In the twelfth year
This phrase situates the prophecy within a specific historical context. The twelfth year likely refers to the twelfth year of the exile of King Jehoiachin, which places this event around 585 BC. This was a time of great turmoil and transition for the Israelites, as they were living in Babylonian exile. The number twelve in biblical numerology often symbolizes completeness or divine government, suggesting that God's sovereign plan is unfolding even amidst the chaos of exile.

in the twelfth month
The twelfth month in the Hebrew calendar is Adar, which corresponds to February-March in the Gregorian calendar. This period is significant in Jewish history, as it precedes the celebration of Purim, a festival commemorating God's deliverance of the Jewish people as recorded in the Book of Esther. The timing of this prophecy may remind the exiles of God's past faithfulness and His ability to deliver His people from oppression.

on the first day
The first day of the month often held special significance in the Hebrew calendar, marking the beginning of a new cycle and a time for renewal and reflection. It was a day for offerings and seeking God's guidance. This timing underscores the importance of the message Ezekiel is about to receive, as it is delivered at a moment when the people would be particularly attuned to divine communication.

the word of the LORD
This phrase emphasizes the divine origin of the message. In Hebrew, "word" is "dabar," which conveys not just spoken words but also the power and authority behind them. The "word of the LORD" is a recurring theme in Ezekiel, highlighting the prophet's role as a mouthpiece for God. It reassures the exiles that despite their circumstances, God is still speaking and actively involved in their lives.

came to me
The personal nature of this phrase indicates that Ezekiel is the chosen recipient of God's message. It underscores the intimate relationship between the prophet and God, as well as Ezekiel's responsibility to faithfully convey the message to the people. This personal encounter with the divine serves as a reminder that God seeks to communicate with His people through chosen vessels.

saying
This word introduces the content of the divine message. It signals that what follows is not merely human opinion but a direct revelation from God. In the context of Ezekiel's ministry, this "saying" often includes both judgment and hope, reflecting God's justice and mercy. It invites the audience to listen attentively and respond appropriately to the divine instruction.

Son of man
This phrase is a frequent designation for Ezekiel, used over 90 times in the book. In Hebrew, it is "ben adam," which emphasizes the prophet's humanity and his role as a representative of the people. It underscores the humility and frailty of man in contrast to the divine majesty of God. This title connects Ezekiel to the earthiness and mortality of humanity, reminding us of our dependence on God.

take up a lament
The Hebrew word for "lament" is "qinah," a type of mournful song or poem often used in funerals or to express deep sorrow. This indicates that the message Ezekiel is about to deliver is one of mourning and judgment. Laments were a common literary form in the ancient Near East, used to express grief over the fall of cities or nations. Here, it serves as a prophetic tool to convey the seriousness of God's impending judgment.

over Pharaoh king of Egypt
Pharaoh, the ruler of Egypt, represents not just a political leader but a symbol of worldly power and arrogance. Egypt was a significant power in the ancient world, often seen as a rival to Israel. Historically, Egypt had been both a refuge and a threat to Israel, and Pharaoh's downfall signifies the futility of relying on earthly powers instead of God.

and say to him
This directive from God to Ezekiel emphasizes the role of the prophet as a mouthpiece for divine communication. The phrase underscores the authority of the message, as it is not Ezekiel's own words but those given by God. It highlights the responsibility of the prophet to deliver God's message faithfully, regardless of its reception.

‘You compare yourself to a lion of the nations
The lion is a symbol of strength, power, and dominance. In the ancient Near East, lions were often associated with royalty and divine authority. Pharaoh's self-comparison to a lion suggests his pride and self-perception as a mighty ruler. However, this is contrasted with God's view, which sees through the facade of power to the reality of impending judgment.

but you are like a monster in the seas
The "monster" here is likely a reference to a crocodile or sea creature, symbolizing chaos and destruction. In Hebrew, the word "tannin" can refer to a dragon or sea monster, often associated with chaos in ancient mythology. This imagery contrasts Pharaoh's self-image with God's perspective, portraying him as a chaotic force that will be subdued. It serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty over all creation, including the forces of chaos.

This is what the Lord GOD says
This phrase underscores the divine authority and sovereignty of the message. The Hebrew term for "Lord GOD" is "Adonai Yahweh," emphasizing God's supreme power and covenantal relationship with Israel. It is a reminder that the words spoken are not merely human predictions but divine declarations, carrying the weight and certainty of God's will.

With a great throng of people
The imagery of a "great throng" suggests a multitude, possibly referring to the nations or armies that God will use to execute His judgment. Historically, this could allude to the Babylonian forces or other nations that God raised to fulfill His purposes. The phrase emphasizes the overwhelming power and inevitability of God's judgment when He mobilizes the nations according to His plan.

I will cast My net over you
The metaphor of casting a net is rich in biblical symbolism, often associated with capture and judgment. In the Hebrew context, a net signifies entrapment and inescapability. This imagery is used to convey the certainty of Pharaoh's downfall, as God Himself orchestrates the capture. It reflects the futility of resisting God's will, as His plans are as encompassing and unavoidable as a net cast over its prey.

and they will haul you up in My net
The continuation of the net imagery with "haul you up" suggests a complete and total capture. The phrase indicates not just entrapment but also removal from one's place of power and security. In the historical context, this reflects the fate of Pharaoh and Egypt, who were to be brought low by God's judgment. The use of "My net" reiterates God's direct involvement and ownership of the judgment process, emphasizing that it is His divine action and not merely human endeavor.

I will cast you on the land
This phrase signifies a divine act of judgment and humiliation. The Hebrew root for "cast" is "שָׁלַךְ" (shalach), which conveys the idea of throwing or flinging with force. In the historical context, this reflects God's sovereign power over nations, particularly Egypt, which is the subject of this prophecy. The imagery of being cast on the land suggests a loss of dignity and power, as the once-mighty nation is reduced to a state of vulnerability and disgrace.

and hurl you into the open field
The word "hurl" comes from the Hebrew "טוּל" (tul), emphasizing a violent and deliberate action. The "open field" symbolizes exposure and abandonment, a place where the fallen are left without protection or honor. This imagery would resonate with the ancient audience, as it evokes the fate of the defeated in battle, left unburied and dishonored. It serves as a stark reminder of the consequences of pride and rebellion against God.

I will cause all the birds of the air to settle upon you
The "birds of the air" are often used in Scripture to symbolize scavengers that consume the remains of the dead. The Hebrew word for "birds" is "עוֹף" (oph), which can refer to any flying creature. This phrase indicates total defeat and desolation, as the once-great nation becomes food for the birds. It is a vivid picture of divine retribution, where the natural order is used to execute God's judgment.

and I will satisfy the beasts of the whole earth with you
The word "satisfy" comes from the Hebrew "שָׂבַע" (sava), meaning to fill or satiate. This phrase suggests that the destruction will be so complete that even the beasts of the earth will be filled. The "beasts" symbolize the forces of nature and chaos that God uses to accomplish His purposes. Historically, this reflects the fate of nations that oppose God's will, as they are consumed by the very creation they sought to dominate.

I will put
This phrase indicates a deliberate action by God, emphasizing His sovereignty and control over the events that are to unfold. In the Hebrew text, the verb used here is "נָתַתִּי" (natati), which conveys the idea of placing or setting something in a specific position. This reflects God's authority to execute judgment and His active role in the unfolding of His divine plan. It serves as a reminder of God's power and the certainty of His decrees.

your flesh
The term "flesh" in this context refers to the physical body, symbolizing the mortality and vulnerability of human beings. In Hebrew, the word is "בָּשָׂר" (basar), which can also denote the idea of weakness and the transient nature of life. This imagery underscores the ultimate fate of those who oppose God, highlighting the futility of human pride and strength when set against divine will.

on the mountains
Mountains in biblical literature often symbolize strength, stability, and permanence. However, in this context, they become the stage for displaying the consequences of rebellion against God. The Hebrew word "הָרִים" (harim) is used here, and it evokes the image of a vast, open space where the remains are exposed for all to see. This serves as a stark reminder of the public nature of God's judgment and the lesson it imparts to all who witness it.

and fill the valleys
Valleys, in contrast to mountains, are often seen as places of refuge or hiding. The Hebrew word "גֵּאָיוֹת" (geayot) is used here, suggesting low-lying areas that are now overwhelmed with the remains of the fallen. This imagery conveys the totality of God's judgment, leaving no place untouched or hidden from His reach. It speaks to the comprehensive nature of divine justice, where every aspect of creation is involved in the execution of His righteous decrees.

with your remains
The word "remains" refers to what is left after destruction, emphasizing the finality and completeness of God's judgment. In Hebrew, "פִּגְרָתֶךָ" (pigratekha) is used, which can also mean carcasses or corpses. This stark imagery serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of sin and rebellion against God. It highlights the seriousness of divine judgment and the ultimate accountability that all creation has before the Creator.

