In the twenty-third year
This phrase sets a precise chronological marker, emphasizing the historical nature of the biblical narrative. The use of specific years underscores the Bible's attention to detail and historical accuracy. The twenty-third year of Joash's reign provides a timeline that aligns with other historical records, offering a framework for understanding the sequence of events in the divided kingdoms of Israel and Judah.

of Joash son of Ahaziah, king of Judah
Joash, also known as Jehoash, was a king of Judah who began his reign as a child under the guidance of the priest Jehoiada. His lineage, being the son of Ahaziah, places him in the Davidic line, which is significant for the messianic prophecies concerning the house of David. Joash's reign is marked by a return to the worship of Yahweh, although it was not without its failures. His connection to Ahaziah reminds readers of the turbulent times and the divine interventions that preserved the Davidic line.

Jehoahaz son of Jehu
Jehoahaz was the son of Jehu, the king who was anointed by the prophet Elisha to eradicate the house of Ahab and bring reform to Israel. Jehu's legacy is complex; he was zealous for the Lord in destroying Baal worship but failed to fully turn Israel back to God. Jehoahaz's reign is a continuation of this mixed legacy, highlighting the ongoing struggle between faithfulness to God and the persistent idolatry in Israel.

became king of Israel in Samaria
Samaria was the capital of the Northern Kingdom of Israel, established by Omri, and it became a center of political and religious activity. The mention of Samaria is significant as it was often associated with idolatry and apostasy, contrasting with Jerusalem, the center of true worship in Judah. Jehoahaz's ascension to the throne in Samaria sets the stage for his reign, which would be characterized by the challenges of leading a nation that frequently turned away from God.

and he reigned seventeen years
The duration of Jehoahaz's reign is noted, providing a sense of stability and continuity despite the spiritual and political turmoil of the time. Seventeen years is a significant period, allowing for potential reform and change, yet the biblical narrative reveals that Jehoahaz's reign was marked by continued disobedience and oppression by foreign powers. This serves as a reminder of the consequences of turning away from God and the importance of seeking His guidance and favor.

He did evil in the sight of the LORD
This phrase underscores the moral and spiritual evaluation from God's perspective. The Hebrew word for "evil" is "רַע" (ra), which conveys not just moral wickedness but also the idea of causing harm or calamity. In the biblical context, doing evil "in the sight of the LORD" emphasizes that God is the ultimate judge of human actions. This phrase serves as a reminder that all actions are visible to God, and His standards are the measure of righteousness. It calls believers to live with an awareness of God's omnipresence and holiness.

and followed the sins of Jeroboam son of Nebat
Jeroboam, the first king of the northern kingdom of Israel, set a precedent of idolatry by establishing golden calves in Bethel and Dan (1 Kings 12:28-30). The Hebrew word for "followed" is "הָלַךְ" (halak), meaning to walk or proceed. This indicates a deliberate choice to continue in a path of disobedience. Jeroboam's sins became a benchmark for subsequent kings, illustrating how leadership can influence a nation's spiritual direction. This serves as a cautionary tale about the long-lasting impact of ungodly leadership and the importance of adhering to God's commandments.

which he had caused Israel to commit
The phrase highlights the responsibility of leadership in leading others into sin. The Hebrew root "חָטָא" (chata) for "commit" means to miss the mark, often used in the context of sin. Jeroboam's actions led the entire nation astray, showing how sin can have communal consequences. This underscores the biblical principle that leaders are accountable not only for their actions but also for the spiritual welfare of those they lead. It challenges believers to consider the ripple effects of their actions on others.

he did not turn away from them
The Hebrew word for "turn away" is "סוּר" (sur), which means to depart or remove oneself. This phrase indicates a stubborn persistence in sin, despite the opportunity for repentance. The refusal to turn away from sin reflects a hardened heart and a rejection of God's mercy. In the broader biblical narrative, repentance is a central theme, and this phrase serves as a warning against the dangers of unrepentance. It inspires believers to seek God's forgiveness and transformation, emphasizing the hope and renewal found in turning back to God.

So the anger of the LORD burned
The phrase "anger of the LORD" in Hebrew is "אַף יְהוָה" (aph YHWH), where "aph" often denotes not just anger but a flaring of the nostrils, a vivid image of divine displeasure. This anthropomorphic expression underscores God's personal and passionate response to Israel's covenant unfaithfulness. The "burning" of His anger suggests a consuming fire, a common biblical metaphor for God's holiness and justice. This divine anger is not capricious but is a righteous response to Israel's persistent idolatry and rebellion.

against Israel
"Israel" here refers to the Northern Kingdom, which had separated from Judah after Solomon's reign. Historically, this period was marked by political instability and spiritual decline, as the kings of Israel led the people into idolatry, particularly the worship of Baal. Theologically, Israel's identity as God's chosen people makes their rebellion particularly grievous, as they were called to be a light to the nations but instead followed the practices of the surrounding pagan cultures.

and He delivered them
The Hebrew verb "נָתַן" (natan) means "to give" or "to deliver." This action is not merely passive but indicates God's sovereign control over the nations. It reflects the covenantal principle that obedience brings blessing, while disobedience results in discipline. God's "delivering" Israel into the hands of their enemies is a form of divine judgment intended to bring them to repentance.

into the hands of Hazael king of Aram
Hazael was a historical figure, a king of Aram (modern-day Syria), who reigned from approximately 842 to 800 BC. Archaeological evidence, such as the Tel Dan Stele, corroborates his existence and military campaigns. Hazael's oppression of Israel is a fulfillment of Elisha's prophecy (2 Kings 8:12-13) and serves as a tool of God's discipline. This historical context highlights the reality of God's sovereignty over international affairs.

and into the hands of Ben-hadad son of Hazael
Ben-hadad, following his father Hazael, continued the oppression of Israel. The name "Ben-hadad" was a dynastic title used by several Aramean kings, meaning "son of Hadad," the storm god. This detail emphasizes the continuity of Israel's suffering under foreign powers due to their unfaithfulness. It also serves as a reminder of the futility of trusting in political alliances or military strength rather than in God.

for a long time
The phrase "for a long time" indicates the duration and severity of Israel's subjugation. This extended period of suffering is a testament to the consequences of persistent sin and the patience of God, who desires repentance rather than destruction. It also foreshadows the eventual deliverance that comes when Israel turns back to the LORD, illustrating the biblical theme of redemption and restoration.

