Then the angel showed me
This phrase indicates a continuation of the vision that John, the author of Revelation, is experiencing. The Greek word for "angel" is "ἄγγελος" (angelos), meaning "messenger." In the context of Revelation, angels often serve as divine guides, revealing God's plans and mysteries to John. This highlights the role of angels as intermediaries between God and humanity, emphasizing the divine origin and authority of the revelation.

a river of the water of life
The imagery of a river is rich with biblical symbolism. In the ancient world, rivers were vital sources of life and sustenance, and in Scripture, they often symbolize God's provision and blessing. The "water of life" echoes Jesus' promise in John 4:14, where He speaks of giving "living water" that leads to eternal life. The Greek word for "life" here is "ζωή" (zoe), which refers to the eternal, divine life that God imparts to believers. This river represents the fullness of life and the eternal sustenance provided by God.

as clear as crystal
The description of the water being "as clear as crystal" emphasizes its purity and perfection. In biblical symbolism, clarity and purity often represent holiness and the absence of sin. The Greek word for "crystal" is "κρύσταλλος" (krystallos), which conveys the idea of something that is both beautiful and pure. This imagery assures believers of the untainted and perfect nature of the life that God offers.

flowing from the throne of God and of the Lamb
The source of the river is significant, as it "flows from the throne of God and of the Lamb." The throne symbolizes God's sovereign rule and authority, while the Lamb represents Jesus Christ, the sacrificial Lamb who takes away the sin of the world (John 1:29). The Greek word for "throne" is "θρόνος" (thronos), indicating a seat of power and dominion. This phrase underscores the unity and co-reign of God the Father and Jesus Christ, highlighting the divine origin of the life-giving water. It reassures believers that the eternal life they receive is rooted in the authority and love of both God and the Lamb, emphasizing the centrality of Christ's redemptive work in the divine plan.

down the middle of the main street of the city
This phrase paints a vivid picture of the New Jerusalem, the eternal city of God. The "middle" signifies centrality and accessibility, suggesting that the blessings of God are available to all who dwell in this city. The "main street" indicates a place of prominence and importance, where the life-giving river flows. Historically, cities were often built around a central street or marketplace, which was the hub of activity and life. In the New Jerusalem, this central street is not just a place of commerce but a place of divine presence and sustenance.

On either side of the river
The river is a symbol of life and purity, flowing from the throne of God and the Lamb. The presence of the river on both sides emphasizes the abundance and accessibility of God's provision. In ancient times, rivers were crucial for the survival and prosperity of a city, providing water for drinking, agriculture, and trade. Spiritually, this river represents the Holy Spirit, who flows into the lives of believers, bringing refreshment and renewal.

stood a tree of life
The "tree of life" is a powerful symbol that harkens back to the Garden of Eden, where it represented eternal life and communion with God. Its presence in the New Jerusalem signifies the restoration of what was lost through sin. The tree of life is a promise of eternal sustenance and healing, a reminder of God's original plan for humanity to live in perfect harmony with Him.

bearing twelve kinds of fruit
The number twelve is significant in biblical numerology, often representing completeness and divine order. The twelve tribes of Israel and the twelve apostles are examples of this symbolism. The "twelve kinds of fruit" suggest a variety and abundance of blessings that God provides for His people. Each fruit may symbolize different aspects of spiritual nourishment and growth, reflecting the diverse ways God meets the needs of His people.

yielding a fresh crop for each month
This phrase indicates a continual and unending provision from God. Unlike earthly seasons, which have periods of dormancy, the tree of life produces fruit continuously, symbolizing the eternal and unchanging nature of God's care. The monthly yield suggests a rhythm and consistency in God's blessings, providing for His people in every season of life.

And the leaves of the tree are for the healing of the nations
The "leaves" of the tree are not just ornamental but serve a vital purpose. They are for the "healing of the nations," indicating that God's salvation and restoration extend beyond individual believers to entire communities and peoples. This healing is comprehensive, addressing physical, spiritual, and relational brokenness. In a world often marked by division and strife, this promise of healing offers hope for unity and peace under God's reign. The Greek word for healing, "therapeia," suggests a therapeutic process, indicating that God's work in the world is both immediate and ongoing, bringing wholeness to all creation.

No longer will there be any curse
The phrase "no longer" signifies a definitive end to something that once existed. In the context of Revelation, this refers to the curse that was introduced in Genesis 3 due to the fall of man. The Greek word for "curse" here is "κατάθεμα" (katathema), which implies a divine judgment or a state of being under a curse. Historically, the curse brought about toil, pain, and separation from God. In the new creation, this curse is completely eradicated, symbolizing the restoration of perfect harmony between God and humanity. This is a fulfillment of the prophetic hope found throughout Scripture, where the effects of sin are entirely reversed, and creation is restored to its intended glory.

The throne of God and of the Lamb
The "throne" is a symbol of authority, sovereignty, and divine rule. In the ancient world, a throne represented the seat of power for a king or deity. Here, it is not just the throne of God, but also "of the Lamb," indicating the shared authority and unity between God the Father and Jesus Christ, the Lamb. The Lamb, a recurring symbol in Revelation, represents Jesus' sacrificial role and victory over sin. The presence of the throne within the city signifies God's direct and unmediated rule over His people, a theme that resonates with the promises of God's eternal kingdom found in the Old Testament.

will be within the city
The "city" refers to the New Jerusalem, described earlier in Revelation 21. This city is not just a physical place but a representation of the perfected community of God's people. The Greek word "ἐν" (en) translated as "within" emphasizes the intimate presence of God among His people. In ancient times, cities were centers of life, culture, and security. The presence of God's throne within the city signifies that God's presence is the source of life and security for His people, fulfilling the covenant promise that God will dwell with His people (Ezekiel 37:27).

and His servants will worship Him
The term "servants" (Greek: "δοῦλοι," douloi) refers to those who are devoted to God, highlighting a relationship of willing service and dedication. In the biblical context, being a servant of God is a position of honor and privilege. The word "worship" (Greek: "λατρεύω," latreuō) encompasses both the act of worship and a lifestyle of service and devotion. This worship is not just ritualistic but is a response to God's presence and glory. The imagery here is of a restored Eden, where humanity's purpose is fully realized in the worship and service of God, free from the hindrances of sin and death. This reflects the ultimate fulfillment of God's redemptive plan, where His people live in eternal communion with Him.

