I am the true vine
In this opening phrase, Jesus identifies Himself as the "true vine." The Greek word for "true" is "alēthinos," which means genuine or real. This implies that Jesus is the authentic source of spiritual life, contrasting with any false sources. The imagery of the vine is deeply rooted in Old Testament symbolism, where Israel is often depicted as a vine or vineyard (e.g., Isaiah 5:1-7, Psalm 80:8-16). However, Israel often failed to produce good fruit. By declaring Himself the "true vine," Jesus positions Himself as the fulfillment of what Israel was meant to be—a source of life and fruitfulness. This statement invites believers to find their identity and sustenance in Christ alone, emphasizing the necessity of a personal relationship with Him.

and My Father is the keeper of the vineyard
The term "keeper of the vineyard" refers to God the Father as the vinedresser or gardener. The Greek word "geōrgos" is used here, which means a farmer or one who tills the soil. This role involves care, pruning, and nurturing to ensure the vine's health and productivity. Historically, vineyards required meticulous attention, and the vinedresser's skill was crucial for a fruitful harvest. In this context, God the Father is portrayed as actively involved in the lives of believers, tending to them with love and precision. This imagery reassures Christians that they are under the careful watch and guidance of a loving Father who desires their growth and fruitfulness. It also underscores the divine partnership in the believer's spiritual journey, where Jesus is the source, and the Father is the sustainer.

He cuts off
The Greek word used here is "airo," which can mean to lift up, take away, or remove. In the context of a vineyard, this action is akin to a vinedresser removing unproductive branches to ensure the health and productivity of the vine. This reflects God's active role in the life of believers, emphasizing His sovereignty and the necessity of spiritual growth and productivity. The imagery suggests a divine intervention that is both corrective and nurturing, ensuring that the vine remains healthy and capable of bearing fruit.

every branch in Me
The phrase "in Me" signifies a deep, abiding connection with Christ, akin to the relationship between a vine and its branches. This connection is foundational to the Christian faith, emphasizing the necessity of remaining in Christ to bear fruit. The "branch" symbolizes individual believers, and the phrase underscores the importance of a genuine, living relationship with Jesus. It is a reminder that mere association with Christ is insufficient without a true, life-giving connection.

that bears no fruit
Fruitfulness is a recurring theme in Scripture, often symbolizing the visible evidence of a believer's faith and the work of the Holy Spirit. The absence of fruit suggests a lack of spiritual vitality or evidence of faith. Historically, fruitfulness was a sign of blessing and favor, while barrenness was seen as a sign of disfavor. This phrase challenges believers to examine their lives for evidence of spiritual growth and impact, urging them to live in a way that reflects their faith.

And every branch that does bear fruit
This phrase acknowledges that there are branches—believers—that are productive and fruitful. It highlights the reality that even fruitful branches are subject to the vinedresser's care. The presence of fruit is a sign of spiritual health and vitality, indicating that the believer is living in accordance with God's will and purpose. This phrase serves as an encouragement to those who are actively living out their faith, affirming that their efforts are recognized and valued by God.

He prunes
The Greek word "kathairo" means to cleanse or purify. In viticulture, pruning is essential for removing dead or overgrown branches to promote better growth and fruit production. Spiritually, this process represents God's refining work in the believer's life, removing impurities and hindrances to spiritual growth. Pruning is often uncomfortable but necessary for greater fruitfulness, symbolizing the trials and challenges that God uses to shape and mature His people.

to make it even more fruitful
The ultimate goal of pruning is increased fruitfulness. This phrase emphasizes God's desire for believers to grow and produce more spiritual fruit, reflecting His glory and advancing His kingdom. It is a promise of greater effectiveness and impact in the believer's life, encouraging them to embrace God's refining work with hope and trust. The process of becoming "more fruitful" is a journey of transformation, leading to a deeper relationship with Christ and a more profound witness to the world.

You are already clean
This phrase is a profound declaration by Jesus to His disciples. The Greek word for "clean" is "katharos," which implies being pure, free from any contamination or impurity. In the context of John 15, Jesus is speaking to His disciples during the Last Supper, a time of intimate teaching and preparation for His impending crucifixion. The use of "already" suggests a completed action, indicating that the disciples have been made clean through their relationship with Jesus. This cleansing is not of a physical nature but spiritual, signifying their purification through faith in Christ and His teachings. Historically, this reflects the Jewish understanding of ritual purity, but Jesus elevates it to a spiritual level, emphasizing inner purity over external rituals.

because of the word
The "word" here is translated from the Greek "logos," a term rich in meaning, often referring to the divine reason or plan. In the Gospel of John, "logos" is used to describe Jesus Himself (John 1:1), indicating that He is the living Word of God. The disciples are made clean "because of the word" that Jesus has spoken to them, which encompasses His teachings, commandments, and the revelation of God's truth. This highlights the transformative power of Jesus' words, which cleanse and sanctify believers. Theologically, it underscores the importance of Scripture and the teachings of Christ as the means by which believers are purified and set apart for God's purposes.

I have spoken to you
This phrase emphasizes the personal and direct communication between Jesus and His disciples. The Greek verb "laleo," translated as "spoken," conveys the act of speaking or uttering words. Jesus' use of "I have spoken" indicates the authority and intentionality behind His words. It is not merely information but a divine proclamation that carries the power to cleanse and transform. In the historical context, Jesus' teachings were radical and counter-cultural, challenging the religious norms of the time. For the disciples, these words were life-giving and foundational for their faith and mission. This phrase also serves as a reminder to believers of the importance of listening to and internalizing the words of Christ, as they are the source of spiritual life and purity.

Remain in Me
The phrase "Remain in Me" is a call to abide, to dwell, and to continue in a close, personal relationship with Jesus Christ. The Greek word used here is "μένω" (menō), which means to stay, abide, or remain. This word suggests a continuous, enduring relationship, not a temporary or superficial connection. Historically, the concept of abiding would resonate with the early Christian community, who understood the importance of remaining steadfast in their faith amidst persecution and trials. Spiritually, this call to remain in Christ emphasizes the necessity of a deep, ongoing communion with Him, which is foundational for spiritual growth and fruitfulness.

and I will remain in you
This promise, "and I will remain in you," highlights the reciprocal nature of the relationship between the believer and Christ. The assurance that Christ will dwell within us is rooted in the Greek word "μένω" (menō) as well, indicating a mutual indwelling. This reflects the intimate union between Christ and His followers, akin to the indwelling presence of the Holy Spirit. Historically, this would have been a radical concept for both Jewish and Gentile believers, as it signifies a personal and transformative relationship with the divine, surpassing the external observances of the Law.

