In the second year
This phrase sets a chronological marker, situating the events within a specific timeframe. The use of regnal years was a common practice in ancient Near Eastern cultures, providing a framework for historical records. The "second year" indicates a period of transition and continuity, as the reigns of kings were often used to date events. This reflects the biblical emphasis on God's sovereignty over history, orchestrating events according to His divine timeline.

of Jehoash son of Jehoahaz king of Israel
Jehoash, also known as Joash, was a king of Israel, and his lineage is significant. The mention of "son of Jehoahaz" highlights the dynastic succession, a common theme in the historical books of the Bible. This lineage underscores the covenantal promises God made to the patriarchs, as the kings of Israel and Judah were seen as instruments of God's will. Historically, Jehoash's reign was marked by conflict with Aram and a partial restoration of Israel's borders, reflecting the turbulent political landscape of the time.

Amaziah son of Joash
Amaziah's identity as "son of Joash" connects him to the Davidic line, emphasizing the continuity of God's covenant with David. The name "Amaziah" means "Yahweh is mighty," reflecting the theological perspective that the king's authority and success are derived from God. Amaziah's reign is characterized by both faithfulness and failure, illustrating the complex nature of human leadership under divine sovereignty.

became king of Judah
The phrase "became king" signifies a transition of power and the beginning of a new chapter in Judah's history. Judah, the southern kingdom, held a special place in biblical theology due to its association with Jerusalem and the Davidic covenant. The kingship in Judah was not merely a political role but a spiritual one, as the king was expected to lead the people in covenant faithfulness to Yahweh. This highlights the biblical theme of leadership as service to God and His people, with the king acting as a shepherd under God's ultimate authority.

He was twenty-five years old
The age of twenty-five in ancient Israel was considered a time of maturity and readiness for leadership. In Hebrew culture, this age signifies a transition from youth to adulthood, where one is expected to take on significant responsibilities. The Hebrew word for "twenty-five" (עֶשְׂרִים וְחָמֵשׁ, esrim ve-chamesh) reflects a period of preparation and growth, suggesting that Amaziah, the king in question, had reached a level of maturity necessary for ruling.

when he became king
The ascension to kingship was a pivotal moment in the life of a Hebrew leader. The Hebrew term for "became king" (מָלַךְ, malak) implies not just the assumption of power, but also the divine sanction and responsibility that comes with ruling God's chosen people. This phrase underscores the belief that kingship was not merely a political role but a divine vocation, with the king serving as God's representative on earth.

and he reigned in Jerusalem
Jerusalem, the city of David, holds profound significance as the political and spiritual center of Israel. The Hebrew word for "reigned" (מָלַךְ, malak) is the same as "became king," emphasizing the continuity of divine authority. Jerusalem, being the site of the Temple, symbolizes God's presence among His people, and the king's reign there signifies a direct connection to the divine covenant established with David.

twenty-nine years
The duration of Amaziah's reign, "twenty-nine years," reflects a period of stability and continuity in the Davidic line. In biblical numerology, the number twenty-nine can be seen as a combination of two significant numbers: twenty (a number of completion) and nine (often associated with judgment or finality). This suggests that Amaziah's reign was a time of fulfillment of certain divine purposes, despite the challenges he faced.

His mother’s name was Jehoaddin
The mention of the king's mother, Jehoaddin, highlights the importance of maternal influence in the royal lineage. In Hebrew, "Jehoaddin" (יְהוֹעַדִּין) means "Yahweh delights," indicating a woman of noble character and possibly a devout faith. Her inclusion in the narrative underscores the role of women in shaping the spiritual and moral character of their children, even in a patriarchal society.

of Jerusalem
The specification "of Jerusalem" not only identifies Jehoaddin's origin but also ties her to the holy city, reinforcing the idea of a divinely ordained monarchy. Jerusalem, as the heart of Israel's religious life, serves as a backdrop for the unfolding of God's plan through the Davidic line. This connection to Jerusalem emphasizes the legitimacy and divine favor associated with Amaziah's reign.

He did what was right in the eyes of the LORD
This phrase indicates a moral and spiritual evaluation of King Amaziah's reign. The Hebrew word for "right" is "yashar," which conveys a sense of uprightness and righteousness. In the context of the Hebrew Bible, doing what is right in the eyes of the LORD implies adherence to the covenantal laws and commands given to Israel. This phrase sets a standard for kingship, emphasizing that true leadership is measured by faithfulness to God's statutes rather than mere political success.

yet not like his father David
David is often held as the gold standard for kingship in Israel due to his heart for God, despite his personal failings. The comparison here highlights that while Amaziah did what was right, he did not reach the spiritual heights or possess the same depth of relationship with God as David did. The Hebrew root for "not like" (lo kemo) suggests a divergence in quality or degree, indicating that Amaziah's righteousness was lacking in some aspects compared to David's wholehearted devotion.

he did everything as his father Joash had done
This phrase points to the continuity of Amaziah's actions with those of his father, Joash. The Hebrew word "kol" (everything) suggests a comprehensive imitation of Joash's policies and practices. Joash, while initially faithful, eventually turned away from God, which implies that Amaziah's reign, though right in some respects, was marred by similar shortcomings. This continuity serves as a cautionary note about the influence of parental legacy and the importance of personal spiritual integrity.

Nevertheless
This word serves as a pivot in the narrative, indicating a contrast or exception to what has been previously stated. In the context of 2 Kings 14, it highlights the incomplete nature of the reforms undertaken by King Amaziah. Despite any positive actions he may have taken, this word underscores the persistent issue of idolatry that plagued Israel. It serves as a reminder of the human tendency to fall short of complete obedience to God’s commands.

the high places
The term "high places" refers to elevated sites used for worship, often associated with pagan rituals. In Hebrew, these are known as "bamot." Archaeological evidence suggests that these sites were widespread throughout ancient Israel and Judah. They were often used for the worship of Yahweh in unauthorized ways, as well as for the worship of other deities. The persistence of these sites indicates a syncretism that was contrary to the centralization of worship in Jerusalem, as commanded in Deuteronomy 12.

were not taken away
This phrase indicates a failure to fully eradicate idolatrous practices. The Hebrew root for "taken away" is "sur," meaning to remove or turn aside. The incomplete removal of these high places reflects a partial obedience to God’s law, which often led to spiritual and national decline. It serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of compromise in matters of faith.

the people continued sacrificing
The act of sacrificing, in Hebrew "zabach," was central to worship in ancient Israel. However, the continuation of sacrifices at unauthorized sites reflects a disobedience to God’s command to centralize worship in Jerusalem. This persistence in unauthorized worship practices highlights the challenge of leading a nation to true spiritual reform and the deep-rooted nature of cultural and religious traditions.

and burning incense
Burning incense, or "qatar" in Hebrew, was a common practice in ancient Near Eastern worship, symbolizing prayers rising to the deity. In the context of Israel, incense was to be burned only in the temple in Jerusalem. The continuation of this practice at high places indicates a blending of pagan and Yahwistic worship, which was strictly forbidden. This serves as a metaphor for the mixed devotion that can plague believers, calling for a pure and undivided heart in worship.

on the high places
Reiterating the location of these unauthorized worship practices, this phrase emphasizes the ongoing issue of idolatry. The high places were often associated with Canaanite religious practices, and their continued use by the Israelites represents a failure to fully separate from the surrounding pagan cultures. This highlights the importance of spiritual vigilance and the need for leaders to guide their people in true worship according to God’s commands.