Then Jehoahaz sought the favor of the LORD
The phrase "sought the favor" comes from the Hebrew root "ḥālal," which means to entreat or to seek earnestly. This indicates a sincere and humble approach by Jehoahaz, the king of Israel, acknowledging his dependence on God. Historically, this reflects a period when Israel was under severe threat from external forces, particularly the Arameans. Jehoahaz's action is significant as it demonstrates a turning point where a leader recognizes the need for divine intervention, a theme recurrent throughout the Old Testament where God’s people return to Him in times of distress.

and the LORD listened to him
The Hebrew word for "listened" is "šāmaʿ," which implies not just hearing but responding favorably. This highlights the responsiveness of God to the genuine cries of His people. In the broader scriptural context, it underscores the covenant relationship between God and Israel, where God remains faithful even when His people falter. This is a powerful reminder of God’s grace and mercy, emphasizing that He is always ready to listen and act when His people turn back to Him with sincere hearts.

for He saw the oppression of Israel
The term "oppression" is derived from the Hebrew "lāḥaṣ," meaning pressure or distress. This word paints a vivid picture of the suffering and hardship faced by Israel under the domination of the Arameans. Historically, this period was marked by military defeats and subjugation, which were often seen as consequences of Israel's disobedience to God. Yet, God’s awareness of their plight shows His compassion and concern for His people’s suffering, reinforcing the biblical theme that God is a just and caring ruler who is moved by the afflictions of His people.

how the king of Aram was oppressing them
The "king of Aram" refers to the rulers of the Aramean kingdom, a persistent adversary of Israel during this era. The historical context here is crucial, as it was a time of frequent conflicts between Israel and Aram, with the latter often having the upper hand. This phrase not only identifies the source of Israel's suffering but also serves as a backdrop for God’s deliverance. It reminds readers of the cyclical nature of Israel’s history, where periods of oppression often led to repentance and divine rescue, illustrating God’s sovereignty over nations and His ultimate control over history.

So the LORD gave
The phrase begins with the acknowledgment of divine intervention. The Hebrew root for "LORD" is "YHWH," the sacred name of God, emphasizing His sovereignty and covenantal faithfulness. The word "gave" suggests a gift or provision, highlighting God's grace and mercy towards Israel despite their recurring disobedience. This act of giving is a reminder of God's unchanging nature and His willingness to rescue His people when they turn to Him.

Israel a deliverer
The term "deliverer" in Hebrew is "moshia," which can mean savior or rescuer. Historically, God raised up leaders or judges to deliver Israel from oppression, such as Othniel, Ehud, and Gideon. This deliverance is a foreshadowing of the ultimate deliverer, Jesus Christ, who provides spiritual salvation. The deliverer in this context is likely a military leader or king who God empowered to defeat the Arameans, demonstrating God's control over nations and His ability to use individuals for His purposes.

and they escaped the hand of the Arameans
The phrase "escaped the hand" implies liberation from oppression. The "hand" symbolizes power and control, indicating that the Arameans had a strong grip over Israel. Historically, the Arameans were a significant threat to Israel, often engaging in battles and exerting dominance. This escape signifies a turning point where God intervenes to break the chains of bondage, reflecting His power to deliver His people from any form of captivity.

Then the Israelites dwelt in their own homes
"Dwelt" suggests a sense of peace and stability. The Hebrew word "yashab" means to sit, remain, or dwell, indicating a return to normalcy and security. This return to their "own homes" signifies restoration and the re-establishment of their daily lives. It reflects God's desire for His people to live in peace and prosperity, enjoying the blessings of the land He promised to their forefathers.

as they had before
This phrase indicates a restoration to a former state of peace and autonomy. It suggests a return to the conditions before the Aramean oppression, highlighting God's ability to restore what was lost. Historically, Israel's cycles of sin, oppression, repentance, and deliverance are evident throughout the Old Testament. This restoration is a testament to God's faithfulness and His commitment to His covenant with Israel, offering hope that He can restore and renew even after periods of hardship and rebellion.

Nevertheless, they did not turn away from the sins of the house of Jeroboam
This phrase highlights the persistent disobedience of Israel. The Hebrew root for "turn away" is "שׁוּב" (shuv), meaning to return or repent. Despite opportunities for repentance, Israel continued in the idolatrous practices initiated by Jeroboam, the first king of the northern kingdom. Historically, Jeroboam's sins involved setting up golden calves in Bethel and Dan (1 Kings 12:28-30), leading Israel into idolatry. This phrase underscores the tragic pattern of Israel's spiritual infidelity and the difficulty of breaking free from entrenched sin.

which he had caused Israel to commit
The phrase "caused Israel to commit" indicates the influential role of leadership in shaping the spiritual direction of a nation. Jeroboam's actions had long-lasting effects, leading the people into sin. The Hebrew word "חָטָא" (chata) means to miss the mark or to sin. This highlights the responsibility of leaders to guide their people toward righteousness. The historical context shows that Jeroboam's idolatry was a deliberate attempt to prevent the Israelites from returning to Jerusalem to worship, thus securing his political power at the cost of spiritual truth.

and they continued in them
The continuation in sin reflects a stubbornness and unwillingness to change. The Hebrew word "הָלַךְ" (halak) means to walk or to go, suggesting a lifestyle or habitual practice. This phrase indicates that the people of Israel were entrenched in their sinful ways, walking in the path of idolatry rather than seeking the Lord. It serves as a warning of the dangers of habitual sin and the importance of repentance and turning back to God.