They will see His face
This phrase is a profound promise of intimate fellowship with God. In the Greek, the word for "see" is "ὄψονται" (opsontai), which implies a future, direct, and personal vision. Historically, seeing God's face was considered impossible for mortals due to His holiness and glory (Exodus 33:20). However, in the New Jerusalem, believers will experience the ultimate fulfillment of the Beatific Vision, a concept cherished in Christian theology where the redeemed will behold God in His full glory. This face-to-face encounter signifies the removal of all barriers between God and humanity, a restoration of the relationship that was intended from the beginning of creation.

and His name
The "name" in biblical terms often represents the essence and character of a person. In this context, "His name" refers to God's divine nature and authority. The Greek word for "name" is "ὄνομα" (onoma), which encompasses identity and reputation. In the ancient world, names held significant power and meaning, often reflecting one's destiny or role. Here, God's name signifies ownership, protection, and a deep, personal relationship with the redeemed. It is a mark of belonging and a testament to the transformation and sanctification of the believer.

will be on their foreheads
The imagery of having God's name on the foreheads of believers is rich with symbolism. In the ancient Near East, a mark on the forehead often indicated allegiance or ownership. The Greek word for "forehead" is "μέτωπον" (metōpon). This mark is reminiscent of the high priest in the Old Testament, who wore a gold plate on his forehead inscribed with "Holy to the LORD" (Exodus 28:36-38). In Revelation, this signifies that believers are consecrated and set apart for God, reflecting His holiness and authority. It contrasts with the mark of the beast mentioned earlier in Revelation, highlighting the eternal security and identity of those who belong to God. This mark is not just a symbol of protection but also a declaration of the believer's eternal status as God's children, living in His presence forever.

There will be no more night
The phrase "no more night" signifies the complete absence of darkness, both literal and metaphorical. In the Greek, "night" (νύξ, nux) often symbolizes ignorance, sin, and separation from God. The absence of night in the New Jerusalem indicates the full presence of God, where sin and ignorance are eradicated. Historically, night has been a time of fear and uncertainty, but in this eternal city, such fears are dispelled forever.

in the city
The "city" refers to the New Jerusalem, the eternal dwelling place of God with His people. This city is described in Revelation 21 as having foundations adorned with precious stones and gates of pearl, symbolizing its divine origin and eternal beauty. Theologically, the city represents the fulfillment of God's promise to dwell among His people, a theme that runs throughout Scripture from the tabernacle in the wilderness to the temple in Jerusalem.

and they will have no need for the light of a lamp or of the sun
This phrase emphasizes the sufficiency of God's presence. In ancient times, lamps and the sun were essential for light and life. The Greek word for "lamp" (λύχνος, lychnos) and "sun" (ἥλιος, helios) highlight the natural sources of light that are rendered unnecessary in the presence of God's glory. This reflects the prophetic vision of Isaiah 60:19, where the Lord is an everlasting light.

for the Lord God will shine on them
The Greek word for "shine" (φωτίζω, phōtizō) means to illuminate or make manifest. God's presence provides not just physical light but spiritual enlightenment and truth. This divine illumination signifies the ultimate revelation of God's character and will, fulfilling the promise of 1 John 1:5 that "God is light, and in Him there is no darkness at all."

And they will reign forever and ever
The promise that "they will reign" speaks to the believers' participation in God's eternal kingdom. The Greek word for "reign" (βασιλεύω, basileuō) implies authority and governance, suggesting that believers will share in Christ's kingly rule. The phrase "forever and ever" underscores the eternal nature of this reign, echoing Daniel 7:18, where the saints possess the kingdom forever. This eternal reign is the culmination of God's redemptive plan, where His people are restored to their intended role as co-regents with Christ.

Then the angel said to me
This phrase introduces the speaker, an angel, who is a divine messenger. In the Greek, "angel" (ἄγγελος, angelos) means "messenger." Angels are often depicted in Scripture as God's emissaries, delivering His messages to humanity. The presence of an angel here underscores the divine authority and importance of the message being conveyed to John, the author of Revelation. Historically, angels have been seen as intermediaries between God and man, emphasizing the sacredness and reliability of the revelation.

These words are faithful and true
The phrase "faithful and true" (πιστοὶ καὶ ἀληθινοί, pistoi kai alēthinoi) assures the reader of the reliability and authenticity of the prophecy. In a world filled with uncertainty and deception, the assurance that God's words are trustworthy provides comfort and hope. This echoes earlier affirmations in Revelation (e.g., Revelation 19:11) and aligns with the broader biblical theme that God's promises are steadfast and unchanging.

