In the first year
This phrase sets the historical context for the vision. The "first year" refers to the initial year of Belshazzar's reign as king of Babylon. Historically, this period is significant as it marks the decline of the Babylonian Empire, which would soon fall to the Medo-Persian Empire. The phrase underscores the divine timing of the vision, as God reveals His plans during a pivotal moment in history.

of Belshazzar king of Babylon
Belshazzar was the son of Nabonidus and served as co-regent in Babylon. His reign is marked by the infamous "writing on the wall" incident, which foretold the fall of Babylon. The mention of Belshazzar situates Daniel's vision within a specific political and historical framework, emphasizing the transient nature of earthly kingdoms in contrast to God's eternal dominion.

Daniel had a dream
Dreams in the biblical context often serve as a medium for divine revelation. The Hebrew word for "dream" (חֲלוֹם, chalom) suggests a supernatural communication from God. Daniel, known for his ability to interpret dreams, receives a direct revelation, highlighting his role as a prophet and God's chosen instrument to convey His messages.

and visions passed through his mind
The phrase "visions passed through his mind" indicates a series of divine revelations. The Hebrew term for "visions" (חֲזוֹן, chazon) implies a prophetic insight or foresight. This suggests that Daniel's experience was not a mere dream but a profound spiritual encounter, providing him with a glimpse into God's sovereign plans for the future.

as he was lying in bed
This detail adds a personal and intimate dimension to the narrative. It suggests that God communicates with His servants in their most private and vulnerable moments. The setting of "lying in bed" implies a state of rest and receptivity, where Daniel is open to receiving divine revelation.

He wrote down
The act of writing signifies the importance and permanence of the revelation. By recording the vision, Daniel ensures that the message is preserved for future generations. This action underscores the prophetic responsibility to faithfully document and communicate God's revelations.

the substance of his dream
The "substance" refers to the core message or essence of the dream. The Hebrew word used here (רֵאשִׁית, reshith) can also mean "beginning" or "chief part," indicating that Daniel captured the most significant elements of the vision. This highlights the importance of discerning and conveying the central truths of God's revelations.

In my vision in the night
This phrase introduces the supernatural nature of Daniel's experience. The word "vision" in Hebrew is "חָזוֹן" (chazon), which implies a divine revelation, often given to prophets. Night visions are significant in biblical literature, symbolizing a time when God reveals hidden truths. The night, a time of rest and quiet, is when God often communicates profound messages, as seen in the dreams of Joseph and Jacob. This setting underscores the solemnity and divine origin of the revelation.

I looked
The act of looking signifies Daniel's active engagement and attentiveness to the vision. In Hebrew, the verb "looked" is "רָאָה" (ra'ah), meaning to see or perceive. This implies not just physical sight but spiritual insight. Daniel's looking is an invitation for readers to also "see" with spiritual eyes, to discern the deeper meanings behind the imagery presented.

and suddenly
The word "suddenly" indicates the unexpected and immediate nature of the events in the vision. This suddenness is characteristic of divine interventions throughout Scripture, where God acts in surprising and powerful ways. It emphasizes the urgency and importance of the vision, capturing the reader's attention and highlighting the dramatic unfolding of God's plan.

the four winds of heaven
The "four winds" symbolize the universal scope of God's sovereignty and the forces He commands. In Hebrew, "winds" is "רוּחוֹת" (ruchot), which can also mean "spirits." The number four often represents completeness or universality in biblical numerology, suggesting that these winds affect the entire earth. The phrase "of heaven" indicates their divine origin, reinforcing the idea that God is orchestrating the events about to unfold.

were churning up
This phrase describes a state of chaos and upheaval. The Hebrew root "גּוּחַ" (guch) conveys a sense of stirring or agitating. This imagery of churning waters is often used in Scripture to depict turmoil and disorder, as seen in the creation narrative where God's Spirit hovers over the chaotic waters. It suggests that God is about to bring order out of chaos, a theme consistent with His redemptive work throughout history.

the Great Sea
The "Great Sea" is commonly understood to refer to the Mediterranean Sea, a significant geographical and cultural landmark in the ancient Near East. In biblical symbolism, the sea often represents nations and peoples in turmoil, as seen in Isaiah 17:12-13. The churning of the Great Sea in Daniel's vision suggests impending political and social upheaval among the nations, setting the stage for the rise and fall of empires as part of God's sovereign plan. This imagery invites readers to trust in God's ultimate control over the nations and history.

And four great beasts
The phrase "four great beasts" introduces a vision of significant prophetic importance. In the Hebrew text, the word for "beasts" is "חֵיוָה" (chevah), which denotes living creatures of considerable power and ferocity. These beasts symbolize four successive empires, as later explained in the chapter. Historically, these empires are understood to be Babylon, Medo-Persia, Greece, and Rome. The use of "great" emphasizes their vast influence and dominion over the earth, reflecting the magnitude of their power and the impact they had on the course of history.

came up out of the sea
The "sea" in biblical symbolism often represents chaos, turmoil, and the masses of humanity. In ancient Near Eastern literature, the sea is frequently depicted as a place of disorder and danger. The imagery of beasts emerging from the sea suggests that these empires arise from a world of chaos and conflict. This aligns with the historical context of these empires, which often emerged through conquest and upheaval. Theologically, it underscores the transient and unstable nature of earthly kingdoms compared to the eternal kingdom of God.

each different from the others
This phrase highlights the distinct characteristics and identities of each beast, or empire. The diversity among the beasts signifies the unique attributes and governing styles of each kingdom. Historically, Babylon was known for its grandeur and cultural achievements, Medo-Persia for its vast administrative system, Greece for its philosophical and military prowess, and Rome for its legal and structural innovations. Theologically, this diversity also points to the manifold ways in which human power can manifest, yet all fall short of the divine ideal. It serves as a reminder of the limitations and eventual downfall of human empires in contrast to God's unchanging sovereignty.

The first was like a lion
The imagery of a lion in biblical literature often symbolizes strength, majesty, and power. In the context of Daniel's vision, the lion represents the Babylonian Empire, known for its dominance and regal authority. The Hebrew word for lion, "אַריֵה" (aryeh), conveys a sense of ferocity and kingliness, fitting for Babylon's historical reputation as a formidable empire under Nebuchadnezzar. The lion's presence in Daniel's vision underscores the empire's initial grandeur and might.

and it had the wings of an eagle
Eagles are emblematic of swiftness and far-reaching power. The combination of a lion with eagle's wings suggests an empire that not only possesses strength but also the ability to expand rapidly and exert influence over vast territories. The Hebrew word for eagle, "נֶשֶׁר" (nesher), is often associated with speed and keen vision, characteristics that align with Babylon's rapid conquests and strategic prowess.

I watched until its wings were torn off
The act of the wings being torn off signifies a loss of power and mobility. This imagery can be interpreted as the humbling of the Babylonian Empire, particularly during the reign of Nebuchadnezzar, who experienced a period of madness as described in Daniel 4. The removal of the wings indicates a divine intervention that curtails the empire's expansion and influence, a theme consistent with the biblical narrative of God's sovereignty over earthly kingdoms.

and it was lifted up from the ground
This phrase suggests a restoration or elevation from a fallen state. In the context of Nebuchadnezzar's story, it reflects his eventual restoration to sanity and power after acknowledging God's supremacy. The lifting up from the ground symbolizes a return to dignity and authority, albeit with a newfound recognition of divine sovereignty.

so that it stood on two feet like a man
The transformation of the beast to stand like a man indicates a change from a bestial nature to a more human-like state. This can be seen as a metaphor for the humanization of Nebuchadnezzar after his humbling experience. The imagery of standing on two feet suggests stability and a return to rationality, aligning with the biblical theme of repentance and restoration.

and the heart of a man was given to it
The heart, in biblical terms, often represents the seat of understanding and emotion. The giving of a human heart to the beast signifies a transformation in character and perspective. For Nebuchadnezzar, this represents his acknowledgment of God's authority and his subsequent change in attitude and governance. The phrase underscores the biblical principle that true wisdom and leadership come from a heart aligned with God's will.

