In the third year
This phrase situates the vision within a specific historical context. The "third year" refers to the reign of King Belshazzar, who was the last king of Babylon before its conquest by the Medes and Persians. Historically, this would be around 551 BC. The specificity of the timing underscores the reliability and historical accuracy of the biblical narrative. It also highlights the precision with which God communicates His plans, marking a particular moment in history for His revelation.

of the reign of King Belshazzar
Belshazzar was a co-regent with his father Nabonidus, and his reign is marked by the decline of the Babylonian Empire. The mention of Belshazzar ties the vision to a period of impending judgment and transition, as Babylon was soon to fall. This context is crucial for understanding the urgency and significance of the vision Daniel received. It serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty over nations and rulers, orchestrating history according to His divine plan.

a vision appeared to me, Daniel
The phrase emphasizes the personal nature of the revelation. Daniel, a prophet and a man of God, is the recipient of this divine vision. The Hebrew word for "vision" (חָזוֹן, chazon) implies a supernatural revelation, often concerning future events. This vision is not a product of human imagination but a direct communication from God. Daniel's role as a prophet is affirmed, and his faithfulness in receiving and recording God's messages is highlighted.

after the one that had appeared to me earlier
This phrase indicates that Daniel had previously received another vision, which is recorded in Daniel 7. The continuity between the visions suggests a progressive revelation, where God unfolds His plans in stages. It also implies that the visions are interconnected, each building upon the other to provide a fuller understanding of God's purposes. This progression reflects the nature of biblical prophecy, where God reveals His will over time, inviting His people to trust in His unfolding plan.

And in the vision
The phrase "And in the vision" indicates a supernatural revelation given to Daniel. The Hebrew word for "vision" is "חָזוֹן" (chazon), which often denotes a divine communication or prophecy. This suggests that what Daniel is about to describe is not a mere dream but a significant message from God, intended to reveal future events. In the biblical context, visions are often used by God to communicate His plans and purposes, especially concerning His people and the unfolding of history.

I saw myself
The phrase "I saw myself" implies a personal and vivid experience. Daniel is not just a passive observer; he is an active participant in the vision. This self-awareness within the vision underscores the importance of the message and Daniel's role as a prophet. It also highlights the intimate nature of God's communication with His chosen servants, allowing them to experience His revelations firsthand.

in the citadel of Susa
"Susa" was an ancient city of great significance, located in what is now modern-day Iran. The term "citadel" refers to a fortified area within the city, often used as a royal residence or administrative center. Historically, Susa was a major center of the Persian Empire, and its mention here situates the vision within a specific geopolitical context. This setting is crucial for understanding the subsequent events in the vision, as it foreshadows the rise of the Persian Empire and its impact on the Jewish people.

in the province of Elam
"Elam" was an ancient kingdom located east of Babylon, known for its rich history and cultural influence. By specifying "the province of Elam," the text provides a geographical anchor for the vision, emphasizing the historical and political realities of the time. Elam's inclusion in the vision highlights the interconnectedness of the ancient Near Eastern empires and sets the stage for the unfolding prophetic narrative.

in the vision I saw
The repetition of "in the vision I saw" reinforces the clarity and certainty of Daniel's experience. It emphasizes that what follows is not a product of imagination but a divinely orchestrated revelation. This repetition also serves to draw the reader's attention to the significance of the details that Daniel is about to describe, underscoring the importance of paying close attention to the prophetic message.

that I was beside the Ulai Canal
The "Ulai Canal" is a specific geographical feature, likely a man-made waterway near Susa. Its mention provides a concrete setting for the vision, grounding the supernatural experience in a real-world location. This detail not only adds authenticity to the vision but also serves as a symbolic representation of the flow of history and the movement of empires. In the broader biblical narrative, water often symbolizes life, change, and divine provision, suggesting that the events of the vision are part of God's sovereign plan for the world.

I lifted up my eyes
This phrase indicates a deliberate action by Daniel, suggesting a moment of spiritual readiness and attentiveness. In the Hebrew context, lifting one's eyes often signifies looking towards God or seeking divine revelation. It is a posture of expectation and openness to what God is about to reveal. This act of lifting one's eyes can be seen throughout Scripture as a metaphor for seeking understanding or divine intervention (e.g., Psalm 121:1).

and saw
The act of seeing in biblical terms often goes beyond physical sight to include spiritual insight or revelation. In the Hebrew tradition, visions were a common way God communicated with His prophets. Daniel's ability to see indicates his role as a prophet and his receptiveness to God's messages. This seeing is not just with the eyes but with the heart and mind, perceiving the deeper truths God is unveiling.

a ram
The ram in this vision is symbolic and represents power and authority. In the context of Daniel's vision, the ram is later identified as the kings of Media and Persia (Daniel 8:20). Historically, the ram was a symbol of the Persian Empire, often depicted in their art and coinage. The use of a ram here signifies the might and influence of this empire during its time.

with two horns
Horns in biblical symbolism often represent strength and power. The two horns of the ram signify the dual nature of the Medo-Persian Empire, with Media and Persia being two distinct yet united powers. This imagery aligns with historical records of the Medo-Persian alliance, where Persia eventually became the dominant partner.

standing beside the canal
The canal, or river, in this vision is the Ulai Canal, which was located in the region of Susa, an important city in the Persian Empire. This geographical detail roots the vision in a real historical and geographical context, emphasizing the authenticity and specificity of the prophecy. The canal setting may also symbolize the flow of time and events, as water often does in Scripture.

and the horns were long
The length of the horns suggests the extent of the power and influence of the Medo-Persian Empire. In biblical symbolism, longer horns indicate greater strength and dominance. Historically, the Persian Empire was known for its vast reach and military prowess, which is reflected in this description.

one was longer than the other
This detail highlights the imbalance of power within the Medo-Persian alliance, with Persia being the more dominant force. Historically, Persia rose to greater prominence and overshadowed Media, which is accurately depicted in this vision. This imagery underscores the precision of biblical prophecy in reflecting historical realities.

but the longer one came up last
This phrase indicates the chronological rise of Persia after Media. Initially, Media was the more prominent power, but Persia eventually surpassed it in strength and influence. This aligns with historical accounts of the rise of Cyrus the Great and the subsequent expansion of the Persian Empire. The prophetic accuracy of this detail serves to affirm the divine inspiration of the vision.

I saw the ram
The "ram" in this vision represents the Medo-Persian Empire, as later clarified in Daniel 8:20. The Hebrew word for "ram" is "אַיִל" (ayil), which often symbolizes strength and leadership. Historically, the ram was a symbol of Persia, and its kings would wear a ram's head as a crown during battles. This imagery sets the stage for understanding the power and influence of the Medo-Persian Empire during its height.

charging toward the west, the north, and the south
The directions "west, north, and south" indicate the expansive conquests of the Medo-Persian Empire. Historically, this empire extended its reach into Lydia (west), Babylon (north), and Egypt (south). The Hebrew verb "מְנַגֵּחַ" (menaggeach) for "charging" conveys a sense of aggressive expansion and unstoppable force, reflecting the empire's military campaigns and dominance.