The Lord, the God of the spirits of the prophets
This title for God emphasizes His sovereignty and His role as the source of prophetic inspiration. The term "spirits of the prophets" suggests that God is the one who empowers and guides the prophets through His Spirit. In the Hebrew tradition, prophets were seen as God's mouthpieces, and their messages were considered divinely inspired. This phrase reinforces the idea that the prophecies in Revelation are not human inventions but are divinely ordained.

has sent His angel
The sending of the angel signifies a deliberate act by God to communicate His will. The Greek verb "sent" (ἀπέστειλεν, apesteilen) implies a mission or purpose. This reflects the biblical theme of God actively engaging with His creation, ensuring that His servants are informed and prepared for what is to come. The angel's role as a messenger highlights the continuity of God's communication with His people throughout history.

to show His servants
The term "servants" (δοὺλοι, douloi) refers to those who are devoted to God, often translated as "bondservants" or "slaves." This reflects a relationship of loyalty and obedience to God. In the context of Revelation, it emphasizes the idea that the message is intended for those who are committed to following God's will. The use of "show" (δείξαι, deixai) indicates a revelation or unveiling, suggesting that God desires His followers to have insight into His divine plan.

what must soon take place
This phrase speaks to the imminence and certainty of the events described. The Greek word for "must" (δεῖ, dei) implies necessity, indicating that these events are part of God's sovereign plan. "Soon" (ἐν τάχει, en tachei) has been the subject of much theological discussion, as it suggests an urgency and immediacy. Historically, this has been interpreted in various ways, but from a conservative Christian perspective, it underscores the need for readiness and vigilance, as God's timeline may not align with human expectations. The phrase as a whole reassures believers that God's plan is unfolding according to His divine schedule, encouraging them to remain faithful and watchful.

Behold
The word "Behold" is a call to attention, urging the reader or listener to focus on what is about to be said. In the Greek, the word is "ἰδού" (idou), which serves as an imperative to look or see. This is a common biblical device used to emphasize the importance of the following statement. In the context of Revelation, it serves as a divine alert, drawing attention to the immediacy and significance of the message. Historically, such calls to attention were used by prophets and messengers to ensure that the audience understood the gravity of the message being delivered.

I am coming soon
This phrase is a direct promise from Jesus, emphasizing the imminence of His return. The Greek word for "coming" is "ἔρχομαι" (erchomai), which denotes an arrival or advent. The term "soon" is translated from "ταχύ" (tachu), meaning quickly or without delay. This has been a source of hope and anticipation for Christians throughout the ages, reinforcing the belief in the Second Coming of Christ. Historically, the early church lived with the expectation of Christ's imminent return, which influenced their faith and practice. This promise serves as a reminder of the transient nature of the world and the eternal significance of Christ's return.

Blessed
The word "Blessed" is translated from the Greek "μακάριος" (makarios), which means happy or fortunate. In the biblical context, it refers to a state of spiritual well-being and prosperity, often associated with divine favor. This beatitude echoes the blessings found in the Sermon on the Mount and other parts of Scripture, where those who align themselves with God's will are promised happiness and fulfillment. The use of "blessed" here underscores the spiritual reward and joy that comes from obedience to God's word.

is the one who keeps
The phrase "is the one who keeps" highlights the importance of obedience and faithfulness. The Greek word for "keeps" is "τηρέω" (tēreō), which means to guard, observe, or maintain. This implies a continuous and active effort to adhere to the teachings and commandments of God. In the historical context of the early church, keeping the word of God was a mark of true discipleship and commitment, often in the face of persecution and trials. This phrase encourages believers to remain steadfast and diligent in their faith.

the words of prophecy
The "words of prophecy" refer to the divine revelations and messages contained within the book of Revelation and, by extension, the entire Bible. The Greek word for "prophecy" is "προφητεία" (prophēteia), which denotes a message inspired by God, often concerning future events or divine truths. In the scriptural context, prophecy serves as both a warning and a promise, guiding believers in their spiritual journey. Historically, prophecy has been a central element of Judeo-Christian faith, providing insight into God's plan and purpose for humanity.

in this book
The phrase "in this book" specifically refers to the book of Revelation, the final book of the New Testament. The Greek word for "book" is "βιβλίον" (biblion), which can mean a scroll or written document. Revelation, as a prophetic and apocalyptic text, contains visions and messages that are meant to prepare and encourage the church. The historical context of Revelation, written during a time of persecution for early Christians, underscores its role as a source of hope and assurance of God's ultimate victory and justice. This phrase emphasizes the importance of the specific revelations given to John and their relevance to the believer's life.

I, John, am the one who heard and saw these things
This phrase establishes the credibility and authenticity of the vision. The apostle John, the beloved disciple of Jesus, is the author of the Book of Revelation. His firsthand experience as a witness to the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ lends authority to his testimony. The Greek word for "heard" is "ἤκουσα" (ēkousa), and "saw" is "εἶδον" (eidon), both emphasizing the sensory and direct nature of his experience. Historically, John was exiled on the island of Patmos, where he received these revelations. His role as a witness is crucial, as it aligns with the biblical principle that truth is established by the testimony of witnesses (Deuteronomy 19:15).

And when I had heard and seen
This repetition underscores the importance of the message. The Greek verbs "heard" (ἤκουσα) and "seen" (εἶδον) are in the aorist tense, indicating completed actions. John is not recounting a dream or a vision in the abstract; he is describing events he has fully experienced. This emphasizes the reliability of the revelation and the seriousness with which it should be received by the readers. The historical context of the early church, facing persecution and needing encouragement, makes this testimony particularly poignant.

I fell down to worship at the feet of the angel who had shown me these things
John's reaction is one of overwhelming awe and reverence. The act of falling down to worship is a common biblical response to divine revelation, seen throughout Scripture when individuals encounter the divine or its messengers. The Greek word for "worship" is "προσκυνῆσαι" (proskynēsai), which means to prostrate oneself in homage. However, John's action is misguided, as worship is due to God alone. This moment serves as a reminder of the human tendency to misplace reverence and the need for discernment. The angel's role as a messenger is significant, as angels are often depicted in Scripture as servants of God, delivering His messages to humanity. This scene reflects the broader biblical narrative of God's communication with His people through chosen messengers.