The Asherah pole also remained standing in Samaria
The "Asherah pole" was a symbol of the Canaanite goddess Asherah, often associated with fertility and worshiped alongside Baal. The presence of the Asherah pole in Samaria, the capital of the northern kingdom, signifies the deep-rooted idolatry that persisted despite prophetic warnings. Archaeological findings have uncovered similar poles and altars, confirming the widespread nature of such practices. This phrase serves as a reminder of the spiritual compromise and syncretism that plagued Israel, highlighting the need for exclusive devotion to the one true God.

Nothing had been left
This phrase underscores the totality of the devastation experienced by the army of Jehoahaz. In the Hebrew text, the word "nothing" (אַיִן, 'ayin) conveys a sense of absolute absence, emphasizing the complete depletion of military resources. This reflects the dire consequences of Israel's disobedience to God, as they faced the repercussions of their actions through the loss of their military strength.

the army of Jehoahaz
Jehoahaz was the king of Israel, and his reign was marked by spiritual decline and military defeat. The term "army" (חַיִל, chayil) in Hebrew often denotes not just military might but also valor and strength. The depletion of Jehoahaz's army signifies the weakening of Israel's national power and the loss of divine favor due to their idolatry and sin.

except fifty horsemen, ten chariots, and ten thousand foot soldiers
This enumeration of the remaining forces highlights the meager remnants of what was once a formidable army. The numbers are symbolic of a drastically reduced military capability. In ancient Near Eastern warfare, horsemen and chariots were crucial for battle, and their scarcity here indicates a significant strategic disadvantage. The mention of "ten thousand foot soldiers" might seem substantial, but in the context of ancient armies, it was insufficient for effective defense or offense.

for the king of Aram had destroyed them
The king of Aram, likely Hazael or his son Ben-Hadad, was a persistent adversary of Israel. The Hebrew verb "destroyed" (שָׁחַת, shachat) implies a thorough and deliberate act of devastation. This reflects the historical context of Aram's military campaigns against Israel, which were allowed by God as a form of judgment against Israel's unfaithfulness.

and made them like the dust at threshing
This simile vividly illustrates the extent of the destruction. In ancient agricultural practices, threshing involved separating grain from chaff, with the chaff being blown away like dust. The imagery of being reduced to "dust" (עָפָר, afar) conveys utter defeat and insignificance. It serves as a powerful reminder of the consequences of turning away from God, as Israel's strength was scattered and rendered inconsequential.

As for the rest of the acts of Jehoahaz
This phrase introduces a common biblical formula used in the historical books of the Old Testament. The Hebrew word for "acts" is "דְּבָרִים" (devarim), which can also mean "words" or "matters." This suggests that the chronicler is referring to the full account of Jehoahaz's reign, beyond what is recorded in the current narrative. Jehoahaz, the son of Jehu, was a king of Israel whose reign was marked by both political and spiritual challenges. His "acts" would include his political maneuvers, military campaigns, and religious policies, reflecting the complexity of his leadership in a time of national decline.

along with all his accomplishments
The term "accomplishments" in Hebrew is "גְּבוּרָה" (gevurah), which can also be translated as "mighty deeds" or "heroic acts." This indicates that Jehoahaz had notable achievements during his reign, despite the overarching narrative of Israel's struggles. Historically, this could refer to his efforts to defend Israel against external threats, particularly from the Arameans. The mention of his accomplishments serves as a reminder that even in times of national apostasy, God can work through leaders to achieve His purposes.

and his might
The word "might" is translated from the Hebrew "כֹּחַ" (koach), meaning strength or power. This highlights Jehoahaz's personal capabilities and the strength he exhibited as a leader. In the biblical context, a king's might was often demonstrated through military prowess and the ability to maintain order and justice. However, the true measure of a king's might in the biblical narrative is often tied to his faithfulness to God, which Jehoahaz struggled with, as indicated by the spiritual decline during his reign.

are they not written in the Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Israel?
This rhetorical question points to a common practice in ancient Near Eastern cultures of maintaining detailed annals or records of a king's reign. The "Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Israel" is a lost historical document that presumably contained a more comprehensive account of the reigns of the kings of Israel. This reference underscores the historical reliability of the biblical narrative, suggesting that the events recorded were well-documented and known to the original audience. It also serves as a reminder of the limitations of the biblical text, which focuses on theological rather than exhaustive historical detail, emphasizing God's sovereignty and the spiritual lessons to be learned from Israel's history.

And Jehoahaz rested
The phrase "rested" is a common biblical euphemism for death, indicating a peaceful transition from life to the afterlife. In Hebrew, the word used is "שָׁכַב" (shakab), which can mean to lie down or to rest. This term reflects the hope of a believer in the Old Testament for a peaceful repose after a life of faithfulness, despite Jehoahaz's mixed legacy. It suggests a return to the earth and a hope for resurrection, a concept that is more fully developed in the New Testament.

with his fathers
This phrase indicates burial in a family tomb, a common practice in ancient Israel. It signifies continuity with one's ancestors and a connection to the covenant promises given to the patriarchs. The phrase also implies a sense of belonging and identity within the community of God's people, even in death. It reflects the biblical theme of generational faithfulness and the hope that one's descendants will continue in the covenant relationship with God.

and was buried in Samaria
Samaria was the capital of the Northern Kingdom of Israel, established by King Omri. The burial of Jehoahaz in Samaria signifies his status as a king of Israel, despite the spiritual and political turmoil of his reign. Archaeological evidence from Samaria reveals a city of significant importance and wealth, though often marked by idolatry and apostasy. This burial location underscores the tension between the political achievements and spiritual failures of Israel's kings.