I will drench the land
The phrase "I will drench the land" signifies a divine action of overwhelming judgment. The Hebrew root for "drench" is "shaqah," which means to saturate or soak thoroughly. This imagery conveys the extent of God's judgment against Egypt, as prophesied by Ezekiel. Historically, this reflects the totality of God's sovereignty over nations, emphasizing that no land is beyond His reach or authority. The land, often seen as a symbol of stability and life, becomes a canvas for divine retribution, reminding us of the seriousness of turning away from God's statutes.

with the flow of your blood
The "flow of your blood" is a vivid depiction of the consequences of sin and rebellion. In Hebrew, "dam" (blood) is often associated with life and its loss with death. This phrase underscores the severity of Egypt's downfall, as blood symbolizes both life and the cost of sin. Theologically, it serves as a stark reminder of the wages of sin, as echoed in Romans 6:23, and the ultimate need for redemption through Christ's sacrificial blood.

all the way to the mountains
"All the way to the mountains" indicates the vastness and reach of the judgment. Mountains in biblical literature often represent strength, permanence, and the divine presence. The imagery here suggests that the consequences of Egypt's actions will be far-reaching, affecting even the most stable and enduring parts of creation. This serves as a metaphor for the pervasive impact of sin and the comprehensive nature of God's justice.

the ravines will be filled
The phrase "the ravines will be filled" further illustrates the completeness of the judgment. Ravines, or valleys, in biblical times were often places of refuge or hiddenness. The filling of these ravines with blood signifies that there will be no place to hide from God's judgment. It is a powerful reminder that God's justice is inescapable and that every hidden sin will be brought to light. This calls believers to live transparently before God, seeking His mercy and grace.

When I extinguish you
This phrase signifies a divine act of judgment. The Hebrew root for "extinguish" is "כָּבָה" (kabah), which means to quench or put out, often used in the context of extinguishing a fire. In the prophetic literature, this term is metaphorically applied to the end of a nation or a ruler's power. Here, it reflects God's sovereign authority to bring an end to the might of Egypt, symbolizing the cessation of its influence and existence as a formidable power.

I will cover the heavens
The imagery of covering the heavens suggests a cosmic disturbance, a common motif in prophetic literature to describe divine intervention. The heavens, often seen as a symbol of order and stability, being covered indicates a significant disruption. This phrase echoes the language of creation, where God established the heavens, now He demonstrates His power to alter them, underscoring His ultimate control over the universe.

and darken their stars
Stars in ancient Near Eastern culture were often associated with divine beings or symbols of guidance and stability. The darkening of stars signifies the removal of guidance and the onset of chaos. Historically, this could reflect the fall of leaders or the loss of direction for a nation. Scripturally, it aligns with other prophetic declarations of judgment where celestial bodies are used to symbolize the downfall of earthly powers.

I will cover the sun with a cloud
The sun, a symbol of life, light, and divine favor, being covered by a cloud, indicates the withdrawal of God's blessing and the onset of judgment. In the Hebrew context, clouds often accompany theophanies, representing God's presence and action. This phrase suggests a divine intervention that obscures the natural order, emphasizing the severity of the judgment against Egypt.

and the moon will not give its light
The moon, governing the night, represents a secondary source of light and stability. Its failure to give light signifies a complete and pervasive darkness, both literal and metaphorical. This imagery is consistent with apocalyptic literature, where cosmic signs accompany divine judgment. It underscores the totality of the impending desolation and the removal of all sources of hope and guidance for Egypt.

All the shining lights in the heavens
This phrase refers to the celestial bodies, such as the sun, moon, and stars, which were often seen as symbols of divine order and stability in the ancient Near East. The Hebrew word for "shining lights" is "מָאוֹר" (ma'or), which signifies luminaries or sources of light. In the context of Ezekiel, the darkening of these lights symbolizes a profound disruption of the natural order, reflecting God's judgment. Historically, celestial phenomena were interpreted as omens or signs of divine intervention. This imagery underscores the severity of God's judgment against Egypt, as the darkening of the heavens would have been perceived as a cosmic event, indicating the withdrawal of divine favor and the onset of chaos.

I will darken over you
The act of darkening is a powerful metaphor for judgment and calamity. The Hebrew verb "חָשַׁךְ" (chashak) means to make dark or obscure. In biblical literature, darkness is often associated with mourning, despair, and divine wrath. By stating "I will darken over you," God is declaring His direct intervention in bringing about Egypt's downfall. This phrase emphasizes the personal involvement of God in the judgment process, highlighting His sovereignty and the inevitability of His decrees. The imagery of darkness also serves to contrast with the "shining lights," reinforcing the totality of the impending judgment.

and I will bring darkness upon your land
This continuation of the darkening theme extends the judgment from the heavens to the earth, indicating a comprehensive impact. The Hebrew word for "land" is "אֶרֶץ" (eretz), which can refer to a specific territory or the earth in general. In this context, it signifies the land of Egypt, which was renowned for its fertility and prosperity. The bringing of darkness upon the land symbolizes not only a physical obscuration but also a metaphorical one, representing the loss of prosperity, security, and divine blessing. This phrase serves as a reminder of the interconnectedness of creation, where the disruption of celestial order leads to terrestrial consequences.

declares the Lord GOD
This concluding phrase affirms the authority and certainty of the prophecy. The Hebrew term "נְאֻם" (ne'um) is often used to introduce divine pronouncements, underscoring their solemnity and reliability. "The Lord GOD" is a translation of "אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה" (Adonai Yahweh), a title that emphasizes both the lordship and covenantal relationship of God with His people. This declaration assures the audience that the message is not merely the prophet's words but the authoritative decree of the sovereign Creator. It serves as a call to heed the warning and recognize the power and justice of God, who holds the nations accountable to His divine standards.

I will trouble the hearts of many peoples
This phrase indicates a divine action that causes emotional and psychological disturbance. The Hebrew root for "trouble" is "ragaz," which conveys a sense of trembling or agitation. Historically, this reflects the fear and awe that God's judgments often inspired among surrounding nations. The "many peoples" suggests a widespread impact, emphasizing that God's actions are not limited to Israel but have global implications. This serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty over all nations and His ability to influence the hearts and minds of people everywhere.

when I bring about your destruction
The phrase "bring about your destruction" is a direct reference to God's judgment upon Egypt, as prophesied by Ezekiel. The Hebrew word for "destruction" is "sheber," which can mean a breaking or shattering. This conveys the totality and completeness of the judgment. Historically, Egypt was a powerful nation, and its downfall would have been a significant event. This serves as a warning that no nation, regardless of its might, is beyond the reach of God's judgment. It also reflects the biblical theme of divine retribution against pride and idolatry.

among the nations
This phrase highlights the international scope of the prophecy. The Hebrew word for "nations" is "goyim," often used to refer to non-Israelite peoples. The destruction of Egypt is not just a local event but one that will be witnessed and acknowledged by other nations. This serves to magnify God's power and justice, as His actions are not confined to a single people but are evident to all. It underscores the idea that God's dealings with one nation can serve as a lesson or warning to others.

in countries you have not known
The phrase "in countries you have not known" suggests unfamiliar or distant lands. The Hebrew word for "known" is "yada," which implies intimate knowledge or experience. This indicates that the impact of Egypt's destruction will reach places that were previously outside its sphere of influence. Historically, this could refer to the far-reaching trade and political connections of Egypt, which would be disrupted by its downfall. Spiritually, it serves as a reminder that God's actions can transcend human understanding and reach beyond our immediate context, affecting even those who are seemingly distant from the events at hand.