But he said to me
This phrase introduces the response of the angel to John. The use of "he" refers to the angel who has been guiding John through the visions. In the context of Revelation, angels are often messengers of God, serving as intermediaries between the divine and human realms. The phrase underscores the authority and divine origin of the message being delivered. Historically, angels have been seen as God's servants, and their words carry the weight of divine instruction.

Do not do that!
This command is a direct prohibition against an action that John was about to take, which was to worship the angel. The Greek imperative here is strong, indicating an urgent correction. In the broader scriptural context, this reflects the consistent biblical teaching against idolatry and the worship of anyone or anything other than God. It serves as a reminder of the first commandment and the importance of directing worship solely to the Creator.

I am a fellow servant with you
The angel identifies himself as a "fellow servant," emphasizing equality in service to God. The Greek term "sundoulos" (fellow servant) highlights the shared mission and purpose among God's servants, whether human or angelic. This phrase humbles the angel, aligning him with believers and reinforcing the idea that all service is ultimately directed toward God. It reflects the biblical theme of humility and the unity of all believers in Christ.

and with your brothers the prophets
Here, the angel aligns himself not only with John but also with the prophets, those who have been chosen to deliver God's messages throughout history. This connection to the prophets underscores the continuity of God's revelation and the shared mission of proclaiming His truth. The mention of "brothers" indicates a familial bond among those who serve God, highlighting the community of faith that spans both time and space.

and with those who keep the words of this book
This phrase extends the fellowship to all believers who adhere to the teachings of Revelation. The "words of this book" refer to the prophecies and instructions contained within Revelation, emphasizing the importance of obedience and faithfulness to God's Word. The Greek term for "keep" (tereo) implies guarding, observing, and maintaining the teachings, which is a call to active and vigilant discipleship.

Worship God!
The command to "Worship God" is the central exhortation of this verse. It redirects John's misplaced worship back to its rightful object: God alone. The Greek word for worship (proskuneo) involves reverence, adoration, and submission. This imperative encapsulates the primary duty of all creation, to honor and glorify God. It serves as a powerful reminder of the ultimate purpose of life and the focus of all true worship. In the historical and scriptural context, this command echoes throughout the Bible, affirming the monotheistic foundation of the Christian faith.

Then he told me
This phrase introduces a direct command from the angel to John, the author of Revelation. The Greek word for "told" is "λέγει" (legei), which implies a continuous or repeated action. This suggests that the message is not just for John but for all readers of Revelation. The angel's instruction is authoritative, emphasizing the divine origin of the message. Historically, angels are seen as messengers of God, bridging the divine and human realms. This command underscores the importance and urgency of the message that follows.

Do not seal up
The phrase "do not seal up" is significant in the context of apocalyptic literature. In Daniel 12:4, Daniel is instructed to seal up his prophecy until the end times, indicating that its fulfillment was not imminent. In contrast, the instruction here is to leave the prophecy unsealed, suggesting that its fulfillment is near. The Greek word for "seal" is "σφραγίζω" (sphragizo), which means to secure or conceal. By not sealing the prophecy, it remains open and accessible, highlighting the immediacy and relevance of its message for the contemporary audience of John's time and for future generations.

the words of the prophecy
This phrase refers to the entire content of the Book of Revelation. The Greek word for "words" is "λόγους" (logous), which can also mean "message" or "communication." "Prophecy" in Greek is "προφητεία" (propheteia), which denotes a divinely inspired message or prediction. The use of "prophecy" here emphasizes that the words are not merely human speculation but are inspired by God. This underscores the authority and reliability of the message, encouraging believers to heed its warnings and promises.

of this scroll
The term "scroll" refers to the physical form in which the Book of Revelation was originally written. The Greek word "βιβλίον" (biblion) is used, which can mean a small book or scroll. In the ancient world, scrolls were the primary medium for written communication, especially for important documents. The use of "scroll" here connects the text to the tradition of sacred writings, reinforcing its status as Scripture. It also implies that the message is complete and authoritative, as scrolls were often used for official and legal documents.

because the time is near
This phrase provides the rationale for the command not to seal the prophecy. The Greek word for "time" is "καιρός" (kairos), which refers to a specific, opportune moment rather than chronological time. "Near" is translated from "ἐγγύς" (engys), indicating proximity or immediacy. This suggests that the events foretold in Revelation are imminent, urging readers to be vigilant and prepared. Historically, this sense of urgency has been a driving force in Christian eschatology, motivating believers to live faithfully in anticipation of Christ's return. The phrase serves as a call to action, reminding Christians of the transient nature of the present world and the importance of focusing on eternal realities.

Let the unrighteous continue to be unrighteous
The Greek word for "unrighteous" is "ἄδικος" (adikos), which refers to those who are unjust or morally wrong. In the context of Revelation, this phrase serves as a solemn declaration of the fixed state of those who have rejected God's grace. The use of "let" implies a divine allowance for individuals to persist in their chosen paths, emphasizing the finality of judgment. Historically, this reflects the biblical theme of free will, where individuals are given the choice to follow God or turn away, with eternal consequences.

let the vile continue to be vile
The term "vile" is translated from the Greek "ῥυπαρός" (rhypa ros), meaning filthy or defiled. This phrase underscores the moral decay and spiritual corruption of those who reject God. The repetition of "let" indicates a permissive will of God, allowing those who choose impurity to remain in their state. This echoes the biblical principle that God respects human agency, even when it leads to self-destruction. The historical context of Revelation, written during a time of persecution and moral decline, highlights the stark contrast between the purity of the faithful and the corruption of the world.