As soon as the kingdom was firmly in his grasp
This phrase indicates a moment of consolidation and stability in Amaziah's reign. The Hebrew root for "firmly" (חָזַק, chazaq) conveys strength and courage, suggesting that Amaziah had established control and authority over the kingdom. Historically, this period in Judah was marked by political instability, and securing the throne was crucial for any king. The phrase implies that Amaziah waited until he had full control before taking decisive action, reflecting wisdom and prudence in leadership.

Amaziah
Amaziah, whose name means "Yahweh is mighty," was the son of Joash and the king of Judah. His reign is noted for both his initial faithfulness to God and his later failures. The historical context of his reign includes a time of relative peace and prosperity, but also the looming threat of external enemies. His actions in this verse set the stage for his character and the moral decisions he would face as king.

executed the servants
The Hebrew word for "executed" (הִכָּה, hikah) can also mean "struck down" or "killed," indicating a decisive and perhaps violent action. This reflects the ancient Near Eastern practice of retributive justice, where those who committed regicide were often put to death to restore order and justice. The term "servants" (עֲבָדִים, avadim) refers to those who were in the service of the king, highlighting the betrayal and treachery involved in the murder of Amaziah's father.

who had murdered his father the king
This phrase underscores the gravity of the crime committed against Amaziah's father, Joash. The Hebrew root for "murdered" (מוּת, mut) emphasizes the unlawful and violent nature of the act. In the historical context, the murder of a king was not only a personal tragedy but also a national crisis, threatening the stability of the kingdom. Amaziah's execution of the murderers was an act of justice, aimed at avenging his father's death and deterring future treason.

Yet he did not put the sons of the murderers to death
This phrase highlights a significant moment of adherence to the Mosaic Law, demonstrating a commitment to justice and righteousness. The Hebrew root for "put to death" (מוּת, "muth") is often used in the context of capital punishment, indicating the seriousness of the crime. The decision not to execute the sons of the murderers reflects a departure from the common ancient Near Eastern practice of familial retribution, emphasizing individual responsibility.

according to what is written in the Book of the Law of Moses
This phrase underscores the authority and centrality of the Mosaic Law in guiding the actions of the king. The "Book of the Law of Moses" refers to the Torah, particularly the Pentateuch, which contains the foundational legal and ethical instructions for Israel. This adherence to the written law signifies a return to covenantal faithfulness and a rejection of arbitrary justice.

where the LORD commanded
The use of "LORD" (יהוה, "Yahweh") signifies the covenantal name of God, emphasizing His authority and the divine origin of the law. The commandment is not merely a human legal code but a divine mandate, reflecting God's character and His desire for justice and mercy.

Fathers must not be put to death for their children, and children must not be put to death for their fathers
This phrase is a direct quotation from Deuteronomy 24:16, which establishes the principle of individual responsibility for sin. In the ancient world, collective punishment was common, but this commandment reflects a revolutionary approach to justice, rooted in the sanctity of individual life and accountability.

each is to die for his own sin
The emphasis on personal responsibility is a key theme in biblical theology. The Hebrew word for "sin" (חֵטְא, "chet") conveys the idea of missing the mark or falling short of God's standards. This principle of individual accountability is foundational to the biblical understanding of justice, highlighting the need for personal repentance and the hope of redemption through God's grace.

Amaziah struck down
The phrase "Amaziah struck down" indicates a decisive military victory led by Amaziah, the king of Judah. The Hebrew root for "struck down" is "נָכָה" (nakah), which often implies a severe defeat or destruction. This victory demonstrates God's favor upon Amaziah's reign, as military success was often seen as a sign of divine approval in the Old Testament. It also reflects Amaziah's obedience to God, as earlier in his reign, he had followed the Lord's commands, which likely contributed to his success.

ten thousand Edomites
The Edomites were descendants of Esau, Jacob's brother, and had a long-standing enmity with Israel. The number "ten thousand" is significant, symbolizing a complete and overwhelming victory. Historically, the Edomites had been a persistent threat to Judah, and this victory would have been a significant relief and a boost to the morale of the people of Judah. It also fulfilled the prophecy given to Rebekah that the older (Esau/Edom) would serve the younger (Jacob/Israel).

in the Valley of Salt
The "Valley of Salt" is likely located near the Dead Sea, an area known for its salt deposits. This location is significant as it was a strategic area for controlling trade routes and resources. The victory in such a location would have not only military but also economic implications, securing Judah's influence in the region. The Valley of Salt is also mentioned in other biblical accounts of victories, emphasizing its importance as a battleground.

He also captured Sela
"Sela" means "rock" in Hebrew, and it refers to a fortified city in Edom, known for its strategic and defensible position. Capturing Sela would have been a significant achievement, demonstrating Amaziah's military prowess and strategic acumen. This conquest would have further weakened Edom's power and secured Judah's southern border.

in battle
The phrase "in battle" underscores the military nature of Amaziah's campaign. It was not a peaceful acquisition but a result of armed conflict. This highlights the reality of the ancient Near Eastern world, where territorial expansion and defense often required military action. It also reflects the biblical theme of God granting victory to His people when they are faithful to Him.

and called it Joktheel
Renaming Sela to "Joktheel" signifies Amaziah's authority over the conquered city. "Joktheel" means "subdued by God" or "God's preservation," indicating that Amaziah attributed his victory to divine intervention. This act of renaming also served to erase the previous identity of the city and establish a new beginning under Judah's control, symbolizing a spiritual as well as a political conquest.

as it is called to this day
This phrase suggests that the name "Joktheel" endured for a significant period, indicating the lasting impact of Amaziah's victory. It serves as a historical marker for the original audience of the text, affirming the authenticity and continuity of the biblical narrative. This enduring name also serves as a testament to God's faithfulness in preserving His people and granting them victory over their enemies.

Then Amaziah sent messengers
Amaziah, the king of Judah, is taking a bold step by initiating contact with the northern kingdom of Israel. The Hebrew root for "sent" (שָׁלַח, shalach) implies a deliberate action, often used in the context of sending ambassadors or envoys. This reflects Amaziah's intention to engage diplomatically, though the underlying motives are more confrontational. Historically, sending messengers was a common practice for kings to communicate intentions, whether for peace or war.

to the king of Israel Jehoash
Jehoash, also known as Joash, was the king of Israel at this time. His lineage is significant, as he is the son of Jehoahaz and the grandson of Jehu, who was anointed by the prophet Elisha to eradicate the house of Ahab. This background sets the stage for the tension between the two kingdoms, as Jehu's reforms and military actions had lasting impacts on Israel's relationship with Judah.

son of Jehoahaz, the son of Jehu
This genealogical detail emphasizes the dynastic continuity and the divine mandate that Jehu's line received. Jehu's zeal for the Lord in purging Baal worship from Israel (2 Kings 10) is a backdrop to the current political climate. The mention of Jehoahaz and Jehu serves as a reminder of the covenantal promises and the expectations of faithfulness to God, which were often neglected by the kings of Israel.