Suddenly another beast appeared
The phrase "suddenly another beast appeared" introduces the second beast in Daniel's vision, emphasizing the abruptness and unexpected nature of its emergence. In the Hebrew text, the word for "beast" (חֵיוָה, chevah) signifies a living creature, often used to denote something wild and untamed. This beast represents a kingdom, as beasts in Daniel's visions symbolize empires or nations. The sudden appearance suggests a swift rise to power, reflecting historical shifts where empires quickly ascend to dominance.

which looked like a bear
The description "which looked like a bear" conveys the characteristics of this kingdom. Bears are known for their strength and ferocity, and in the context of Daniel's vision, this imagery suggests a powerful and aggressive empire. Historically, this is often interpreted as the Medo-Persian Empire, known for its military might and expansive conquests. The bear's nature aligns with the empire's reputation for overwhelming force and strategic dominance.

It was raised up on one of its sides
The phrase "It was raised up on one of its sides" indicates an imbalance or asymmetry in the beast's posture. This has been interpreted to signify the dual nature of the Medo-Persian Empire, where the Persians eventually overshadowed the Medes in power and influence. The imagery of being raised on one side suggests a lopsided alliance, with one part of the empire exerting more control and authority.

and it had three ribs in its mouth between its teeth
The "three ribs in its mouth between its teeth" symbolize the conquests and territories consumed by this empire. Historically, these ribs are often associated with the major conquests of the Medo-Persian Empire, such as Lydia, Babylon, and Egypt. The imagery of ribs in the mouth suggests a voracious appetite for expansion and domination, highlighting the empire's aggressive and consuming nature.

So it was told, ‘Get up and gorge yourself on flesh!’
The command "Get up and gorge yourself on flesh!" reflects the divine permission or mandate for this empire to continue its conquests. The imperative to "gorge" implies an insatiable hunger for power and territory, aligning with the historical narrative of the Medo-Persian Empire's relentless expansion. This phrase underscores the sovereignty of God in allowing empires to rise and fulfill their roles in the divine plan, even as they act with apparent autonomy and aggression.

Next, as I looked
This phrase indicates a continuation of Daniel's vision, suggesting a sequence of divine revelation. The Hebrew word for "looked" (רָאָה, ra'ah) implies not just seeing with the eyes but perceiving with understanding. Daniel is not merely a passive observer; he is actively engaged in comprehending the vision's significance. This highlights the importance of spiritual discernment and attentiveness in receiving divine insights.

there was another beast
The term "beast" (חֵיוָה, chevah) in the context of Daniel's visions often symbolizes kingdoms or empires. This particular beast is distinct from the previous ones, indicating a new phase or power in the unfolding prophetic narrative. The use of "another" suggests a succession of empires, each with its unique characteristics and role in God's sovereign plan.

like a leopard
The leopard is known for its speed and agility, characteristics that are emblematic of the swift conquests of the empire this beast represents. Historically, this is often associated with the Greek Empire under Alexander the Great, whose rapid expansion across the known world was unprecedented. The leopard's attributes remind us of the transient and often aggressive nature of earthly powers.

On its back it had four wings like those of a bird
Wings symbolize swiftness and the ability to cover great distances quickly. The presence of four wings amplifies the idea of rapid movement and expansion. This detail aligns with the historical division of Alexander's empire into four parts after his death, as his generals took control. The imagery of wings also serves as a reminder of the fleeting nature of human achievements compared to the eternal kingdom of God.

The beast also had four heads
The four heads further emphasize the division of the Greek Empire into four distinct regions, each ruled by one of Alexander's generals: Cassander, Lysimachus, Seleucus, and Ptolemy. In a broader sense, the heads represent the multiplicity of leadership and the complexity of governance in human empires. This division underscores the theme of fragmentation and the inherent instability of worldly kingdoms.

and it was given authority to rule
The phrase "given authority" indicates that the power and dominion of this beast are not self-derived but granted by a higher authority, ultimately God. This reflects the biblical principle that all earthly authority is subordinate to divine sovereignty. Despite the apparent might and autonomy of empires, they operate within the parameters set by God, who orchestrates history according to His purposes.

After this, as I was watching in the night visions
The phrase "After this" indicates a sequence of events, suggesting that Daniel's visions are progressive revelations. The "night visions" imply a divine revelation given during a time of rest, symbolizing the spiritual insight that comes when the world is quiet. In the Hebrew context, night often represents a time of mystery and divine encounter, as seen in other biblical narratives like Jacob's dream (Genesis 28:10-17).

suddenly a fourth beast appeared
The word "suddenly" conveys an unexpected and abrupt appearance, emphasizing the element of surprise and the dramatic nature of the vision. The "fourth beast" is distinct from the previous three, representing a new and unprecedented power. Historically, this beast is often interpreted as the Roman Empire, known for its vast and unparalleled influence.

frightening and dreadful, and incredibly strong
These descriptors highlight the terrifying nature of the beast. "Frightening" and "dreadful" suggest an overwhelming presence that instills fear, while "incredibly strong" points to its unmatched power. In a historical context, the Roman Empire was indeed formidable, known for its military might and expansive reach.

with large iron teeth
The "large iron teeth" symbolize the beast's ability to destroy and consume with great efficiency. Iron, a strong and durable metal, represents the strength and resilience of the empire. This imagery aligns with the description of the fourth kingdom in Daniel 2:40, which is also characterized by iron.

It devoured and crushed
The actions "devoured and crushed" indicate a relentless and aggressive nature. This beast not only consumes but also pulverizes, leaving nothing intact. This reflects the historical reality of the Roman Empire's conquests, which often involved complete domination and assimilation of other cultures.

and anything that was left it trampled with its feet
The phrase "trampled with its feet" suggests utter destruction and disregard for what remains. This imagery conveys the idea of total subjugation and the erasure of any resistance. The Roman Empire was known for its ability to suppress uprisings and maintain control over its vast territories.

It was different from all the beasts before it
This distinction highlights the unique nature of the fourth beast. Unlike the previous empires, the Roman Empire's structure, governance, and impact were unparalleled. Its legal and political systems have influenced Western civilization for centuries.

and it had ten horns
The "ten horns" are often interpreted as ten kings or kingdoms that arise from this empire, as explained later in Daniel 7:24. Horns in biblical symbolism often represent power and authority. This detail points to the complexity and division within the Roman Empire, which eventually fragmented into various states and powers.

While I was contemplating the horns
The phrase "contemplating the horns" indicates a deep, thoughtful observation by Daniel. In the Hebrew context, the word for "contemplating" suggests a meditative or reflective state, emphasizing Daniel's role as a prophet who seeks understanding from God. The "horns" symbolize power and authority, often representing kings or kingdoms in biblical prophecy. This imagery is consistent with ancient Near Eastern symbolism, where horns were emblematic of strength and dominance.

suddenly another horn, a little one, came up among them
The "little horn" emerging "suddenly" signifies an unexpected rise to power. The Hebrew word for "little" can imply insignificance or humility at first glance, yet this horn's emergence among the others suggests a surprising and rapid ascent. Historically, this has been interpreted as a reference to a specific ruler or kingdom that arises unexpectedly, challenging established powers. The suddenness underscores the unpredictable nature of political shifts and divine intervention in history.

and three of the first horns were uprooted before it
The act of "uprooting" conveys a forceful removal or displacement, indicating a significant change in power dynamics. In the ancient world, such imagery would resonate with the violent overthrow of rulers or kingdoms. The "three horns" being uprooted suggests a consolidation of power by the "little horn," which aligns with historical accounts of empires expanding through conquest and subjugation. This reflects the biblical theme of God's sovereignty over the rise and fall of nations.