Just as no branch can bear fruit by itself unless it remains in the vine
The imagery of the branch and the vine is rich with agricultural significance, common in the agrarian society of ancient Israel. The branch's inability to bear fruit independently underscores the necessity of connection to the vine, which is Christ. The Greek word for "bear" is "φέρω" (pherō), meaning to carry or produce. This metaphor illustrates the dependence of believers on Christ for spiritual vitality and productivity. Historically, vineyards were a symbol of Israel, and Jesus' use of this imagery would resonate deeply, emphasizing that true spiritual life and fruitfulness come only through Him.

neither can you bear fruit unless you remain in Me
This concluding phrase reinforces the essential truth that spiritual fruitfulness is impossible apart from Christ. The repetition of "remain" (μένω) underscores the importance of a sustained, intimate relationship with Jesus. The concept of bearing fruit is central to the Christian life, symbolizing the visible evidence of a transformed life through the work of the Holy Spirit. In a historical context, this would challenge believers to evaluate their lives and ensure that their faith is not merely nominal but is evidenced by the fruit of the Spirit, as outlined in Galatians 5:22-23. This call to remain in Christ is both an invitation and a command, urging believers to cultivate a life deeply rooted in Him, resulting in a fruitful and abundant spiritual harvest.

I am the vine
In this phrase, Jesus identifies Himself as the "vine," a metaphor rich with Old Testament symbolism. The vine is often used in Scripture to represent Israel (e.g., Psalm 80:8-16, Isaiah 5:1-7). By declaring Himself the vine, Jesus positions Himself as the true source of spiritual life and sustenance, fulfilling what Israel was meant to be. The Greek word for vine, "ampelos," emphasizes a living, growing organism, suggesting that our relationship with Christ is dynamic and life-giving.

you are the branches
Here, Jesus addresses His disciples, and by extension, all believers, as "branches." This imagery highlights the intimate connection between Christ and His followers. The Greek word "klēmata" for branches indicates that believers are extensions of Christ, dependent on Him for life and fruitfulness. This relationship is not static but requires ongoing connection and nourishment from the vine.

The one who remains in Me
The phrase "remains in Me" is central to understanding the believer's relationship with Christ. The Greek word "menō" means to abide, dwell, or continue. It implies a persistent, enduring relationship, not a temporary or superficial connection. This abiding is characterized by faith, obedience, and communion with Christ, reflecting a life that is continually rooted in Him.

and I in him
This reciprocal relationship is profound. Not only do believers abide in Christ, but He also abides in them. This mutual indwelling signifies a deep, personal relationship where Christ's presence and power are active in the believer's life. It is through this indwelling that believers are empowered to live out their faith and bear fruit.

bears much fruit
The result of abiding in Christ is fruitfulness. The Greek word "karpos" for fruit encompasses a wide range of spiritual outcomes, including character development (Galatians 5:22-23), good works (Colossians 1:10), and the impact of one's witness (John 4:36). This fruit is not produced by human effort but is the natural outcome of a life connected to Christ.

for apart from Me
This phrase underscores the necessity of Christ for spiritual vitality. The Greek word "chōris" means separate or apart from, indicating that without Christ, believers can do nothing of eternal value. This highlights the futility of self-reliance and the essential nature of dependence on Christ for spiritual growth and effectiveness.

you can do nothing
The starkness of this statement emphasizes the total dependence believers must have on Christ. The Greek word "oudeis" for nothing is absolute, leaving no room for exceptions. It serves as a humbling reminder that all spiritual life and productivity are contingent upon our connection to Jesus, the true vine. This truth calls believers to a life of surrender, trust, and reliance on Christ for all things.

If anyone does not remain in Me
The phrase "remain in Me" is central to understanding the relationship between believers and Christ. The Greek word for "remain" is "μένω" (menō), which implies a continuous, enduring presence. This word suggests not just a temporary or superficial connection, but a deep, abiding relationship. In the historical context of the Gospel of John, this reflects the necessity of a sustained spiritual union with Christ, akin to the relationship between a vine and its branches. The imagery of the vine is rich in Old Testament symbolism, often representing Israel (e.g., Isaiah 5:1-7). Here, Jesus redefines the vine imagery to emphasize personal faith and connection to Him as the true source of spiritual life.

he is like a branch that is thrown away and withers
The imagery of a "branch" is significant, as it denotes a part of the vine that is expected to bear fruit. In the Greek, "branch" is "κλῆμα" (klēma), which specifically refers to a vine branch. The act of being "thrown away" and "withers" indicates a loss of life and purpose. Historically, vineyards were common in the ancient Near East, and the process of pruning and discarding unfruitful branches was well understood by Jesus' audience. This serves as a stark warning about the consequences of spiritual disconnection from Christ. The withering symbolizes spiritual death, a state of being devoid of the life-giving sustenance that comes from Christ.

such branches are gathered up
The gathering of branches is a metaphor for the final judgment. In the agricultural practices of the time, unfruitful branches were collected for disposal. This gathering signifies a separation process, where those who do not abide in Christ are distinguished from those who do. Theologically, this reflects the eschatological theme of judgment found throughout Scripture, where God separates the righteous from the unrighteous (e.g., Matthew 13:30).

thrown into the fire, and burned
Fire is a powerful biblical symbol often associated with judgment and purification. The Greek word for "fire" is "πῦρ" (pyr), which is used in various contexts throughout the Bible to denote divine judgment (e.g., Revelation 20:15). The act of being "burned" underscores the finality and seriousness of the consequences for those who do not remain in Christ. From a conservative Christian perspective, this serves as a sobering reminder of the eternal implications of one's spiritual choices. The imagery of fire also calls to mind the refining process, where impurities are removed, highlighting the dual nature of fire as both destructive and purifying.