'Come, let us meet face to face,'
The phrase "face to face" (פָּנִים אֶל־פָּנִים, panim el-panim) suggests a direct confrontation. In the ancient Near Eastern context, such meetings were rare and often fraught with tension, as they could lead to either reconciliation or conflict. Amaziah's challenge is not merely a request for dialogue but a provocation, likely driven by pride or a desire to assert dominance after his victory over Edom (2 Kings 14:7).

he said
The simplicity of "he said" belies the gravity of the situation. Amaziah's words are a declaration of intent, setting the stage for the ensuing conflict. In the biblical narrative, speech acts often carry significant weight, as they reveal the heart and intentions of the speaker. Here, Amaziah's challenge reflects a moment of hubris, a common theme in the histories of the kings, where reliance on military might or personal ambition leads to downfall.

But Jehoash king of Israel replied
This phrase introduces Jehoash, the king of Israel, who is responding to Amaziah, the king of Judah. The historical context here is significant, as it reflects the divided kingdom period in Israel's history, where the nation was split into the northern kingdom (Israel) and the southern kingdom (Judah). Jehoash's response is not just a personal retort but a reflection of the political tensions and rivalries between these two kingdoms. The Hebrew root for "replied" (עָנָה, 'anah) often implies a response that is not just verbal but carries weight and authority, indicating that Jehoash's words are meant to convey a strong message.

to Amaziah king of Judah
Amaziah, the king of Judah, is the recipient of Jehoash's message. Historically, Amaziah was known for his initial faithfulness to God but later fell into idolatry, which led to his downfall. The mention of Amaziah here sets the stage for understanding the dynamics between the two kings. The Hebrew name "Amaziah" (אֲמַצְיָה, 'Amatsyah) means "Yahweh is mighty," which is ironic given the context of his eventual defeat and the pride that led to this confrontation.

saying, 'A thistle in Lebanon
The imagery of a "thistle" is significant. In the Hebrew context, a thistle (הַחוֹחַ, hachoach) is a lowly, insignificant plant, often associated with desolation and worthlessness. By using this metaphor, Jehoash is belittling Amaziah, suggesting that he is overstepping his bounds and acting beyond his status. The reference to "Lebanon" is also symbolic, as Lebanon was known for its majestic cedars, representing strength and grandeur.

sent a message to a cedar in Lebanon
The "cedar" (הָאֶרֶז, ha'erez) is a symbol of strength, majesty, and durability in biblical literature. By contrasting the thistle with the cedar, Jehoash is emphasizing the disparity between the two kings, with himself as the mighty cedar and Amaziah as the insignificant thistle. This metaphor serves to highlight the arrogance and presumption of Amaziah's challenge.

saying, 'Give your daughter to my son in marriage.'
This phrase is a metaphorical request for alliance or equality. In ancient Near Eastern culture, marriage alliances were common among royal families to secure peace and mutual benefit. However, Jehoash uses this imagery sarcastically, implying that Amaziah's request for confrontation or alliance is presumptuous and unwarranted.

Then a wild beast in Lebanon passed by
The "wild beast" (חַיַּת הַשָּׂדֶה, chayat hasadeh) represents an uncontrollable force of nature, often used in scripture to symbolize chaos or divine judgment. In this context, it suggests that Amaziah's ambitions will be crushed by forces beyond his control, possibly alluding to the impending defeat he would face.

and trampled the thistle
The act of trampling (וַתִּרְמֹס, vatirmos) signifies complete destruction and humiliation. This imagery serves as a prophetic warning to Amaziah about the consequences of his pride and overreach. The thistle, already insignificant, is further diminished by being trampled, symbolizing the inevitable downfall of those who act in arrogance against God's ordained order.

You have indeed defeated Edom
This phrase acknowledges the military success of Amaziah, king of Judah, over Edom. Historically, Edom was a neighboring nation often in conflict with Israel and Judah. The Hebrew root for "defeated" is "נכה" (nakah), which implies a decisive strike or blow. This victory could have been seen as a divine favor, yet it also sets the stage for Amaziah's pride, a common biblical theme where human success leads to arrogance.

and now you are arrogant
The Hebrew word for "arrogant" is "גבה" (gābah), which means to be high or exalted. This reflects a spiritual and moral warning against pride, a sin frequently condemned in Scripture. Proverbs 16:18 warns, "Pride goes before destruction, and a haughty spirit before a fall." Amaziah's arrogance is a cautionary tale about the dangers of letting success lead to self-exaltation.

Glory in your victory
The term "glory" here is derived from the Hebrew "כבוד" (kavod), which means weight or honor. While it is natural to take pride in achievements, the biblical perspective encourages giving glory to God rather than oneself. This phrase suggests a temporary, earthly glory that contrasts with the eternal glory that comes from God.

but stay at home
This advice is practical and wise, urging Amaziah to be content with his victory and not seek further conflict. The Hebrew "שב" (shuv) means to return or remain, emphasizing the importance of knowing when to cease from striving. It reflects a broader biblical principle of contentment and peace, as seen in Philippians 4:11, where Paul speaks of being content in all circumstances.

Why should you stir up trouble
The phrase "stir up trouble" comes from the Hebrew "עכר" (akar), meaning to disturb or bring calamity. This is a rhetorical question highlighting the futility and danger of unnecessary conflict. It serves as a warning against provoking others and the potential consequences of such actions, aligning with Jesus' teaching in Matthew 5:9, "Blessed are the peacemakers."

and fall—you and Judah with you
The word "fall" in Hebrew is "נפל" (naphal), which signifies a downfall or collapse. This is a prophetic warning of the potential consequences of Amaziah's pride and ambition, not just for himself but for the entire nation of Judah. It underscores the biblical principle that leaders' actions can have widespread repercussions, as seen in the accounts of other kings throughout the books of Kings and Chronicles.

But Amaziah would not listen
The phrase highlights Amaziah's stubbornness and pride. The Hebrew root for "listen" is "שָׁמַע" (shama), which implies not just hearing but obeying or heeding advice. In the biblical context, listening is often associated with wisdom and humility. Amaziah's refusal to listen indicates a heart hardened against counsel, a recurring theme in the Old Testament where leaders fall due to pride. This serves as a cautionary tale about the importance of seeking and heeding godly wisdom.

and Jehoash king of Israel advanced
The term "advanced" suggests a deliberate and strategic move. Jehoash, whose name means "Yahweh has given," was a king who, despite his flaws, was used by God to fulfill divine purposes. The historical context here is a period of division and conflict between Israel and Judah, illustrating the consequences of a divided kingdom. Jehoash's advance is not just a military maneuver but a fulfillment of God's sovereign plan, reminding believers of God's control over nations and leaders.

and he and Amaziah king of Judah faced each other
The phrase "faced each other" indicates a confrontation, both physical and spiritual. The Hebrew word for "faced" can also mean to stand or present oneself, suggesting a moment of reckoning. This confrontation is emblematic of the larger spiritual battles that occur when leaders act out of pride rather than seeking God's guidance. It serves as a metaphor for the internal and external conflicts believers face when they stray from God's path.

at Beth-shemesh in Judah
Beth-shemesh, meaning "house of the sun," was a Levitical city in Judah. Its mention here is significant as it was a place of historical and religious importance. Archaeological findings suggest it was a fortified city, indicating its strategic importance. The location underscores the gravity of the conflict, as battles in significant places often symbolize deeper spiritual truths. For the believer, it serves as a reminder of the spiritual battlegrounds in our lives, where we must choose between pride and humility, self-reliance and dependence on God.