And behold, this horn had eyes like those of a man
The "eyes like those of a man" symbolize intelligence, insight, and perhaps cunning. In biblical literature, eyes often represent knowledge and perception. This description suggests that the "little horn" possesses human-like wisdom or craftiness, enabling it to navigate complex political landscapes. The anthropomorphic imagery highlights the horn's distinctiveness and its potential for both strategic thinking and deception.

and a mouth that spoke words of arrogance
The "mouth that spoke words of arrogance" indicates blasphemy or prideful speech. In the Hebrew tradition, arrogance is often associated with defiance against God. This phrase suggests that the "little horn" not only seeks power but also challenges divine authority through its boastful claims. Historically, this has been seen as a characteristic of tyrannical leaders who exalt themselves above others, reflecting the biblical warning against pride and the ultimate accountability to God.

As I continued to watch
This phrase indicates the ongoing nature of Daniel's vision. The Hebrew root for "watch" (חָזָה, chazah) implies a deep, prophetic seeing, beyond mere physical sight. Daniel is not just observing events; he is witnessing divine revelation. This emphasizes the importance of spiritual vigilance and the readiness to perceive God's unfolding plan.

thrones were set in place
The "thrones" suggest a heavenly court, a setting for divine judgment. The plural form indicates multiple thrones, possibly for the heavenly council or the saints who will reign with Christ (Revelation 20:4). The setting of these thrones signifies preparation for judgment, underscoring God's sovereignty and the order of His divine government.

and the Ancient of Days took His seat
The title "Ancient of Days" is unique to Daniel and emphasizes God's eternal nature. The Aramaic term עַתִּיק יֹומִין (Atiq Yomin) conveys the idea of timelessness and wisdom. God's taking His seat signifies the commencement of judgment, highlighting His authority and the fulfillment of His divine purposes.

His clothing was white as snow
White clothing symbolizes purity, holiness, and righteousness. In the biblical context, snow is often used to describe purity (Isaiah 1:18). This imagery reinforces the sinless and just nature of God, who is the ultimate judge.

and the hair of His head was like pure wool
The description of hair "like pure wool" further emphasizes wisdom and dignity. In ancient cultures, white hair was a symbol of age and experience. This imagery aligns with the portrayal of God as the all-wise, eternal judge, whose decrees are perfect and just.

His throne was flaming with fire
Fire in Scripture often represents God's presence, holiness, and judgment (Exodus 3:2, Hebrews 12:29). A "flaming" throne suggests the intensity and purity of God's judgment. It is a reminder of His consuming holiness and the purifying nature of His justice.

and its wheels were all ablaze
The wheels evoke the imagery of a chariot, suggesting mobility and the omnipresence of God's judgment. The blazing wheels indicate the unstoppable and dynamic nature of God's justice. This imagery is reminiscent of Ezekiel's vision (Ezekiel 1:15-21), where the wheels signify the Spirit's movement and God's active presence in the world.

A river of fire was flowing, coming out from His presence
This vivid imagery of a "river of fire" symbolizes the purity and holiness of God, as fire often represents purification and judgment in the Bible. The Hebrew word for "river" (נָהָר, nahar) suggests a continuous, powerful flow, indicating the unstoppable and overwhelming nature of God's righteous judgment. The fire "coming out from His presence" emphasizes that this judgment is directly from God, underscoring His sovereignty and the divine origin of justice. Historically, fire has been a symbol of divine presence and power, as seen in the burning bush (Exodus 3:2) and the pillar of fire (Exodus 13:21).

Thousands upon thousands attended Him
The phrase "thousands upon thousands" conveys an innumerable multitude, reflecting the grandeur and majesty of God's heavenly court. The Hebrew word for "thousands" (אֶלֶף, eleph) can also imply a large, organized group, suggesting the order and structure of the heavenly hosts. This multitude attending God signifies the honor and reverence due to Him, as well as the readiness of His servants to execute His will. Scripturally, this echoes the vision of the heavenly assembly in Revelation 5:11, where countless angels surround the throne.

ten thousand times ten thousand stood before Him
This expression further amplifies the vastness of the heavenly assembly, with "ten thousand times ten thousand" being a hyperbolic way to describe an infinite number. The Hebrew term for "ten thousand" (רִבּוֹ, ribbo) is often used to denote an exceedingly large quantity, emphasizing the limitless nature of God's dominion and the extensive reach of His authority. The act of standing before Him indicates readiness to serve and the acknowledgment of His supreme authority. This scene parallels the worship and service depicted in Revelation 7:9, where a great multitude stands before the throne.

The court was convened
The convening of the court signifies the formal commencement of divine judgment. The Hebrew word for "court" (דִּין, din) refers to a legal assembly or tribunal, highlighting the legal and orderly nature of God's judgment. This imagery of a divine courtroom underscores the justice and righteousness of God's decisions, as He is the ultimate judge. Historically, courts were places of authority and decision-making, and this celestial court reflects the ultimate authority of God over all creation.

and the books were opened
The opening of the books represents the revelation and examination of deeds, as books in ancient times were records of actions and events. The Hebrew word for "books" (סֵפֶר, sefer) implies written documentation, suggesting that nothing is hidden from God's sight. This act of opening the books indicates transparency and accountability, as every action is recorded and will be judged. Scripturally, this is reminiscent of Revelation 20:12, where the dead are judged according to what is written in the books. The opening of the books serves as a powerful reminder of God's omniscience and the certainty of His righteous judgment.

Then I continued to watch
This phrase indicates Daniel's persistent attention and focus on the vision he is witnessing. The Hebrew root for "watch" is "חָזָה" (chazah), which means to see or behold. This suggests a deep, prophetic insight, emphasizing the importance of vigilance and discernment in understanding divine revelations. Daniel's continued observation reflects a commitment to understanding God's unfolding plan, encouraging believers to remain steadfast in their spiritual watchfulness.

because of the boastful words
The "boastful words" refer to arrogant and blasphemous declarations. The Hebrew word for "boastful" is "רַב" (rav), which can mean great or many, indicating the horn's excessive pride and self-exaltation. This is a reminder of the dangers of pride and arrogance, which are often condemned in Scripture. Historically, this can be seen as a representation of oppressive powers that exalt themselves against God, warning believers to be wary of such influences.

the horn was speaking
The "horn" symbolizes power and authority, often used in biblical prophecy to represent kings or kingdoms. In this context, it is a specific power that speaks against God. The Hebrew word "קֶרֶן" (qeren) for "horn" suggests strength and might. This imagery is a reminder of the temporal nature of earthly powers compared to God's eternal sovereignty. It encourages believers to place their trust in God's ultimate authority rather than in human institutions.