If you remain in Me
The word "remain" is translated from the Greek word "μένω" (meno), which means to abide, stay, or continue. This implies a deep, ongoing relationship with Christ, not a temporary or superficial connection. In the historical context of the vine and branches metaphor, remaining in Christ suggests a continuous, life-giving union, much like a branch that must stay connected to the vine to bear fruit. This abiding is not passive but involves active engagement with Jesus through prayer, worship, and obedience.

and My words remain in you
Here, "words" is from the Greek "ῥήματα" (rhemata), referring to the spoken words or teachings of Jesus. The emphasis is on internalizing and living out the teachings of Christ. Historically, Jewish tradition placed great importance on memorizing and meditating on Scripture, and Jesus' audience would have understood the significance of having His words dwell within them. This phrase underscores the transformative power of Scripture when it is deeply rooted in a believer's heart, guiding thoughts and actions.

ask whatever you wish
The Greek word for "ask" is "αἰτέω" (aiteo), which means to request or petition. This is not a blank check for selfish desires but an invitation to align one's will with God's. In the context of abiding in Christ and His words, the believer's desires become conformed to God's will. Historically, prayer in the Jewish tradition was seen as a dialogue with God, where one's requests were made in the context of a covenant relationship. This phrase encourages believers to approach God with confidence, knowing that their requests are shaped by their relationship with Him.

and it will be done for you
The promise "it will be done" is from the Greek "γίνομαι" (ginomai), meaning to become or come into being. This assurance is rooted in the believer's alignment with God's will through abiding in Christ. The historical context of Jesus' ministry shows that His promises were always fulfilled, reinforcing the trustworthiness of His words. This phrase inspires confidence in God's faithfulness to answer prayers that are in harmony with His purposes, encouraging believers to trust in His timing and wisdom.

This is to My Father’s glory
The phrase "This is to My Father’s glory" emphasizes the ultimate purpose of a believer's life: to glorify God. The Greek word for "glory" is "doxa," which conveys the idea of honor, splendor, and divine quality. In the context of the Gospel of John, glorifying the Father is a central theme, as Jesus consistently points to the Father as the source of His mission and authority. Historically, the Jewish understanding of glorifying God involved living in a way that reflected His holiness and righteousness. For Christians, this means that their actions and lives should reflect God's character, bringing honor to Him.

that you bear much fruit
The phrase "that you bear much fruit" is a metaphor for the visible evidence of a believer's faith and relationship with Christ. The Greek word for "bear" is "phero," which means to carry or produce. "Fruit" in this context refers to the outcomes of a life lived in obedience to Christ, such as love, joy, peace, and other fruits of the Spirit (Galatians 5:22-23). In the agricultural society of ancient Israel, fruit-bearing was a common metaphor for productivity and success. Spiritually, it signifies the transformation and growth that occurs when one abides in Christ, as described earlier in John 15.

proving yourselves to be My disciples
The phrase "proving yourselves to be My disciples" underscores the idea of authentic discipleship. The Greek word for "proving" is "ginomai," which means to become or to be made. This suggests that bearing fruit is not just an optional aspect of the Christian life but a definitive mark of true discipleship. In the historical context of the early church, discipleship was a radical commitment to follow Jesus, often at great personal cost. This phrase challenges believers to examine their lives for evidence of their faith, as true discipleship is demonstrated through actions that align with Jesus' teachings and character.

As the Father has loved Me
This phrase sets the foundation for understanding the depth and nature of divine love. The Greek word for "loved" here is "agapao," which signifies a selfless, sacrificial, unconditional love. This is the same love that the Father has for the Son, a love that is eternal and perfect. Historically, this relationship between the Father and the Son is central to Christian theology, emphasizing the unity and co-equality within the Trinity. The love of the Father for the Son is a model of perfect love, one that is not based on merit but on the very nature of God Himself.

so have I loved you
Here, Jesus extends the same quality of love He receives from the Father to His disciples. The use of "agapao" again underscores the selfless and sacrificial nature of this love. This is not a mere emotional affection but a committed, enduring love that seeks the highest good of the other. In the historical context of Jesus' ministry, this love is demonstrated through His teachings, miracles, and ultimately, His sacrificial death on the cross. It is a love that calls for a response, inviting believers to enter into a relationship characterized by this divine love.

Remain in My love
The word "remain" is translated from the Greek "meno," which means to abide, continue, or dwell. This is an invitation to a sustained, ongoing relationship with Christ. It suggests a conscious choice to live in the sphere of His love, to draw strength and identity from it. In the scriptural context, abiding in Christ's love involves obedience to His commandments and a life that reflects His teachings. Historically, this call to remain in His love has been a central theme in Christian discipleship, emphasizing the importance of perseverance and faithfulness in the believer's journey. This abiding is not passive but active, requiring intentionality and commitment to live out the love that has been so freely given.

If you keep My commandments
The phrase "If you keep My commandments" emphasizes the conditional nature of abiding in Christ's love. The Greek word for "keep" is "τηρέω" (tēreō), which means to guard, observe, or give heed to. This implies a vigilant and intentional effort to adhere to the teachings of Jesus. In the historical context, commandments were not merely rules but a way of life that defined one's relationship with God. Jesus, as the fulfillment of the Law, calls His followers to a higher standard of love and obedience, reflecting the covenant relationship between God and His people.

you will remain in My love
"Remain" is translated from the Greek word "μένω" (menō), which means to stay, abide, or continue. This suggests a continuous, enduring relationship with Christ. The concept of remaining in His love is not passive but an active, ongoing commitment. In the scriptural context, love is the essence of God's nature (1 John 4:8), and to remain in His love is to live in harmony with His will and purpose. This abiding love is both a privilege and a responsibility, reflecting the intimate bond between the believer and Christ.

just as I have kept My Father’s commandments
Here, Jesus sets Himself as the perfect example of obedience. The phrase "just as I have kept" underscores the model of Christ's own life. The Greek word for "kept" is the same "τηρέω" (tēreō), indicating that Jesus Himself observed and fulfilled the Father's commandments. Historically, Jesus' obedience was not merely legalistic but relational, rooted in His love for the Father. This obedience led Him to the cross, demonstrating the ultimate act of love and submission. For believers, this serves as a call to emulate Christ's faithfulness and dedication.

and remain in His love
The phrase "and remain in His love" completes the parallel between the believer's relationship with Christ and Christ's relationship with the Father. The Greek "μένω" (menō) is again used, emphasizing the continuity and depth of this divine love. In the historical and scriptural context, God's love is steadfast and unchanging, a covenantal love that is both protective and nurturing. Jesus' assurance of remaining in the Father's love highlights the security and assurance found in a life of obedience and faith. For the believer, this is an invitation to experience the fullness of God's love through a committed and obedient relationship with Christ.

