lead to spiritual and moral compromise.

You will be like
This phrase sets the stage for a simile, a common literary device in Hebrew poetry, which is used to draw a vivid comparison. The Hebrew root for "like" is "כְּ" (ke), which is a preposition used to denote similarity or likeness. In the context of Proverbs, similes often serve to illustrate moral or spiritual truths by comparing them to everyday experiences. Here, the comparison is meant to evoke a sense of instability and danger, drawing the reader into a deeper understanding of the consequences of certain behaviors.

one sleeping
The act of sleeping in this context is not one of rest or peace, but rather of vulnerability and unawareness. The Hebrew word for "sleeping" is "יָשֵׁן" (yashen), which can imply a state of unconsciousness or neglect. In the wisdom literature of the Bible, sleep can symbolize a lack of vigilance or spiritual alertness. This imagery warns against the dangers of complacency and the false sense of security that can accompany indulgence or negligence.

on the high seas
The "high seas" evoke a sense of vastness, unpredictability, and peril. The Hebrew term "בְּלֶב־יָם" (belev-yam) literally translates to "in the heart of the sea," suggesting a position far from safety and stability. In ancient times, the sea was often seen as a symbol of chaos and danger, a place where one could easily become lost or overwhelmed. This imagery serves as a powerful metaphor for the tumultuous consequences of living without wisdom or restraint.

or lying
"Lying" here suggests a passive state, one of resignation or helplessness. The Hebrew word "שֹׁכֵב" (shochev) can mean to recline or rest, but in this context, it implies a lack of control or agency. This passivity is contrasted with the active pursuit of wisdom and righteousness that Proverbs advocates. It serves as a caution against the dangers of surrendering to circumstances or temptations without the guidance of divine wisdom.

on the top of a mast
The "top of a mast" is an image of extreme precariousness and exposure. The Hebrew phrase "רֹאשׁ חִבֵּל" (rosh chibbel) refers to the highest point of a ship's mast, a place where one is most vulnerable to the elements and the ship's movements. In the ancient world, climbing to the top of a mast would have been a risky endeavor, symbolizing the folly of placing oneself in unnecessary danger. This imagery underscores the theme of Proverbs 23, which warns against the perils of excess and the importance of living a life grounded in wisdom and prudence.

They struck me, but I feel no pain
This phrase captures the numbing effect of indulgence and sin, particularly in the context of alcohol abuse, which is a central theme in this passage. The Hebrew root for "struck" (נכה, nakah) often implies a physical blow or a severe impact, suggesting that the consequences of one's actions can be harsh and damaging. Yet, the speaker's admission of feeling "no pain" highlights a dangerous desensitization. This insensitivity can be both physical and spiritual, reflecting a state where one's conscience is dulled, and the awareness of sin's repercussions is lost. Historically, this can be seen as a warning against the moral and spiritual stupor that can accompany excessive indulgence.

they beat me, but I did not know it
The repetition of violence with "they beat me" (הִכּוּנִי, hikkuni) emphasizes the severity of the consequences faced. The phrase "but I did not know it" suggests a profound ignorance or denial of reality. In a spiritual sense, this can be interpreted as a warning against the self-deception that sin can bring. The Hebrew understanding of knowledge (יָדַע, yada) is deeply relational and experiential, indicating that the speaker is disconnected from the truth of their situation. This reflects a broader biblical theme where sin blinds individuals to their true state, leading them away from wisdom and righteousness.

When will I wake up
This phrase is a poignant cry for awareness and change. The Hebrew concept of waking (עוּר, ur) often symbolizes a return to consciousness or enlightenment. In the biblical context, waking up is frequently associated with repentance and a turning back to God. This rhetorical question implies a longing for deliverance from the stupor of sin and a desire to return to a state of spiritual alertness. It serves as a call to action, urging individuals to seek God's wisdom and guidance to break free from the chains of indulgence and ignorance.

so I can find another drink?
The concluding phrase reveals the tragic cycle of addiction and the futility of seeking fulfillment in earthly pleasures. The Hebrew word for "find" (בָּקַשׁ, baqash) implies an active search or pursuit, indicating that the speaker is trapped in a relentless quest for satisfaction that ultimately leads nowhere. This reflects the biblical teaching that true fulfillment and peace can only be found in a relationship with God, not in the temporary and deceptive pleasures of the world. The verse as a whole serves as a sobering reminder of the dangers of excess and the importance of seeking wisdom and self-control through faith.