I will cause many peoples to be appalled at you
The phrase "I will cause" indicates God's direct intervention and sovereign control over the events described. The Hebrew root for "cause" is often associated with divine action, emphasizing that it is God who orchestrates the unfolding events. "Many peoples" refers to the surrounding nations, highlighting the widespread impact of Egypt's downfall. The word "appalled" suggests a deep sense of shock and horror, indicating that the judgment on Egypt will be so severe that it will serve as a warning to other nations. Historically, Egypt was a powerful empire, and its fall would indeed have been a cause for widespread astonishment.

and their kings will shudder with horror because of you
The "kings" represent the rulers of these nations, who are often seen as the embodiment of their people's strength and stability. The phrase "shudder with horror" conveys a visceral reaction of fear and dread. The Hebrew word for "shudder" can imply a physical trembling, suggesting that the kings will be deeply unsettled by the events. This reaction underscores the magnitude of God's judgment and serves as a reminder of His ultimate authority over all earthly powers. The historical context of ancient Near Eastern politics, where the fall of a major power like Egypt would have significant geopolitical repercussions, adds depth to this imagery.

when I brandish My sword before them
The "sword" is a common biblical symbol of judgment and warfare. The act of "brandishing" suggests a display of power and readiness to execute judgment. In the Hebrew context, God's sword is often associated with His righteous judgment against sin and rebellion. This imagery serves to remind the audience of God's active role in the affairs of nations and His ability to bring about justice. The historical context of warfare in the ancient world, where the sword was a primary weapon, reinforces the seriousness of this divine action.

On the day of your downfall
The "day of your downfall" refers to a specific time of judgment decreed by God. The use of "day" in prophetic literature often signifies a decisive moment of divine intervention. This phrase highlights the certainty and inevitability of Egypt's judgment. In the broader biblical narrative, such days of downfall serve as reminders of the consequences of pride and rebellion against God. The historical context of Egypt's decline, particularly during the Babylonian conquests, provides a backdrop for understanding the fulfillment of this prophecy.

each of them will tremble every moment for his life
The phrase "each of them" emphasizes the individual impact of the judgment, suggesting that no one will be exempt from the fear and anxiety caused by the events. "Tremble every moment" conveys a continuous state of fear, highlighting the pervasive and enduring nature of the terror experienced. The Hebrew root for "tremble" often implies a deep, existential fear, underscoring the seriousness of the situation. This serves as a powerful reminder of the fragility of human life and the ultimate sovereignty of God. The historical reality of ancient warfare, where the threat to life was constant and immediate, adds a layer of urgency to this imagery.

For this is what the Lord GOD says
This phrase underscores the authority and divine origin of the message. The Hebrew term for "Lord GOD" is "Adonai Yahweh," emphasizing both the sovereignty and the covenantal relationship God has with His people. In the prophetic literature, this introduction is a solemn reminder that the words to follow are not merely human predictions but divine declarations. It calls the audience to attention, urging them to heed the message with the seriousness it deserves.

The sword of the king of Babylon
The "sword" symbolizes war, judgment, and destruction. In the ancient Near Eastern context, the sword was a common metaphor for military power and divine judgment. The "king of Babylon" refers to Nebuchadnezzar, a historical figure known for his military conquests and the expansion of the Babylonian Empire. Historically, Babylon was a dominant power during Ezekiel's time, and its king was often seen as an instrument of God's judgment against nations, including Israel and Egypt. This phrase indicates that the impending judgment is not random but orchestrated by God through a specific earthly power.

Will come against you
This phrase conveys inevitability and certainty. The Hebrew verb used here implies a future action that is assured. The "you" in this context refers to Egypt, as the surrounding passages in Ezekiel 32 address the fate of Egypt and its Pharaoh. The prophecy is a warning of impending doom, emphasizing that Egypt's pride and reliance on its own strength will not save it from the divine judgment executed through Babylon. This serves as a broader theological lesson on the futility of opposing God's will and the ultimate sovereignty of God over all nations.

I will cause
This phrase indicates divine intervention and sovereignty. In Hebrew, the verb used here is "עָשָׂה" (asah), which means to make or to do. It emphasizes God's active role in the unfolding events. Theologically, it underscores the belief that God is not a passive observer but an active participant in the affairs of nations, orchestrating events according to His divine will.

your hordes
The term "hordes" refers to the vast armies or multitudes associated with Egypt. In the Hebrew text, the word "הָמוֹן" (hamon) is used, which can mean a multitude or a noisy crowd. Historically, Egypt was known for its large and formidable military forces. This phrase suggests the impending downfall of what was once considered a powerful and intimidating force.

to fall
The concept of falling in this context implies defeat and destruction. The Hebrew root "נָפַל" (naphal) conveys the idea of being overthrown or brought down. This is a common biblical motif where prideful nations or individuals are humbled by divine judgment. It serves as a reminder of the transient nature of earthly power and the ultimate authority of God.

by the swords
The sword is a symbol of warfare and judgment. In ancient times, the sword was the primary weapon of battle, representing both physical and divine judgment. The use of swords here signifies a violent and decisive end, highlighting the severity of the judgment that God is pronouncing against Egypt.

of mighty men
This phrase refers to warriors of great strength and valor. The Hebrew word "גִּבּוֹרִים" (gibborim) is used, which denotes heroes or champions. These are not ordinary soldiers but elite fighters, emphasizing the overwhelming force that will be used to execute God's judgment. It reflects the idea that God uses the mightiest of human instruments to accomplish His purposes.

the most ruthless of all the nations
The description of these men as "ruthless" underscores their ferocity and lack of mercy. The Hebrew word "עַרְצָלִים" (arzal) conveys a sense of terror and brutality. Historically, this could refer to the Babylonians, known for their harsh military campaigns. This phrase serves as a warning of the severe consequences of opposing God's will.

They will shatter
The act of shattering implies complete destruction. The Hebrew verb "שָׁבַר" (shabar) means to break or destroy. This imagery suggests not just a defeat but a total dismantling of Egypt's power and pride. It is a vivid portrayal of the comprehensive nature of divine judgment.

the pride of Egypt
Pride is often depicted in the Bible as a precursor to downfall. Egypt, with its rich history and powerful empire, was known for its arrogance and self-reliance. The Hebrew word "גָּאוֹן" (ga'on) refers to majesty or arrogance. This phrase highlights the biblical theme that God opposes the proud but gives grace to the humble.

and all its hordes will be destroyed
The finality of this statement is emphasized by the word "destroyed," which in Hebrew is "שָׁמַד" (shamad), meaning to annihilate or exterminate. It signifies the complete and utter end of Egypt's military might. This serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of defying God and the ultimate futility of human power against divine judgment.

I will slaughter
The Hebrew root for "slaughter" is "שָׁחַט" (shachat), which conveys a sense of deliberate and often sacrificial killing. In the context of Ezekiel, this word underscores God's sovereign judgment. The imagery of slaughtering cattle, which were vital for sustenance and economy, symbolizes a complete and devastating judgment. This act is not random but a divine decree, emphasizing God's control over life and death.

all her cattle
Cattle in ancient Near Eastern societies were symbols of wealth and prosperity. They were essential for agriculture, trade, and religious sacrifices. The phrase "all her cattle" indicates a totality in the judgment, leaving no remnant of prosperity or sustenance. This reflects the comprehensive nature of God's judgment against Egypt, as cattle were integral to their economy and daily life.

beside the abundant waters
The "abundant waters" likely refer to the Nile River, which was the lifeblood of Egypt. The Nile's annual flooding provided fertile soil for agriculture, making Egypt a powerful and prosperous nation. By mentioning the slaughter beside these waters, the text highlights the reversal of Egypt's fortunes. What was once a source of life and abundance becomes a scene of desolation and judgment.

No longer will the foot of man muddy them
This phrase suggests a cessation of human activity and interference. The "foot of man" represents human presence and industry, which often leads to the disturbance of natural resources. In a broader sense, it implies a divine intervention where human efforts are rendered futile. The absence of human activity signifies a desolate and uninhabited land, a stark contrast to Egypt's former bustling life.

nor the hooves of cattle muddy them
Cattle hooves muddying the waters symbolize the normal, everyday life and agricultural activity. The cessation of this activity indicates a profound disruption of the natural order and daily life. It suggests a divine purification or resetting, where the land is left to rest and recover from human exploitation. This imagery reinforces the theme of divine judgment leading to a cessation of normalcy and a return to a state of untouched creation.