I have told you this
This phrase indicates a direct communication from Jesus to His disciples. The Greek word for "told" is "λαλέω" (laleó), which means to speak or to say. It implies a personal and intimate conversation. Jesus is emphasizing the importance of His words, which are meant to instruct and guide His followers. Historically, this conversation takes place during the Last Supper, a pivotal moment where Jesus imparts crucial teachings to His disciples before His crucifixion.

so that
This phrase introduces the purpose or result of Jesus' communication. It is a conjunction that connects His teachings with the intended outcome. In the Greek, "ἵνα" (hina) is used, which often denotes purpose or result. This highlights the intentionality behind Jesus' words, showing that His teachings are not random but are meant to achieve a specific goal in the lives of His followers.

My joy
The joy that Jesus refers to is not a fleeting or superficial happiness but a deep, abiding sense of well-being and contentment that comes from a relationship with God. The Greek word "χαρά" (chara) is used here, which signifies a joy that is rooted in spiritual realities rather than external circumstances. This joy is a reflection of Jesus' own relationship with the Father and is offered to His disciples as a gift.

may be in you
This phrase speaks to the indwelling presence of Jesus' joy within the believer. The Greek word "ἐν" (en) indicates a state of being or existence. Jesus desires that His joy becomes an integral part of the believer's life, transforming their inner being. This indwelling joy is a hallmark of the Christian life, setting believers apart as they experience the fullness of life in Christ.

and your joy
Here, Jesus transitions from His joy to the joy of the disciples. The use of "your" personalizes the message, indicating that the joy He offers is meant to be experienced individually by each believer. This joy is not just a passive reception but an active participation in the life of Christ.

may be complete
The word "complete" in Greek is "πληρόω" (pléroó), which means to fill to the brim, to make full, or to bring to completion. Jesus is expressing His desire for His disciples to experience a joy that is full and overflowing, lacking nothing. This completeness is a result of abiding in Christ and living in accordance with His teachings. It is a joy that transcends circumstances and is rooted in the eternal truth of God's love and salvation.

This is My commandment
The phrase "This is My commandment" underscores the authority of Jesus as the divine lawgiver. The Greek word for "commandment" is "ἐντολή" (entolē), which signifies an authoritative prescription. In the context of the Gospel of John, Jesus is not merely offering advice or a suggestion; He is issuing a divine mandate. This commandment is central to the Christian faith, reflecting the heart of Jesus' teachings. Historically, commandments were seen as binding and non-negotiable, akin to the Ten Commandments given to Moses. Here, Jesus elevates the act of love to the same level of importance, indicating its foundational role in the life of a believer.

that you love one another
The directive "that you love one another" is a call to action for the followers of Christ. The Greek word for "love" here is "ἀγαπάω" (agapaō), which refers to a selfless, sacrificial love that seeks the best for others. This is not a mere emotional affection but a deliberate choice to act in the best interest of others, reflecting the love of God. In the historical context of the early church, this command was radical, as it called for unity and selflessness among believers, transcending social, ethnic, and cultural barriers. The early Christians were known for their love for one another, which served as a powerful testimony to the world around them.

as I have loved you
The phrase "as I have loved you" sets the standard and model for Christian love. The love of Jesus is the benchmark, characterized by humility, service, and sacrifice. The Greek word "καθώς" (kathōs) implies a comparison, suggesting that the love believers are to have for one another should mirror the love Jesus demonstrated. This love was most profoundly expressed through His sacrificial death on the cross. Historically, Jesus' love was countercultural, challenging societal norms and expectations. It was inclusive, reaching out to the marginalized and the outcast. For the early church, this meant embodying a love that was both radical and transformative, serving as a living example of the Gospel message.

Greater love
The phrase "Greater love" in Greek is "μείζονα ἀγάπην" (meizona agapēn). The word "agapē" is a profound term for love in the New Testament, often used to describe the selfless, sacrificial love that God has for humanity. This love is not based on emotions or feelings but is an act of will, a deliberate choice to seek the well-being of others. In the historical context of Jesus' time, love was often understood in terms of familial or reciprocal relationships, but "agapē" transcends these boundaries, embodying the highest form of love that is unconditional and self-giving.

has no one than this
This phrase emphasizes the unparalleled nature of the love being described. The Greek "οὐδεὶς ἔχει μείζονα ταύτης" (oudeis echei meizona tautēs) suggests an absolute standard. In the context of Jesus' teachings, this statement sets a benchmark for love that surpasses all other forms. Historically, the concept of ultimate sacrifice was revered in many cultures, but Jesus redefines it by linking it directly to love, not just duty or honor.

that he lay down his life
The Greek phrase "ἵνα τις τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ θῇ" (hina tis tēn psychēn autou thē) translates to "that he lay down his life." The word "psychē" refers to life or soul, indicating the totality of one's being. In the scriptural context, laying down one's life is the ultimate act of self-sacrifice and commitment. This act is not merely about physical death but encompasses the willingness to give up one's own rights, desires, and comforts for the sake of others. Historically, this was a radical departure from the prevailing cultural norms where self-preservation was paramount.

for his friends
The term "friends" in Greek is "φίλων" (philōn), derived from "philos," which denotes a deep, personal affection and bond. In the context of Jesus' ministry, this term is significant because it elevates the disciples from mere followers to intimate companions. The historical context of friendship in the ancient world often involved mutual benefit and loyalty, but Jesus redefines it as a relationship marked by sacrificial love. Scripturally, this foreshadows the ultimate sacrifice Jesus would make on the cross, demonstrating the depth of His love for humanity and setting an example for His followers to emulate.