No animal could stand against him
The phrase emphasizes the invincibility of the Medo-Persian Empire during its peak. The "animal" here symbolizes other nations or kingdoms. The Hebrew word "עָמַד" (amad) for "stand" suggests the inability of other powers to withstand or oppose the empire's might. This reflects the historical reality where few could challenge the Medo-Persian dominance until the rise of Alexander the Great.

and none could deliver from his power
This phrase underscores the absolute control and authority the empire wielded over its subjects. The Hebrew word "מַצִּיל" (matsil) for "deliver" implies rescue or salvation, indicating that no nation could escape the grasp of the Medo-Persian rule. This highlights the empire's extensive influence and the futility of resistance during its reign.

He did as he pleased
The expression reflects the unchecked authority and autonomy of the Medo-Persian rulers. The Hebrew phrase "עָשָׂה כִּרְצוֹנוֹ" (asah kirtsono) suggests acting according to one's will without opposition. This mirrors the historical accounts of Persian kings who exercised their power with little restraint, shaping the political landscape of their time.

and became great
The phrase signifies the peak of the Medo-Persian Empire's power and influence. The Hebrew word "גָּדַל" (gadal) for "became great" denotes growth in power, prestige, and territory. Historically, the empire's greatness was marked by its vast expanse, wealth, and cultural achievements, setting the stage for subsequent empires and leaving a lasting legacy in world history.

As I was observing
This phrase indicates Daniel's active engagement and attentiveness to the vision. The Hebrew root for "observing" is "ra'ah," which means to see or perceive. This suggests a deeper level of understanding and insight, emphasizing the importance of spiritual vigilance and discernment in interpreting divine revelations.

a male goat
The male goat, or "tsaphir" in Hebrew, symbolizes power and aggression. Historically, this represents the kingdom of Greece, specifically Alexander the Great. The goat is a fitting symbol for Greece, known for its swiftness and military prowess, reflecting the rapid conquests of Alexander.

came from the west
The direction "west" is significant, as it indicates the origin of the Greek Empire relative to the Persian Empire. This aligns with historical accounts of Alexander's campaigns, which began in the west and moved eastward, underscoring the accuracy of biblical prophecy.

crossing the surface of the whole earth
This phrase highlights the vastness and speed of the goat's movement, symbolizing the rapid expansion of Alexander's empire. The imagery of crossing the earth without hindrance reflects the unstoppable force and influence of Greece during this period.

without touching the ground
The expression "without touching the ground" conveys supernatural speed and agility. It suggests the almost miraculous nature of Alexander's conquests, achieved with unprecedented swiftness and efficiency, as if divinely ordained.

This goat had a conspicuous horn
The "conspicuous horn" represents a prominent leader, identified as Alexander the Great. The Hebrew word "qeren" for horn often symbolizes strength and authority in biblical literature. This horn's prominence indicates Alexander's significant role in history and prophecy.

between its eyes
The location "between its eyes" suggests centrality and focus, indicating the strategic and visionary leadership of Alexander. It implies a unifying force that directed the empire's expansion, highlighting the importance of clear vision and purpose in leadership.

He came toward
This phrase indicates a deliberate and purposeful movement. In the context of Daniel's vision, it represents the aggressive advance of the male goat, symbolizing the kingdom of Greece under Alexander the Great, towards the Medo-Persian Empire. The Hebrew root here suggests an intentional approach, highlighting the strategic and determined nature of Alexander's conquests. Historically, this reflects the rapid expansion of the Greek Empire, which was marked by swift and decisive military campaigns.

the two-horned ram
The "two-horned ram" symbolizes the Medo-Persian Empire, as explained earlier in the chapter. The two horns represent the dual nature of the empire, with Media and Persia as its two components. The imagery of horns in biblical prophecy often denotes power and authority. Archaeological findings, such as ancient Persian reliefs, often depict rulers with horned headdresses, reinforcing this symbol of dominion and strength.

I had seen standing
This phrase emphasizes the vision's continuity and Daniel's role as a witness to these prophetic events. The Hebrew verb for "standing" conveys a sense of established presence and authority. The Medo-Persian Empire was indeed a dominant force in the region, having conquered Babylon and established itself as a significant power. This standing position also suggests a readiness to confront challenges, yet it foreshadows the impending conflict with Greece.

beside the canal
The canal, or river, in Daniel's vision is the Ulai, a significant waterway in ancient Elam, near the city of Susa. This geographical detail roots the vision in a real-world setting, providing historical context. The Ulai canal was a vital part of the region's infrastructure, symbolizing the life-giving and sustaining power of the empire. In a broader spiritual sense, water often represents life and prosperity, but here it also sets the stage for the coming conflict.

and rushed at him
The phrase "rushed at him" conveys a sense of urgency and aggression. The Hebrew verb used here implies a violent and forceful attack. This reflects the historical reality of Alexander the Great's military campaigns, which were characterized by their speed and ferocity. The imagery of rushing suggests an unstoppable force, echoing the swift and overwhelming nature of Greece's victories over Persia.

with furious power
This phrase captures the intensity and might of the male goat's assault. The word "furious" denotes a fierce and passionate energy, while "power" underscores the strength and capability of the Greek forces. In the original Hebrew, the terms used convey a sense of overwhelming force and determination. Historically, Alexander's conquests were marked by their effectiveness and the sheer power of his army, which quickly dismantled the once-mighty Persian Empire. This serves as a reminder of the transient nature of earthly power and the ultimate sovereignty of God over the affairs of nations.

I saw him attack the ram furiously
The phrase "I saw" indicates a vision, a common method through which God communicated with His prophets. Daniel's visions often contained symbolic imagery representing future events. The "ram" symbolizes the Medo-Persian Empire, as clarified in Daniel 8:20. The "furiously" suggests an intense, aggressive assault, reflecting the historical conquests of Alexander the Great, who swiftly and powerfully overcame the Medo-Persian Empire. The Hebrew root for "furiously" conveys a sense of rage and intensity, emphasizing the unstoppable force of the Greek Empire under Alexander.

striking the ram and shattering its two horns
The "striking" signifies a decisive and forceful blow, indicative of the military prowess and strategic genius of Alexander. The "two horns" represent the dual kingship of Media and Persia. Historically, the Medo-Persian Empire was a formidable power, but Alexander's campaigns effectively "shattered" this dominance. The imagery of "shattering" conveys total destruction and defeat, aligning with historical accounts of the swift downfall of the Persian Empire.

The ram was powerless to stand against him
This phrase highlights the complete inability of the Medo-Persian Empire to withstand the Greek onslaught. The word "powerless" underscores the futility of resistance against a divinely ordained rise of a new empire. In the broader biblical narrative, this reflects the sovereignty of God over the rise and fall of nations, as seen throughout the prophetic literature. The historical context shows that despite the size and strength of the Persian forces, they were no match for Alexander's tactics and leadership.

he knocked the ram to the ground and trampled on him
"Knocked...to the ground" and "trampled" depict utter defeat and humiliation. In ancient warfare, trampling an enemy symbolized total conquest and subjugation. This imagery is consistent with the historical accounts of Alexander's victories, where he not only defeated but also dominated the territories of the Persian Empire. Theologically, this serves as a reminder of the transient nature of earthly powers and the ultimate authority of God in the affairs of men.

and there was no one to rescue the ram from his power
The phrase "no one to rescue" emphasizes the complete and inevitable nature of the ram's defeat. Historically, this reflects the lack of any effective alliance or force that could come to the aid of the Medo-Persian Empire against Alexander's advances. Scripturally, it underscores the theme of divine judgment and the fulfillment of God's prophetic word. The "power" here is not just military might but also the divine mandate that allowed Alexander to succeed, illustrating the biblical principle that God raises and deposes leaders according to His purpose.