And Judah was routed
The term "routed" in this context refers to a decisive defeat in battle. The Hebrew root word here is "נָגַף" (nagaph), which means to strike, smite, or defeat. This word is often used in the Old Testament to describe a significant and often humiliating defeat. Historically, this reflects the period of the divided kingdom, where internal strife and external threats were common. Judah's defeat serves as a reminder of the consequences of turning away from God's commandments and the importance of seeking His guidance in times of conflict.

before Israel
The phrase "before Israel" indicates that the battle was between the two divided kingdoms: Judah and Israel. This internal conflict among God's chosen people highlights the tragic consequences of division and disobedience. The historical context here is crucial, as it reflects the period after the united monarchy under Saul, David, and Solomon, when the kingdom split into the northern kingdom (Israel) and the southern kingdom (Judah). This division weakened both kingdoms, making them vulnerable to external threats and internal decay.

and every man fled
The phrase "every man fled" underscores the totality of the defeat. The Hebrew word for "fled" is "נָס" (nas), which conveys a sense of panic and disorderly retreat. This reflects not just a military defeat but a collapse of morale and unity among the troops. In a spiritual sense, it serves as a metaphor for what happens when individuals or communities turn away from God’s protection and guidance—they are left to face their battles alone, often resulting in fear and retreat.

to his home
The return "to his home" signifies a retreat to safety and personal security after a public and collective failure. This phrase can be seen as a reflection of the human tendency to seek refuge in familiar and safe environments when faced with overwhelming adversity. Spiritually, it can be interpreted as a call to return to foundational truths and personal faith when public or communal efforts fail. It also highlights the importance of the home as a place of refuge and restoration, a theme prevalent throughout Scripture.

Jehoash king of Israel
The name "Jehoash" or "Joash" means "Yahweh has given" in Hebrew. As the king of Israel, Jehoash represents the northern kingdom during a time of division in the Israelite monarchy. His reign is marked by military prowess and conflict with Judah, highlighting the ongoing strife between the two kingdoms. Historically, this period is characterized by political instability and frequent warfare, reflecting the spiritual decline of Israel as they strayed from God's commandments.

captured Amaziah king of Judah
Amaziah, whose name means "Yahweh is mighty," was the king of Judah, the southern kingdom. His capture by Jehoash signifies a moment of humiliation and defeat for Judah. This event underscores the consequences of pride and disobedience to God, as Amaziah had previously challenged Jehoash to battle, ignoring prophetic warnings. The capture serves as a divine judgment and a reminder of the need for humility and reliance on God.

the son of Joash, the son of Ahaziah
This genealogical reference situates Amaziah within the Davidic line, emphasizing the continuity of God's covenant with David despite the current turmoil. Joash and Ahaziah, his predecessors, had their own complex relationships with God, marked by periods of reform and apostasy. This lineage highlights the recurring theme of God's faithfulness to His promises, even when His people falter.

at Beth-shemesh
Beth-shemesh, meaning "house of the sun," was a strategically located city in Judah. Archaeological evidence suggests it was a fortified city, making its capture significant. This location was historically a Levitical city, indicating its religious importance. The battle at Beth-shemesh symbolizes the vulnerability of Judah when they stray from God's protection.

Then Jehoash went to Jerusalem
Jehoash's advance to Jerusalem, the heart of Judah and the city of David, represents a bold and aggressive move. Jerusalem, as the spiritual and political center, holds immense significance in biblical history. This action by Jehoash is not just a military maneuver but a symbolic act of dominance over Judah.

and broke down the wall of Jerusalem
The breaking down of Jerusalem's wall is a profound act of desecration and humiliation. Walls in ancient times were symbols of strength and security. Their destruction signifies vulnerability and defeat. This event foreshadows the eventual fall of Jerusalem to Babylon, serving as a warning of the consequences of turning away from God.

from the Gate of Ephraim to the Corner Gate
The specific mention of these gates provides a geographical context, indicating the extent of the damage. The Gate of Ephraim, likely named for the tribe of Ephraim, and the Corner Gate, mark significant points in the city's defenses. This detail emphasizes the thoroughness of Jehoash's assault and the resulting breach in Judah's security.

a section of four hundred cubits
A cubit, an ancient measure of length, is approximately 18 inches or 45 centimeters. The mention of "four hundred cubits" quantifies the extent of the destruction, illustrating the severity of the breach. This measurement serves as a tangible reminder of the consequences of Judah's actions and the need for repentance and restoration.

He took all the gold and silver
This phrase highlights the actions of Jehoash, king of Israel, who plundered the temple and the royal palace of Judah. The Hebrew root for "took" (לָקַח, laqach) implies a forceful seizure, indicating the severity of the defeat inflicted upon Amaziah, king of Judah. Gold and silver were not only valuable commodities but also held religious significance, often used in temple worship and as symbols of divine blessing. The loss of these treasures signifies a spiritual and national humiliation for Judah.

and all the articles found in the house of the LORD
The "articles" refer to sacred objects used in worship within the temple. The Hebrew word for "articles" (כְּלִי, keli) can denote vessels or implements, emphasizing their role in the religious practices of the Israelites. The desecration of the temple by removing these items underscores a profound disrespect for the sanctity of the house of the LORD. Historically, such acts were common in ancient Near Eastern warfare, where conquering kings would demonstrate their superiority by desecrating the religious sites of their enemies.

and in the treasuries of the royal palace
The "treasuries" (אוֹצָר, otsar) of the royal palace were repositories for the wealth and resources of the kingdom. By plundering these, Jehoash not only weakened Judah economically but also symbolically stripped the king of his power and prestige. This act reflects the political dynamics of the time, where wealth was directly tied to a king's ability to maintain power and influence.

as well as some hostages
Taking "hostages" (בְּנֵי תַּעֲרוּכָה, bene ta'arukah) was a common practice in ancient times to ensure compliance and prevent rebellion. These individuals, often of noble or royal blood, served as guarantees of peace or subservience. The taking of hostages by Jehoash would have been a strategic move to secure his victory and maintain control over Judah, ensuring that Amaziah would not retaliate or seek alliances against Israel.

Then he returned to Samaria
Samaria, the capital of the Northern Kingdom of Israel, was the political and cultural center of Jehoash's reign. His return to Samaria signifies the completion of his campaign and the consolidation of his victory. The historical context of this event highlights the ongoing conflict between the divided kingdoms of Israel and Judah, a period marked by political instability and frequent warfare. Jehoash's return to Samaria with the spoils of war would have been seen as a triumph, reinforcing his status and authority as king.