You are my friends
This phrase marks a profound shift in the relationship between Jesus and His disciples. The Greek word for "friends" here is "φίλοι" (philoi), which implies a deep, personal connection. In the ancient world, friendship was considered a bond of mutual respect and loyalty. Jesus elevates His disciples from mere followers to intimate companions, indicating a relationship based on love and trust. This reflects the covenantal friendship God desires with humanity, reminiscent of the friendships seen in the Old Testament, such as that between David and Jonathan.

if you do
The conditional "if" introduces a requirement for this friendship. The Greek word "ἐὰν" (ean) suggests a potential action that hinges on the disciples' response. This implies that friendship with Jesus is not passive but requires active participation. The concept of doing, or "ποιεῖτε" (poieite), emphasizes the importance of obedience and action in the Christian life. It is not enough to merely hear the words of Christ; one must also act upon them, reflecting the teachings of James 1:22, which calls believers to be doers of the word.

what I command you
The term "command" comes from the Greek "ἐντέλλομαι" (entellomai), which means to order or charge. This is not a suggestion but a directive from Jesus, highlighting His authority. The commands of Jesus are rooted in love and are designed to lead His followers into a deeper relationship with Him and with one another. Historically, the commands of a rabbi were seen as life-giving and essential for spiritual growth. In the context of John 15, these commands are centered around love, as seen in the preceding verses, where Jesus speaks of abiding in His love and loving one another as He has loved them.

No longer do I call you servants
In this opening phrase, Jesus makes a significant shift in His relationship with His disciples. The Greek word for "servants" is "doulos," which traditionally means a bond-servant or slave. In the historical context of the Roman Empire, a servant had no rights and was expected to obey without question. By stating "No longer do I call you servants," Jesus elevates His disciples from mere followers to a more intimate relationship, indicating a transition from a hierarchical to a more personal connection.

because a servant does not understand what his master is doing
Here, Jesus explains the reason for the change in terminology. The Greek word for "understand" is "oida," which implies a deep, intuitive knowledge. In ancient times, a servant was not privy to the plans or intentions of their master. This phrase highlights the limited understanding and lack of insight that a servant typically has. Jesus contrasts this with the knowledge He imparts to His disciples, suggesting that they are now insiders to His divine mission and purpose.

But I have called you friends
The term "friends" is translated from the Greek word "philos," which denotes a beloved or dear companion. This is a profound declaration, as it signifies a mutual relationship based on love, trust, and shared purpose. In the cultural context of the time, friendship was considered one of the highest forms of relationship, often involving loyalty and sacrifice. By calling His disciples "friends," Jesus invites them into a relationship characterized by openness and mutual respect.

because everything I have learned from My Father
This phrase underscores the divine source of Jesus' teachings. The Greek word for "learned" is "gnorizo," which means to make known or reveal. Jesus emphasizes that His teachings are not of human origin but are revelations from God the Father. This highlights the divine authority and authenticity of His message, reinforcing the idea that the disciples are receiving direct insight into God's will and purpose.

I have made known to you
The phrase "made known" is again derived from the Greek "gnorizo," emphasizing the act of revelation. Jesus has shared with His disciples the mysteries of the Kingdom of God, which were previously hidden. This act of making known signifies transparency and the sharing of divine wisdom. In the scriptural context, this is a fulfillment of the prophetic tradition where God reveals His plans to His chosen ones, as seen throughout the Old Testament.

You did not choose Me
This phrase emphasizes the divine initiative in the relationship between Jesus and His disciples. The Greek word for "choose" here is "ἐξελέξασθε" (exelexasthe), which implies a deliberate selection. In the historical context of rabbinic tradition, disciples typically chose their rabbis. However, Jesus reverses this norm, underscoring the sovereignty of God in the calling and election of His followers. This choice is not based on human merit but on divine grace and purpose.

but I chose you
The Greek word "ἐξελεξάμην" (exelexamēn) is used here, reinforcing the idea of a personal and intentional selection by Jesus. This choice is rooted in love and purpose, reflecting the intimate relationship between the shepherd and His sheep. Historically, this reflects the calling of the twelve apostles, but it extends to all believers, highlighting the personal nature of God's call to each individual.

and appointed you
The term "appointed" comes from the Greek "ἔθηκα" (ethēka), meaning to set, place, or ordain. This indicates that Jesus not only chooses His followers but also assigns them a specific role or mission. In the scriptural context, this appointment is to bear fruit, suggesting a life of purpose and productivity in the Kingdom of God. It reflects the biblical theme of being set apart for God's work, as seen in the lives of prophets and apostles.

to go and bear fruit
The phrase "to go" implies action and movement, suggesting that the Christian life is dynamic and mission-oriented. "Bear fruit" is a metaphor for producing good works and living a life that reflects the character of Christ. The Greek word for "fruit" is "καρπός" (karpos), which in the biblical context often refers to the visible outcomes of a life lived in obedience to God. This echoes the agricultural imagery prevalent in the Bible, where fruitfulness is a sign of blessing and divine favor.

fruit that will remain
The concept of fruit that "will remain" speaks to the lasting impact of a believer's life and work. The Greek word "μένῃ" (menē) means to abide or endure. This suggests that the results of a life lived in Christ are not temporary but have eternal significance. Historically, this can be seen in the enduring legacy of the apostles' ministry and the growth of the early church. It encourages believers to focus on what is eternal rather than temporal.

so that whatever you ask the Father in My name
This phrase highlights the power and privilege of prayer in the believer's life. Asking "in My name" implies praying according to the character and will of Jesus. The historical context of this promise is rooted in the intimate relationship between Jesus and His disciples, where they are invited to participate in His mission through prayer. It underscores the authority given to believers to approach God with confidence, knowing that their requests align with His purposes.

He will give you
The assurance "He will give you" reflects the faithfulness of God to respond to the prayers of His people. This promise is not a blank check for any desire but is contingent upon the alignment of the believer's will with God's will. The historical and scriptural context shows that God delights in giving good gifts to His children, as seen throughout the Bible. It encourages believers to trust in God's provision and to seek His will in all things.

This is My command to you
The phrase "This is My command to you" underscores the authoritative nature of Jesus' instruction. The Greek word for "command" is "ἐντολή" (entolē), which implies a directive or order given with authority. In the context of the Gospel of John, Jesus is speaking to His disciples during the Last Supper, a time of intimate teaching and preparation for His impending crucifixion. This command is not merely a suggestion but a divine mandate, reflecting the seriousness with which Jesus imparts His teachings. Historically, commands from a rabbi or teacher were to be followed with utmost respect and obedience, and here, Jesus, as the ultimate Teacher, emphasizes the importance of His directive.