let the righteous continue to practice righteousness
The word "righteous" comes from the Greek "δίκαιος" (dikaios), meaning just or upright. This phrase is an encouragement to those who have chosen to follow God's commandments to persist in their faithfulness. The call to "practice righteousness" suggests an active, ongoing commitment to living according to God's standards. In the scriptural context, this reflects the transformative power of God's grace, enabling believers to live holy lives. Historically, this would have been a source of hope and strength for early Christians facing trials, reminding them of the eternal reward for their perseverance.

and the holy continue to be holy
The term "holy" is derived from the Greek "ἅγιος" (hagios), signifying set apart or consecrated. This phrase calls for those who are sanctified by God to maintain their purity and dedication. The repetition of "continue" emphasizes the enduring nature of holiness as a lifelong pursuit. In the broader biblical narrative, holiness is a central theme, representing the character of God and the calling of His people. The historical context of Revelation, with its apocalyptic vision, serves as a reminder of the ultimate triumph of God's holiness over evil, encouraging believers to remain steadfast in their consecration.

Behold
The word "behold" is a call to attention, urging the reader or listener to focus on what is about to be said. In the Greek, the word is "ἰδού" (idou), which serves as an imperative to look or see. This is a common biblical device used to emphasize the importance and immediacy of the message. It is as if a divine spotlight is being shone on the forthcoming promise, underscoring its significance and urgency.

I am coming soon
This phrase is a declaration of Christ's imminent return. The Greek word for "coming" is "ἔρχομαι" (erchomai), which conveys the idea of arrival or advent. The term "soon" (ταχύ, tachu) suggests not only a nearness in time but also a suddenness and certainty. Historically, this has been a source of hope and anticipation for Christians, reminding them of the promise of Christ's return and the fulfillment of God's plan. It serves as a call to readiness and faithfulness, encouraging believers to live in expectation of His return.

and My reward is with Me
The concept of "reward" (μισθός, misthos) in the biblical context often refers to recompense or wages. Here, it signifies the blessings and judgments that Christ will bring with Him. This phrase assures believers that their faithfulness will be recognized and rewarded. It also serves as a reminder of the justice of God, who will reward each person according to their deeds. The imagery of Christ bringing His reward emphasizes His authority and the certainty of His promises.

to give to each one
This phrase highlights the personal and individual nature of Christ's judgment. The Greek word "ἑκάστῳ" (hekastō) means "to each" or "to every," indicating that no one will be overlooked. This underscores the fairness and thoroughness of divine judgment. Each person's life and actions will be evaluated, affirming the biblical principle that God is just and impartial.

according to what he has done
The phrase "according to what he has done" (καθὼς τὸ ἔργον αὐτοῦ, kathōs to ergon autou) emphasizes the basis of the judgment: one's deeds or works. This is consistent with the biblical teaching that faith without works is dead (James 2:26). While salvation is by grace through faith, the evidence of that faith is demonstrated in one's actions. This serves as both a warning and an encouragement, urging believers to live lives that reflect their faith and commitment to Christ.

I am
The phrase "I am" is a profound declaration of identity and existence. In the Greek, "Ego eimi" is used, which is reminiscent of the divine name revealed to Moses in Exodus 3:14, "I AM WHO I AM." This self-identification by Jesus in Revelation 22:13 underscores His divinity and eternal presence. It is a statement of absolute being, transcending time and space, affirming that Jesus is the eternal God who exists beyond the confines of creation.

the Alpha and the Omega
This phrase, "the Alpha and the Omega," uses the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet to signify completeness and totality. It is a declaration of Jesus' eternal nature and His role as the beginning and the end of all things. Historically, this title emphasizes that Jesus is the source of all creation and the ultimate goal of history. It assures believers that He is sovereign over all events and that nothing occurs outside His divine will.

the First and the Last
"The First and the Last" echoes the Old Testament, particularly Isaiah 44:6, where God declares Himself as the first and the last. This title affirms Jesus' preexistence and His eternal reign. It highlights His authority over time and history, reassuring believers of His unchanging nature and His control over the past, present, and future. This phrase is a comfort to Christians, reminding them that Jesus is the constant amidst life's uncertainties.

the Beginning and the End
"The Beginning and the End" further emphasizes Jesus' role in creation and consummation. In the Greek, "arche" (beginning) and "telos" (end) suggest that Jesus is both the origin and the purpose of all things. This phrase assures believers that Jesus is the initiator of creation and the one who will bring it to its ultimate fulfillment. It is a promise that history is moving towards a divine conclusion orchestrated by Christ Himself, offering hope and assurance of His ultimate victory and the restoration of all things.

Blessed are those
The word "Blessed" in Greek is "makarios," which conveys a sense of divine favor and happiness. In the context of Revelation, it signifies the ultimate joy and fulfillment found in God's presence. This blessing is not merely a temporary state but an eternal condition for those who are faithful. The phrase "are those" indicates a specific group of people who have met certain conditions, emphasizing the exclusivity and privilege of this blessing.

who wash their robes
The act of washing robes symbolizes purification and righteousness. In the Greek, "wash" is "plunó," which implies a thorough cleansing. This imagery is consistent with Revelation 7:14, where the robes are washed in the blood of the Lamb, signifying redemption through Christ's sacrifice. The robes represent the believers' lives, cleansed from sin and made pure by the atoning work of Jesus. This purification is essential for entering into the holy presence of God.

so that they may have the right
The phrase "may have the right" suggests a legal entitlement or privilege. In Greek, "right" is "exousia," which can also mean authority or power. This indicates that those who have washed their robes are granted a legitimate claim to the blessings that follow. It underscores the justice and order of God's kingdom, where access to divine promises is granted to those who are spiritually prepared.