Then I will let
This phrase indicates a future action initiated by God. The Hebrew root for "let" is "נָחָה" (nahah), which can mean to guide or lead. In this context, it suggests a divine intervention where God is actively orchestrating events. The use of "I will" emphasizes God's sovereignty and control over the natural and spiritual realms. It is a reminder of His ultimate authority and the fulfillment of His promises.

her waters settle
The imagery of waters settling conveys a sense of peace and tranquility. The Hebrew word for "settle" is "שָׁקַט" (shaqat), meaning to be quiet or undisturbed. Historically, turbulent waters often symbolize chaos or judgment in biblical literature. Here, the settling of waters signifies the cessation of turmoil and the establishment of divine order. It reflects God's ability to bring calmness and stability to situations that were once chaotic.

and make her rivers flow like oil
The phrase "flow like oil" is rich with symbolism. Oil in the Bible often represents abundance, blessing, and the presence of the Holy Spirit. The Hebrew word for "oil" is "שֶׁמֶן" (shemen), which is associated with anointing and consecration. Rivers flowing like oil suggest a transformation from ordinary to extraordinary, from natural to supernatural. It implies a divine blessing that turns the mundane into something sacred and life-giving. This transformation is a testament to God's power to renew and restore.

declares the Lord GOD
This declaration underscores the authority and certainty of the prophecy. The Hebrew term for "declares" is "נְאֻם" (ne'um), which is often used in prophetic literature to affirm the truthfulness and reliability of God's word. "The Lord GOD" is a translation of "אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה" (Adonai Yahweh), emphasizing both the lordship and covenantal relationship of God with His people. It serves as a reminder that the promises and actions described are not just hopeful wishes but are guaranteed by the unchanging nature of God Himself.

When I make the land of Egypt a desolation
This phrase speaks to the divine judgment that God is pronouncing upon Egypt. The Hebrew word for "desolation" is "שְׁמָמָה" (shemamah), which conveys a sense of utter ruin and devastation. Historically, Egypt was a powerful and influential nation, often seen as a symbol of human pride and reliance on worldly power. God's judgment serves as a reminder that no earthly power can stand against His sovereign will. The desolation of Egypt is not just a physical destruction but a spiritual humbling, calling nations to recognize the supremacy of God.

and the land is stripped of all that fills it
The imagery here is vivid, depicting a land emptied of its abundance and vitality. The Hebrew root "שָׁמַם" (shamem) implies being laid waste or made barren. This stripping away of resources and life signifies God's ability to remove the blessings He has bestowed when a nation turns away from Him. It serves as a cautionary tale for all nations to remain faithful and obedient to God's commandments, lest they too face such desolation.

when I strike down all who live there
This phrase underscores the completeness of God's judgment. The Hebrew verb "נָכָה" (nakah) means to strike or smite, indicating a decisive and powerful action. The inhabitants of Egypt, who relied on their own strength and idols, are shown to be vulnerable before the Almighty. This serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of idolatry and rebellion against God. It calls believers to examine their own lives and ensure their trust is placed solely in the Lord.

then they will know that I am the LORD
The ultimate purpose of God's judgment is revealed in this phrase. The recognition of God as "the LORD" (YHWH) is central to the message of Ezekiel. The Hebrew name for God, "יהוה" (YHWH), is a reminder of His eternal presence and covenant faithfulness. Through the desolation of Egypt, God reveals His power and sovereignty, compelling both the judged and the observers to acknowledge His divine authority. This acknowledgment is not just intellectual but relational, calling people into a deeper understanding and reverence for God. It is a call to repentance and a return to the worship of the one true God, who desires to be known and glorified among all nations.

This is a lament
The word "lament" in Hebrew is "קִינָה" (qinah), which refers to a dirge or a song of mourning. In ancient Israel, laments were often composed to express profound grief and sorrow, typically over the death of individuals or the downfall of nations. This lament is not just a personal expression but a communal one, indicating the gravity of Egypt's fall. The use of lament highlights the seriousness of God's judgment and the deep sorrow that accompanies the loss of a once-great nation.

they will chant for her
The act of chanting, or "chant," suggests a rhythmic and repetitive vocal expression, often used in religious or solemn contexts. In the Hebrew tradition, chanting was a way to ensure that the message was remembered and internalized by the community. The "her" refers to Egypt, personifying the nation as a woman, which is a common biblical motif. This personification emphasizes the intimate and relational aspect of God's dealings with nations, as if they were individuals with whom He interacts directly.

the daughters of the nations
This phrase indicates that the lament is not limited to Israel but involves "the daughters of the nations," suggesting a broader, international recognition of Egypt's demise. In the ancient Near Eastern context, "daughters" often symbolized cities or smaller communities within a nation. This implies that the impact of Egypt's fall is so significant that it reverberates beyond its borders, affecting surrounding nations and their peoples.

will chant it
The repetition of "will chant it" underscores the certainty and inevitability of this lamentation. It is a prophetic declaration that the nations will indeed mourn Egypt's downfall. This repetition also serves to emphasize the communal and widespread nature of the lament, as it is not just a singular event but a collective response to God's judgment.

For Egypt and all her multitudes
"Egypt" here represents not only the geographical nation but also its cultural, political, and military might. The phrase "all her multitudes" refers to the vast population and the armies of Egypt, highlighting the comprehensive nature of the judgment. Historically, Egypt was a dominant power in the ancient world, known for its wealth, influence, and military strength. The mention of "multitudes" signifies that the judgment affects every aspect of Egyptian society, from the highest echelons of power to the common people.

they will chant it
The reiteration of this phrase serves to reinforce the prophetic certainty of the lament. It is a divine decree that the nations will respond to Egypt's fall with mourning. This repetition also highlights the solemnity and gravity of the situation, as the lament is not just a spontaneous reaction but a divinely orchestrated response to God's righteous judgment.

declares the Lord GOD
This phrase, "declares the Lord GOD," is a powerful affirmation of divine authority and sovereignty. In Hebrew, "Lord GOD" is "אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה" (Adonai Yahweh), emphasizing both the personal and covenantal name of God. This declaration assures the reader that the prophecy is not merely the words of Ezekiel but the authoritative pronouncement of God Himself. It underscores the certainty of the prophecy and the inevitability of its fulfillment, as it is backed by the ultimate authority of the Creator and Sustainer of all nations.

In the twelfth year
This phrase situates the prophecy within a specific historical context. The twelfth year likely refers to the period of the Babylonian exile, around 585 BC, a time of great turmoil and reflection for the Israelites. The number twelve often symbolizes completeness or divine government in the Bible, suggesting that God's sovereign plan is unfolding even amidst the chaos of exile.

on the fifteenth day of the month
The specificity of the date underscores the precision and reliability of God's word. In the Hebrew calendar, the fifteenth day often coincides with significant events, such as Passover or the Feast of Tabernacles, which are times of remembrance and divine intervention. This detail reminds us that God's messages are timely and purposeful, aligning with His divine calendar.

the word of the LORD
This phrase emphasizes the divine origin of the message. In Hebrew, "word" is "dabar," which conveys not just spoken words but also action and purpose. The "word of the LORD" is powerful and creative, as seen in Genesis where God speaks creation into existence. It reassures us that God's word is active and effective, accomplishing His will.

came to me
The personal nature of this phrase highlights the intimate relationship between God and His prophets. Ezekiel, as a chosen vessel, receives direct communication from God. This underscores the role of prophets as intermediaries who convey God's messages to His people. It also serves as a reminder that God desires a personal relationship with each of us, speaking into our lives through His word.

saying
This introduces the content of the divine message. In the prophetic tradition, "saying" often precedes a revelation or instruction from God. It prepares the listener for the weight and authority of what follows. This word invites us to listen attentively and with reverence, recognizing that what is spoken is not merely human opinion but divine truth.