Thus the goat became very great
The "goat" in this passage symbolizes the kingdom of Greece, specifically under the leadership of Alexander the Great. The Hebrew word for "goat" here is "צָפִיר" (tsaphir), which is often used to denote a male goat, a symbol of strength and aggression. Historically, Alexander's conquests were swift and expansive, making Greece a dominant power. The phrase "became very great" reflects the unprecedented expansion and influence of his empire, which stretched from Greece to Egypt and as far east as India. This greatness, however, was not just in terms of territory but also in the cultural and intellectual influence that Greece exerted over the known world.

but at the height of his power
This phrase indicates a peak or zenith, a point of maximum strength and influence. In the context of Alexander the Great, this refers to the period when his empire was at its most extensive and powerful. The Hebrew word for "height" is "עֹז" (oz), which can also mean "strength" or "might." This suggests not only territorial expansion but also the consolidation of power and the establishment of a new order. Historically, Alexander's empire was at its height shortly before his untimely death, which occurred at the age of 32.

his large horn was broken off
The "large horn" represents Alexander himself, as the primary leader and unifying force of the Greek empire. The breaking off of the horn symbolizes his sudden death, which left a power vacuum and led to the fragmentation of his empire. The Hebrew word for "horn" is "קֶרֶן" (qeren), often used metaphorically in the Bible to denote power or authority. The breaking of the horn signifies the abrupt end of Alexander's reign and the subsequent division of his empire among his generals.

and in its place four prominent horns grew up
The "four prominent horns" symbolize the four generals who divided Alexander's empire after his death: Cassander, Lysimachus, Seleucus, and Ptolemy. The Hebrew word for "prominent" is "חָזוּת" (chazut), which can mean "vision" or "appearance," indicating that these new powers were significant and noticeable. This division is historically accurate, as the empire was split into four major regions, each ruled by one of Alexander's former generals, leading to the Hellenistic kingdoms.

toward the four winds of heaven
This phrase suggests a dispersion in all directions, symbolizing the widespread influence and reach of the divided Greek empire. The "four winds" is a common biblical metaphor for the four cardinal directions: north, south, east, and west. In Hebrew, "winds" is "רוּחוֹת" (ruchot), which can also mean "spirits" or "breaths," indicating the pervasive and far-reaching impact of these new kingdoms. This dispersion reflects the historical reality of the Hellenistic period, where Greek culture and influence spread throughout the Mediterranean and Near East, shaping the course of history in profound ways.

From one of these horns
The phrase "from one of these horns" refers to the context of the vision in Daniel 8, where Daniel sees a goat with a prominent horn that is broken, and in its place, four notable horns arise. These horns represent the division of Alexander the Great's empire into four parts. The "horns" symbolize power and authority, and the emergence of a new horn indicates a shift in power dynamics. Historically, this is understood to refer to the Seleucid Empire, one of the four divisions, from which a significant figure would arise.

a little horn emerged
The "little horn" is a symbol of a new, initially insignificant power that grows in influence and strength. In the Hebrew text, the word for "little" (קָטָן, qatan) suggests something small or insignificant at first. This horn is often identified with Antiochus IV Epiphanes, a Seleucid king known for his persecution of the Jewish people and desecration of the Temple. The emergence of this horn signifies the rise of a tyrant who would challenge God's people and His purposes.

and grew extensively
The phrase "and grew extensively" indicates the rapid and expansive growth of this power. The Hebrew root for "grew" (גָּדַל, gadal) conveys the idea of becoming great or magnified. This growth is not just in territorial expansion but also in influence and impact, particularly in its opposition to God's covenant people. Antiochus IV's campaigns and policies exemplify this extensive growth, as he sought to Hellenize the regions under his control.

toward the south and the east
The directions "toward the south and the east" provide geographical context for the expansion of this power. Historically, Antiochus IV conducted military campaigns in these directions, including Egypt (south) and Persia (east). These movements reflect his ambition to consolidate and expand his empire, often at the expense of other nations and peoples.

and toward the Beautiful Land
The "Beautiful Land" is a poetic reference to the land of Israel, considered beautiful and precious in the biblical narrative. The Hebrew term used here is הַצֶּבִי (ha-tsebi), which can mean "glorious" or "beautiful." This phrase underscores the significance of Israel in God's redemptive plan and highlights the spiritual conflict as the little horn's expansion reaches the covenant land. Antiochus IV's actions in Israel, including the desecration of the Temple, are seen as direct challenges to God's sovereignty and His chosen people.

It grew as high as the host of heaven
The phrase "It grew as high" refers to the little horn described earlier in the chapter, symbolizing a powerful and arrogant ruler. The Hebrew root for "grew" is "gadal," which conveys the idea of becoming great or magnified. This imagery suggests an expansion of power and influence, reaching towards the "host of heaven." The "host of heaven" often symbolizes celestial beings or the people of God, indicating a challenge against divine authority. Historically, this can be seen as a reference to Antiochus IV Epiphanes, who sought to elevate himself to a god-like status, challenging the worship and authority of the God of Israel.

and cast down some of the host
The act of casting down "some of the host" signifies a violent overthrow or suppression. The Hebrew word "shalak" means to throw or hurl down, indicating a forceful action. This can be interpreted as the persecution of the Jewish people, who are often seen as the earthly representation of the heavenly host. Antiochus IV's desecration of the temple and persecution of the Jews during the Maccabean period is a historical fulfillment of this prophecy, where he sought to undermine and destroy the worship of Yahweh.

and some of the stars to the earth
The "stars" are often symbolic of leaders or prominent figures within the people of God. The Hebrew word "kokab" for stars can represent those who shine brightly in spiritual leadership. Casting them "to the earth" implies humiliation and defeat. This reflects the historical reality where Antiochus IV targeted Jewish leaders and those who upheld the faith, attempting to extinguish their influence and authority.

and trampled them
The imagery of trampling suggests utter defeat and desecration. The Hebrew root "ramas" means to tread upon, indicating a complete subjugation and disrespect. This phrase captures the brutal oppression faced by the Jewish people under Antiochus IV, who not only sought to defeat them physically but also to crush their spirit and religious identity. This serves as a powerful reminder of the resilience of faith under persecution and the ultimate sovereignty of God over earthly powers.