to the tree of life
The "tree of life" is a powerful biblical symbol of eternal life and divine sustenance. It first appears in Genesis, representing the life God intended for humanity. In Revelation, it signifies the restoration of that original purpose through Christ. The tree of life is a promise of eternal fellowship with God, where believers will experience unending life and joy. This imagery connects the beginning and end of the biblical narrative, highlighting God's redemptive plan.

and may enter the city
The "city" refers to the New Jerusalem, the eternal dwelling place of God with His people. In the Greek, "enter" is "eiserchomai," which implies coming into a place of safety and belonging. This city is described in Revelation 21 as a place of perfect peace, beauty, and holiness. Entering the city signifies the ultimate fulfillment of God's promises, where believers will dwell with Him forever.

by its gates
The "gates" symbolize access and security. In ancient cities, gates were crucial for protection and controlled entry. In the New Jerusalem, the gates are always open (Revelation 21:25), signifying the perpetual welcome and security for God's people. Entering by the gates implies legitimate access, contrasting with those who attempt to enter by other means. It highlights the order and righteousness of God's kingdom, where entry is granted to those who have been made pure through Christ.

Outside
The term "outside" signifies exclusion from the New Jerusalem, the eternal city of God. In the context of Revelation, this denotes a separation from the presence and blessings of God. The Greek word used here, "exō," implies being cast out or remaining outside the boundaries of divine grace and salvation. This exclusion is a result of one's choices and actions, emphasizing the importance of living a life aligned with God's commandments.

are the dogs
In biblical times, "dogs" were often seen as unclean animals, and the term was used metaphorically to describe those who were impure or morally corrupt. The Greek word "kynes" reflects this derogatory connotation. In a spiritual sense, this phrase warns against those who reject God's truth and live in opposition to His will. Historically, "dogs" were also used to describe Gentiles or those outside the covenant community, but here it refers to those who have chosen a path contrary to God's righteousness.

the sorcerers
The Greek word "pharmakoi" is used here, which is related to the use of potions or drugs in magical practices. Sorcery, in the biblical context, is condemned as it involves reliance on occult powers rather than on God. This term highlights the danger of seeking spiritual experiences or power outside of God's provision, which leads to spiritual deception and bondage.

the sexually immoral
The phrase "sexually immoral" translates from the Greek "pornos," encompassing all forms of sexual immorality, including adultery, fornication, and other acts outside the sanctity of marriage as defined by Scripture. This highlights the biblical call to purity and the sanctity of the marriage covenant. Sexual immorality is seen as a sin against one's own body and a violation of God's design for human relationships.

the murderers
"Murderers" refers to those who unlawfully take the life of another, violating the commandment "You shall not murder" (Exodus 20:13). The Greek word "phoneis" underscores the gravity of taking a life, which is an affront to the image of God in humanity. This term serves as a reminder of the value God places on human life and the call to love and protect one another.

the idolaters
Idolatry, from the Greek "eidōlolatrai," involves the worship of false gods or the elevation of anything above God in one's life. This includes not only physical idols but also anything that takes precedence over one's relationship with God. Idolatry is a recurring theme in Scripture, warning against the spiritual adultery of turning away from the one true God.

and everyone who loves and practices falsehood
This phrase addresses those who are not only deceitful but also take pleasure in deception. The Greek words "philōn kai poiōn pseudos" indicate an active engagement in and affection for lies. This highlights the importance of truth in the Christian life, as Jesus Himself is the embodiment of truth (John 14:6). The love and practice of falsehood are antithetical to the character of God, who is truth.

I, Jesus
This phrase establishes the speaker's identity as Jesus Christ Himself. The use of "I" is emphatic, underscoring the personal nature of the message. In the Greek, "Ἐγώ, Ἰησοῦς" (Egō, Iēsous) is a direct self-identification, emphasizing the authority and authenticity of the message. Jesus, the central figure of the New Testament, is speaking directly, which adds weight and importance to the message that follows. Historically, this self-identification connects Jesus to the entirety of the biblical narrative, affirming His role as the Messiah and the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies.

have sent My angel
The phrase indicates that Jesus has dispatched a messenger, His angel, to convey this revelation. The Greek word for angel, "ἄγγελος" (angelos), means messenger. This highlights the divine origin and authority of the message. In biblical history, angels often serve as God's messengers, bridging the divine and human realms. This underscores the importance of the message being delivered, as it comes directly from Jesus through a heavenly intermediary.

to give you this testimony
Here, the purpose of the angel's mission is clarified: to deliver a testimony. The Greek word for testimony, "μαρτυρία" (martyria), implies a witness or evidence. This suggests that the message is not just informative but also serves as a divine witness to the truth. In the context of Revelation, this testimony is crucial for the churches, providing them with divine insight and guidance.

for the churches
The intended recipients of the message are the churches, indicating that the message is communal and meant for the collective body of believers. The Greek word "ἐκκλησίαις" (ekklēsiais) refers to assemblies or congregations, emphasizing the communal aspect of the Christian faith. Historically, the early church faced numerous challenges, and this message serves as both encouragement and instruction for maintaining faithfulness.

I am the Root and the Offspring of David
This phrase connects Jesus to the Davidic line, fulfilling Old Testament prophecies about the Messiah. The term "Root" (ῥίζα, rhiza) signifies origin and source, while "Offspring" (γένος, genos) indicates descent. This duality highlights Jesus' divine nature as the source of David's line and His human nature as a descendant. It reaffirms the messianic prophecies found in Isaiah 11:1 and Jeremiah 23:5, establishing Jesus as the legitimate heir to David's throne.

the bright Morning Star
The title "Morning Star" (ἀστὴρ ὁ πρωϊνός, astēr ho prōinos) symbolizes hope, guidance, and the promise of a new day. In ancient times, the morning star (often associated with the planet Venus) was a herald of dawn, signifying the end of darkness. Scripturally, this title reflects Jesus' role as the light of the world, bringing hope and salvation. It echoes the promise of His return and the establishment of His eternal kingdom, offering believers assurance and encouragement.