Son of man
This phrase is a frequent address to Ezekiel, emphasizing his humanity and role as a prophet. In Hebrew, "ben adam" underscores the prophet's connection to mankind, serving as a bridge between God and His people. It reminds us of the humility and responsibility inherent in being chosen to convey divine messages.

wail for the multitude of Egypt
The call to "wail" indicates a lamentation, a deep expression of sorrow. The Hebrew root "qiynah" is often used in contexts of mourning for the dead. This lament is directed towards Egypt, a powerful nation that is facing divine judgment. Historically, Egypt was a dominant force, and its downfall would have been a significant event, symbolizing the transient nature of earthly power.

and consign her to the earth
To "consign" suggests a finality, a handing over to a particular fate. The imagery of being consigned "to the earth" evokes burial, a return to dust, and signifies the end of Egypt's glory. This reflects the biblical theme of mortality and the ultimate sovereignty of God over nations.

along with the daughters of mighty nations
The "daughters of mighty nations" refers to other powerful kingdoms that, like Egypt, will face judgment. The use of "daughters" may symbolize cities or smaller entities within these nations. This phrase highlights the comprehensive nature of God's judgment, extending beyond Egypt to all who oppose His will.

to the depths of the earth
The "depths of the earth" is a metaphor for Sheol, the abode of the dead in Hebrew thought. It represents a place of silence and separation from the living. This imagery serves as a stark reminder of the consequences of pride and rebellion against God.

with those who descend to the Pit
The "Pit" is another term for Sheol, emphasizing the finality and inescapability of divine judgment. The descent into the Pit is a common biblical motif for death and judgment, reinforcing the message that all, regardless of their earthly power, are subject to God's ultimate authority.

Whom do you surpass in beauty?
This phrase is a rhetorical question posed by God through the prophet Ezekiel. The Hebrew root for "surpass" is "עָבַר" (avar), which means to pass over or to excel. In the context of Ezekiel, this question is directed towards Egypt, a nation known for its grandeur and splendor. Historically, Egypt was renowned for its architectural marvels, wealth, and cultural achievements. However, this question challenges Egypt's pride and self-perception, reminding them that their earthly beauty and achievements are insignificant in the face of divine judgment. It serves as a humbling reminder that no nation or individual can boast of their beauty or accomplishments before God, who is the ultimate judge of all.

Go down
The phrase "go down" is a command that signifies a descent into Sheol, the realm of the dead in Hebrew thought. The Hebrew word "יָרַד" (yarad) is used here, which means to descend or to go down. This descent is not just physical but also symbolic of a fall from grace and power. In the historical context, Egypt's descent represents the inevitable downfall of those who rely on their own strength and beauty rather than on God. It is a call to humility and repentance, acknowledging that all earthly power is temporary and subject to God's sovereign will.

and be placed
The phrase "be placed" indicates a passive action, suggesting that Egypt's fate is not in its own hands but is determined by God. The Hebrew root "נָתַן" (natan) means to give or to set. This placement among the dead is a divine decree, emphasizing that God is the one who appoints the destinies of nations and individuals. It serves as a sobering reminder of God's control over life and death, and the futility of resisting His will.

with the uncircumcised
In the Hebrew context, "uncircumcised" refers to those who are outside the covenant community of Israel. The term "עָרֵל" (arel) is used, which denotes being uncircumcised and, by extension, being unclean or impure. Historically, circumcision was a sign of the covenant between God and His people, Israel. To be placed with the uncircumcised is to be associated with those who are not part of God's chosen people, symbolizing disgrace and separation from God's favor. For Egypt, a nation that prided itself on its power and influence, this association with the uncircumcised is a profound humiliation. It underscores the theme of divine judgment against pride and the ultimate leveling of all nations before God. This serves as a powerful reminder of the importance of being in right relationship with God, rather than relying on external markers of success or beauty.

They will fall
This phrase indicates a definitive action and outcome. In the Hebrew text, the verb used here is "נָפַל" (naphal), which means to fall, lie, or be cast down. This word often signifies a downfall or defeat, particularly in a military or judgment context. Historically, this reflects the fate of nations and individuals who oppose God's will, as seen throughout the Old Testament. The imagery of falling is a powerful reminder of the consequences of pride and rebellion against God.

among those slain by the sword
The phrase "slain by the sword" is a common biblical expression denoting death in battle or execution. The Hebrew word for sword, "חֶרֶב" (chereb), is often used metaphorically to represent divine judgment. In the context of Ezekiel, this phrase underscores the severity of God's judgment against Egypt and other nations. It serves as a sobering reminder of the reality of divine justice and the ultimate fate of those who oppose God's purposes.

The sword is drawn
This phrase suggests readiness and imminent action. The drawing of the sword symbolizes the execution of judgment. In the ancient Near Eastern context, a drawn sword was a clear sign of impending battle or punishment. This imagery is consistent with the prophetic messages throughout Ezekiel, where God is depicted as a warrior executing judgment on rebellious nations. It emphasizes the certainty and immediacy of God's actions.

Let her be dragged off
The imagery of being "dragged off" conveys a sense of helplessness and defeat. In the Hebrew, the verb "סָחַב" (sachab) implies being pulled or carried away, often against one's will. This reflects the fate of conquered peoples in the ancient world, who were often taken captive and led away from their homeland. In the context of Ezekiel, it illustrates the totality of Egypt's defeat and the inescapable nature of God's judgment.

with all her multitudes
The term "multitudes" refers to the vast numbers of people, armies, or resources. In Hebrew, "הָמוֹן" (hamon) can mean a multitude, crowd, or abundance. This word highlights the scale of Egypt's population and power, which, despite its size, is unable to withstand God's judgment. It serves as a reminder that no amount of human strength or numbers can stand against the divine will. The inclusion of "all her multitudes" underscores the comprehensive nature of the judgment, affecting every aspect of the nation.

Mighty chiefs
The phrase "mighty chiefs" refers to powerful leaders or warriors who were once renowned on earth. In Hebrew, the word for "mighty" is "gibborim," which often denotes strength and valor. Historically, these chiefs were figures of authority and influence, possibly kings or military leaders. Their presence in Sheol, the realm of the dead, signifies that even the most powerful are not exempt from death's reach. This serves as a humbling reminder of the transient nature of earthly power and the ultimate sovereignty of God over life and death.

will speak
The act of speaking in Sheol suggests a continued consciousness or awareness after death, which aligns with the Hebrew understanding of Sheol as a shadowy place where the dead reside. This speaking is not literal but metaphorical, indicating a testimony or acknowledgment of Egypt's downfall. It underscores the idea that the deeds and reputations of individuals and nations follow them into the afterlife, serving as a testament to their earthly actions.

from the midst of Sheol
"Sheol" is the Hebrew term for the abode of the dead, often depicted as a place of darkness and silence. It is not equivalent to the Christian concept of hell but rather a neutral place where all the dead reside. The phrase "from the midst of Sheol" emphasizes the totality of Egypt's defeat and humiliation, as even in death, they are surrounded by other fallen nations. This imagery serves as a stark warning of the consequences of pride and rebellion against God.

about Egypt and her allies
Egypt, a symbol of worldly power and opposition to God, is often depicted in the Bible as an adversary of Israel. The mention of "her allies" indicates that Egypt's influence extended beyond its borders, forming coalitions with other nations. Historically, Egypt was a dominant force in the ancient Near East, but its alliances could not save it from divine judgment. This highlights the futility of relying on human strength and alliances instead of seeking God's favor and guidance.

‘They have come down
The phrase "they have come down" signifies a fall from a position of power and prestige. In biblical terms, descending often implies a movement from life to death or from favor to disgrace. This descent is not just physical but also spiritual, as Egypt and its allies are brought low due to their defiance against God. It serves as a reminder that pride precedes a fall, and those who exalt themselves will ultimately be humbled.

and lie with the uncircumcised
In the Hebrew context, "uncircumcised" refers to those outside the covenant community of Israel, often symbolizing impurity or godlessness. To "lie with the uncircumcised" indicates a shared fate with those who are spiritually unclean or rebellious against God. This association with the uncircumcised in death underscores Egypt's spiritual state and the consequences of living apart from God's covenant.

with those slain by the sword
The imagery of being "slain by the sword" conveys a violent and dishonorable death, often seen as a judgment from God. In ancient times, dying by the sword was a common fate for those defeated in battle, symbolizing the ultimate failure of human strength and military might. This phrase serves as a sobering reminder of the reality of divine justice and the fate that awaits those who oppose God's will. It calls believers to reflect on the importance of living in obedience to God, knowing that earthly power is fleeting and true security is found in Him alone.