I kept looking
Daniel's repeated action of "looking" underscores his determination to understand the vision fully. The Hebrew root "רָאָה" (ra'ah) for "looking" implies a careful and intentional observation. This persistence is an example for believers to seek understanding and wisdom from God, especially when faced with complex or troubling situations.

until the beast was slain
The "beast" represents a powerful, oppressive kingdom or ruler. The Hebrew word "חַיָּה" (chayah) for "beast" can denote a living creature, often used symbolically in apocalyptic literature. The slaying of the beast signifies God's judgment and the ultimate defeat of evil. This serves as a powerful reminder of God's justice and the assurance that evil will not prevail indefinitely.

and its body destroyed
The destruction of the beast's body signifies the complete and total eradication of its power and influence. The Hebrew word "שָׁחַת" (shachat) for "destroyed" implies corruption or ruin. This highlights the finality of God's judgment against wickedness, offering hope to believers that all forms of evil will be utterly dismantled.

and thrown into the blazing fire
The "blazing fire" symbolizes divine judgment and purification. Fire is often used in Scripture as a metaphor for God's holiness and the consuming nature of His judgment. The Hebrew word "אֵשׁ" (esh) for "fire" conveys both destruction and purification. This imagery reassures believers of God's righteous judgment and the eventual purification of creation, encouraging them to live in holiness and reverence before God.

As for the rest of the beasts
The phrase "the rest of the beasts" refers to the other kingdoms or empires represented by the beasts in Daniel's vision. In the context of Daniel 7, these beasts symbolize successive world empires that have risen and fallen throughout history. The Hebrew word for "beasts" (חֵיוָה, chevah) emphasizes their ferocity and power, characteristics often associated with empires that dominate through might and conquest. Historically, these beasts are understood to represent the Babylonian, Medo-Persian, Greek, and Roman empires. Each of these empires played a significant role in shaping the ancient world and had a profound impact on the people of God.

their dominion was removed
The removal of dominion signifies the end of their power and authority. In the biblical narrative, God is sovereign over the rise and fall of nations. The Hebrew root for "dominion" (שָׁלַט, shalat) conveys the idea of ruling or having authority. This phrase underscores the transient nature of earthly power and the ultimate authority of God over human history. Archaeologically, the ruins of these ancient empires serve as a testament to their once-great power and the eventual cessation of their dominion, aligning with the biblical prophecy.

but they were granted an extension of life
This phrase indicates that although the dominion of these beasts was removed, they were allowed to continue existing for a period. The Hebrew word for "extension" (אַרְכָה, arka) suggests a prolonging or delay. This can be seen as a period of grace or continued existence without the same level of power or influence. Historically, remnants of these empires continued to exist in various forms, influencing subsequent cultures and societies. This extension of life can be seen as part of God's providential plan, allowing for the unfolding of His purposes in history.

for a season and a time
The expression "a season and a time" is a poetic way of indicating a divinely appointed period. The Aramaic words used here, "עִדָּן" (iddan) for "season" and "זְמָן" (zeman) for "time," suggest a specific, limited duration determined by God. This reflects the biblical theme that God has set times and seasons for all events under heaven (Ecclesiastes 3:1). In the prophetic context, it reassures believers that God is in control of history, and even the continuation of these empires serves His ultimate plan. This phrase encourages faith in God's timing and His sovereign orchestration of world events, reminding us that while human powers may seem to endure, they are ultimately subject to God's eternal purposes.

In my vision in the night
The phrase "in my vision in the night" indicates a divine revelation given to Daniel during a time of rest, suggesting a supernatural encounter. The Hebrew word for "vision" (חָזוֹן, chazon) implies a prophetic sight, often used in the context of receiving divine messages. Night visions in the Bible often symbolize a time when God reveals His plans, as seen in the dreams of Joseph and others. This setting underscores the solemnity and significance of the revelation.

I continued to watch
Daniel's persistence in watching signifies his attentiveness and readiness to receive God's message. The Hebrew root for "watch" (צָפָה, tsaphah) conveys the idea of being on the lookout or keeping guard. This reflects a spiritual vigilance, emphasizing the importance of being spiritually alert to perceive God's workings.

and I saw One like a Son of Man
The term "Son of Man" (בַּר אֱנָשׁ, bar enash) is a significant messianic title. In the Hebrew context, "Son of Man" emphasizes humanity, yet in this vision, it is a divine figure. This title is later used by Jesus Christ to refer to Himself, highlighting His role as the Messiah who bridges the divine and human. The phrase "like a Son of Man" suggests both a resemblance to humanity and a unique, exalted status.

coming with the clouds of heaven
The imagery of "coming with the clouds of heaven" is rich with Old Testament symbolism, often associated with divine presence and glory. Clouds are frequently depicted as God's chariot (Psalm 104:3) and a sign of His majesty and power (Exodus 19:9). This phrase indicates the divine authority and heavenly origin of the "Son of Man," pointing to His role in God's redemptive plan.

He approached the Ancient of Days
The "Ancient of Days" (עַתִּיק יוֹמִין, attiq yomim) is a title for God, emphasizing His eternal nature and sovereign authority. The approach of the "Son of Man" to the "Ancient of Days" signifies a relationship of honor and authority. This scene portrays a divine court setting, where the "Son of Man" is given a position of prominence and power.

and was led into His presence
Being "led into His presence" suggests a formal introduction or presentation, indicating acceptance and approval by the "Ancient of Days." This act signifies the conferral of authority and the fulfillment of divine purpose. The Hebrew context implies a ceremonial aspect, underscoring the significance of the "Son of Man" being granted access to the divine throne room, symbolizing His role in executing God's will on earth.

And He was given dominion
The phrase "And He was given dominion" signifies the transfer of supreme authority and power. The Hebrew word for "dominion" is "shalit," which implies sovereign control. This dominion is not seized by force but is granted, indicating divine ordination. In the context of Daniel, this is a prophetic vision of the Messiah, Jesus Christ, who is given authority over all creation. This reflects the fulfillment of God's promise to establish a kingdom that transcends earthly powers.

glory
The term "glory" in Hebrew is "kabod," which denotes weightiness, honor, and splendor. This glory is not merely human recognition but divine majesty. In the biblical context, glory is often associated with God's presence and holiness. The glory given to the Messiah signifies His divine nature and the honor bestowed upon Him by God the Father. It is a glory that surpasses all earthly accolades and is eternal in its essence.

and kingship
"Kingship" refers to the authority and right to rule. The Hebrew word "malku" is used here, emphasizing a legitimate and divinely sanctioned reign. This kingship is not limited by geography or time, unlike earthly kingdoms. It points to the Messianic rule of Christ, who is the King of kings. His kingship is characterized by justice, righteousness, and peace, fulfilling the prophecies of a coming ruler who would establish God's kingdom on earth.

that the people of every nation and language should serve Him
This phrase highlights the universal scope of the Messiah's reign. "People of every nation and language" underscores the inclusivity of God's kingdom, breaking down ethnic and linguistic barriers. The Hebrew word for "serve" is "pelach," which implies worship and allegiance. This service is not coerced but is a willing submission to the rightful King. It reflects the Great Commission, where the gospel is to be preached to all nations, inviting all to partake in the kingdom of God.

His dominion is an everlasting dominion
The repetition of "dominion" with the qualifier "everlasting" emphasizes the eternal nature of Christ's rule. The Hebrew word "olam" is used for "everlasting," indicating perpetuity and unending duration. Unlike earthly empires that rise and fall, the Messiah's dominion is eternal, reflecting God's unchanging nature and His eternal plan for humanity.

that will not pass away
This phrase assures the permanence and stability of Christ's dominion. The Hebrew word "abar" means to pass or cross over, often used to describe the transient nature of human endeavors. In contrast, the Messiah's dominion is unshakeable and enduring, providing hope and assurance to believers that God's kingdom will prevail against all opposition.

and His kingdom is one that will never be destroyed
The final phrase underscores the invincibility of the Messiah's kingdom. The Hebrew word "chabal" means to destroy or ruin. This kingdom, however, is indestructible, signifying divine protection and ultimate victory over evil. It is a kingdom established by God, sustained by His power, and destined to culminate in the new heaven and new earth, where righteousness dwells. This promise inspires believers to live with confidence and anticipation of the fulfillment of God's redemptive plan.