As for the rest of the acts of Jehoash
The phrase "the rest of the acts" suggests a comprehensive account of Jehoash's reign beyond what is detailed in this passage. The Hebrew word for "acts" is "ma'aseh," which implies deeds or accomplishments. This indicates that Jehoash's reign was marked by significant events and actions that were noteworthy in the historical records of Israel. From a conservative Christian perspective, this highlights the importance of recording and remembering the deeds of leaders, as they contribute to the unfolding narrative of God's people.

along with his might
The term "might" in Hebrew is "geburah," which denotes strength, power, or valor. This emphasizes Jehoash's capability as a warrior and leader. In the biblical context, a king's might was often seen as a reflection of God's favor and blessing. For conservative Christians, this serves as a reminder that true strength and leadership come from reliance on God, who empowers His chosen leaders to fulfill His purposes.

and how he fought with Amaziah king of Judah
This phrase refers to the conflict between Jehoash of Israel and Amaziah of Judah. The historical context reveals a period of tension and warfare between the divided kingdoms of Israel and Judah. The Hebrew word for "fought" is "lacham," which means to engage in battle or warfare. This conflict is a reminder of the consequences of division among God's people and the importance of seeking unity and peace. For conservative Christians, it underscores the need for reconciliation and harmony within the body of Christ.

are they not written in the Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Israel?
This rhetorical question points to the existence of a historical record known as the "Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Israel." The Hebrew term "chronicles" is "divrei hayamim," which means "words of the days" or "annals." This suggests that the events of Jehoash's reign were meticulously documented, providing a reliable historical account. For conservative Christians, this affirms the value of Scripture as a trustworthy record of God's dealings with His people, encouraging believers to study and learn from the past to understand God's faithfulness and sovereignty throughout history.

And Jehoash rested
The phrase "rested" is a euphemism for death, often used in the Old Testament to denote the passing of a king. The Hebrew root word "שָׁכַב" (shakab) implies lying down or sleeping, suggesting a peaceful transition from life to death. This reflects the biblical view of death as a temporary state before the resurrection, aligning with the hope of eternal life in conservative Christian theology.

with his fathers
This phrase indicates that Jehoash was buried in the family tomb, a common practice in ancient Israel. It signifies continuity and respect for one's ancestors, emphasizing the importance of family lineage and heritage. In a broader theological context, it underscores the biblical theme of generational blessings and the covenantal promises passed down through the family line.

and was buried in Samaria
Samaria was the capital of the Northern Kingdom of Israel, established by King Omri. Archaeological findings in Samaria reveal its significance as a political and religious center. The burial of Jehoash in Samaria highlights the city's importance and the king's status. It also serves as a reminder of the divided kingdom, a result of Israel's disobedience, which conservative Christians view as a call to faithfulness and unity under God's covenant.

with the kings of Israel
This phrase indicates that Jehoash was buried in the royal tombs, affirming his legitimacy and role as a king of Israel. It reflects the biblical principle of honoring those in authority, as established by God. The mention of "kings of Israel" also serves as a historical marker, situating Jehoash within the broader narrative of Israel's monarchy.

And his son Jeroboam became king in his place
The succession of Jeroboam, known as Jeroboam II, marks a continuation of the dynastic line. The Hebrew word "מָלַךְ" (malak) for "became king" signifies the divine right and responsibility bestowed upon a ruler. Jeroboam II's reign is noted for its prosperity and expansion, yet it was also a time of moral and spiritual decline, as recorded by the prophets. This transition serves as a reminder of the biblical truth that leadership is both a privilege and a responsibility, calling for adherence to God's laws and principles.

Amaziah son of Joash king of Judah
This phrase identifies Amaziah as the ruler of the southern kingdom of Judah. The name "Amaziah" in Hebrew means "Yahweh is mighty" or "strength of the Lord," reflecting the theocratic nature of Judah's monarchy. As the son of Joash, Amaziah's reign is part of the Davidic line, which holds significant theological importance in the biblical narrative, emphasizing God's covenant with David and His promise of a lasting dynasty (2 Samuel 7:16).

lived for fifteen years
The phrase indicates the duration of Amaziah's life following a significant event, the death of Jehoash. The number fifteen in biblical numerology can symbolize rest after deliverance or a period of grace. This time frame suggests a period of reflection and potential repentance for Amaziah, who had experienced both military success and failure during his reign. It serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty over the lifespan of kings and His ultimate control over history.

after the death of Jehoash son of Jehoahaz king of Israel
This phrase situates Amaziah's life in the broader context of the divided monarchy, highlighting the ongoing tension and conflict between Judah and Israel. Jehoash, also known as Joash, was a contemporary king of the northern kingdom of Israel. His death marks a transition in the political landscape of the region. Historically, this period was marked by frequent skirmishes and shifting alliances, reflecting the instability and spiritual decline of Israel. The mention of Jehoash's lineage, "son of Jehoahaz," underscores the dynastic struggles and the often short-lived reigns of Israel's kings, contrasting with the enduring Davidic line in Judah.

As for the rest of the acts of Amaziah
This phrase introduces a summary of King Amaziah's reign, suggesting that what follows is a brief account, with more detailed records available elsewhere. The Hebrew word for "acts" is "ma'aseh," which can mean deeds, works, or accomplishments. This implies that Amaziah's reign was marked by significant events and actions, both good and bad. Historically, Amaziah was the king of Judah who reigned in the 8th century BC. His reign was characterized by both military successes and failures, as well as religious reforms and subsequent apostasy. This phrase invites readers to consider the full scope of his life and leadership, acknowledging that a king's legacy is often complex and multifaceted.

are they not written
This rhetorical question emphasizes the existence of a more comprehensive record. The Hebrew verb "kathab" means to write or inscribe, indicating that Amaziah's deeds were documented for posterity. This reflects the ancient Near Eastern practice of recording royal annals, which served both as historical records and as a means of legitimizing a king's rule. The use of a rhetorical question here suggests that the audience is expected to be familiar with these records, underscoring the importance of written history in preserving the memory and lessons of past leaders.

in the Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Judah?
This phrase refers to a historical source that chronicled the reigns of the kings of Judah. The Hebrew term "divrei hayamim" translates to "words of the days," which is often rendered as "chronicles." This book is distinct from the biblical books of Chronicles and likely served as a royal archive. It highlights the importance of maintaining detailed records of a nation's history, which provided continuity and identity for the people of Judah. From a scriptural perspective, this reference underscores the Bible's reliance on historical sources to convey God's unfolding plan through the history of His people. It also serves as a reminder of the divine oversight in the recording and preservation of history, ensuring that the lessons and legacies of past leaders are available for future generations to learn from and reflect upon.