Assyria is there
The mention of "Assyria" immediately draws us into the historical context of the ancient Near East. Assyria was a dominant empire known for its military prowess and often brutal conquests. In the Hebrew text, "Assyria" is "אַשּׁוּר" (Ashur), which not only refers to the nation but also to its chief deity and the city that was its capital. This phrase sets the stage for a vision of judgment, as Assyria, once a symbol of power and might, is now depicted in a state of defeat and humiliation. This serves as a reminder of the transient nature of earthly power and the ultimate sovereignty of God over all nations.

with all her company
The phrase "with all her company" suggests a collective judgment. The Hebrew word for "company" is "קָהָל" (qahal), which can mean an assembly or congregation. This indicates that not only the leaders but also the people associated with Assyria are included in this judgment. It reflects the biblical principle that nations and their people are often judged together, emphasizing the communal aspect of sin and accountability.

her graves are all around her
The imagery of "her graves are all around her" is both vivid and somber. Graves symbolize death and finality. In the ancient world, the location and condition of one's grave were significant, often reflecting one's status or the circumstances of death. The phrase suggests that Assyria's defeat is total and inescapable, with graves surrounding her as a testament to her downfall. This serves as a powerful metaphor for the consequences of pride and rebellion against God.

All of them are slain
"All of them are slain" underscores the completeness of the judgment. The Hebrew word for "slain" is "חָלָל" (chalal), which can mean pierced or fatally wounded. This indicates a violent and decisive end, reinforcing the idea that those who live by the sword often die by the sword. It is a sobering reminder of the fate that awaits those who oppose God's will.

fallen by the sword
The phrase "fallen by the sword" is a common biblical expression denoting death in battle. The sword, in biblical symbolism, often represents divine judgment and warfare. In this context, it highlights the manner of Assyria's demise—through conflict and divine retribution. This serves as a warning to all nations and individuals that reliance on military might and human strength is futile against the purposes of God.

Their graves are set in the depths of the Pit
The phrase "their graves are set" indicates a predetermined and fixed position, suggesting divine judgment and the finality of their fate. The "depths of the Pit" refers to Sheol, the Hebrew term for the realm of the dead. In ancient Near Eastern thought, Sheol was a shadowy place where the dead resided, often depicted as a deep, dark pit. This imagery emphasizes the totality of their downfall and separation from the living, highlighting the consequences of their actions against God’s will.

and her company is all around her grave
The "company" refers to the multitude of followers or allies who shared in the same fate. The image of them being "all around her grave" suggests a communal aspect of judgment, where not only the leader but also the followers are held accountable. This reflects the biblical principle that those who align themselves with wickedness will share in its consequences. Historically, this can be seen in the downfall of nations and leaders who opposed God’s people, as their entire entourage often faced similar destruction.

all of them slain, fallen by the sword
The phrase "slain, fallen by the sword" is a vivid depiction of violent death, often used in the Old Testament to describe the fate of those who opposed God. The sword is a symbol of divine judgment and warfare, indicating that their demise was not merely a natural occurrence but a result of divine retribution. This serves as a sobering reminder of the seriousness of opposing God’s commands and the inevitable justice that follows.

who spread terror in the land of the living
This phrase identifies the reason for their judgment: they "spread terror." The Hebrew root for "terror" conveys a sense of fear and dread, often associated with oppressive and violent actions. By spreading terror, they disrupted the peace and order intended by God for His creation. The "land of the living" contrasts with the realm of the dead, emphasizing the impact of their actions on the world. This serves as a warning that those who cause fear and chaos will ultimately face divine justice, reinforcing the biblical theme of God as the righteous judge who restores order and peace.

Elam is there
Elam, an ancient kingdom located in what is now southwestern Iran, is mentioned here as part of a prophetic lament. Historically, Elam was a significant power, often interacting with and opposing Israel. The mention of Elam in this context signifies the reach of God's judgment beyond Israel to other nations. The Hebrew root for Elam, "עֵילָם" (Eylam), reflects its historical and geographical significance, reminding us of the universality of God's sovereignty and justice.

with all her multitudes around her grave
The imagery of multitudes around a grave suggests a collective judgment. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, burial practices were significant, and being gathered in death implies a shared fate. The Hebrew word for "multitudes," "הֲמוֹן" (hamon), often denotes a great number or a tumultuous crowd, emphasizing the vastness of those affected by divine judgment. This serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of collective sin and rebellion against God.

All of them are slain, fallen by the sword
This phrase underscores the violent end met by the people of Elam. The sword, "חֶרֶב" (chereb) in Hebrew, is frequently a symbol of divine judgment throughout the Bible. The imagery of falling by the sword conveys the inevitability and finality of God's justice. It serves as a warning to all nations and individuals about the seriousness of sin and the certainty of divine retribution.

who went down uncircumcised to the earth below
In the Hebrew context, circumcision was a sign of the covenant between God and His people. To be "uncircumcised" was to be outside of this covenant, symbolizing spiritual separation from God. The phrase "earth below" refers to Sheol, the abode of the dead. This highlights the spiritual state of those judged, emphasizing their separation from God's promises and blessings.

who spread their terror in the land of the living
Elam's historical role as a warrior nation is captured in this phrase. The Hebrew word for "terror," "חִתִּית" (chittit), conveys fear and dread. This reflects the impact of Elam's actions on other nations, serving as a reminder of the destructive power of sin and the fear it instills. It also underscores the justice of God's judgment against those who cause widespread fear and destruction.

They bear their disgrace
The concept of bearing disgrace, "כְּלִמָּה" (kelimah) in Hebrew, is a powerful image of shame and dishonor. In biblical times, disgrace was a fate worse than death, as it affected one's legacy and memory. This phrase highlights the enduring nature of divine judgment, where the consequences of sin extend beyond physical death to eternal shame.

with those who descend to the Pit
The "Pit," "בּוֹר" (bor) in Hebrew, is another term for Sheol, the realm of the dead. This phrase connects Elam's fate with that of other nations and individuals who have faced God's judgment. It serves as a stark reminder of the finality of divine justice and the shared destiny of those who reject God's ways. The imagery of descending to the Pit emphasizes the downward trajectory of sin and the ultimate separation from God's presence.

Among the slain
This phrase sets the somber tone of the passage, indicating a place of death and defeat. In the Hebrew context, "slain" (הֲרוּגִים, harugim) refers to those who have fallen in battle, often seen as a sign of divine judgment. Historically, being among the slain signifies not just physical death but also spiritual and national disgrace, as it implies a loss of divine favor.

they have made a bed for her
The imagery of making a "bed" (מִשְׁכָּב, mishkav) among the dead suggests a final resting place, a metaphor for death's permanence. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, a bed could symbolize rest or a final abode, indicating that the nation or entity has been laid to rest permanently due to its iniquities.

with all her multitudes
This phrase emphasizes the collective nature of the judgment. The "multitudes" (הֲמוֹן, hamon) refer to the numerous people or armies associated with the nation. It underscores the comprehensive nature of the judgment, affecting not just leaders but entire populations, reflecting the widespread impact of sin and rebellion against God.

Her graves are all around her
The presence of "graves" (קְבָרִים, kevarim) surrounding her signifies complete encirclement by death. In biblical times, graves were often hewn out of rock, symbolizing permanence. This imagery suggests that the nation is surrounded by the consequences of its actions, with no escape from divine judgment.

all of them uncircumcised
In the Hebrew context, being "uncircumcised" (עֲרֵלִים, arelim) was a term of reproach, indicating those outside the covenant community of Israel. It symbolizes spiritual impurity and separation from God. This highlights the spiritual state of those judged, emphasizing their alienation from God's promises.

slain by the sword
The "sword" (חֶרֶב, cherev) is a common biblical symbol of divine judgment and warfare. Being slain by the sword indicates a violent end, often seen as a direct result of God's wrath against sin. It serves as a reminder of the seriousness of turning away from God's commandments.