I, Daniel
This phrase establishes the personal nature of the narrative. Daniel, whose name means "God is my judge" in Hebrew, is a central figure in the book that bears his name. His personal involvement underscores the authenticity and gravity of the visions he receives. Daniel's role as a prophet and a statesman in Babylonian and Persian courts highlights his unique position to receive and interpret divine revelations.

was grieved in my spirit
The Hebrew word for "grieved" here conveys a deep emotional disturbance. Daniel's spirit, the innermost part of his being, is troubled by the visions he has seen. This reflects the profound impact of divine revelations on human emotions. The phrase suggests a spiritual and emotional burden, emphasizing the seriousness of the visions and their implications for the future.

and the visions in my mind
The term "visions" refers to supernatural revelations given by God. In the context of the Book of Daniel, these visions often contain symbolic imagery that requires interpretation. The "mind" here indicates the seat of understanding and perception. Daniel's experience of receiving visions in his mind suggests a divine communication that transcends ordinary human experience, requiring spiritual insight to comprehend.

alarmed me
The word "alarmed" indicates a state of fear or anxiety. Daniel's reaction to the visions is one of alarm, highlighting the unsettling nature of the revelations. This response is consistent with other biblical accounts where encounters with the divine or the supernatural evoke fear and awe. The alarm Daniel feels underscores the gravity of the prophetic message and the potential consequences for the people of God.

I approached
The phrase "I approached" indicates Daniel's proactive engagement in seeking understanding. The Hebrew root for "approached" is "qarab," which conveys the act of drawing near or coming close. This reflects Daniel's earnest desire to comprehend the vision he has witnessed. In a spiritual sense, it underscores the importance of seeking God and His wisdom actively. Daniel's approach is a model for believers to draw near to God with questions and a heart open to divine revelation.

one of those standing by
This phrase refers to a heavenly being, likely an angel, present in Daniel's vision. The presence of "those standing by" suggests a celestial court or assembly, emphasizing the divine authority and order in the heavenly realm. Angels often serve as messengers or interpreters of God's will in Scripture, as seen in other biblical accounts such as Gabriel's interaction with Mary in Luke 1. This highlights the role of angels as intermediaries who assist in conveying God's messages to humanity.

and asked him
Daniel's action of asking signifies humility and a recognition of his own limitations in understanding divine mysteries. The Hebrew word "sha'al" for "asked" implies a request or inquiry, often used in the context of seeking knowledge or guidance. This reflects a biblical principle that encourages believers to seek wisdom from God, as seen in James 1:5, which promises that God gives wisdom generously to those who ask.

the true meaning
The quest for "the true meaning" indicates Daniel's desire for clarity and truth. The Hebrew term "peshar" is often associated with interpretation or explanation, particularly of dreams and visions. This pursuit of truth is a central theme in Scripture, where understanding God's will and purpose is paramount. It reminds believers of the importance of discerning truth in a world filled with confusion and deception.

of all this
The phrase "of all this" encompasses the entirety of the vision Daniel has seen. It suggests a comprehensive understanding, not just of individual elements but of the vision as a whole. This holistic approach to interpretation is crucial in biblical exegesis, where context and the broader narrative are essential for accurate understanding. It encourages believers to seek a full picture of God's revelation rather than focusing on isolated details.

So he told me
The response "So he told me" indicates the angel's willingness to provide the needed explanation. This reflects God's readiness to reveal His truths to those who earnestly seek Him. The act of telling or explaining is a divine initiative, showing that God does not leave His people in ignorance but provides guidance and insight through His messengers.

and gave me the interpretation
The phrase "and gave me the interpretation" highlights the act of imparting understanding. The Hebrew word "peshar" again emphasizes the role of interpretation in making sense of divine mysteries. This act of giving is a gift of grace, as understanding spiritual truths is ultimately a work of the Holy Spirit. It underscores the importance of relying on God's provision for insight into His Word and His plans.

of these things
Finally, "of these things" refers to the specific elements of the vision Daniel has seen. It points to the detailed and specific nature of God's revelation, where each aspect has significance and purpose. This reminds believers that God's messages are intentional and purposeful, and understanding them requires careful attention to detail and reliance on divine guidance.

These four great beasts
The phrase "these four great beasts" refers to the vision Daniel had earlier in the chapter, where he saw four distinct beasts rising from the sea. In the context of ancient Near Eastern literature, beasts often symbolize empires or kingdoms, representing their power and ferocity. The Hebrew word for "beasts" (חֵיוָה, chevah) emphasizes their wild and untamed nature, suggesting the chaotic and destructive force of these empires. Historically, these beasts are interpreted as symbolizing the successive empires that would dominate the known world, specifically Babylon, Medo-Persia, Greece, and Rome. This imagery serves as a reminder of the transient nature of earthly power and the ultimate sovereignty of God over human history.

are four kings
The term "kings" (מַלְכִין, malkin) in this context is often understood to represent kingdoms or empires rather than individual monarchs. In the ancient world, a king was synonymous with his kingdom, embodying its authority and governance. The use of "four" is significant, as it denotes completeness or universality in biblical numerology, suggesting that these kingdoms encompass the entirety of human political power during their respective eras. This interpretation aligns with the broader biblical narrative that portrays human history as a series of kingdoms rising and falling under God's providential plan.

who will arise
The phrase "who will arise" indicates the future emergence of these kingdoms. The Hebrew verb (קוּם, qum) conveys the idea of standing up or coming into being, highlighting the dynamic and often violent process by which these empires establish themselves. This prophetic vision underscores the inevitability of these events, as ordained by God, and serves as a reassurance to the faithful that despite the apparent chaos and turmoil, God's purposes are being fulfilled. It also reflects the biblical theme of divine sovereignty, where God raises up and deposes rulers according to His will.

from the earth
The phrase "from the earth" signifies the earthly origin of these kingdoms, contrasting with the divine kingdom that is not of this world. The Hebrew word for "earth" (אֲרַע, ara) emphasizes the temporal and finite nature of human empires. This distinction serves to remind believers that while earthly kingdoms may rise and fall, God's kingdom is eternal and unshakeable. The imagery of rising "from the earth" also suggests the inherent limitations and imperfections of human governance, which stands in stark contrast to the perfect and just rule of God. This perspective encourages Christians to place their ultimate hope and trust not in earthly powers, but in the eternal kingdom of God.

But the saints of the Most High
The term "saints" refers to those who are set apart for God, often understood as the faithful believers who follow God's commandments. In Hebrew, the word is "קְדוֹשִׁים" (qedoshim), which means "holy ones." This designation emphasizes their consecration and dedication to God. The phrase "of the Most High" identifies these saints as belonging to the supreme God, El Elyon, a title that underscores God's sovereignty and ultimate authority over all creation. Historically, this reflects the Jewish understanding of a covenant relationship with God, where His people are chosen to reflect His holiness.

will receive the kingdom
The phrase "will receive the kingdom" indicates a future event where the saints are granted authority and dominion. The verb "receive" suggests a gift or inheritance, not something earned by human effort but bestowed by divine decree. In the context of Daniel, this is a prophetic vision of the end times when God's people will be vindicated and exalted. The "kingdom" here is not merely a political entity but represents the reign of God, characterized by justice, peace, and righteousness. This aligns with the eschatological hope found throughout Scripture, where God's rule is fully realized on earth.

and possess it forever
To "possess" implies ownership and stewardship. The Hebrew root "יָרַשׁ" (yarash) conveys the idea of inheriting or taking possession of something that is rightfully theirs. This possession is not temporary but eternal, as indicated by the word "forever." This eternal aspect is a key theme in biblical prophecy, where the temporal struggles of God's people are contrasted with the everlasting nature of God's promises. The assurance of an eternal kingdom provides hope and encouragement to believers, affirming that their faithfulness will be rewarded with an unending inheritance.

yes, forever and ever
The repetition in "yes, forever and ever" serves to emphasize the certainty and perpetuity of God's promise. In Hebrew, the phrase "עָלַם וָעֶד" (olam va'ed) is used to denote an unending duration, reinforcing the idea that God's kingdom is not subject to the limitations of time. This eternal perspective is crucial for understanding the biblical narrative, which consistently points to a future where God's purposes are fully accomplished. For the original audience, this would have been a powerful assurance amidst persecution and exile, reminding them of the ultimate triumph of God's kingdom.