Love one another
The phrase "Love one another" is central to the teachings of Jesus and is rooted in the Greek word "ἀγαπάω" (agapaō), which denotes a selfless, sacrificial love that seeks the best for others. This type of love is not based on emotions or feelings but is an act of will, a deliberate choice to care for others as Jesus has cared for His disciples. In the historical and cultural context of the time, love was often understood in terms of familial or tribal loyalty. However, Jesus expands this concept to include all believers, creating a new community bound by love rather than blood or ethnicity. Scripturally, this command echoes the Shema from Deuteronomy 6:5 and the Levitical law to love one's neighbor (Leviticus 19:18), but it is elevated by Jesus to a new standard of love that mirrors His own sacrificial love for humanity. This command is foundational for Christian ethics and community, serving as a hallmark of true discipleship and a witness to the world of the transformative power of Christ's love.

If the world hates you
The phrase begins with "If," suggesting a conditional statement that anticipates a reality for believers. The Greek word for "world" is "kosmos," which often refers to the fallen, sinful human system opposed to God. Historically, the early Christians faced persecution from both Jewish and Roman authorities, reflecting the world's hostility. The term "hates" comes from the Greek "miseo," indicating a deep-seated animosity. This hatred is not merely personal but is rooted in spiritual opposition to the values and truth of Christ. The world, in its fallen state, is in rebellion against God, and this rebellion manifests as hatred towards those who follow Christ.

understand that it hated Me first
The word "understand" is a call to awareness and acceptance of a spiritual truth. Jesus is preparing His disciples for the inevitable persecution they will face. The phrase "hated Me first" places Jesus as the primary target of the world's animosity. The Greek word for "hated" is the same as before, "miseo," emphasizing the continuity of this hatred from Christ to His followers. Historically, Jesus faced rejection and crucifixion, the ultimate expression of the world's hatred. This statement serves as both a comfort and a challenge to believers, reminding them that their suffering is a participation in Christ's own sufferings. It also underscores the spiritual battle between the kingdom of God and the kingdom of this world. Jesus' forewarning is meant to strengthen believers, assuring them that their trials are not unexpected but are part of the Christian journey.

If you were of the world
The phrase "of the world" suggests belonging or being part of the worldly system, which is often characterized by values and priorities that are contrary to God's kingdom. The Greek word for "world" here is "kosmos," which can refer to the physical world, but more often in the New Testament, it denotes the fallen, human-centered system opposed to God. This phrase implies a conditional state, suggesting that believers once were part of this system but are no longer.

the world would love you as its own
The word "love" here is translated from the Greek "phileo," which indicates a brotherly or friendly love. This suggests that the world shows affection and acceptance to those who conform to its values. The phrase "as its own" implies a sense of belonging and acceptance. Historically, this reflects the societal pressures to conform to cultural norms and the rejection faced by those who follow Christ's counter-cultural teachings.

Instead, the world hates you
The term "hates" is derived from the Greek "miseo," which means to detest or abhor. This strong language indicates the deep-seated opposition and hostility that believers can expect from the world. This reflects the historical reality of early Christians who faced persecution and rejection for their faith. Theologically, it underscores the spiritual battle between the kingdom of God and the kingdom of darkness.

because you are not of the world
This phrase reiterates the believer's new identity in Christ. The Greek word "ek" translated as "of" means "out of" or "from," indicating a separation or distinction from the world. This separation is not physical but spiritual and moral, highlighting the transformation that occurs through faith in Christ. It emphasizes the believer's call to live according to God's standards rather than the world's.

but I have chosen you out of the world
The word "chosen" comes from the Greek "eklegomai," meaning to select or elect. This indicates a deliberate and purposeful action by Christ, emphasizing divine sovereignty and grace. The phrase "out of the world" reinforces the idea of being set apart for God's purposes. This echoes the biblical theme of God's people being a "chosen generation" (1 Peter 2:9), called to reflect His light in a dark world.

Remember the word that I spoke to you
This phrase calls the disciples to recall Jesus' teachings, emphasizing the importance of memory in spiritual life. The Greek word for "remember" is "μνημονεύω" (mnēmoneuō), which implies an active, deliberate recalling. In the Jewish tradition, remembering is a sacred act, often associated with God's covenantal promises. Jesus is urging His followers to hold His words in their hearts, as they are foundational to their faith and mission.

‘A servant is not greater than his master.’
Here, Jesus reiterates a principle He previously taught in John 13:16. The Greek word for "servant" is "δοῦλος" (doulos), meaning bondservant or slave, indicating a position of humility and submission. The term "master" is "κύριος" (kyrios), often used for Lord, signifying authority and leadership. This phrase underscores the relationship between Jesus and His disciples, reminding them of their role in following His example, even in suffering.

If they persecuted Me
The word "persecuted" comes from the Greek "διώκω" (diōkō), meaning to pursue or harass. Historically, persecution was a common experience for early Christians, as seen in the Acts of the Apostles. Jesus is preparing His disciples for the reality of opposition, linking their experiences to His own. This connection offers comfort, as their suffering is not in vain but part of their identification with Christ.

they will persecute you as well
This continuation of the previous thought reinforces the inevitability of persecution for those who follow Christ. The early church faced significant trials, from social ostracism to martyrdom. Jesus' words serve as both a warning and a promise, affirming that the disciples' experiences are a testament to their faithfulness and alignment with Him.

if they kept My word
The phrase "kept My word" uses the Greek "τηρέω" (tēreō), meaning to guard or observe. This implies a careful, attentive adherence to Jesus' teachings. Historically, those who accepted Jesus' message often faced societal and religious challenges. The call to "keep" His word is a call to steadfastness and loyalty, even amidst adversity.

they will keep yours as well
This assurance highlights the continuity between Jesus' mission and that of His disciples. The success of their ministry is tied to their faithfulness to His teachings. The early church's growth, despite persecution, is a testament to this promise. Jesus assures His followers that their labor in spreading the Gospel will bear fruit, as others will respond to their message just as some responded to His.