And his son Joash became king in his place
The succession of Joash (also known as Jehoash) to the throne highlights the dynastic continuity in the Northern Kingdom. The name "Joash" means "Yahweh has given," reflecting a hope that his reign would be a gift from God, despite the challenges he would face. This transition of power is a reminder of God's sovereignty over the nations and His ability to work through imperfect leaders to accomplish His purposes. The biblical narrative often emphasizes the importance of righteous leadership and the consequences of turning away from God's commandments.

In the thirty-seventh year of Joash king of Judah
This phrase sets the historical context for the reign of Jehoash, son of Jehoahaz. Joash, also known as Jehoash, was the king of Judah, and his reign is used as a chronological marker. The use of regnal years to date events was common in ancient Near Eastern cultures, providing a framework for understanding the timeline of Israel's history. Joash's reign in Judah was marked by a return to the worship of Yahweh, following the idolatry of previous kings. This context highlights the contrast between the spiritual state of Judah and Israel during this period.

Jehoash son of Jehoahaz
Jehoash, also referred to as Joash in some translations, was the son of Jehoahaz, who was a king of Israel. The name Jehoash means "Yahweh has given," reflecting the theophoric element common in Hebrew names, which often invoked the name of God. This naming convention underscores the cultural and religious significance of acknowledging God's sovereignty and provision, even in times of national apostasy.

became king of Israel
Jehoash's ascension to the throne of Israel marks a continuation of the dynastic line, despite the spiritual decline of the northern kingdom. The political landscape of Israel during this time was tumultuous, with frequent conflicts with neighboring nations such as Aram (Syria). The kingship of Israel was often characterized by a departure from the covenantal faithfulness expected by God, as the nation struggled with idolatry and disobedience.

and he reigned in Samaria
Samaria was the capital of the northern kingdom of Israel, established by King Omri. It served as the political and religious center of Israel, though it was often associated with idolatry and syncretism. The city's strategic location made it a focal point for both trade and military campaigns. The mention of Samaria here emphasizes the centrality of the city in the governance and spiritual life of Israel, despite its association with practices contrary to the worship of Yahweh.

sixteen years
The duration of Jehoash's reign is significant in understanding the stability and continuity of leadership in Israel during this period. Sixteen years represents a relatively moderate reign, allowing for both the potential for reform and the continuation of existing policies. The length of a king's reign often reflected God's judgment or blessing upon the nation, with longer reigns sometimes indicating a period of relative peace or prosperity, despite the spiritual failings of the leadership.

He did evil in the sight of the LORD
This phrase underscores the moral and spiritual evaluation from God's perspective. The Hebrew word for "evil" is "רַע" (ra), which conveys not just moral wickedness but also actions that are harmful and destructive. In the biblical context, doing evil "in the sight of the LORD" emphasizes that God is the ultimate judge of human actions. This phrase serves as a reminder that God sees all actions and judges them according to His holy standards. It calls believers to live with an awareness of God's omnipresence and righteousness.

and did not turn away
The Hebrew root for "turn away" is "שׁוּב" (shuv), which means to return or repent. This phrase indicates a stubbornness or refusal to repent and change one's ways. In the biblical narrative, repentance is a central theme, and the failure to turn away from sin is a significant spiritual failure. This highlights the importance of repentance in the life of a believer, emphasizing that true repentance involves a decisive turning away from sin and a return to God.

from all the sins of Jeroboam son of Nebat
Jeroboam, the first king of the northern kingdom of Israel, is often remembered for leading Israel into idolatry. The "sins of Jeroboam" refer to the establishment of golden calves in Bethel and Dan, which led Israel into false worship. The phrase "son of Nebat" is a historical marker, grounding the narrative in a specific lineage and time. This serves as a warning against the long-lasting impact of sin and false leadership, reminding believers of the importance of faithfulness to God's commandments.

who had caused Israel to sin
This phrase highlights the influence of leadership on a nation's spiritual direction. The Hebrew word for "caused to sin" is "חָטָא" (chata), which means to miss the mark or to lead astray. Jeroboam's actions had a corporate impact, leading the entire nation into sin. This serves as a sobering reminder of the responsibility of leaders to guide their people in righteousness and the consequences of leading others into sin.

he continued in them
The persistence in sin is emphasized here. The Hebrew conveys a sense of ongoing action, indicating that the king not only followed in Jeroboam's footsteps but actively maintained the sinful practices. This phrase serves as a cautionary note about the dangers of habitual sin and the difficulty of breaking free from entrenched sinful patterns. It calls believers to vigilance in their spiritual walk, encouraging them to seek God's strength to overcome persistent sin.

As for the rest of the acts of Jehoash
The phrase "the rest of the acts" suggests a summary or conclusion of Jehoash's reign, indicating that what follows is a brief account of his deeds. The Hebrew word for "acts" is "ma'aseh," which often refers to deeds or works. This implies that Jehoash's reign was marked by significant actions, both good and bad, that were noteworthy enough to be recorded. In a broader biblical context, this phrase reminds us that God is aware of all human actions, and they are recorded in His divine ledger.

along with all his accomplishments
The term "accomplishments" in Hebrew is "gevurah," which can also mean "strength" or "mighty deeds." This highlights Jehoash's achievements and the impact of his leadership. Historically, kings were often judged by their military and political successes, and this phrase underscores the importance of such accomplishments in the ancient Near Eastern context. It serves as a reminder that while human achievements are noteworthy, they should ultimately glorify God.