Although their terror was once spread in the land of the living
This phrase reflects the former power and influence of the nation, which once instilled "terror" (חִתִּיתָם, chittitam) among others. The "land of the living" (אֶרֶץ חַיִּים, eretz chayyim) refers to the world of the living, contrasting with the realm of the dead. It highlights the transient nature of earthly power and the ultimate futility of relying on human strength.

they now bear their disgrace
To "bear disgrace" (נָשָׂא כְּלוֹנָם, nasa kelonam) indicates carrying the weight of shame and dishonor. In biblical terms, disgrace is often associated with divine judgment and the exposure of sin. This phrase underscores the reversal of fortunes, where former oppressors now face humiliation.

with those who descend to the Pit
The "Pit" (בּוֹר, bor) is a metaphor for Sheol, the abode of the dead. Descending to the Pit signifies death and the end of earthly existence. It serves as a stark reminder of the finality of divine judgment and the common destiny of all who reject God's ways.

They are placed among the slain
This concluding phrase reiterates the finality of their judgment. Being "placed" (נָתוּן, natun) among the slain emphasizes the deliberate nature of God's judgment. It serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of sin and the certainty of divine justice, calling readers to reflect on their own spiritual state and relationship with God.

Meshech and Tubal
These names refer to ancient peoples and regions often associated with the descendants of Japheth, one of Noah's sons, as outlined in Genesis 10:2. Historically, Meshech and Tubal are believed to have been located in the region of modern-day Turkey. The mention of these names in Ezekiel signifies the widespread nature of God's judgment, extending even to distant lands. Theologically, this highlights the universal sovereignty of God over all nations, not just Israel.

are there with all their hordes
The phrase "are there" indicates their presence in the realm of the dead, specifically in Sheol, the Hebrew concept of the grave or the abode of the dead. "With all their hordes" suggests a vast number of people, emphasizing the comprehensive nature of the judgment. This imagery serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of living in opposition to God's will, as entire nations and their armies face divine retribution.

their graves are all around them
This phrase paints a vivid picture of desolation and defeat. The graves surrounding them symbolize the finality of their judgment and the inescapable nature of death. In the ancient Near Eastern context, a proper burial was significant, and the imagery of graves all around suggests dishonor and disgrace. Spiritually, it serves as a warning against pride and self-reliance, urging a life of humility and obedience to God.

All of them are uncircumcised
In the Hebrew context, circumcision was a sign of the covenant between God and His people, Israel. To be "uncircumcised" was to be outside of this covenant, symbolizing spiritual separation from God. This phrase underscores the spiritual state of these nations, highlighting their lack of relationship with the God of Israel. It serves as a call to recognize the importance of being in covenant with God through faith and obedience.

slain by the sword
The sword is a common biblical symbol of judgment and warfare. Being "slain by the sword" indicates a violent and decisive end, often as a result of divine judgment. This phrase reflects the justice of God, who repays nations according to their deeds. It serves as a reminder of the seriousness of sin and the reality of divine justice, encouraging believers to seek righteousness and peace.

because their terror had spread in the land of the living
This phrase explains the reason for their judgment: the spreading of terror. It suggests that these nations were known for their violence and intimidation, causing fear among others. In a broader sense, it reflects the consequences of living in opposition to God's ways, as those who spread terror ultimately face divine retribution. This serves as a call to live in a way that promotes peace and reflects God's love and justice in the world.

They do not lie with the fallen warriors of old
This phrase refers to a distinction between the current state of the fallen and those ancient warriors who were once revered. The "fallen warriors of old" suggests a historical context where warriors were honored in death, often buried with their weapons as a sign of their valor. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, it was common for warriors to be buried with their weapons, symbolizing their strength and status even in death. The Hebrew word for "lie" (שָׁכַב, shakab) often implies rest or repose, indicating that these warriors were given a place of honor in their burial, unlike those being referenced in the current context of the passage.

who went down to Sheol with their weapons of war
"Sheol" is the Hebrew term for the realm of the dead, a shadowy place where the deceased reside. The imagery of warriors going down to Sheol with their "weapons of war" underscores the belief that their martial prowess accompanied them even in death. This reflects the ancient belief in the continuation of one's identity and honor beyond the grave. The presence of weapons signifies their readiness and valor, suggesting that their legacy as warriors persists.

their swords placed under their heads
This phrase evokes the burial customs of ancient warriors, where swords were often placed under the head as a pillow, symbolizing eternal vigilance and readiness. The sword, a symbol of power and protection, indicates that these warriors were honored and remembered for their might. The Hebrew word for "sword" (חֶרֶב, chereb) is often associated with judgment and warfare, reinforcing the idea of their enduring strength and the respect they commanded.

and their shields resting on their bones
The shield, a defensive weapon, represents protection and valor. The imagery of shields "resting on their bones" suggests a final resting place where their martial identity is preserved. In ancient times, shields were not only practical in battle but also symbolic of a warrior's status and achievements. This phrase highlights the honor given to these warriors, as their shields remain with them, signifying their enduring legacy.

though the terror of these warriors was once in the land of the living
This phrase acknowledges the fear and respect these warriors commanded during their lifetimes. The "terror" they inspired is a testament to their prowess and the impact they had on their contemporaries. The Hebrew word for "terror" (אֵימָה, eimah) conveys a sense of awe and fear, indicating the formidable presence these warriors had. This serves as a reminder of the transient nature of earthly power and the ultimate leveling effect of death, where even the most feared warriors find themselves equalized in Sheol.

But you too will be shattered
This phrase speaks directly to the inevitability of judgment. The Hebrew root for "shattered" is "שָׁבַר" (shabar), which conveys a sense of being broken or destroyed. In the context of Ezekiel, this is a prophetic declaration against Egypt, symbolizing the downfall of a once-mighty nation. Historically, Egypt was a powerful empire, often seen as invincible. However, this verse serves as a reminder that no earthly power can withstand the judgment of God. The shattering is not just physical but also spiritual, indicating a complete humbling before the sovereignty of the Almighty.

and will lie down
The phrase "lie down" suggests a state of rest or death. In Hebrew, "שָׁכַב" (shakab) is often used to describe lying down in death or defeat. This imagery is consistent with the fate of those who oppose God. It is a stark reminder that all who rise against the Lord will ultimately find themselves in a position of submission. The historical context here is significant, as it reflects the fate of nations that have opposed Israel and, by extension, God’s divine plan. This serves as a warning to all generations about the consequences of pride and rebellion.

with the uncircumcised
In the Hebrew context, "uncircumcised" (עָרֵל, arel) refers to those who are outside the covenant community of Israel. It symbolizes spiritual impurity and separation from God. In Ezekiel's time, being uncircumcised was synonymous with being pagan or heathen. This phrase indicates that Egypt, despite its grandeur, will share the same fate as those who do not know God. It underscores the theme of divine justice, where earthly status or power holds no weight in the face of God’s righteous judgment. This serves as a powerful reminder of the importance of being in covenant with God.

with those slain by the sword
The imagery of being "slain by the sword" is a common biblical metaphor for divine judgment and warfare. The Hebrew word for "sword" is "חֶרֶב" (chereb), often used in contexts of battle and execution of justice. This phrase highlights the violent and decisive nature of God’s judgment. Historically, the sword was a primary instrument of warfare, symbolizing the ultimate defeat. In the prophetic literature, it often represents God’s instrument of judgment against nations. This serves as a sobering reminder of the seriousness of sin and the certainty of divine retribution for those who oppose God’s will.