The Spirit and the bride say, 'Come!'
This phrase highlights the collaborative invitation from both the Holy Spirit and the Church, symbolized as the bride. The Greek word for "Spirit" is "Pneuma," which signifies breath or wind, representing the life-giving presence of God. The "bride" refers to the Church, the collective body of believers, as seen in Ephesians 5:25-27. This dual call emphasizes the unity between the divine and the ecclesiastical in the mission of salvation. Historically, the Church has been seen as the bride of Christ, a metaphor that underscores the intimate relationship between Christ and His followers. The invitation to "Come!" is both urgent and welcoming, reflecting God's desire for all to partake in eternal life.

And let the one who hears say, 'Come!'
This phrase extends the invitation to those who have already received the message. The Greek word for "hears" is "akouō," which implies not just hearing but understanding and responding. This call to action suggests that those who have heard the Gospel are now responsible for sharing it. The repetition of "Come!" signifies the continuous and inclusive nature of the invitation, encouraging believers to actively participate in the evangelistic mission. Historically, this reflects the early Christian community's emphasis on spreading the Gospel, as seen in the Great Commission (Matthew 28:19-20).

And let the one who is thirsty come
Here, "thirsty" symbolizes a deep spiritual longing or need. The Greek word "dipsaō" conveys an intense desire for something essential. This metaphor of thirst is used throughout Scripture to describe the soul's yearning for God, as in Psalm 42:1-2. The invitation to "come" is open to all who recognize their spiritual need, emphasizing God's readiness to satisfy those who seek Him. This reflects the historical context of a world searching for truth and meaning, offering hope and fulfillment through Christ.

and let the one who desires the water of life drink freely
The "water of life" is a metaphor for the eternal life and salvation offered through Jesus Christ. The Greek word "zōē" for "life" signifies not just physical existence but a quality of life that is abundant and eternal. "Drink freely" translates the Greek "dōrean," meaning without cost, highlighting the grace and generosity of God's gift. This echoes Isaiah 55:1, where God invites all to come and receive freely. The historical context of this promise is rooted in the ancient world's understanding of water as a precious and life-sustaining resource, making the offer of living water profoundly significant. This phrase encapsulates the essence of the Gospel: salvation is a free gift available to all who earnestly seek it.

I testify
The Greek word for "testify" is "μαρτυρέω" (martyreō), which means to bear witness or to affirm that one has seen, heard, or experienced something. In the context of Revelation, this is a solemn declaration by John, the author, who is conveying the gravity and divine authority of the message he has received. The act of testifying underscores the seriousness and truthfulness of the prophecy, emphasizing that it is not merely human words but divinely inspired.

to everyone who hears
The phrase "to everyone who hears" indicates the universal scope of the message. It is not limited to a specific group but is intended for all believers across time and space. The act of hearing in biblical terms often implies not just auditory reception but also understanding and obedience. This echoes the Shema in Deuteronomy 6:4, where hearing is linked to loving and obeying God.

the words of prophecy
"Words of prophecy" refers to the divinely inspired messages contained within the book of Revelation. The Greek term "προφητεία" (prophēteia) signifies a message from God, often concerning future events or divine will. In the biblical context, prophecy serves to edify, exhort, and comfort the church, as well as to reveal God's ultimate plan for humanity.

in this book
"This book" specifically refers to the Book of Revelation. The Greek word "βιβλίον" (biblion) denotes a scroll or a written document. Revelation, as the final book of the Bible, serves as the culmination of biblical prophecy, bringing together themes from both the Old and New Testaments. It is a book of visions, symbols, and apocalyptic imagery that reveals the ultimate victory of Christ.

If anyone adds to them
The warning against adding to the words of prophecy is a serious admonition. The Greek verb "προστίθημι" (prostithēmi) means to add or to append. This prohibition echoes similar warnings found in Deuteronomy 4:2 and Proverbs 30:6, where altering God's word is strictly forbidden. It underscores the sufficiency and completeness of divine revelation as given.

God will add to him
The phrase "God will add to him" indicates divine retribution for those who tamper with the sacred text. The justice of God is a central theme throughout Scripture, and this warning serves as a reminder of His holiness and the inviolability of His word. It reflects the biblical principle that God is the ultimate judge who will hold individuals accountable for their actions.

the plagues described in this book
The "plagues described in this book" refer to the various judgments and calamities depicted throughout Revelation, such as those found in the seven seals, trumpets, and bowls. These plagues serve as both a warning and a call to repentance. They are reminiscent of the plagues in Egypt during the Exodus, symbolizing God's power and judgment against sin and rebellion. The severity of this warning highlights the importance of preserving the integrity of God's revelation.

And if anyone takes away
The phrase "takes away" is translated from the Greek word "aphaireō," which means to remove or take away. This is a stern warning against altering the divine message. In the historical context of the early church, there was a strong emphasis on preserving the integrity of the Scriptures. The act of taking away from God's Word is seen as an affront to His sovereignty and a denial of His complete revelation. This serves as a reminder of the sacredness and inviolability of the biblical text.

from the words of the book of this prophecy
The "words of the book of this prophecy" refer specifically to the Book of Revelation, which is a prophetic text. The Greek term "logos" for "words" underscores the importance of each word as divinely inspired. Prophecy in the biblical sense is not merely foretelling the future but is a declaration of God's will and truth. The historical context of Revelation, written during a time of persecution, highlights its role as a source of hope and encouragement for believers, urging them to remain faithful.