Then I wanted to know
This phrase reflects Daniel's deep desire for understanding and insight. The Hebrew root for "wanted" (חָפֵץ, chafets) conveys a strong inclination or delight in seeking knowledge. Daniel's pursuit of divine wisdom is a model for believers, emphasizing the importance of seeking God's truth with earnestness and dedication.

the true meaning
The quest for "true meaning" underscores the importance of discernment and revelation in understanding God's messages. The Hebrew word for "true" (אֱמֶת, emet) signifies faithfulness and reliability. Daniel's inquiry is not just for knowledge but for an understanding that aligns with God's faithful and unchanging nature.

of the fourth beast
The "fourth beast" is a symbol of a powerful and oppressive kingdom, distinct from the previous ones. Historically, this is often interpreted as the Roman Empire, known for its unprecedented power and influence. The beast's description in Daniel's vision serves as a reminder of the temporal nature of earthly kingdoms compared to God's eternal dominion.

which was different from all the others
This phrase highlights the uniqueness and unparalleled nature of the fourth beast. The Hebrew word for "different" (שָׁנָה, shanah) implies a change or transformation, suggesting that this kingdom would be unlike any before it, both in its structure and its impact on the world.

extremely terrifying
The description of the beast as "extremely terrifying" conveys the fear and awe it inspired. The Hebrew root for "terrifying" (יָרֵא, yare) is often used in the context of reverence or fear of God, indicating the overwhelming power and dread this kingdom would instill in those it conquered.

devouring and crushing
These actions of "devouring and crushing" depict the beast's destructive nature. The Hebrew words (אָכַל, akal for "devouring" and דָּקַק, daqaq for "crushing") emphasize the totality of its conquest and the thoroughness with which it subdues its enemies. This imagery serves as a warning of the destructive potential of unchecked power.

with iron teeth and bronze claws
The "iron teeth and bronze claws" symbolize strength and durability. Iron and bronze were materials associated with military might and technological advancement in ancient times. This imagery suggests a kingdom equipped with the means to dominate and control, reflecting the Roman Empire's military prowess.

and trampling underfoot whatever was left
The phrase "trampling underfoot whatever was left" illustrates the beast's relentless and merciless nature. The Hebrew word for "trampling" (רָמַס, ramas) conveys a sense of complete domination and disregard for anything that remains. This serves as a metaphor for the oppressive nature of earthly powers that seek to obliterate all opposition.

and of the ten horns on its head
The "ten horns" symbolize ten kings or kingdoms, as interpreted later in Daniel 7:24. In the ancient Near Eastern context, horns often represented power and authority. The imagery of horns on a beast's head suggests a confederation of rulers or nations. Historically, this has been linked to various empires that have risen and fallen, each with its own set of rulers. Theologically, it reflects the completeness of worldly power that stands in opposition to God's kingdom.

and the other horn that came up
This "other horn" is often interpreted as a new, emerging power that disrupts the existing order. In prophetic literature, such imagery indicates a significant shift or upheaval. Theologically, it can be seen as a representation of the Antichrist or a future leader who will challenge God's authority. The emergence of this horn signifies the rise of a blasphemous power that seeks to dominate and control.

before which three of them fell
The phrase "three of them fell" suggests a violent overthrow or subjugation of three existing powers by the new horn. Historically, this could refer to specific kingdoms or leaders that were overtaken by a more dominant force. In a spiritual sense, it represents the relentless nature of evil in its quest for supremacy, often at the expense of others.

this horn had eyes
The "eyes" on the horn symbolize intelligence, insight, or surveillance. In biblical symbolism, eyes often denote knowledge or awareness. This suggests that the power represented by the horn is not only strong but also cunning and perceptive. It implies a level of strategic thinking and manipulation, characteristics often attributed to deceptive or tyrannical leaders.

and a mouth that spoke words of arrogance
The "mouth that spoke words of arrogance" indicates blasphemy and pride. In the biblical context, arrogance is often associated with rebellion against God. This phrase highlights the horn's defiance and its attempt to exalt itself above divine authority. It serves as a warning against the dangers of pride and the inevitable downfall that follows such hubris.

and it was more imposing than the others
The description of the horn as "more imposing" suggests a greater level of influence and intimidation compared to the other horns. This can be seen as a representation of a future world leader or system that will exert significant control and demand allegiance. Theologically, it underscores the temporary nature of earthly power and the ultimate victory of God's kingdom over all forms of human arrogance and rebellion.

As I watched
This phrase indicates the continuous and attentive observation of Daniel. The Hebrew root for "watched" is "חָזָה" (chazah), which means to see or behold with understanding. Daniel is not merely a passive observer; he is engaged in a visionary experience that requires discernment. This highlights the importance of spiritual vigilance and the need for believers to be watchful in prayer and understanding of the times.

this horn
The "horn" in biblical prophecy often symbolizes power or a king. In the context of Daniel 7, it refers to a specific ruler or kingdom that arises from the fourth beast, which is commonly interpreted as the Roman Empire. The horn's emergence signifies a period of intense opposition to God's people. Historically, this has been linked to figures like Antiochus Epiphanes or, in a broader eschatological sense, the Antichrist. The horn's arrogance and blasphemy are a direct challenge to divine authority.

was waging war
The phrase "waging war" comes from the Hebrew "עָשָׂה מִלְחָמָה" (asah milchamah), which conveys the idea of engaging in battle or conflict. This is not a mere skirmish but a sustained campaign against the saints. It reflects the spiritual warfare that believers face, as described in Ephesians 6:12, where the struggle is not against flesh and blood but against spiritual forces of evil. This ongoing battle requires the armor of God and steadfast faith.

against the saints
The "saints" are the holy ones, God's chosen people. In the Old Testament context, this refers to Israel, but in the New Testament understanding, it extends to all believers in Christ. The Hebrew word "קָדוֹשׁ" (qadosh) means holy or set apart. The saints are those who are consecrated to God, and their persecution is a recurring theme throughout Scripture. This highlights the reality of suffering for righteousness and the call to endure in faith.

and prevailing against them
The word "prevailing" suggests a temporary victory or dominance. The Hebrew root "יָכֹל" (yakol) means to be able, to overcome, or to have power over. This indicates that the horn has a measure of success in its campaign against the saints. However, this prevailing is not final. It serves as a reminder of the trials believers may face, yet it also points to the ultimate triumph of God’s kingdom, as seen later in Daniel 7:22, where judgment is given in favor of the saints. This temporary prevailing is a test of faith, encouraging believers to trust in God's sovereign plan and ultimate victory.