and his might with which he fought
"Might" is translated from the Hebrew word "koach," meaning strength or power. This emphasizes Jehoash's military prowess and the strength he exhibited in battle. The phrase "with which he fought" indicates active engagement in warfare, a common aspect of kingship in ancient Israel. This reflects the turbulent times in which Jehoash lived, where kings were often defined by their ability to defend and expand their territories.

against Amaziah king of Judah
This phrase identifies Amaziah as the adversary, situating the narrative within the larger context of the divided kingdom of Israel and Judah. The historical enmity and occasional alliances between these two kingdoms are well-documented in the Bible. This conflict with Amaziah highlights the political and military tensions of the period, reminding us of the consequences of division among God's people.

are they not written in the Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Israel?
This rhetorical question points to an external source, the "Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Israel," which served as a historical record of the reigns of the kings. The use of this phrase suggests that the biblical account is a summary, and more detailed records existed at the time. It underscores the importance of historical documentation and the reliability of Scripture, as it often references other sources to corroborate its narratives. This phrase also invites readers to consider the broader historical context of the biblical events, encouraging a deeper exploration of God's unfolding plan through history.

And Jehoash rested with his fathers
The phrase "rested with his fathers" is a common biblical euphemism for death, indicating that Jehoash, the king of Israel, passed away. The Hebrew root for "rested" is "שָׁכַב" (shakab), which means to lie down or to sleep, symbolizing the peaceful transition from life to death for those who are in covenant with God. This phrase also implies a continuity of lineage and tradition, as Jehoash joins his ancestors, suggesting a sense of belonging and heritage within the history of Israel.

and Jeroboam sat on his throne
"Jeroboam" here refers to Jeroboam II, the son of Jehoash, who succeeded him as king. The act of "sitting on his throne" signifies the transfer of royal authority and the continuation of the dynastic line. The throne is a symbol of power and governance, and Jeroboam's ascension marks a new chapter in the leadership of Israel. Historically, Jeroboam II's reign was marked by territorial expansion and prosperity, although it was also a time of spiritual decline, as recorded by the prophets Amos and Hosea.

Jehoash was buried in Samaria
The burial of Jehoash in Samaria, the capital of the Northern Kingdom of Israel, underscores the significance of this city as a political and cultural center. Samaria was established by King Omri and became the seat of power for the kings of Israel. Archaeological findings in Samaria reveal its importance and the wealth of the kingdom during this period. The burial of a king in the capital city signifies honor and recognition of his status and contributions to the nation.

with the kings of Israel
This phrase indicates that Jehoash was interred in the royal burial grounds, alongside other monarchs of Israel. It reflects the tradition of honoring past leaders and maintaining a record of the royal lineage. The mention of "the kings of Israel" serves as a reminder of the divided monarchy, with Israel in the north and Judah in the south, each with its own line of kings. This division, rooted in the rebellion against Solomon's son Rehoboam, had significant implications for the spiritual and political landscape of the Hebrew people.

When Elisha had fallen ill
The phrase indicates a significant moment in the life of the prophet Elisha, who had been a powerful instrument of God in Israel. The Hebrew root for "fallen ill" (חָלָה, chaláh) suggests a severe and debilitating condition. This moment marks the beginning of the end of Elisha's earthly ministry, highlighting the human frailty even of God's chosen servants. It serves as a reminder that physical ailments are part of the human experience, even for those who walk closely with God.

with the sickness from which he was to die
This phrase underscores the inevitability of death, a consequence of the Fall, as described in Genesis. Elisha's impending death is a poignant reminder of the mortality that all humans face. Despite his miraculous works and divine calling, Elisha is not exempt from the common fate of humanity. This serves to emphasize the hope of eternal life and resurrection, which is a cornerstone of Christian belief.

Joash king of Israel went down to see him
Joash's visit to Elisha is significant, as it shows the respect and recognition of Elisha's influence and authority, even by the king. The act of "going down" suggests humility and urgency. Historically, Joash was not known for his piety, yet his visit indicates the deep impact Elisha had on the nation. This interaction highlights the role of prophets as intermediaries between God and the rulers of Israel.

and wept over him
The king's weeping is a powerful expression of grief and respect. In the Hebrew culture, weeping was a common expression of deep sorrow and lamentation. Joash's tears reflect the loss of a spiritual leader and the fear of losing divine guidance. This moment captures the emotional bond between the prophet and the people he served, illustrating the profound impact of a godly life.

saying, 'My father, my father'
The repetition of "my father" signifies a deep respect and personal connection. In ancient Israel, calling someone "father" was a term of honor and endearment, acknowledging Elisha's role as a spiritual mentor and guide. This phrase echoes the words of Elisha himself when Elijah was taken up to heaven (2 Kings 2:12), creating a parallel between the two prophets and their legacies.

the chariots and horsemen of Israel!
This metaphorical expression refers to the spiritual power and protection that Elisha represented for Israel. Chariots and horsemen were symbols of military strength and security. By calling Elisha this, Joash acknowledges that the true strength of Israel lies not in its military might but in the spiritual leadership and divine favor that Elisha embodied. This highlights the biblical theme that God's power is made perfect in weakness and that spiritual forces are more significant than physical ones.

Elisha told him
The prophet Elisha, a significant figure in the Old Testament, is known for his role as a miracle worker and a messenger of God. His name in Hebrew, "אֱלִישָׁע" (Elisha), means "God is salvation," which underscores his divine mission to guide and deliver Israel. In this context, Elisha's instruction is not merely a human command but a divine directive, reflecting his role as God's spokesperson. Historically, prophets like Elisha were pivotal in guiding the kings of Israel, often providing counsel that was crucial for the nation's survival and spiritual fidelity.