But they will treat you like this
This phrase indicates a continuation of the theme of persecution that Jesus discusses with His disciples. The Greek word for "treat" here is "poieō," which means to do, make, or act. It implies an active response from the world towards the followers of Christ. Historically, early Christians faced significant persecution, as documented in the Acts of the Apostles and other historical texts. This persecution was not just physical but also social and economic, as believers were often ostracized from their communities.

because of My name
The "name" of Jesus is central to Christian identity and mission. In the ancient world, a name was more than just a label; it represented the essence and authority of a person. The Greek word "onoma" is used here, signifying the power and presence of Jesus Himself. The early church understood that bearing the name of Christ meant sharing in both His sufferings and His glory. This phrase underscores the idea that persecution is not due to personal failings but because of allegiance to Christ.

since they do not know
The Greek word "oida" is used here, which means to know or understand. This lack of knowledge is not merely intellectual but relational and spiritual. It reflects a deeper spiritual blindness or ignorance. Throughout the Gospel of John, knowing God is equated with having a relationship with Him through Jesus. This phrase highlights the spiritual disconnect between the world and God, which results in hostility towards Jesus and His followers.

the One who sent Me
This refers to God the Father, who sent Jesus into the world. The Greek word "apostellō" is used for "sent," which means to send forth with a specific mission or purpose. This sending is a key theme in John's Gospel, emphasizing the divine mission of Jesus. The phrase underscores the unity and purpose shared between the Father and the Son. Historically, this reflects the Jewish understanding of a shaliach, or a sent one, who carried the authority of the sender. The rejection of Jesus and His followers is ultimately a rejection of God Himself, as they do not recognize the divine authority and mission of Christ.

If I had not come
This phrase emphasizes the incarnation of Christ, the pivotal moment when God took on human flesh. The Greek word for "come" is "ἔρχομαι" (erchomai), which signifies not just arrival but an intentional coming with purpose. Historically, this reflects the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies about the Messiah. Jesus' coming was a divine intervention in human history, marking a new covenant and offering salvation to all.

and spoken to them
The act of speaking here is significant. The Greek "λαλέω" (laleō) implies not just casual conversation but authoritative teaching. Jesus' words were not merely informative but transformative, carrying the weight of divine truth. In the historical context, Jesus' teachings challenged the religious leaders and the status quo, revealing the heart of God's law and the need for genuine repentance and faith.

they would not be guilty of sin
The phrase "guilty of sin" in Greek is "ἁμαρτίαν οὐκ εἴχοσαν" (hamartian ouk eichosan), which can be understood as "they would not have sin." This does not imply that they were sinless before Jesus spoke, but rather that their specific sin of rejecting Him would not be held against them. Theologically, this highlights the increased responsibility that comes with revelation. With greater knowledge of God's truth comes greater accountability.

But now they have no excuse
The Greek word for "excuse" is "πρόφασις" (prophasis), meaning a pretext or justification. Jesus' presence and words removed any pretense of ignorance. Historically, this reflects the Jewish leaders' rejection of Jesus despite the clear evidence of His messianic identity. In a broader sense, it underscores the universal truth that encountering Christ leaves one without excuse for unbelief.

for their sin
The term "sin" here, "ἁμαρτία" (hamartia), is a fundamental concept in Christian theology, denoting a failure to meet God's standard. In the scriptural context, this sin is specifically the rejection of Jesus as the Messiah. This rejection is not just a personal failing but a communal one, as it reflects a broader resistance to God's redemptive plan. Theologically, it serves as a warning of the consequences of unbelief and the necessity of accepting Christ's offer of salvation.

Whoever
The term "whoever" is inclusive and universal, indicating that the statement applies to all individuals without exception. In the Greek, the word used is "ὁ" (ho), which is a definite article often translated as "the one who." This emphasizes the personal responsibility and choice of each individual in their relationship with Jesus and, by extension, with God the Father. It underscores the universal scope of Jesus' message and the accountability of every person to respond to Him.

hates
The Greek word for "hates" is "μισέω" (miseō), which conveys a strong aversion or detestation. In the biblical context, this term is not merely about emotional dislike but signifies a rejection or opposition to Jesus' teachings and His divine nature. This hatred is not passive but active, reflecting a conscious decision to oppose Christ. Historically, this reflects the tension between Jesus and the religious leaders of His time, who rejected His claims and authority.

Me
"Me" refers to Jesus Christ, the central figure of the New Testament. In this context, Jesus is speaking to His disciples, emphasizing His unique relationship with God the Father. The personal pronoun highlights the intimate and direct connection between Jesus and those who either accept or reject Him. Understanding Jesus' identity as the Son of God is crucial, as it is the foundation of Christian faith and the basis for the relationship between humanity and God.

also
The word "also" serves as a conjunction that links the hatred of Jesus to the hatred of the Father. It implies that these two actions are inseparable; to hate Jesus is to hate God the Father. This reflects the unity and oneness of the Father and the Son, a central tenet of Christian doctrine. Theologically, this underscores the belief in the Trinity, where the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are distinct yet one in essence.

hates My Father
The phrase "hates My Father" reiterates the profound connection between Jesus and God the Father. The Greek word for "Father" is "πατήρ" (patēr), which denotes not only a paternal relationship but also authority and origin. In the Jewish context, God as Father was a familiar concept, but Jesus' claim to this relationship was revolutionary, asserting His divine sonship and equality with God. This statement challenges the listener to recognize that rejecting Jesus is tantamount to rejecting God Himself, as they are intrinsically linked in purpose and essence.

If I had not done among them
This phrase emphasizes the unique and divine actions of Jesus during His earthly ministry. The Greek word for "done" (ἐποίησα, epoiēsa) implies not just performing actions but creating or bringing something into existence. Jesus' works were not ordinary; they were manifestations of divine power and authority. Historically, these works were performed in a Jewish context, where signs and wonders were expected of the Messiah. Jesus' miracles were a direct fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies, serving as evidence of His messianic identity.

the works that no one else did
The "works" refer to the miracles and teachings of Jesus, which were unparalleled in history. The Greek term for "works" (ἔργα, erga) encompasses deeds, actions, and accomplishments. These works were not just miraculous but also carried deep spiritual significance, revealing the nature of God and His kingdom. In the historical context, no other prophet or religious leader had performed such works, which were meant to authenticate Jesus' divine mission and identity.

they would not be guilty of sin
This phrase highlights the accountability that comes with witnessing the divine works of Jesus. The Greek word for "guilty" (ἁμαρτίαν, hamartian) is often translated as "sin," indicating a moral failing or transgression against God's law. Jesus is stating that the revelation of His works brought a new level of responsibility to those who witnessed them. In a scriptural context, this echoes the principle that greater revelation brings greater accountability, as seen throughout the Bible.