God will take away his share
The phrase "take away his share" uses the Greek word "aphaireō" again, emphasizing the reciprocity of divine justice. The concept of having a "share" implies a portion or inheritance, which in biblical terms often refers to the blessings and promises given to believers. This warning reflects the seriousness of tampering with God's Word, as it results in the loss of one's spiritual inheritance.

in the tree of life
The "tree of life" is a powerful biblical symbol of eternal life and divine blessing, first introduced in Genesis and reappearing in Revelation. In the Greek, "xylon zōēs" conveys the idea of a life-giving tree. Archaeologically, trees were often seen as symbols of life and sustenance in ancient cultures. Theologically, the tree of life represents the eternal life granted to those who are faithful to God, a promise that is forfeited by those who alter His Word.

and in the holy city
The "holy city" refers to the New Jerusalem, described in Revelation as the ultimate dwelling place of God with His people. The Greek term "hagios polis" signifies a city set apart for divine purposes. Historically, Jerusalem was the center of Jewish worship and the site of the temple, making it a fitting symbol for the eternal communion between God and His people. The loss of one's share in this city underscores the gravity of the warning against altering Scripture.

which are described in this book
The phrase "described in this book" points back to the detailed visions and promises outlined in Revelation. The Greek word "graphō" means to write or describe, emphasizing the written nature of the prophecy. This serves as a reminder of the comprehensive and complete nature of God's revelation in Revelation. The historical context of the early church, which relied heavily on written texts for teaching and encouragement, highlights the importance of preserving the integrity of these descriptions.

He who testifies to these things
This phrase refers to Jesus Christ, who is the faithful witness (Revelation 1:5). The Greek word for "testifies" is "martureō," which means to bear witness or affirm that one has seen, heard, or experienced something. In the context of Revelation, Jesus is the ultimate witness to the truth of the prophetic visions given to John. His testimony is trustworthy and authoritative, underscoring the divine origin and certainty of the message. Historically, the role of a witness was crucial in establishing truth, and Jesus, as the divine witness, assures believers of the reliability of the promises and warnings contained in Revelation.

says, Yes, I am coming soon
The word "Yes" is a strong affirmation, emphasizing the certainty and imminence of Christ's return. The Greek word "nai" is used here, which is an emphatic assertion. "I am coming" is translated from the Greek "erchomai," indicating an action that is both certain and impending. The phrase "coming soon" reflects the eschatological hope of the early church, which lived in eager anticipation of Christ's return. The term "soon" (Greek "tachy") suggests not only imminence but also the suddenness and unexpected nature of His coming. This promise serves as a source of hope and encouragement for believers, urging them to remain faithful and vigilant.

Amen
The word "Amen" is a transliteration from Hebrew, meaning "truly" or "so be it." It is a declaration of affirmation and agreement. In the context of Revelation, it serves as a seal of authenticity and a call for the reader to affirm the truth of Christ's promise. The use of "Amen" here invites believers to respond in faith, acknowledging the certainty of Jesus' return and aligning their lives with this truth. Historically, "Amen" has been used in Jewish and Christian liturgies as a communal affirmation of faith, reinforcing the collective hope and expectation of the faithful.

Come, Lord Jesus!
This is a prayerful response from the Apostle John, expressing the deep longing and anticipation for Christ's return. The phrase "Come, Lord Jesus" is a translation of the Aramaic "Maranatha," which was a common expression in the early church. It reflects the heart cry of believers who yearn for the fulfillment of God's promises and the establishment of His kingdom. This invocation is both a plea for deliverance and a declaration of hope, embodying the tension between the present struggles and the future glory. It serves as a reminder for Christians to live in readiness and expectation, keeping their focus on the ultimate hope of Christ's return.

The grace
The word "grace" in Greek is "charis," which signifies favor, kindness, and goodwill. In the context of the New Testament, grace is often understood as the unmerited favor of God towards humanity. It is through grace that believers receive salvation, as emphasized throughout the New Testament. The concept of grace is central to Christian theology, highlighting God's love and mercy. Historically, the early church fathers emphasized grace as a transformative power that enables believers to live in accordance with God's will. In Revelation, the mention of grace at the conclusion of the text serves as a reminder of God's enduring love and the hope that believers have in Christ.

of the Lord Jesus
The title "Lord Jesus" underscores the divinity and authority of Jesus Christ. "Lord" in Greek is "Kyrios," a term used to denote someone with authority or ownership. In the New Testament, it is used to affirm Jesus' divine status and His role as the sovereign ruler. "Jesus" is the Greek form of the Hebrew name "Yeshua," meaning "Yahweh is salvation." This name encapsulates the mission of Christ, who came to save humanity from sin. The historical context of the early church was one of persecution and struggle, and the acknowledgment of Jesus as Lord was both a confession of faith and a declaration of allegiance to Him above all earthly powers.

be with all
The phrase "be with all" is an inclusive benediction, extending the blessing of grace to all readers and believers. The Greek word for "all" is "pas," which means every, all, or the whole. This reflects the universal scope of God's grace, which is available to every believer regardless of their background or status. In the early Christian communities, this inclusivity was revolutionary, breaking down barriers between Jews and Gentiles, slaves and free, men and women. The message is clear: God's grace is not limited but is a gift offered to all who accept it.

Amen
The word "Amen" is of Hebrew origin, meaning "truly" or "so be it." It is a declaration of affirmation and agreement. In the context of scripture, "Amen" is often used to conclude prayers and doxologies, signifying the truth and certainty of what has been said. In Revelation, the use of "Amen" at the end of the book serves as a powerful affirmation of the promises and prophecies contained within. It is a call for believers to stand firm in their faith, trusting in the truth of God's word and the hope of Christ's return. Historically, the use of "Amen" in the early church was a communal response, uniting believers in a shared declaration of faith.