Take a bow and some arrows
The bow and arrows symbolize warfare and deliverance. In ancient Israel, these were common weapons, representing strength and the means to achieve victory. The Hebrew word for bow, "קֶשֶׁת" (qeshet), often signifies God's empowerment in battle. This phrase indicates a preparatory action for a prophetic act, where physical objects are used to convey a spiritual truth. The act of taking up arms under Elisha's instruction suggests that divine intervention often requires human participation. It is a reminder that while God orchestrates victory, He often calls His people to act in faith and obedience.

So he did
This phrase highlights obedience and faith. The king's compliance with Elisha's command reflects a trust in the prophet's words and, by extension, in God's promise. In the historical context of Israel, obedience to prophetic instruction was crucial for receiving God's blessing and protection. This act of obedience is a model for believers, illustrating the importance of responding to God's guidance with immediate and complete trust. It serves as an inspirational reminder that faith is often demonstrated through action, and that divine promises are realized through human cooperation with God's will.

Then Elisha said
Elisha, the prophet and successor of Elijah, is a central figure in this narrative. His role as a prophet is to convey God's will to the people and their leaders. The Hebrew root for "said" (אָמַר, 'amar) often implies not just speaking, but delivering a message of importance or command. Elisha's words are not merely suggestions; they carry divine authority and purpose, reflecting his role as God's mouthpiece.

to the king of Israel
The king of Israel at this time is Jehoash (also spelled Joash), who reigned during a period of spiritual decline and political instability. The historical context is crucial here, as Israel was under threat from the Arameans. The king's interaction with Elisha signifies a moment of seeking divine intervention in the midst of national crisis. This highlights the importance of seeking God's guidance through His prophets, even when the nation is not fully aligned with His ways.

Put your hand on the bow
The bow is a symbol of warfare and strength. In ancient Near Eastern culture, the bow was a primary weapon of battle, representing military might and readiness. The act of putting one's hand on the bow signifies preparation for action and reliance on God's guidance for victory. The Hebrew word for "bow" (קֶשֶׁת, qeshet) is often associated with God's deliverance and protection, as seen in other scriptural contexts.

So the king put his hand on the bow
This act of obedience by the king is significant. Despite the spiritual waywardness of Israel, the king's compliance with Elisha's instruction demonstrates a moment of humility and recognition of the need for divine assistance. It is a physical act that symbolizes a deeper spiritual submission to God's will, acknowledging that victory comes not by human strength alone but through divine intervention.

and Elisha put his hands on the king’s hands
Elisha's action of placing his hands on the king's hands is rich with symbolic meaning. It represents the transfer of divine power and blessing. In the Hebrew tradition, the laying on of hands often signifies the impartation of authority, blessing, or healing. Here, it underscores the partnership between divine guidance and human action. Elisha's involvement indicates that the forthcoming victory is not merely a result of human effort but is orchestrated by God's sovereign will.

Open the east window
The phrase "Open the east window" is significant in its directional choice. In ancient Israel, the east often symbolized the direction of divine intervention and new beginnings, as the sun rises in the east. The Hebrew word for "east" is "qedem," which can also mean "ancient" or "eternal," suggesting a connection to God's eternal nature and His timeless promises. By instructing the king to open the east window, Elisha is symbolically inviting God's presence and power into the situation, aligning the king's actions with divine will.

said Elisha
Elisha, whose name means "God is salvation," is a central prophetic figure in the narrative. His role as a prophet is to convey God's messages and intentions to the people and their leaders. In this context, Elisha acts as a mediator of God's will, guiding the king to act in faith. His authority is not of his own but is derived from his relationship with God, emphasizing the importance of spiritual leadership that is rooted in divine guidance.

So he opened it
The king's obedience in opening the window demonstrates his willingness to follow prophetic instruction. This act of obedience is crucial, as it sets the stage for the subsequent prophetic action. In the biblical narrative, obedience to God's commands often precedes divine intervention and blessing. The king's compliance reflects a moment of faith and submission to God's plan, which is essential for the fulfillment of the prophecy.

and Elisha said, 'Shoot!'
The command to "Shoot!" is a directive for action. In the Hebrew context, the act of shooting an arrow can symbolize launching an initiative or beginning a campaign. This action is not merely physical but carries spiritual significance, representing the initiation of God's deliverance. The imperative form of the verb underscores the urgency and importance of acting in faith, trusting in God's promise of victory.

So he shot
The king's action in shooting the arrow signifies his participation in God's plan. It is a tangible expression of faith, as he acts upon the prophetic word given by Elisha. This moment highlights the partnership between divine sovereignty and human responsibility, where God's promises are realized through human action in obedience to His word.

And Elisha declared
Elisha's declaration serves as a prophetic confirmation of the symbolic act. In the biblical tradition, a prophet's declaration is not merely a prediction but an authoritative pronouncement of God's will. Elisha's words carry the weight of divine authority, affirming the significance of the king's action and the certainty of God's promise.

This is the LORD’s arrow of victory
The phrase "the LORD’s arrow of victory" identifies the arrow as a symbol of divine intervention and triumph. The Hebrew word for "victory" is "teshuah," which can also mean "deliverance" or "salvation." This emphasizes that the victory is not by human might but by the LORD's power. The arrow represents God's active involvement in the deliverance of His people, assuring them of His support and strength in their battles.

the arrow of victory over Aram
The specific mention of "victory over Aram" identifies the enemy and the scope of God's deliverance. Aram, a recurrent adversary of Israel, represents the challenges and oppressions faced by God's people. The promise of victory over Aram is a reassurance of God's commitment to protect and deliver His people from their enemies, reinforcing the theme of divine faithfulness and protection.

for you shall strike the Arameans in Aphek
The location "Aphek" is historically significant as a site of previous battles between Israel and Aram. By specifying Aphek, the prophecy connects to Israel's history of conflict and God's past interventions. The promise that the king "shall strike the Arameans" indicates a decisive victory, suggesting that God will empower Israel to overcome their adversaries completely.

until you have put an end to them
The phrase "until you have put an end to them" underscores the completeness of the promised victory. It assures the king that the deliverance will be thorough and final, leaving no room for the enemy to regroup or retaliate. This promise of total victory reflects God's ultimate authority over all nations and His ability to bring about complete deliverance for His people, encouraging believers to trust in His power to overcome any opposition.