Then a conspiracy was formed
The Hebrew word for "conspiracy" is "קֶשֶׁר" (qesher), which implies a secret plan or treachery. In the context of ancient Israel, conspiracies often arose due to political unrest or dissatisfaction with leadership. This highlights the instability and the constant threat of rebellion that plagued the monarchies of Israel and Judah. The formation of a conspiracy against a king indicates a significant level of discontent and the willingness of individuals to take drastic measures to change leadership.

against him in Jerusalem
Jerusalem, the capital city, was the political and spiritual heart of the kingdom. It was a city of great significance, housing the Temple and serving as the center of Jewish worship. The fact that the conspiracy arose in Jerusalem suggests that the king's authority was being challenged at the very core of his reign. This internal threat within the capital underscores the gravity of the situation and the potential for widespread impact on the nation.

and he fled to Lachish
Lachish was a fortified city in the Shephelah region of Judah, known for its strategic military importance. The king's flight to Lachish indicates his attempt to seek refuge in a stronghold, away from the immediate threat in Jerusalem. This move reflects the desperation and urgency of the situation, as well as the king's awareness of the danger he faced. Lachish's historical significance as a military bastion is well-documented through archaeological findings, including the famous Lachish Reliefs.

but they sent men after him to Lachish
The pursuit of the king to Lachish demonstrates the determination of the conspirators to eliminate him. This relentless pursuit signifies the depth of their resolve and the extent of their commitment to their cause. It also highlights the lack of safe havens for a king once his own people turn against him, emphasizing the precarious nature of royal power during this period.

and killed him there
The assassination of the king in Lachish marks the culmination of the conspiracy. This act of regicide was not uncommon in the turbulent history of the Israelite and Judean monarchies. It serves as a sobering reminder of the fragility of human authority and the consequences of political intrigue. The death of a king often led to further instability and power struggles, affecting the entire nation. This event calls believers to reflect on the transient nature of earthly power and the ultimate sovereignty of God over the affairs of men.

They carried him back on horses
This phrase indicates the mode of transportation used for the deceased king, likely Amaziah of Judah. The use of horses signifies a measure of honor and respect, as horses were valuable and often associated with royalty and military power in ancient Israel. The Hebrew word for "horses" is "סוּסִים" (susim), which underscores the importance of the king's status even in death. Historically, horses were not commonly used for burial processions, suggesting that Amaziah was given a dignified return to his homeland.

and buried him
The act of burial is significant in Jewish tradition, reflecting the respect for the deceased and the belief in the sanctity of the body. The Hebrew root "קָבַר" (qabar) means to bury or inter, and it is a practice deeply rooted in the culture and religious beliefs of the Israelites. Burial was a way to honor the dead and ensure they were laid to rest according to the customs of their ancestors.

in Jerusalem
Jerusalem, the capital city of Judah, holds profound religious and historical significance. It is the city chosen by God for His temple and the center of Jewish worship. The burial of Amaziah in Jerusalem indicates his royal status and connection to the Davidic line. The city's name in Hebrew, "יְרוּשָׁלַיִם" (Yerushalayim), means "foundation of peace," highlighting its role as a spiritual and political center.

with his fathers
This phrase reflects the tradition of being buried in family tombs, a practice that emphasized lineage and continuity. The Hebrew word "אָבוֹת" (avot) refers to ancestors or forefathers, underscoring the importance of family heritage and the connection to one's predecessors. Being buried "with his fathers" signifies Amaziah's rightful place within the lineage of Judah's kings.

in the City of David
The City of David refers to the ancient core of Jerusalem, named after King David, who established it as his capital. This designation highlights the historical and dynastic significance of the location. The Hebrew term "עִיר דָּוִד" (Ir David) connects Amaziah to the legacy of David, reinforcing the continuity of the Davidic dynasty. The City of David is not only a physical location but also a symbol of God's covenant with David and his descendants.

Then all the people of Judah
This phrase emphasizes the collective decision and unity among the people of Judah. The Hebrew word for "people" is "עַם" (am), which often denotes a community bound by shared identity and purpose. Historically, this reflects a period when the tribes of Israel and Judah were distinct entities, with Judah maintaining its own monarchy. The unity here suggests a consensus or a common desire for stability and continuity in leadership, especially after the tumultuous reign of Amaziah.

took Azariah
The act of "taking" Azariah signifies a deliberate choice and action by the people. The Hebrew root "לָקַח" (laqach) implies receiving or selecting, indicating that Azariah was chosen with intention. Azariah, also known as Uzziah, is a significant figure in Judah's history, and his selection marks a pivotal moment of transition. This choice reflects the people's hope for a leader who would restore and strengthen the nation.

who was sixteen years old
Azariah's age at the time of his ascension to the throne is noteworthy. At sixteen, he was young, yet the people entrusted him with kingship. This highlights a recurring biblical theme where God often uses the young and seemingly inexperienced to fulfill His purposes, as seen with David and Josiah. It also suggests a reliance on divine guidance and providence in leadership, rather than solely on human wisdom or experience.

and made him king
The coronation of Azariah as king is a significant event. The Hebrew verb "מָלַךְ" (malak) means to reign or to be made king, indicating a formal and recognized transfer of authority. This act of making him king underscores the legitimacy and acceptance of his rule by the people. It also reflects the biblical principle that leadership is established by God, as seen in Romans 13:1, where authorities are instituted by God.

in place of his father Amaziah
This phrase indicates a dynastic succession, a common practice in the ancient Near East. Amaziah's reign was marked by both achievements and failures, and his eventual downfall created a need for new leadership. The transition "in place of" suggests both continuity and change, as Azariah would inherit the challenges and responsibilities of his father while also having the opportunity to forge his own path. This reflects the biblical narrative of generational leadership and the hope for renewal and reform under a new king.

He was the one
This phrase refers to King Azariah, also known as Uzziah, who was the son of Amaziah. His reign is noted for its prosperity and military success. The emphasis on "He was the one" highlights his personal initiative and leadership in the restoration efforts. In a broader biblical context, this underscores the importance of individual responsibility and the impact one leader can have on the spiritual and physical restoration of a nation.

rebuilt Elath
Elath, also known as Eloth, was a significant port city located at the northern tip of the Gulf of Aqaba. The Hebrew root for "rebuilt" (בנה, banah) implies not just physical reconstruction but also a restoration of its former status and importance. Historically, Elath was a strategic location for trade and military purposes. By rebuilding Elath, Azariah was re-establishing Judah's economic and strategic strength, which had been lost during previous conflicts. This act symbolizes the restoration of what was lost and the reclaiming of God-given inheritance.

and restored it to Judah
The act of restoring Elath to Judah signifies a return to rightful ownership and control. The Hebrew word for "restored" (שׁוב, shuv) often carries a connotation of repentance or turning back. In this context, it suggests a return to the divinely ordained boundaries and blessings for the nation of Judah. This restoration is not just political but also spiritual, as it reflects God's faithfulness in restoring His people to their promised inheritance when they walk in obedience.

after King Amaziah rested with his fathers
The phrase "rested with his fathers" is a common biblical euphemism for death, indicating that Amaziah had passed away. This phrase connects the actions of Azariah to the legacy of his father, Amaziah. It serves as a reminder of the continuity of God's promises through generations. The historical context here is crucial; Amaziah's reign ended in turmoil, but Azariah's actions demonstrate a new beginning and hope for Judah. This continuity and renewal reflect the biblical theme of God's enduring covenant with His people, despite human failures.

In the fifteenth year
This phrase sets a precise chronological marker, emphasizing the importance of historical context in the biblical narrative. The fifteenth year of Amaziah's reign provides a synchronization point between the kingdoms of Judah and Israel. The use of specific years underscores the Bible's historical reliability and the divine orchestration of events. In Hebrew culture, numbers often carry symbolic meaning, and the number fifteen can signify rest or deliverance, hinting at God's sovereign timing in the unfolding of Israel's history.