It magnified itself
This phrase suggests an act of self-exaltation and pride. In the Hebrew, the word used here is "gadal," which means to become great or important. Historically, this is often associated with Antiochus IV Epiphanes, a Hellenistic king known for his arrogance and self-deification. From a scriptural perspective, this act of magnification is a direct challenge to God's authority, reflecting the broader biblical theme of human pride leading to downfall.

even to the Prince of the host
The "Prince of the host" is understood to refer to God Himself or, in some interpretations, the pre-incarnate Christ. The Hebrew word "sar" for "prince" denotes a leader or commander. This phrase indicates a direct affront to divine authority, as the "host" often refers to the heavenly armies or the people of God. Theologically, this highlights the audacity of human rulers who attempt to usurp divine authority, a recurring theme in biblical prophecy.

it removed His daily sacrifice
The "daily sacrifice" refers to the continual burnt offerings that were central to Jewish worship in the temple. The Hebrew term "tamid" signifies something perpetual or constant. Historically, Antiochus IV Epiphanes desecrated the Jewish temple and halted these sacrifices, an act that was seen as a profound violation of Jewish religious life. This interruption of worship is symbolic of spiritual warfare and the attempts of earthly powers to disrupt the relationship between God and His people.

and overthrew the place of His sanctuary
The "sanctuary" is the holy place where God's presence dwelt among His people. The Hebrew word "miqdash" denotes a sacred or consecrated place. The historical context here is the desecration of the Second Temple by Antiochus, which included the erection of an altar to Zeus. This act of overthrowing the sanctuary is emblematic of the broader spiritual battle between the forces of evil and the sacredness of God's dwelling place. It serves as a reminder of the resilience of faith and the ultimate restoration promised by God.

Then the host
The term "host" in this context refers to the people of God, often symbolized as an army or a group of worshippers. In Hebrew, the word is "צָבָא" (tsaba), which can mean an organized group or a multitude. This imagery is consistent with the biblical portrayal of God's people as His army, called to spiritual warfare. Historically, this reflects the period of persecution under Antiochus IV Epiphanes, who oppressed the Jewish people, symbolizing the spiritual battle faced by believers.

was given over
The phrase "was given over" suggests a divine allowance or judgment. In Hebrew, the concept of being "given over" often implies a surrender to consequences due to rebellion or sin. This reflects the biblical theme of God allowing His people to face trials as a result of their disobedience, yet always with a purpose of eventual restoration and redemption.

to the horn
The "horn" symbolizes power and authority, often used in biblical prophecy to represent kings or kingdoms. In this chapter, the horn is a representation of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, a ruler who persecuted the Jews. The imagery of the horn is rooted in ancient Near Eastern symbolism, where horns were seen as emblems of strength and dominance.

to be trampled
The act of being "trampled" signifies oppression and destruction. In the Hebrew context, trampling is a metaphor for severe persecution and humiliation. This reflects the historical reality of the Jewish people under Antiochus, who desecrated the temple and sought to eradicate their faith practices. Spiritually, it serves as a reminder of the trials believers may face but also the hope of divine justice.

along with the daily sacrifice
The "daily sacrifice" refers to the continual burnt offerings made in the temple, central to Jewish worship. The Hebrew term "תָּמִיד" (tamid) means continual or perpetual. The cessation of these sacrifices by Antiochus was a direct attack on the worship of God, symbolizing the broader spiritual warfare against true worship. This highlights the importance of maintaining faith and worship even in times of persecution.

in rebellion
The word "rebellion" indicates a state of apostasy or turning away from God. In Hebrew, "פֶּשַׁע" (pesha) can mean transgression or revolt. This rebellion is not only against God but also involves the people who have turned away from His commandments, leading to their vulnerability to oppression. It serves as a warning of the consequences of straying from God's path.

And it will fling truth to the ground
The phrase "fling truth to the ground" symbolizes the rejection and suppression of God's truth. In Hebrew, "truth" is "אֱמֶת" (emet), representing faithfulness and reliability. This act of casting truth down reflects the historical attempts to distort or eliminate God's word and principles, a tactic used by oppressive regimes throughout history. It underscores the enduring battle between truth and falsehood.

and prosper in whatever it does
The prosperity of the horn despite its wickedness is a temporary triumph of evil. In Hebrew, "prosper" is "צָלַח" (tsalach), meaning to succeed or advance. This prosperity is allowed by God for a time, serving as a test of faith for His people. It reminds believers that while evil may seem to prevail, God's ultimate justice and sovereignty will prevail, and His truth will endure.

Then I heard
The phrase "Then I heard" indicates a transition in Daniel's vision, where he moves from seeing to hearing. This shift emphasizes the importance of the message that follows. In the Hebrew text, the verb "heard" (שָׁמַע, shama) implies not just the act of hearing but also understanding and perceiving. This suggests that Daniel is not merely a passive observer but is actively engaged in comprehending the divine revelation being presented to him.

a holy one speaking
The term "holy one" (קָדוֹשׁ, qadosh) refers to a celestial being, likely an angel, given the context of the vision. In the biblical narrative, angels are often messengers of God, conveying His will and purposes. The presence of a "holy one" underscores the sacredness and divine origin of the message. This aligns with the conservative Christian view that God uses His heavenly hosts to communicate with humanity, ensuring that His plans are revealed and understood.

and another holy one said to him
The introduction of "another holy one" speaking to the first suggests a dialogue between celestial beings. This interaction highlights the communal nature of the heavenly realm, where angels work in concert to fulfill God's purposes. The Hebrew word for "said" (אָמַר, amar) is often used in Scripture to denote authoritative speech, indicating that the message being conveyed is of great significance and should be heeded.

How long
The question "How long" reflects a common biblical theme of seeking understanding about the duration of suffering or divine judgment. This phrase resonates with the cries of the faithful throughout Scripture who yearn for God's intervention and the restoration of righteousness. It echoes the human desire for hope and assurance that God is in control and that His justice will ultimately prevail.

will the vision of the daily sacrifice
The "vision of the daily sacrifice" refers to the regular offerings made in the temple, which were central to Jewish worship and covenant relationship with God. The Hebrew term for "daily" (תָּמִיד, tamid) signifies continuity and constancy, emphasizing the importance of these sacrifices in maintaining spiritual order and connection with God. The disruption of this practice symbolizes a profound spiritual crisis and a direct challenge to divine authority.

the rebellion that causes desolation
This phrase describes a significant act of defiance against God, resulting in desolation or devastation. The "rebellion" (פֶּשַׁע, pesha) implies a deliberate and willful transgression, often associated with idolatry or apostasy. The "desolation" (שֹׁמֵם, shomem) suggests a state of ruin and abandonment, highlighting the severe consequences of turning away from God. This serves as a warning of the destructive power of sin and the need for repentance and faithfulness.

and the surrender of the sanctuary
The "surrender of the sanctuary" indicates the loss of control over the holy place, which was the center of Jewish worship and identity. The Hebrew word for "surrender" (נָתַן, natan) can also mean "to give" or "to deliver," suggesting that this is not merely a passive loss but an active handing over, possibly due to divine judgment. This reflects the theme of God's sovereignty, where even in times of trial, His purposes are being fulfilled.

and of the host to be trampled
The "host" refers to the people of God, who are depicted as being "trampled," a metaphor for oppression and persecution. The imagery of trampling (רָמַס, ramas) conveys a sense of violence and humiliation, yet it also points to the resilience and ultimate vindication of God's people. This phrase serves as a reminder of the trials faced by the faithful and the assurance that God will ultimately deliver and restore His people.

He said to me
This phrase indicates a direct communication from a divine or angelic being to Daniel. In the context of Daniel 8, the speaker is the angel Gabriel, who is tasked with explaining the vision to Daniel. The Hebrew root for "said" is "אָמַר" (amar), which is often used in the Old Testament to denote authoritative speech. This highlights the importance and certainty of the message being delivered. In a broader scriptural context, divine communication often serves to reveal God's plans and purposes, emphasizing His sovereignty and the unfolding of His divine will.