Then he said
This phrase introduces a directive from Elisha, the prophet, to the king of Israel. In the Hebrew text, the word for "said" is "אָמַר" (amar), which is often used to convey a command or instruction from a person of authority. This highlights the role of prophets in Israel as messengers of God's will, emphasizing the importance of obedience to divine instruction.

Take the arrows
The command to "take" (לָקַח, laqach) signifies an action of receiving or grasping something with intent. Arrows in ancient Israel were not only weapons of war but also symbols of deliverance and divine intervention. The act of taking the arrows is symbolic of preparing for action, suggesting readiness to engage in the spiritual battle that God is orchestrating.

and he took them
The king's compliance with Elisha's command is immediate, indicating a recognition of the prophet's authority. This obedience is crucial in the narrative, as it sets the stage for the subsequent prophetic act. The Hebrew verb "לָקַח" (laqach) is repeated, underscoring the importance of following divine instructions precisely.

And Elisha said to the king of Israel
Elisha, whose name means "God is salvation," serves as God's mouthpiece. His interaction with the king of Israel reflects the ongoing relationship between God and His chosen people, even during times of national apostasy. The king of Israel, though often wayward, is still the recipient of God's guidance through His prophet.

Strike the ground
The instruction to "strike" (נָכָה, nakah) the ground is a symbolic act. In the ancient Near Eastern context, physical actions often represented spiritual realities. Striking the ground with arrows signifies an act of faith and a prophetic declaration of victory over enemies. The ground, representing the land of Israel, is to be claimed through this symbolic gesture.

So he struck the ground three times and stopped
The king's action of striking the ground "three times" and then stopping reveals a partial obedience or lack of full understanding of the prophetic act's significance. The number three in biblical numerology often signifies completeness or divine perfection, yet here it suggests an incomplete action. The king's cessation after three strikes indicates a limitation in his faith or vision, which later results in a limited victory over his enemies.

So the man of God
This phrase refers to Elisha, a prominent prophet in Israel. The title "man of God" underscores his divine calling and authority. In Hebrew, "man of God" is "ish ha-Elohim," indicating someone who speaks on behalf of God. Elisha's role as a prophet was to guide, instruct, and sometimes rebuke the kings and people of Israel, serving as a conduit for God's will.

was angry with him
Elisha's anger is not personal but righteous, reflecting God's disappointment. The Hebrew word for "angry" here is "qatsaph," which conveys a sense of indignation or wrath. This emotion is directed at King Jehoash's lack of faith and understanding. Elisha's anger is a teaching moment, emphasizing the importance of complete trust and obedience to God's instructions.

and said, 'You should have struck the ground five or six times
The act of striking the ground symbolizes an act of faith and determination. In the ancient Near Eastern context, physical actions often represented spiritual realities. The number "five or six" suggests completeness and thoroughness. Elisha's instruction implies that a more persistent and vigorous response would have resulted in a total victory over Aram.

then you would have struck down Aram until you had put an end to it
This phrase highlights the potential for total victory that was lost due to half-hearted action. The Hebrew word for "struck down" is "nakah," meaning to defeat or destroy. The historical context here is the ongoing conflict between Israel and Aram (modern-day Syria), where God was willing to grant Israel complete deliverance if the king had demonstrated greater faith.

But now you will strike down Aram only three times
The limitation to "three times" signifies a partial victory. The number three in Hebrew culture often represents completeness, but in this context, it indicates a limited success due to the king's insufficient faith. This serves as a cautionary tale about the consequences of not fully trusting in God's promises and instructions.

So Elisha died
The phrase marks the end of the earthly life of Elisha, a prophet who succeeded Elijah and performed numerous miracles. The Hebrew root for "died" is "mût," which signifies a physical death but also implies a transition to another state of existence. Elisha's death is significant as it marks the end of an era of prophetic ministry that was characterized by powerful acts of God. His life and ministry were a testament to God's faithfulness and power, and his death reminds us of the mortality of even the most faithful servants of God.

and they buried him
The act of burial was a customary practice in ancient Israel, signifying respect and honor for the deceased. The Hebrew word for "buried" is "qābar," which involves the act of placing the body in a tomb or grave. This practice reflects the belief in the sanctity of the body and the hope of resurrection. Elisha's burial signifies the community's acknowledgment of his role as a prophet and their respect for his contributions to Israel's spiritual life.

Now the Moabite raiders
The Moabites were descendants of Lot and often in conflict with Israel. The term "raiders" suggests bands of warriors who would invade and plunder. Historically, Moab was located east of the Dead Sea, and its people were frequently at odds with Israel. The presence of Moabite raiders indicates a time of instability and vulnerability for Israel, highlighting the ongoing challenges the nation faced from surrounding enemies.

used to come into the land
This phrase suggests a recurring problem, indicating that the Moabite incursions were not isolated incidents but a regular threat. The Hebrew verb "bô'" means "to come" or "to enter," implying an invasion or unwelcome intrusion. This reflects the constant state of tension and conflict in the region, as Israel had to defend its territory against frequent external threats.

every spring
The timing of these raids in the spring is significant, as it was the season when kings typically went to war (2 Samuel 11:1). Spring was also a time of harvest, making it an opportune moment for raiders to attack and seize crops. The cyclical nature of these raids underscores the persistent challenges Israel faced and the need for divine protection and guidance. This context serves as a reminder of the spiritual battles believers face and the importance of relying on God's strength and provision.