Amaziah son of Joash king of Judah
Amaziah, whose name means "strength of Yahweh," was a king of Judah known for his initial faithfulness to God, though he later faltered. His lineage, being the son of Joash, connects him to the Davidic line, which is significant in biblical prophecy and the messianic expectation. The mention of Judah highlights the divided kingdom period, a time of spiritual and political complexity, where the southern kingdom often maintained a closer adherence to the worship of Yahweh compared to the northern kingdom.

Jeroboam son of Jehoash
Jeroboam II, named after the first king of the northern kingdom, Jeroboam I, signifies a continuation of the northern kingdom's legacy. His father, Jehoash, also known as Joash, was a king who had interactions with the prophet Elisha. The name Jeroboam means "the people will contend," reflecting the ongoing struggles and conflicts within Israel. Despite his name, Jeroboam II's reign was marked by territorial expansion and prosperity, though not necessarily spiritual fidelity.

became king of Israel
This phrase marks the beginning of Jeroboam II's reign over the northern kingdom of Israel. The term "Israel" here refers specifically to the ten tribes that broke away from Judah after Solomon's reign. Jeroboam's ascension to the throne is a reminder of the divided nature of God's people during this period, a division that had significant religious and political implications. His reign is a testament to God's patience and mercy, as He continued to work through imperfect leaders.

and he reigned in Samaria
Samaria, the capital of the northern kingdom, was established by Omri and became a center of political power and idolatry. The city's mention highlights the contrast between the spiritual apostasy of the north and the temple-centered worship in Jerusalem. Samaria's archaeological remains reveal a city of significant wealth and influence, yet spiritually wayward, serving as a cautionary tale of the dangers of turning away from God.

forty-one years
Jeroboam II's long reign of forty-one years is notable for its stability and prosperity, a rarity in the tumultuous history of the northern kingdom. The number forty often symbolizes a period of testing or trial in the Bible, while the additional year may suggest a completion or fulfillment of God's purposes during his reign. Despite the outward success, the spiritual state of Israel continued to decline, reminding us that true success is measured by faithfulness to God rather than material prosperity.

And he did evil
The phrase "did evil" in Hebrew is "וַיַּעַשׂ הָרַע" (vaya'as hara). This expression is frequently used in the Old Testament to describe the actions of kings who failed to follow God's commandments. The term "evil" here is not merely about moral failure but signifies actions that are in direct opposition to God's will. In the context of Israel's history, this often involved idolatry and the abandonment of the covenant with Yahweh. The repetition of this phrase throughout the books of Kings serves as a somber reminder of the consequences of disobedience and the importance of faithfulness to God.

in the sight of the LORD
This phrase underscores the omnipresence and omniscience of God. The Hebrew word for "sight" is "בְּעֵינֵי" (be'enei), which literally means "in the eyes of." It conveys the idea that all actions, whether public or private, are visible to God. This serves as a powerful reminder that human actions are always under divine scrutiny, and it calls believers to live with integrity and accountability, knowing that nothing is hidden from the Lord.

and did not turn away
The Hebrew root for "turn away" is "סוּר" (sur), which means to depart or remove oneself from a path. In the biblical context, it often refers to repentance or the act of turning back to God. The failure to "turn away" indicates a stubbornness or unwillingness to repent and change one's ways. This highlights the importance of repentance in the life of a believer and the need for a heart that is willing to return to God.

from all the sins of Jeroboam son of Nebat
Jeroboam son of Nebat was the first king of the northern kingdom of Israel after the division of the united monarchy. His "sins" primarily involved the establishment of golden calves at Bethel and Dan, leading Israel into idolatry (1 Kings 12:28-30). The phrase "sins of Jeroboam" became a shorthand for idolatry and false worship. This historical reference serves as a warning against the dangers of leading others astray and the long-lasting impact of sinful leadership.

who had caused Israel to sin
The Hebrew word for "caused to sin" is "הֶחֱטִיא" (hechti), which means to lead into sin or to cause to stumble. This phrase indicates the responsibility of leaders for the spiritual direction of their people. Jeroboam's actions set a precedent that led the nation away from God, illustrating the profound influence leaders have over their followers. It serves as a cautionary tale about the responsibility of leadership and the importance of guiding others toward righteousness.

He restored the border of Israel
This phrase indicates a significant political and military achievement. The Hebrew root for "restored" is "שׁוּב" (shuv), which means to return or bring back. This suggests a return to a former state of prosperity and security for Israel. Historically, this period under King Jeroboam II was marked by territorial expansion and relative peace, reflecting God's mercy and faithfulness to His covenant people despite their recurring disobedience.

from Lebo-hamath to the Sea of the Arabah
These geographical markers define the extent of Israel's restored territory. "Lebo-hamath" refers to the northern boundary, while "the Sea of the Arabah" (likely the Dead Sea) marks the southern limit. This restoration signifies a return to the boundaries reminiscent of the Solomonic era, highlighting a time of national strength and divine favor. Archaeological findings in these regions corroborate the existence of fortified cities, indicating a period of prosperity and strategic importance.

according to the word of the LORD, the God of Israel
This phrase underscores the divine authority and faithfulness behind the restoration. The Hebrew term for "word" is "דָּבָר" (davar), which implies a decree or promise. The fulfillment of God's word through historical events reaffirms His sovereignty and the reliability of His promises. It serves as a reminder that God’s plans are executed in His timing, often using unexpected means or individuals.

which He had spoken through His servant Jonah son of Amittai
Jonah, known primarily for his mission to Nineveh, is here identified as a prophet to Israel. The mention of "His servant" emphasizes Jonah's role as a faithful messenger of God's will. This highlights the multifaceted nature of prophetic ministry, which includes both foretelling and forthtelling. Jonah's prophecy concerning Israel's borders demonstrates God's concern for His people’s physical and spiritual welfare.

the prophet from Gath-hepher
Gath-hepher, a town in the territory of Zebulun, situates Jonah within a specific historical and cultural context. This detail authenticates the narrative by providing a tangible connection to the land and its people. It also serves as a reminder that God raises prophets from diverse backgrounds to accomplish His purposes, underscoring the accessibility of divine calling to all who are willing to serve.

For the LORD saw
The phrase "For the LORD saw" emphasizes God's omniscience and His intimate involvement in the affairs of His people. The Hebrew root for "saw" is "ra'ah," which means to see, perceive, or understand. This indicates that God is not distant or unaware; He is actively observing the plight of Israel. In a historical context, this reflects the period of the divided kingdom, where Israel often strayed from God's commandments, yet He remained attentive to their condition.

the affliction of Israel
"Affliction" comes from the Hebrew word "oni," which denotes poverty, misery, or suffering. This term captures the dire state of Israel during this time, as they faced external threats and internal decay. Historically, this period was marked by political instability and moral decline, leading to suffering. Theologically, it underscores the consequences of turning away from God, yet also His compassion in recognizing their distress.

was very bitter
The phrase "was very bitter" uses the Hebrew word "mar," which means bitter or grievous. This intensifies the description of Israel's suffering, suggesting not just physical hardship but also emotional and spiritual anguish. In the biblical narrative, bitterness often symbolizes the consequences of sin and rebellion against God, reminding readers of the importance of faithfulness and repentance.

there was no one to help Israel
This phrase highlights Israel's isolation and vulnerability. The absence of a helper signifies a lack of allies or leaders capable of delivering them from their plight. Historically, this reflects the political fragmentation and weakened state of Israel. Spiritually, it points to the futility of relying on human strength or alliances instead of seeking God's intervention and guidance.

neither bond nor free
"Neither bond nor free" indicates that the suffering affected all social classes, from slaves to free citizens. The Hebrew terms "ebed" (bond) and "chofshi" (free) encompass the entire spectrum of society, emphasizing the universal nature of the affliction. This serves as a reminder that sin and its consequences do not discriminate, affecting all who turn away from God. It also underscores the need for a savior who can deliver all people, regardless of status.