It will take
This phrase introduces a prophetic timeline, indicating a period that must elapse before a significant event occurs. The Hebrew verb "הָיָה" (hayah) is used here, which means "to be" or "to become." This suggests a process or a period of waiting that is divinely ordained. In the context of biblical prophecy, time periods often serve to test faith and patience, reminding believers of God's perfect timing and the fulfillment of His promises.

2,300 evenings and mornings
This specific time period has been the subject of much interpretation and debate among scholars and theologians. The phrase "evenings and mornings" likely refers to the daily sacrifices in the Jewish temple, which were offered twice a day. The Hebrew words "עֶרֶב" (ereb) for evening and "בֹּקֶר" (boqer) for morning emphasize the regularity and continuity of worship practices. Historically, this period is often associated with the desecration of the temple by Antiochus IV Epiphanes and its subsequent cleansing. Theologically, it underscores the theme of God's faithfulness in restoring true worship and His ultimate victory over evil.

then the sanctuary
The "sanctuary" refers to the holy place of worship, specifically the Jewish temple in Jerusalem. The Hebrew word "קֹדֶשׁ" (qodesh) signifies something that is set apart, sacred, and dedicated to God. In the historical context of Daniel, the sanctuary had been defiled by foreign powers, symbolizing the spiritual and physical oppression of God's people. The restoration of the sanctuary is a powerful image of God's redemptive work and His commitment to dwell among His people.

will be properly restored
The phrase "properly restored" conveys the idea of returning something to its rightful state or condition. The Hebrew root "צָדַק" (tsadaq) means to be just, righteous, or in the right. This restoration is not merely a physical rebuilding but a spiritual renewal and vindication. It points to God's justice and the re-establishment of His order. In a broader theological sense, it foreshadows the ultimate restoration of all things through Christ, where God's kingdom is fully realized, and His glory is manifest.

While I, Daniel
The phrase begins with a personal note, emphasizing the firsthand experience of the prophet Daniel. The name "Daniel" means "God is my judge" in Hebrew, reflecting his role as a faithful servant and prophet of God. Daniel's personal involvement underscores the authenticity and gravity of the vision. His life in Babylon, a place of exile, highlights his steadfast faith amidst a pagan culture, serving as an inspiration for believers to remain faithful in challenging environments.

was watching the vision
The act of "watching" indicates an active engagement with the divine revelation. The Hebrew root for "vision" (חָזוֹן, chazon) suggests a supernatural insight or revelation from God. This vision is not merely a dream but a significant communication from God, demanding attention and contemplation. Daniel's attentiveness serves as a model for believers to be vigilant and discerning in seeking God's will and understanding His revelations.

and trying to understand it
Daniel's effort to "understand" the vision reflects a deep desire for wisdom and insight. The Hebrew root for "understand" (בִּין, bin) implies discernment and comprehension. This pursuit of understanding is a recurring theme in Scripture, encouraging believers to seek God's wisdom earnestly. Daniel's quest for understanding amidst complex and mysterious revelations inspires believers to rely on prayer and the Holy Spirit for guidance in interpreting God's messages.

there stood before me
The phrase suggests an immediate and personal encounter. The presence of a figure "before" Daniel indicates a divine intervention or message. This encounter is reminiscent of other biblical instances where God or His messengers appear to individuals, signifying the importance of the message being conveyed. It highlights the accessibility of God to His people, reassuring believers of His willingness to communicate and guide them.

one having the appearance of a man
The description of the figure as having "the appearance of a man" suggests an angelic being, often appearing in human form in biblical narratives. This aligns with other scriptural accounts where angels, as messengers of God, take on human likeness to deliver divine messages. The human-like appearance makes the divine encounter relatable and comprehensible to Daniel, emphasizing God's desire to communicate in ways that are understandable to humans. This serves as a reminder of God's grace and His intention to reveal His plans to His people in a manner they can grasp.

And I heard
The phrase "And I heard" indicates a direct auditory experience, emphasizing the personal and vivid nature of Daniel's vision. In the Hebrew text, the word for "heard" is "שָׁמַע" (shama), which implies not just hearing but understanding and perceiving. This suggests that Daniel was not merely a passive observer but an active participant in receiving divine revelation. The act of hearing in biblical terms often signifies obedience and readiness to act upon God's word.

a man’s voice
The "man’s voice" is a significant detail, as it suggests a divine or angelic presence. In biblical literature, a "man" often represents an angelic being, as seen in other visions and encounters. The voice is authoritative, indicating a message of great importance. This aligns with the biblical theme of God using messengers to communicate His will to humanity.

calling from between the banks of the Ulai
The "Ulai" is a river mentioned in the context of Daniel's vision, likely referring to a canal near the ancient city of Susa. This geographical detail roots the vision in a real-world setting, providing historical context. The Ulai's mention underscores the authenticity and specificity of the vision, suggesting that God's messages are grounded in reality and history.

Gabriel
Gabriel is one of the few angels named in the Bible, known for delivering messages of great significance. The name "Gabriel" means "God is my strength," highlighting the divine authority and power behind the message. Gabriel's role in explaining visions underscores the importance of understanding and interpreting divine revelations accurately.

explain the vision
The command to "explain the vision" indicates the necessity of interpretation in understanding divine messages. The Hebrew root for "explain" is "בִּין" (bin), which means to discern or understand. This reflects the biblical principle that God's revelations often require insight and wisdom to comprehend fully. It also emphasizes God's desire for His people to understand His plans and purposes.

to this man
The phrase "to this man" personalizes the message, showing that God’s revelations are directed to individuals with specific purposes. It highlights Daniel's role as a prophet and the recipient of divine wisdom. This personal address underscores the intimate relationship between God and His chosen messengers, reflecting the biblical theme of God’s personal involvement in the lives of His people.

As he came near
The phrase "as he came near" indicates the approach of the angel Gabriel to Daniel. In the Hebrew context, the act of coming near often signifies the initiation of divine communication or revelation. Gabriel's approach is not just physical but also symbolic of God's willingness to reveal His plans to His chosen servants. This nearness underscores the intimacy and seriousness of the message being delivered.

to where I stood
Daniel's position, "to where I stood," suggests a readiness to receive divine revelation. Standing is often a posture of attention and respect in biblical narratives. Daniel's physical stance reflects his spiritual readiness and the gravity of the moment, as he is about to receive a profound vision concerning future events.

I was terrified
The phrase "I was terrified" captures Daniel's human reaction to the divine encounter. The Hebrew root for "terrified" conveys a deep, overwhelming fear often associated with the presence of the divine or the supernatural. This fear is not merely emotional but also a recognition of the holiness and power of God, which is a common response throughout Scripture when humans encounter the divine.

and fell facedown
"Fell facedown" is a posture of worship, submission, and humility. In the ancient Near Eastern context, falling facedown was a common response to divine or royal presence, signifying acknowledgment of authority and reverence. Daniel's reaction is consistent with other biblical figures who encounter God's messengers, highlighting the appropriate response to divine revelation.