until the Ancient of Days came
The phrase "Ancient of Days" is a title for God, emphasizing His eternal nature and sovereign authority over time and history. In the original Aramaic, "Ancient" (עַתִּיק, 'attiq) conveys the idea of being venerable and timeless. This title is unique to the book of Daniel and underscores God's wisdom and authority, contrasting with the temporal and often corrupt nature of earthly rulers. The coming of the Ancient of Days signifies a divine intervention in human affairs, a moment when God's eternal justice is brought to bear on the world.

and pronounced judgment
The act of pronouncing judgment indicates a decisive and authoritative declaration. In the context of Daniel, this judgment is not merely punitive but restorative, setting right what has been wrong. The Aramaic word for "judgment" (דִּין, din) implies a legal decision, reflecting God's role as the ultimate judge who discerns truth and administers justice. This judgment is in favor of the saints, highlighting God's protective and vindicating role for His people.

in favor of the saints of the Most High
The "saints" (קַדִּישִׁין, qaddishin) are those set apart for God, His holy people. The phrase "of the Most High" (עֶלְיוֹנִין, 'elyonin) emphasizes their relationship with the supreme God, who is above all earthly powers. This divine favor is a recurring theme in Scripture, where God consistently upholds and defends those who are faithful to Him. The historical context of Daniel, with the Jewish people under foreign domination, makes this promise of divine favor and ultimate vindication particularly poignant and hopeful.

and the time came
This phrase indicates a divinely appointed moment, a kairos moment in biblical terms, where God's purposes intersect with human history. The Aramaic word for "time" (זְמַן, zeman) suggests a specific, predetermined period. It reassures believers that God is in control of history, and there is a set time for His plans to unfold, providing hope and assurance that their current struggles are not without purpose or end.

for them to possess the kingdom
The promise of possessing the kingdom is a powerful image of restoration and reward. The Aramaic word for "possess" (יַחֲסוּן, yachasun) implies taking ownership or inheritance. This is not just a return to a previous state but an elevation to a new status of authority and blessing. The "kingdom" here is both a present spiritual reality and a future physical fulfillment, reflecting the biblical theme of God's kingdom being both now and not yet. For the original audience, this promise would have been a source of immense hope, pointing to a future where God's people are no longer oppressed but reign with Him.

Thus he said
This phrase introduces the explanation given by the angelic messenger to Daniel. It signifies the authority and divine origin of the message. In the context of biblical prophecy, such introductions underscore the importance and reliability of the revelation. The use of "he" refers to the angel, likely Gabriel, who is a messenger of God, emphasizing that the interpretation comes from a divine source, not human speculation.

The fourth beast
This phrase refers to the fourth kingdom in Daniel's vision, which is distinct from the previous three beasts. In biblical prophecy, beasts often symbolize kingdoms or empires. The fourth beast is described as terrifying and powerful, representing a kingdom that is more formidable and destructive than its predecessors. Historically, this is often interpreted as the Roman Empire, known for its vast reach and influence.

will be a fourth kingdom on the earth
This phrase confirms the earthly dominion of the fourth beast, indicating its global impact and authority. The term "kingdom" in biblical terms often refers to a political and social system under a sovereign rule. The phrase suggests a period of significant historical and spiritual consequence, as this kingdom will play a crucial role in the unfolding of God's plan.

different from all the other kingdoms
This highlights the uniqueness of the fourth kingdom compared to its predecessors. Historically, the Roman Empire was indeed different in its structure, governance, and military prowess. It was known for its legal system, engineering feats, and ability to assimilate various cultures. Spiritually, this difference may also imply a greater level of opposition to God's people and purposes.

and it will devour the whole earth
The imagery of devouring suggests conquest and domination. This phrase indicates the extensive reach and influence of the fourth kingdom, which will impose its will across the known world. Historically, the Roman Empire's expansion and control over vast territories align with this description. Spiritually, it may also symbolize the pervasive influence of worldly systems opposed to God's kingdom.

trampling it down and crushing it
This phrase conveys the destructive power and oppressive nature of the fourth kingdom. The actions of trampling and crushing suggest not only conquest but also the suppression and persecution of those under its rule. Historically, the Roman Empire was known for its military might and often brutal enforcement of its laws. In a spiritual sense, this can be seen as a representation of the forces that oppose God's people and His divine order, leading to trials and tribulations for the faithful.

The ten horns
In the vision of Daniel, the ten horns represent ten kings or kingdoms that will arise from the fourth beast, which is often interpreted as a symbol of a powerful empire. The imagery of horns in biblical prophecy typically signifies strength and authority. Historically, this has been associated with the Roman Empire and its subsequent divisions. The number ten can symbolize completeness or a full set, indicating a comprehensive rule or influence over the earth.

are ten kings
The phrase clarifies that the horns are not merely symbolic but represent actual rulers. In the context of biblical prophecy, kings often denote leaders with significant power and influence. The historical context suggests a period of fragmentation and division, where multiple rulers emerge from a once-unified empire. This aligns with the historical decline of the Roman Empire and the rise of various European kingdoms.

who will rise from this kingdom
This indicates that these kings will emerge from the same geopolitical entity as the fourth beast. The phrase suggests a continuity of power, where the legacy of the original empire persists through these new rulers. It reflects the historical pattern of empires breaking into smaller, yet still influential, states that carry on the cultural and political legacy of their predecessor.

Another king, different from the previous ones
This king is distinct in nature or character from the ten kings. The word "different" suggests a divergence in policy, ideology, or method of rule. In prophetic interpretation, this has often been seen as a reference to a future leader who will rise with unique authority and possibly a new form of governance. This king's difference may also imply a more profound spiritual or moral deviation from the previous rulers.

will rise after them
The phrase indicates a chronological sequence, where this distinct king emerges subsequent to the ten. This suggests a period of transition and possibly upheaval, as the new king establishes his rule. The timing "after them" implies that the ten kings' influence will diminish or be overshadowed by this new leader, marking a significant shift in the prophetic timeline.

and subdue three kings
The act of subduing implies conquest or domination, indicating that this new king will assert his authority over three of the ten kings. This could symbolize a consolidation of power, where the new leader strengthens his position by overcoming opposition. Historically, this has been interpreted as a period of conflict and realignment, where the balance of power shifts dramatically. The number three may also have symbolic significance, representing a substantial but not total portion of the original ten, highlighting the new king's partial but significant control.

He will speak out against the Most High
This phrase indicates a blasphemous and arrogant attitude towards God. The Hebrew root for "speak out" is "מִלִּין" (millin), which implies speaking great things or words of defiance. Historically, this has been interpreted as a reference to rulers or entities that challenge God's authority, such as Antiochus IV Epiphanes or future antichrist figures. The "Most High" is a title for God, emphasizing His supreme authority and sovereignty over all creation. This phrase serves as a warning against pride and the futility of opposing God.

and oppress the saints of the Most High
The word "oppress" comes from the Hebrew "בְּלָא" (bela), meaning to wear out or harass continually. This suggests a sustained campaign of persecution against God's people. The "saints" are those set apart for God, often understood as the faithful believers who endure trials for their faith. Historically, this has been seen in the persecution of Jews and Christians throughout history. The phrase reassures believers that God is aware of their suffering and will ultimately vindicate them.

intending to change the appointed times and laws
The intention to "change" indicates a deliberate effort to alter divine decrees. "Appointed times" refers to sacred festivals or periods established by God, while "laws" could mean divine commandments or moral laws. This reflects an attempt to undermine God's order and authority. Historically, this could relate to attempts by rulers to impose their own religious practices or calendars, as seen in the actions of Antiochus IV. It serves as a reminder of the importance of adhering to God's established order.

and the saints will be given into his hand
This phrase suggests a period of trial where the saints are allowed to be under the control or influence of this oppressive power. The phrase "given into his hand" implies a temporary allowance by God for His purposes, often seen as a test of faith or a means of purification. It reassures believers that even in persecution, God remains sovereign and in control.

for a time, and times, and half a time
This cryptic phrase is often interpreted as a symbolic period of three and a half years, representing a limited time of tribulation. The use of "time" (Hebrew "עִדָּן" - iddan) suggests a divinely appointed period. This timeframe is echoed in other prophetic scriptures, such as Revelation 12:14, and is seen as a period of intense trial before God's ultimate deliverance. It encourages believers to remain steadfast, knowing that suffering is temporary and God's victory is assured.