But now they have seen
The act of "seeing" here is not just physical sight but spiritual perception. The Greek word (ἑώρακαν, heōrakan) implies a deeper understanding or realization. Those who witnessed Jesus' works had the opportunity to recognize Him as the Messiah. This phrase underscores the tragedy of spiritual blindness, where despite clear evidence, many failed to accept Jesus' divine nature and mission.

and hated both Me and My Father
The word "hated" (ἐμίσησαν, emisēsan) is strong, indicating a deep-seated animosity or rejection. This rejection of Jesus is equated with a rejection of God the Father, highlighting the unity between the Son and the Father. Historically, this reflects the tension between Jesus and the religious leaders of His time, who saw His claims and works as a threat to their authority. Scripturally, this hatred fulfills the prophecy of the suffering servant and illustrates the spiritual battle between light and darkness.

But this is to fulfill
The phrase "But this is to fulfill" indicates a divine purpose and the unfolding of God's sovereign plan. The Greek word for "fulfill" is "plēroō," which means to complete or bring to realization. This suggests that the events occurring are not random but are part of a predetermined plan that aligns with the prophecies and promises found in Scripture. It underscores the belief that Jesus' life and ministry were a direct fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies, affirming the continuity and reliability of God's Word.

what is written
The phrase "what is written" emphasizes the authority and permanence of Scripture. In the original Greek, "gegrammenon" is used, which is the perfect passive participle of "graphō," meaning "to write." This indicates that the Scriptures are not only historical documents but are divinely inspired and authoritative. The use of the perfect tense suggests that what was written remains relevant and applicable, highlighting the timeless nature of God's Word.

in their Law
"In their Law" refers to the Jewish Scriptures, particularly the Torah, which is the first five books of the Old Testament. The term "Law" (Greek: "nomos") is often used to refer to the entire Old Testament in a broader sense. By saying "their Law," Jesus is pointing to the Jewish religious leaders' own sacred texts, which they revered and studied. This phrase serves as a reminder that the rejection and hatred Jesus faced were already foretold in the very Scriptures that the Jewish leaders claimed to uphold.

'They hated Me without reason.'
This quotation is a reference to Psalm 35:19 and Psalm 69:4, where the psalmist speaks of being hated unjustly. The Greek word for "hated" is "miseō," which conveys a deep-seated animosity or hostility. The phrase "without reason" (Greek: "dōrean") means "freely" or "undeservedly," indicating that the hatred Jesus experienced was not due to any wrongdoing on His part. This highlights the irrational and baseless nature of the opposition against Him. Historically, this reflects the broader pattern of persecution faced by God's messengers throughout the Bible, and it serves as a poignant reminder of the cost of discipleship and the reality of spiritual opposition.

When the Advocate comes
The term "Advocate" is translated from the Greek word "Parakletos," which means one who is called to one's side, especially to help. In the context of the New Testament, it refers to the Holy Spirit, who acts as a comforter, counselor, and intercessor. The coming of the Advocate signifies a new era in the relationship between God and humanity, where the Holy Spirit actively participates in guiding and supporting believers. This promise of the Advocate's arrival is a source of hope and assurance for the disciples, as it indicates that they will not be left alone after Jesus' departure.

whom I will send to you from the Father
This phrase emphasizes the divine origin and mission of the Holy Spirit. Jesus, in His divine authority, promises to send the Advocate from the Father, highlighting the unity and cooperation within the Trinity. The sending of the Holy Spirit is an act of love and provision, ensuring that believers have the necessary guidance and strength to fulfill their mission on earth. It underscores the intimate relationship between Jesus, the Father, and the Holy Spirit, and their collective involvement in the salvation and sanctification of believers.

the Spirit of truth
The Holy Spirit is described as the "Spirit of truth," indicating His role in revealing and affirming the truth of God's word and the teachings of Jesus. In a world filled with deception and falsehood, the Spirit of truth provides clarity and discernment, enabling believers to distinguish between truth and error. This title also reflects the Spirit's role in guiding believers into all truth, as mentioned in John 16:13, ensuring that they remain grounded in the teachings of Christ and the Scriptures.

who proceeds from the Father
The phrase "proceeds from the Father" speaks to the eternal relationship and origin of the Holy Spirit within the Trinity. The procession of the Spirit from the Father signifies His divine nature and authority. This theological concept has been a point of discussion throughout church history, particularly in the context of the Nicene Creed and the Filioque controversy. However, from a conservative Christian perspective, it affirms the Spirit's divine mission and His active role in the life of the Church and individual believers.

He will testify about Me
The primary role of the Holy Spirit, as stated here, is to testify about Jesus. This testimony involves affirming the truth of Jesus' identity as the Son of God, His redemptive work on the cross, and His resurrection. The Spirit's testimony is not only internal, confirming the truth in the hearts of believers, but also external, empowering them to witness to others about Christ. This assurance of the Spirit's testimony provides believers with confidence and boldness in their faith, knowing that they are supported by the divine witness of the Holy Spirit.

And you also
This phrase emphasizes the inclusion and responsibility of the disciples in the mission of Christ. The Greek word for "you" (ὑμεῖς, hymeis) is plural, indicating that Jesus is addressing all His disciples collectively. This highlights the communal aspect of the Christian mission, where each believer is called to participate in the work of the Gospel. Historically, this reflects the early church's understanding that the testimony of Jesus was not limited to the apostles but extended to all followers.

must testify
The Greek word for "testify" (μαρτυρεῖτε, martyreite) is derived from the root "martys," meaning witness. This term is foundational in Christian theology, as it implies not only verbal proclamation but also living out the truth of the Gospel. The imperative "must" underscores the necessity and urgency of this task. In the historical context, the disciples' testimony was crucial for the spread of Christianity, as they were the primary witnesses to Jesus' life, death, and resurrection.

because you have been with Me
This phrase points to the intimate relationship between Jesus and His disciples. The Greek word "μετ’ ἐμοῦ" (met' emou) indicates a close association, suggesting that their testimony is credible because of their firsthand experience with Jesus. This personal relationship is a cornerstone of their authority and authenticity as witnesses. In a broader sense, it reminds believers that effective testimony arises from a deep, personal relationship with Christ.

from the beginning
The term "beginning" (ἀρχῆς, archēs) refers to the commencement of Jesus' ministry when He first called His disciples. This phrase underscores the disciples' long-standing commitment and the depth of their experience with Jesus. Historically, this highlights the continuity and consistency of the apostolic witness, which was foundational for the early church. It also serves as an encouragement for believers to remain steadfast in their faith journey, drawing strength from their ongoing relationship with Christ.