'Son of man,'
The term "Son of man" is a title used frequently in the book of Daniel and later by Jesus in the New Testament. In Hebrew, it emphasizes Daniel's humanity and mortality in contrast to the divine nature of the vision and the messenger. This title serves to remind Daniel of his role as a human recipient of divine mysteries, grounding the revelation in the context of human history and experience.

he said to me
The phrase "he said to me" introduces the direct communication from Gabriel to Daniel. This direct speech is a hallmark of prophetic literature, where divine messages are conveyed through angels or visions. It underscores the authority and clarity of the message being delivered, as well as the personal nature of God's communication with His prophets.

understand that the vision
"Understand that the vision" is a call to comprehension and discernment. The Hebrew root for "understand" implies insight and wisdom, suggesting that the vision is not just to be seen but to be deeply comprehended. This highlights the importance of seeking divine wisdom to interpret and apply God's revelations correctly.

concerns the time of the end
The phrase "concerns the time of the end" situates the vision within an eschatological framework. In the Hebrew context, "the time of the end" refers to the culmination of God's redemptive plan for history. This phrase invites readers to consider the vision's implications for the future, encouraging a perspective that looks beyond immediate circumstances to God's ultimate purposes. It serves as a reminder of the sovereignty of God over history and the assurance of His ultimate victory.

While he was speaking with me
This phrase indicates a direct communication between Daniel and the angelic messenger, likely Gabriel, as identified earlier in the chapter. The Hebrew root for "speaking" (דָּבַר, dabar) often implies not just casual conversation but a significant, authoritative declaration. In the context of biblical prophecy, this underscores the importance of the message being delivered. Historically, divine messages were often conveyed through angels, serving as intermediaries between God and humans, emphasizing the sacredness and gravity of the communication.

I fell into a deep sleep
The phrase "deep sleep" (תַּרְדֵּמָה, tardemah) is reminiscent of other biblical instances where individuals fall into a profound, God-induced sleep, such as Adam in Genesis 2:21. This state often precedes divine revelation or significant transformation. In Daniel's case, it suggests a moment of overwhelming awe and human frailty in the presence of divine revelation. Theologically, it highlights the contrast between human limitations and the overwhelming nature of divine encounters.

with my face to the ground
This posture of humility and submission is common in biblical narratives when individuals encounter the divine or angelic beings. It reflects an acknowledgment of God's majesty and the individual's unworthiness. The act of bowing with one's face to the ground is a physical manifestation of reverence and fear, a common response in the presence of the holy, as seen in other scriptural accounts like Ezekiel 1:28.

Then he touched me
The act of touching in biblical terms often signifies empowerment, healing, or the impartation of strength. The Hebrew word for "touched" (נָגַע, naga) can imply a gentle, purposeful contact. In this context, the touch from the angel serves to revive and strengthen Daniel, enabling him to receive and comprehend the vision. This divine touch is a reminder of God's grace and the enabling power He provides to His servants.

and set me upright
The phrase "set me upright" (הֶעֱמִידֵנִי, he'emideni) indicates a restoration to a position of readiness and alertness. It symbolizes a return to a state of preparedness to receive further revelation. This action reflects God's desire for His prophets to be active participants in His plans, standing firm and ready to fulfill their roles. Theologically, it underscores the idea that God equips and prepares His people to stand firm in their calling, even after moments of weakness or overwhelming experiences.

He said
This phrase introduces the speaker, who is the angel Gabriel. In the context of Daniel 8, Gabriel is sent by God to provide understanding to Daniel regarding the vision he has seen. The use of "He said" emphasizes the authority and divine origin of the message. Gabriel, whose name means "God is my strength," serves as a messenger of God, highlighting the importance of the revelation that follows.

I am going to tell you
This phrase indicates a promise of revelation and understanding. Gabriel assures Daniel that he will receive an explanation of the vision. The act of telling implies a transfer of divine knowledge, which is a recurring theme in the book of Daniel. It underscores the idea that God communicates with His people and provides insight into His plans.

what will happen
This phrase points to the prophetic nature of the message. It suggests that the vision concerns future events, which is a common characteristic of apocalyptic literature. The phrase reassures the reader that God is sovereign over history and that He reveals His plans to His servants.

at the final period of wrath
This phrase refers to a specific time in the future characterized by divine judgment and wrath. The "final period" suggests an eschatological context, pointing to the end times. The "wrath" indicates God's righteous anger against sin and rebellion. This period is often associated with the culmination of God's judgment before the establishment of His eternal kingdom.

for it concerns the appointed time of the end
This phrase emphasizes the certainty and divine timing of the events described. The "appointed time" suggests that God has a predetermined plan for history, and the "end" refers to the ultimate fulfillment of His purposes. This assurance of God's control over the future provides hope and encouragement to believers, affirming that despite present challenges, God's plan will ultimately prevail.

The two-horned ram
This phrase introduces the symbolic imagery used in Daniel's vision. In ancient Near Eastern culture, rams were often associated with power and leadership. The two horns signify dual authority or power, which is later clarified as Media and Persia. The ram, as a symbol, is consistent with the biblical use of animals to represent kingdoms or empires, as seen in other prophetic books like Ezekiel and Revelation. The ram's horns, in particular, denote strength and the ability to conquer, which aligns with the historical expansion of the Medo-Persian Empire.

that you saw
This phrase emphasizes the personal nature of Daniel's vision. It is a direct revelation given to Daniel, highlighting the prophetic nature of the book. The phrase underscores the importance of divine revelation in understanding historical and future events. Daniel's role as a prophet is to receive and interpret these visions, which are not just for his time but for future generations as well.

represents
The use of the word "represents" indicates that the vision is symbolic. In biblical prophecy, symbols are often used to convey deeper spiritual truths or future events. This word assures the reader that the vision is not to be taken literally but understood as a representation of real-world entities or events. It invites the reader to seek the spiritual and historical significance behind the imagery.

the kings of Media and Persia
This phrase identifies the historical entities symbolized by the two-horned ram. Media and Persia were two distinct kingdoms that united to form a powerful empire under the leadership of Cyrus the Great. Historically, this empire was known for its vast expansion and influence, which is consistent with the imagery of a powerful ram. The mention of "kings" in the plural form acknowledges the dual leadership and the cooperation between the Medes and the Persians. This historical context is crucial for understanding the fulfillment of Daniel's prophecy, as the Medo-Persian Empire played a significant role in the history of Israel and the broader ancient Near East. Theologically, this phrase also serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty over the rise and fall of empires, as He orchestrates history according to His divine plan.

The shaggy goat
In the vision of Daniel, the "shaggy goat" symbolizes the kingdom of Greece. The imagery of a goat is significant in ancient Near Eastern symbolism, often representing power and aggression. Historically, the goat was associated with the Greek god Pan, a deity of the wild and rustic music, which aligns with the untamed and forceful nature of the Greek empire under Alexander the Great. The Hebrew word for goat here, "צָפִיר" (tsaphir), emphasizes the rough and unkempt nature of the animal, reflecting the swift and unbridled expansion of Greece.

represents the king of Greece
This phrase directly identifies the goat as a symbol for the "king of Greece," which historically refers to Alexander the Great. Alexander's conquests were unprecedented, and his empire stretched from Greece to Egypt and into the heart of Asia. The Greek term for "king," "βασιλεύς" (basileus), denotes a ruler with absolute power, fitting for Alexander's role in history. The prophetic vision accurately foretells the rise of Greece as a dominant world power, fulfilling God's sovereign plan as revealed to Daniel.

and the large horn between his eyes
The "large horn" signifies a singular, prominent power or leader, which in this context is Alexander the Great himself. Horns in biblical symbolism often represent strength and authority. The Hebrew word "קֶרֶן" (qeren) for horn underscores the might and prominence of Alexander's rule. Positioned "between his eyes," it suggests a central, guiding force, indicating Alexander's pivotal role in the expansion and influence of the Greek empire.

is the first king
This phrase identifies Alexander as the "first king" of the unified Greek empire. Historically, Alexander is recognized as the first to consolidate the Greek city-states into a single empire, marking the beginning of the Hellenistic period. The term "first" here, "רִאשׁוֹן" (rishon) in Hebrew, not only denotes chronological precedence but also implies preeminence and foundational significance. Alexander's leadership set the stage for the cultural and political landscape of the ancient world, influencing subsequent generations and fulfilling the prophetic vision given to Daniel.