And since the LORD
The phrase "And since the LORD" introduces the divine initiative and sovereignty of God in the affairs of Israel. The Hebrew term for "LORD" here is "Yahweh," the covenant name of God, emphasizing His faithfulness and unchanging nature. This sets the stage for understanding that the actions that follow are rooted in God's character and His covenant promises to Israel, despite their unfaithfulness.

had not said
This phrase underscores the importance of God's spoken word and His promises. In the Hebrew context, what God "had not said" is as significant as what He has declared. It reflects the idea that God's plans and purposes are not arbitrary but are based on His covenantal commitments. The absence of a divine decree to destroy Israel highlights His mercy and patience.

that He would blot out
The imagery of "blotting out" is powerful, suggesting total eradication or removal. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, to blot out a name was to erase one's existence or memory. Here, it signifies the potential for complete destruction, yet it is something God chooses not to do. This reflects His grace and the hope of redemption, even when judgment is deserved.

the name of Israel
The "name of Israel" represents the identity and legacy of the nation chosen by God. In biblical terms, a name is more than a label; it embodies character, destiny, and divine purpose. Israel's name is tied to the promises made to the patriarchs, and its preservation is a testament to God's faithfulness to His covenant.

from under heaven
This phrase indicates a universal scope, suggesting that Israel's existence is significant not just in a local or national sense but in the cosmic order established by God. It implies that Israel's fate is of concern to the entire creation, reflecting the broader narrative of God's redemptive plan for the world.

He saved them
The act of saving is central to God's relationship with His people. The Hebrew root "yasha" conveys deliverance, rescue, and salvation. This divine intervention is not based on Israel's merit but on God's mercy and commitment to His promises. It foreshadows the ultimate salvation offered through Christ in the New Testament.

by the hand of Jeroboam son of Jehoash
Jeroboam II, the son of Jehoash, is the instrument through which God enacts His deliverance. Despite being a flawed and imperfect leader, God uses him to achieve His purposes. This highlights a recurring biblical theme: God often works through unlikely or imperfect individuals to fulfill His divine will, demonstrating His sovereignty and grace.

As for the rest of the acts of Jeroboam
This phrase introduces a summary of Jeroboam II's reign, emphasizing that what follows is not exhaustive. The Hebrew word for "acts" (מַעֲשִׂים, ma'asim) often refers to deeds or works, suggesting a focus on the king's significant achievements. Jeroboam II was a powerful king of Israel, and his reign marked a period of prosperity and expansion. Historically, this period aligns with the weakening of Assyrian power, allowing Israel to flourish.

along with all his accomplishments
The term "accomplishments" (גְּבוּרָה, gevurah) in Hebrew conveys a sense of might or valor. Jeroboam II's reign was marked by military success and economic prosperity. His accomplishments were not just in battle but also in strengthening the nation's infrastructure and economy. This reflects God's temporary blessing on Israel despite the nation's ongoing idolatry, showcasing God's mercy and patience.

his might in battle
"Might" (חָזָק, chazaq) indicates strength and power. Jeroboam II was known for his military prowess, which allowed him to expand Israel's borders. This phrase highlights the king's ability to lead and protect his nation, a crucial aspect of his reign. The historical context suggests that Jeroboam's military success was partly due to the political instability of surrounding nations, which he capitalized on to Israel's advantage.

and how he recovered for Israel both Damascus and Hamath
The recovery of "Damascus and Hamath" signifies a significant territorial expansion. These cities were important trade and military centers. Historically, this recovery indicates a reversal of previous losses and a restoration of Israel's influence in the region. The Hebrew root for "recovered" (שׁוּב, shuv) means to return or restore, symbolizing a return to former glory and strength.

which had belonged to Judah
This phrase is intriguing because it suggests a historical claim or previous control by Judah over these territories. It reflects the complex political landscape of the time, where borders and control frequently shifted. The mention of Judah may also imply a critique of the divided kingdom, highlighting the loss and recovery of lands that were once united under David and Solomon.

are they not written in the Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Israel?
This rhetorical question points to an external source, the "Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Israel," which is not part of the biblical canon but was a historical record of the kings' reigns. This reference underscores the historical accuracy and reliability of the biblical narrative, inviting readers to seek further details in these annals. It also emphasizes the importance of recording history, a practice that preserves the memory of God's dealings with His people.

And Jeroboam rested
The phrase "rested" is often used in the Old Testament to denote death, particularly in the context of kings. The Hebrew word used here is "שָׁכַב" (shakab), which means to lie down or to rest. This euphemism for death suggests a peaceful transition, implying that Jeroboam's reign concluded in a manner consistent with the natural order established by God. It reflects the biblical understanding of death as a return to one's ancestors, a concept deeply rooted in the Hebrew tradition.

with his fathers
This phrase indicates that Jeroboam was buried in the royal tombs, a place of honor among the kings of Israel. The expression "with his fathers" is significant in the Hebrew context, as it denotes a continuation of lineage and legacy. It underscores the importance of family and heritage in the biblical narrative, reminding us of the covenantal promises God made to the patriarchs and their descendants.

the kings of Israel
This phrase situates Jeroboam within the broader historical and dynastic context of the Northern Kingdom of Israel. The kings of Israel, distinct from the kings of Judah, often faced challenges in maintaining fidelity to God's commandments. Jeroboam II, in particular, was known for his military successes and territorial expansion, yet his reign was also marked by idolatry and social injustice, as recorded by the prophets Amos and Hosea. This highlights the tension between political success and spiritual failure, a recurring theme in the history of Israel.

And his son Zechariah
Zechariah's ascension to the throne marks the continuation of the Jehu dynasty, fulfilling God's promise to Jehu that his descendants would sit on the throne of Israel to the fourth generation (2 Kings 10:30). The name Zechariah, meaning "Yahweh remembers," is a testament to God's faithfulness in keeping His promises, even amidst the unfaithfulness of Israel's kings. This serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty and the assurance that His plans will prevail despite human shortcomings.

reigned in his place
The transition of power from Jeroboam to Zechariah signifies the ongoing cycle of leadership in Israel. The phrase "reigned in his place" indicates a transfer of authority and responsibility. In the biblical narrative, such transitions often come with both hope and uncertainty, as new leaders have the potential to either lead the nation back to God or further into apostasy. This highlights the importance of godly leadership and the impact it can have on a nation's spiritual direction.