But the court will convene
This phrase signifies a divine judgment scene, reminiscent of a heavenly tribunal. The "court" here refers to a celestial assembly, possibly the divine council, which is a recurring theme in biblical literature. The Hebrew word for "court" (דִּינָא, dinah) implies a place of judgment and decision-making. This convening of the court underscores God's sovereignty and justice, emphasizing that all earthly powers are ultimately accountable to Him. Historically, this reflects the ancient Near Eastern understanding of divine justice, where earthly kings were seen as subject to the decrees of the divine realm.

and his dominion will be taken away
The "dominion" refers to the power and authority of the fourth beast, which represents a succession of oppressive kingdoms culminating in a final, blasphemous ruler. The Hebrew root for "dominion" (שָׁלַט, shalat) conveys the idea of ruling or having authority. The phrase "will be taken away" indicates a decisive action by God to strip this ruler of his power. This is a powerful reminder of the transient nature of human authority and the ultimate supremacy of God's kingdom. It reflects the biblical theme that no matter how powerful a kingdom may seem, it is God who raises up and deposes rulers (Daniel 2:21).

and completely destroyed
The phrase "completely destroyed" emphasizes the totality and finality of the judgment against this oppressive power. The Hebrew word for "destroyed" (שְׁמַד, shemad) suggests utter annihilation, leaving no trace behind. This destruction is not just a temporary setback but a permanent eradication of evil. It serves as a reassurance to the faithful that God will ultimately triumph over all forms of wickedness and injustice. This aligns with the eschatological hope found throughout Scripture, where God promises to establish a new order free from sin and corruption.

forever
The term "forever" (עָלַם, olam) in Hebrew conveys the idea of eternity, an unending duration. This word assures believers of the eternal nature of God's victory and the establishment of His kingdom. The use of "forever" highlights the contrast between the temporary nature of earthly kingdoms and the everlasting dominion of God. It is a source of hope and encouragement, affirming that God's justice and peace will prevail eternally. This eternal perspective is a cornerstone of Christian eschatology, offering believers the assurance of a future where God's righteousness reigns supreme.

Then the sovereignty
The word "sovereignty" refers to supreme power or authority. In the context of Daniel, it signifies the ultimate authority that God will bestow upon His people. The Hebrew root for sovereignty is "malku," which denotes kingship or royal power. This reflects the biblical theme that God is the ultimate ruler, and His authority surpasses all earthly powers. Historically, this is a promise of hope to the Israelites, who were often under foreign dominion, assuring them of a future where God's people will reign with Him.

dominion
"Dominion" implies control or the exercise of authority over a realm. The Hebrew word "sholtan" is used here, emphasizing the extent and reach of the power that will be granted. This term is significant in the biblical narrative, as it contrasts the temporary and often oppressive dominion of earthly kingdoms with the just and eternal dominion of God's kingdom. It reassures believers that God's ultimate plan involves His people sharing in His righteous rule.

and greatness of the kingdoms
The "greatness of the kingdoms" suggests the splendor and majesty that characterize these realms. The Hebrew word "rab" conveys abundance and magnitude. This phrase indicates that the future kingdom of God will surpass all previous kingdoms in glory and power. Historically, this would have been a profound encouragement to the Jewish people, who had witnessed the rise and fall of many empires, reminding them that God's kingdom will be unparalleled.

under all of heaven
This phrase emphasizes the universality of God's kingdom. The Hebrew expression "tachath kol shamayim" indicates that this dominion will encompass the entire earth. It reflects the biblical vision of God's reign extending over all creation, not limited by geographical or political boundaries. This universal scope is a recurring theme in prophetic literature, highlighting the inclusivity and comprehensive nature of God's ultimate plan.

will be given to the people
The phrase "will be given" underscores the gracious and sovereign act of God in bestowing this authority. The Hebrew verb "yehib" suggests a deliberate and generous act of giving. This indicates that the dominion is not something earned by human effort but is a divine gift. It reflects the biblical principle of grace, where God empowers His people to share in His rule.

the saints of the Most High
"Saints" refers to those set apart for God's purposes. The Hebrew term "qaddish" denotes holiness and consecration. The "Most High" is a title for God, emphasizing His supreme authority and transcendence. This phrase identifies the recipients of the kingdom as those who are faithful to God, highlighting the intimate relationship between God and His people. It reassures believers of their identity and destiny in God's plan.

His kingdom will be an everlasting kingdom
The "everlasting kingdom" signifies a realm that will endure forever. The Hebrew word "alam" conveys perpetuity and timelessness. This contrasts with the temporary nature of earthly kingdoms, affirming the eternal nature of God's reign. It provides hope and assurance to believers that God's kingdom will never be overthrown or diminished.

and all rulers will serve and obey Him
This phrase indicates the submission of all earthly authorities to God's rule. The Hebrew words "pelach" (serve) and "shema" (obey) suggest worship and adherence to God's commands. It envisions a future where all leaders recognize and honor God's sovereignty. This reflects the biblical hope for a world where justice and righteousness prevail under God's perfect governance.

This is the end of the matter
The phrase signifies the conclusion of a profound vision that Daniel received. In the Hebrew text, "end" is derived from the word "סוֹף" (sof), indicating a termination or conclusion. This phrase marks the closure of a significant revelation concerning future events, emphasizing the finality and completeness of the vision. It serves as a reminder that God's revelations are purposeful and complete, providing assurance that He is in control of history.

I, Daniel
This personal reference underscores the authenticity and firsthand experience of the prophet. Daniel, whose name means "God is my judge," is a central figure in the narrative, known for his unwavering faith and integrity. His personal involvement in the vision highlights the intimate relationship between God and His chosen servants, who are entrusted with divine revelations.

was deeply troubled by my thoughts
The Hebrew root for "deeply troubled" is "בְּהַל" (behal), which conveys a sense of being alarmed or disturbed. Daniel's reaction reflects the gravity and intensity of the vision he received. It is a natural human response to the overwhelming and often mysterious nature of divine revelations. This phrase reminds believers that encountering God's plans can be both awe-inspiring and unsettling, prompting a deeper reliance on His wisdom and understanding.

and my face turned pale
This expression indicates a physical manifestation of Daniel's inner turmoil. The Hebrew word "זִיו" (ziv) refers to brightness or radiance, and its loss suggests a draining of color or vitality. This reaction underscores the profound impact of spiritual experiences on the physical body, illustrating the interconnectedness of mind, spirit, and body. It serves as a testament to the seriousness with which Daniel regarded the vision and the weight of the message he received.

but I kept the matter to myself
The decision to keep the vision private reflects Daniel's discernment and wisdom. The Hebrew word "שָׁמַר" (shamar) means to guard or preserve, indicating that Daniel carefully considered the timing and appropriateness of sharing the revelation. This phrase highlights the importance of stewardship over divine insights, encouraging believers to seek God's guidance in discerning when and how to share His messages with others. It also points to the personal nature of some revelations, which may be intended for individual reflection and growth before being shared publicly.