The four horns
In the vision of Daniel, horns often symbolize power and authority. The "four horns" here specifically refer to the division of Alexander the Great's empire after his death. Historically, his empire was divided among his four generals: Cassander, Lysimachus, Seleucus, and Ptolemy. This division is a fulfillment of the prophecy, demonstrating the accuracy and divine inspiration of the biblical text. The Hebrew word for "horn" (קֶרֶן, qeren) often signifies strength and might, emphasizing the power these kingdoms initially held.

that replaced the broken one
The "broken one" refers to the sudden and untimely death of Alexander the Great, whose empire was at its zenith. His death left a power vacuum, symbolized by the breaking of the "great horn" in the earlier verses. This phrase highlights the transient nature of human power and the sovereignty of God over the rise and fall of empires. The imagery of a "broken" horn underscores the fragility of earthly kingdoms compared to the eternal kingdom of God.

represent four kingdoms
The phrase "represent four kingdoms" is a direct reference to the historical division of Alexander's empire. Each of the four generals established their own dominions, which were significant in their own right but lacked the unity and strength of Alexander's original empire. This division is a testament to the fulfillment of God's prophetic word, as seen throughout the book of Daniel. The Hebrew term for "kingdom" (מַלְכוּת, malkut) conveys the idea of dominion and rule, yet these kingdoms were inherently weaker due to their division.

that will rise from that nation
The "nation" here refers to the Greek Empire established by Alexander. The phrase indicates that these four kingdoms would emerge from the remnants of his conquests. Historically, this is accurate as the territories were carved out from the vast expanse of Alexander's empire. This emergence from a single nation into multiple entities illustrates the theme of division and the eventual decline of human empires, contrasting with the unity and perpetuity of God's kingdom.

but will not have the same power
This phrase underscores the diminished strength and influence of the four successor kingdoms compared to the original empire under Alexander. Despite their initial might, none of these kingdoms achieved the same level of dominance or cohesion. The Hebrew word for "power" (כֹּחַ, koach) implies strength and capability, yet these successor states were marked by internal strife and external pressures. This serves as a reminder of the limitations of human authority and the ultimate supremacy of God's will in the affairs of nations.

In the latter part of their reign
This phrase refers to a specific period in prophetic history, indicating a time towards the end of a particular rule or dominion. In the context of Daniel 8, it is understood to be the period towards the end of the Greek Empire, particularly the Seleucid Empire. The Hebrew word for "latter" (אַחֲרִית, 'acharit) often denotes the end or final part of a sequence, suggesting a culmination of events that have been building up over time. This sets the stage for a significant transition or climax in the prophetic narrative.

when the rebels have become completely wicked
This phrase highlights a moral and spiritual decline, reaching a point of full maturity in wickedness. The term "rebels" refers to those who have turned away from God's commandments and have embraced sin. The Hebrew root for "wicked" (רָשָׁע, rasha) conveys a sense of guilt and moral corruption. This complete wickedness suggests a society that has fully embraced evil, setting the stage for divine intervention or judgment.

a fierce-looking king
The description of a "fierce-looking king" introduces a powerful and intimidating ruler. The Hebrew word for "fierce" (עַז, az) implies strength, boldness, and a formidable presence. This king is not only physically imposing but also carries an aura of authority and fear. Historically, this is often associated with Antiochus IV Epiphanes, a ruler known for his harsh and oppressive reign over the Jewish people.

a master of intrigue
This phrase describes the king's cunning and deceptive nature. The Hebrew word for "intrigue" (חִידָה, chidah) can mean a riddle or enigma, suggesting that this king is skilled in manipulation and deceit. He is able to achieve his goals through clever and often underhanded means, making him a dangerous adversary. This characteristic aligns with the historical accounts of Antiochus IV, who was known for his political cunning and strategic maneuvering.

will arise
The phrase "will arise" indicates the emergence or coming to power of this fierce king. The Hebrew verb (קוּם, qum) means to stand up or establish oneself, suggesting a rise to prominence and authority. This emergence is not just a political event but also a fulfillment of the prophetic vision given to Daniel. It serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty over the rise and fall of kingdoms, and His ultimate plan for history.

His power will be great
The phrase "His power will be great" indicates a significant level of authority and influence. In the Hebrew text, the word for "power" is "koach," which often denotes strength, might, or force. This suggests that the figure being described will possess a formidable presence, capable of exerting considerable control and influence over others. Historically, this has been interpreted as a reference to a powerful ruler or empire, such as Antiochus IV Epiphanes, who exerted great influence during the Hellenistic period. From a conservative Christian perspective, this can also be seen as a foreshadowing of the Antichrist, who will wield significant power in the end times.

but it will not be his own
The phrase "but it will not be his own" suggests that the power wielded by this figure is derived from another source. This implies a level of dependency or external support. In the context of biblical prophecy, this can be understood as indicating that the power is granted by God or allowed by divine providence for a specific purpose. Alternatively, it could suggest demonic influence or support, aligning with the idea of the Antichrist being empowered by Satan. This highlights the transient and ultimately subordinate nature of earthly power compared to divine sovereignty.

He will cause astounding devastation
The phrase "He will cause astounding devastation" speaks to the destructive impact of this figure's actions. The Hebrew word for "devastation" is "shachat," which conveys ruin, corruption, or destruction. This indicates that the actions of this ruler will lead to significant turmoil and suffering. Historically, Antiochus IV's persecution of the Jewish people and desecration of the temple exemplify this devastation. In a broader eschatological context, this can be seen as a warning of the chaos and destruction that will accompany the rise of the Antichrist, emphasizing the need for believers to remain steadfast in their faith.

and will succeed in whatever he does
The phrase "and will succeed in whatever he does" suggests a period of apparent triumph and effectiveness for this figure. The Hebrew word "tsalach" is used here, meaning to prosper or succeed. This indicates that, for a time, this ruler's plans and actions will meet with success, furthering his agenda. This can be seen as a test of faith for believers, as it may appear that evil is prevailing. However, from a conservative Christian perspective, this temporary success is ultimately under God's control and serves a greater purpose in the unfolding of divine prophecy.