Edom is there
The mention of Edom here is significant, as Edom was a nation descended from Esau, Jacob's brother. Historically, Edom had a tumultuous relationship with Israel, often characterized by hostility and conflict. The phrase "Edom is there" indicates that Edom, despite its historical enmity and pride, is now counted among the defeated nations. This serves as a reminder of the ultimate justice and sovereignty of God over all nations, regardless of their past might or opposition to His people.

her kings and all her princes
This phrase highlights the leadership of Edom, emphasizing that even those in positions of power and authority are not exempt from judgment. In the ancient Near Eastern context, kings and princes were often seen as the embodiment of their nation's strength and pride. The inclusion of Edom's leaders in this judgment underscores the comprehensive nature of God's justice, which reaches from the highest to the lowest.

who despite their might
The phrase "despite their might" points to the futility of relying on earthly power and strength. Edom was known for its strategic location and military prowess, yet these were insufficient to save them from divine judgment. This serves as a cautionary tale for all who trust in their own strength rather than in God, reminding believers that true security is found only in Him.

have been laid among those slain by the sword
This imagery of being "slain by the sword" conveys the finality and severity of Edom's judgment. In biblical times, death by the sword was often seen as a violent and dishonorable end. The phrase suggests that Edom's downfall was not only physical but also a moral and spiritual defeat, as they are counted among the dishonored dead.

They lie with the uncircumcised
In the Hebrew context, circumcision was a sign of the covenant between God and His people, Israel. To "lie with the uncircumcised" implies that Edom, despite its heritage and might, is now associated with those outside of God's covenant. This serves as a stark reminder of the consequences of living apart from God's covenant and the ultimate leveling of all peoples before His judgment.

with those who descend to the Pit
The "Pit" is often a metaphor for Sheol, the realm of the dead in Hebrew thought. This phrase indicates the finality of Edom's judgment, as they join the ranks of those who have gone down to the grave. It serves as a sobering reminder of the reality of death and the importance of living in accordance with God's will, as all will ultimately face His judgment.

All the princes of the north
This phrase refers to the leaders and rulers from the northern regions, possibly including nations like Assyria and Babylon. Historically, these were powerful empires known for their military prowess and influence. The Hebrew word for "princes" (נְשִׂיאִים, nesi'im) often denotes leaders with authority and power. The mention of "the north" is significant, as it was from the north that many of Israel's enemies came, symbolizing a place of threat and judgment.

and all the Sidonians
The Sidonians were inhabitants of Sidon, a prominent city in ancient Phoenicia, known for its wealth and maritime prowess. The inclusion of the Sidonians highlights the reach of God's judgment, extending even to those who were not direct enemies of Israel but were part of the broader pagan world. The Sidonians were often associated with idolatry and pagan practices, which were abominations in the eyes of the God of Israel.

are there
This phrase indicates their presence in the realm of the dead, specifically in Sheol, the Hebrew concept of the grave or the abode of the dead. It underscores the universality of death and judgment, where earthly power and status hold no sway.

they went down in shame
The Hebrew word for "shame" (בְּבוּשָׁה, b'vushah) conveys a sense of disgrace and dishonor. Despite their earthly might and influence, these rulers face humiliation in death. This serves as a sobering reminder of the ultimate futility of pride and earthly power when confronted with divine judgment.

with the slain
This phrase emphasizes their fate among those who have been killed, likely in battle. It reflects the common biblical theme that those who live by the sword often die by the sword, and it serves as a warning against reliance on military might.

despite the terror their might inspired
Here, the text acknowledges the fear and awe these rulers once commanded. The Hebrew word for "terror" (חִתָּתָם, chittatam) suggests a dread or fear that their power instilled in others. Yet, despite this, they are brought low, illustrating the transient nature of human power compared to God's eternal sovereignty.

They lie uncircumcised
In the Hebrew context, circumcision was a sign of the covenant between God and His people, Israel. To be "uncircumcised" (עֲרֵלִים, arelim) was to be outside of this covenant, often symbolizing impurity or being cut off from God's promises. This phrase indicates their spiritual separation and lack of covenant relationship with God.

with those slain by the sword
This reiterates their fate among the defeated and emphasizes the violent end that comes to those who oppose God's will. The sword is often a symbol of divine judgment throughout the Scriptures.

and bear their disgrace
The word "disgrace" (כְּלִמָּה, kelimah) speaks to the enduring shame and dishonor they carry, even in death. It is a powerful reminder of the consequences of living in opposition to God's ways.

with those who descend to the Pit
The "Pit" (בּוֹר, bor) is another term for Sheol, the place of the dead. This phrase underscores the finality of their judgment and the common destiny of all who reject God. It serves as a call to repentance and faithfulness, highlighting the hope of redemption for those who turn to God.

Pharaoh will see them
The term "Pharaoh" refers to the king of Egypt, a title used for the rulers of ancient Egypt. In the context of Ezekiel, Pharaoh represents not just a historical figure but a symbol of pride and opposition to God. The phrase "will see them" suggests a vision or realization, possibly in the afterlife or a prophetic vision, where Pharaoh becomes aware of the fate of other nations and leaders who have fallen. This seeing is not just physical but a deep understanding of the consequences of defying God.

and be comforted
The Hebrew root for "comforted" is "נחם" (nacham), which can mean to be consoled or to find solace. In this context, it is ironic comfort. Pharaoh finds a twisted solace in seeing that he is not alone in his downfall; other mighty ones have also met their end. This reflects a common biblical theme where the proud are brought low, and even in their downfall, they find a grim camaraderie with others who have similarly fallen.

over all his multitude
The "multitude" refers to the vast army and people of Egypt who followed Pharaoh. Historically, Egypt was known for its powerful military and numerous population. The phrase underscores the extent of the loss; it is not just Pharaoh who is judged, but his entire nation. This serves as a warning of collective judgment, emphasizing that the sins of a leader can have dire consequences for their followers.

Pharaoh and all his army
This repetition emphasizes the totality of the judgment. Not only is Pharaoh judged, but his entire military force, which was a source of national pride and security. The army, often seen as invincible, is now depicted as vulnerable and defeated. This highlights the futility of relying on human strength and military might against the divine will of God.

slain by the sword
The "sword" is a common biblical symbol of judgment and warfare. In ancient times, being slain by the sword was a typical fate for those defeated in battle. This phrase indicates a violent and decisive end, underscoring the severity of God's judgment. It serves as a reminder of the consequences of sin and rebellion against God.

declares the Lord GOD
The phrase "declares the Lord GOD" is a solemn affirmation of divine authority. The Hebrew term "אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה" (Adonai Yahweh) emphasizes God's sovereignty and ultimate power. This declaration assures the reader that the prophecy is not merely a human prediction but a divine decree. It reinforces the certainty and inevitability of the judgment pronounced, reminding believers of God's control over history and nations.

For I spread terror in the land of the living
This phrase underscores the sovereignty and power of God over nations and peoples. The Hebrew root for "spread" is "פָּרַשׂ" (paras), which conveys the idea of scattering or dispersing. This action is not random but intentional, signifying God's deliberate intervention in human affairs. The "land of the living" refers to the realm of those who are alive, contrasting with the realm of the dead. Historically, this phrase can be seen as a warning to the nations surrounding Israel, emphasizing that God's judgment is not limited to His chosen people but extends to all who oppose His will. The terror mentioned here is a divine tool used to bring about repentance and recognition of God's ultimate authority.

he is laid to rest among the uncircumcised
The phrase "laid to rest" comes from the Hebrew "שָׁכַב" (shakab), meaning to lie down or to be buried. This indicates a finality, a conclusion to one's earthly journey. Being "among the uncircumcised" is significant in the Jewish context, as circumcision was a sign of the covenant between God and Israel. To be buried among the uncircumcised was a mark of disgrace and separation from God's covenant people. This reflects the fate of those who live in opposition to God, highlighting the spiritual consequences of rejecting His covenant.

with those slain by the sword
The imagery of being "slain by the sword" is a common biblical metaphor for divine judgment. The sword, in Hebrew "חֶרֶב" (chereb), often symbolizes war, destruction, and the execution of justice. This phrase serves as a reminder of the ultimate fate awaiting those who defy God. Historically, it reflects the reality of ancient Near Eastern warfare, where the sword was a primary instrument of battle. Scripturally, it underscores the seriousness of God's judgment and the certainty of its execution against those who persist in rebellion.

For I have spread their terror in the land of the living
This repetition of the initial phrase reinforces the message of divine judgment and the pervasive impact of God's actions. The use of "terror" again emphasizes the fear and awe that God's judgments inspire among the nations. It serves as a reminder that God's power is unmatched and His will is unassailable. The "land of the living" reiterates the scope of God's influence, affecting all who dwell on the earth. This serves as both a warning and a call to repentance, urging all to recognize and submit to God's sovereign rule.