He will destroy the mighty men
The phrase "He will destroy the mighty men" indicates that this figure will target and overcome those who are strong or influential. The Hebrew word "gibbor" is used for "mighty men," often referring to warriors or leaders. This suggests a campaign against those who might oppose or challenge his authority. Historically, this can be seen in the actions of Antiochus IV against the Jewish leaders and warriors. In an eschatological sense, it foreshadows the Antichrist's persecution of those who stand against him, emphasizing the need for spiritual vigilance and reliance on God's strength.

along with the holy people
The phrase "along with the holy people" highlights the persecution of God's chosen people. The term "holy people" refers to those set apart for God's purposes, often understood as the faithful remnant of Israel or, in a broader Christian context, the Church. This persecution is a recurring theme in biblical prophecy, reflecting the spiritual battle between good and evil. It serves as a reminder of the cost of discipleship and the call to remain faithful amidst trials. From a conservative Christian perspective, this underscores the importance of perseverance and trust in God's ultimate victory and justice.

Through his cunning
The phrase "through his cunning" refers to the shrewdness and craftiness of the figure being described. The Hebrew root word here is "שֵׂכֶל" (sekel), which implies intelligence and prudence, but in a deceptive manner. Historically, this cunning is often associated with leaders who manipulate and deceive to achieve their ends, reflecting the nature of certain rulers who have risen to power through deceit rather than integrity.

he shall cause deceit to prosper
"Deceit to prosper" indicates a period where lies and falsehoods flourish. The Hebrew word for deceit, "מִרְמָה" (mirmah), suggests treachery and betrayal. This phrase highlights a time when truth is overshadowed by deception, a theme that resonates with the experiences of many biblical figures who faced falsehoods and betrayals, reminding believers to remain vigilant and discerning.

under his hand
The phrase "under his hand" signifies control and authority. The hand, "יָד" (yad) in Hebrew, often symbolizes power and dominion. This suggests that the deceit is not only allowed but orchestrated by this figure, emphasizing the extent of his influence and the deliberate nature of his actions.

in his own mind he shall exalt himself
"Exalt himself" speaks to pride and self-aggrandizement. The Hebrew root "גָּבַהּ" (gabhah) means to be high or lofty. This reflects a common biblical theme where individuals elevate themselves above others, often leading to their downfall. It serves as a caution against pride, reminding believers of the importance of humility before God.

He shall destroy many in their prosperity
The phrase "destroy many in their prosperity" suggests a time of unexpected ruin. The Hebrew word for destroy, "שָׁחַת" (shachat), implies corruption and devastation. This indicates that the figure will bring about destruction during a period of peace and security, a warning of the suddenness with which calamity can strike when least expected.

he shall even rise against the Prince of princes
"Rise against the Prince of princes" is a direct challenge to divine authority. The "Prince of princes" is understood to be a reference to God or a messianic figure, highlighting the audacity and rebellion of this leader. This phrase underscores the ultimate futility of opposing God, as seen throughout scripture where those who defy divine authority are ultimately defeated.

but he shall be broken without human means
"Broken without human means" indicates a divine intervention. The Hebrew word "שָׁבַר" (shabar) means to break or shatter, and the phrase suggests that this downfall will not be by human hands but by God's power. This serves as a powerful reminder of God's sovereignty and justice, assuring believers that no matter how powerful evil may seem, it is ultimately subject to God's will and judgment.

The vision of the evenings and the mornings
This phrase refers to the specific vision Daniel received, which is detailed earlier in the chapter. The "evenings and the mornings" likely allude to the 2,300 days mentioned in Daniel 8:14. In the Hebrew context, a day is often reckoned from evening to evening, as seen in Genesis 1. This phrase emphasizes the precision and divine timing of God's revelation. Historically, this period has been interpreted in various ways, often linked to the desecration and eventual restoration of the temple in Jerusalem during the time of Antiochus IV Epiphanes. Theologically, it underscores God's sovereignty over time and events.

that has been spoken
This highlights the divine origin of the vision. The phrase indicates that the vision is not a product of human imagination but a revelation from God. In the Hebrew tradition, the spoken word is powerful and creative, as seen in the creation narrative of Genesis. This underscores the authority and reliability of the vision, as it comes from the mouth of God, who is faithful and true.

is true
The assertion of truth here is significant. In a world where visions and prophecies could be questioned, the declaration of truth serves as a divine guarantee. The Hebrew word for "true" (אֱמֶת, emet) conveys not only factual accuracy but also faithfulness and reliability. This assurance would have been comforting to Daniel and his contemporaries, affirming that God's word is trustworthy and will come to pass.

Now you must seal up the vision
Sealing the vision implies preserving it for future understanding and fulfillment. In ancient times, sealing a document was a way to protect its contents and ensure its authenticity. This act signifies that the vision is complete and authoritative, yet its full understanding is reserved for a later time. It suggests that while the vision is given in the present, its implications and fulfillment are for those in the future, encouraging believers to trust in God's timing.

for it concerns the distant future
This phrase places the vision within an eschatological framework, pointing to events that are yet to come. The Hebrew word for "distant" (רַב, rav) can also mean "great" or "significant," indicating the importance of the events foretold. This future orientation encourages believers to maintain hope and faith, knowing that God's plans transcend immediate circumstances and that He holds the future in His hands. Historically, this has been seen as a reference to the end times, a period of ultimate fulfillment of God's redemptive plan.

I, Daniel
The phrase "I, Daniel" emphasizes the personal nature of the narrative. Daniel, whose name means "God is my judge" in Hebrew, is a central figure in the book, known for his unwavering faith and integrity. His personal involvement in the vision underscores the gravity and authenticity of the message. Daniel's experiences serve as a testament to the faithfulness required of God's servants, even when faced with overwhelming revelations.

was exhausted
The Hebrew root for "exhausted" conveys a sense of being worn out or faint. This reflects the physical and emotional toll that divine revelations can have on a human being. Daniel's exhaustion is a reminder of the finite nature of human strength when confronted with the infinite wisdom and power of God. It highlights the need for reliance on God's strength in times of spiritual and physical depletion.

and lay ill for days
The phrase "lay ill for days" indicates a prolonged period of weakness and recovery. This suggests that the vision was not only spiritually taxing but also physically debilitating. Historically, this can be seen as a reflection of the intense spiritual warfare and the burden of prophetic insight. It serves as a reminder that those who are called to bear God's messages often endure great personal sacrifice.

Then I got up
"Then I got up" signifies a moment of recovery and resilience. Despite the overwhelming nature of the vision, Daniel's ability to rise again demonstrates the restorative power of God. It is an encouragement to believers that, though they may be temporarily downcast or weakened, God provides the strength to rise and continue His work.

and went about the king’s business
This phrase highlights Daniel's commitment to his earthly responsibilities despite his spiritual experiences. It underscores the balance between spiritual calling and secular duties. Daniel's faithfulness in serving the king, even after such a profound vision, exemplifies the Christian principle of being in the world but not of it, fulfilling one's duties with integrity and diligence.

I was astonished by the vision
The word "astonished" conveys a sense of being overwhelmed or struck with awe. The vision's complexity and significance left Daniel in a state of wonder. This astonishment reflects the profound nature of God's revelations, which often surpass human understanding. It serves as a reminder of the majesty and mystery of God's plans, which are beyond human comprehension.

but no one understood it
This phrase indicates the isolation that can accompany divine revelation. Despite the clarity of the vision to Daniel, its meaning was hidden from others. This highlights the selective nature of divine insight and the responsibility placed on those who receive it. It also points to the future unfolding of God's plans, which may not be immediately understood by all but will be revealed in His perfect timing.