Once, as the Israelites were burying a man
This phrase sets the scene in a time of turmoil and danger for Israel. The Israelites, God's chosen people, were often under threat from surrounding nations. The act of burying signifies a moment of vulnerability and respect for the dead, a practice deeply rooted in Jewish tradition. The Hebrew context here emphasizes the sacredness of burial rites, which were an essential part of honoring the deceased.

suddenly they saw a raiding party
The sudden appearance of a raiding party highlights the constant threat and instability faced by Israel during this period. Historically, Israel was often besieged by neighboring nations, and these raids were common. The Hebrew word for "raiding party" suggests a group of marauders or bandits, emphasizing the danger and urgency of the situation.

so they threw the man’s body into Elisha’s tomb
In their haste and fear, the Israelites made a desperate decision to dispose of the body quickly. Elisha, a prominent prophet in Israel, was known for his miracles and close relationship with God. The tomb of Elisha would have been considered a sacred place, and the act of throwing the body into it, though done in panic, signifies a divine intersection between life and death.

When the body touched Elisha’s bones
This phrase marks the miraculous turning point in the narrative. The bones of Elisha, though lifeless, still carried the power of God. In Hebrew tradition, bones were often seen as the essence of a person, and here they symbolize the enduring power of God's spirit working through His prophet. This moment underscores the belief in the power of God to transcend death.

the man came to life and stood up on his feet
The resurrection of the man is a powerful testament to God's sovereignty over life and death. This miracle serves as a foreshadowing of the resurrection power that would later be fully revealed in Jesus Christ. The phrase "stood up on his feet" signifies not just physical revival but a restoration to wholeness and purpose. It is a vivid reminder of the hope and life that God offers to His people, even in the most dire circumstances.

Hazael king of Aram
The name "Hazael" is of Hebrew origin, meaning "God has seen." Hazael was a significant figure in the history of Israel, known for his aggressive military campaigns. As king of Aram (modern-day Syria), he was a formidable adversary to Israel. Historically, Hazael's reign is well-documented in both biblical and extra-biblical sources, such as the Assyrian inscriptions, which confirm his military prowess and expansionist policies. His kingship represents a period of divine testing for Israel, as God allowed foreign powers to rise against His people due to their disobedience.

oppressed Israel
The Hebrew root for "oppressed" is "lachats," which conveys a sense of pressure, distress, or affliction. This oppression was not merely military but also spiritual and economic, as Israel faced constant threats and incursions. Theologically, this oppression can be seen as a consequence of Israel's idolatry and failure to adhere to the covenant with Yahweh. It serves as a reminder of the importance of faithfulness to God and the repercussions of turning away from His commandments.

throughout the reign of Jehoahaz
Jehoahaz was the son of Jehu and reigned over Israel for seventeen years. His reign is characterized by a continuation of the spiritual decline initiated by his predecessors. Despite his efforts to seek the Lord's favor, as noted earlier in the chapter, his reign was marked by continued idolatry and failure to remove the high places. The phrase "throughout the reign" indicates a prolonged period of suffering and subjugation, emphasizing the enduring nature of God's discipline when His people stray from His ways. This serves as a sobering reminder of the need for genuine repentance and the restoration of covenantal faithfulness.

But the LORD
The phrase "But the LORD" introduces a contrast to the preceding narrative, highlighting God's intervention. In Hebrew, "LORD" is "Yahweh," the covenant name of God, emphasizing His eternal and unchanging nature. This name is a reminder of God's faithfulness and sovereignty, setting the stage for His actions that follow.

was gracious to them
The Hebrew root for "gracious" is "chanan," which conveys the idea of favor and mercy. God's grace is unmerited and reflects His lovingkindness. In the context of Israel's repeated disobedience, this grace underscores God's enduring patience and willingness to forgive, a theme that resonates throughout the Old and New Testaments.

and had compassion
The word "compassion" comes from the Hebrew "racham," which is often associated with a deep, tender love akin to that of a parent for a child. This term illustrates God's emotional response to His people, highlighting His empathy and desire to alleviate their suffering despite their shortcomings.

and showed concern for them
The phrase "showed concern" is derived from the Hebrew "panah," meaning to turn towards or pay attention. This indicates God's active involvement and attentiveness to the needs of His people. It reflects a personal and relational God who is not distant but intimately aware of and responsive to the plight of His people.

because of His covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob
The "covenant" refers to the solemn agreement God made with the patriarchs, promising them descendants, land, and blessings. This covenant is foundational to Israel's identity and history. It underscores God's faithfulness to His promises, which are not contingent on human actions but on His steadfast character.

To this day
This phrase emphasizes the continuity and enduring nature of God's faithfulness. It serves as a reminder that God's promises and actions are not confined to the past but are relevant and active in the present. It reassures believers of the constancy of God's character and His ongoing commitment to His people.

He has been unwilling to destroy them
The reluctance to "destroy" highlights God's mercy and long-suffering. Despite Israel's repeated failures, God chooses preservation over destruction. This reflects His desire for repentance and restoration rather than judgment, a theme echoed in the prophetic books and the New Testament.

or cast them from His presence
The concept of being "cast from His presence" signifies separation from God's favor and protection. In the ancient Near Eastern context, being in the presence of a deity was associated with blessing and security. God's refusal to cast Israel away underscores His commitment to maintaining a relationship with His people, despite their unfaithfulness.

When Hazael king of Aram died
The phrase begins with the death of Hazael, a significant figure in the history of Israel and Aram. Hazael's reign is marked by his aggressive expansion and conflict with Israel, as seen in earlier chapters. The Hebrew root for "died" (מוּת, "muth") often signifies not just physical death but the end of an era or influence. Hazael's death marks a transition in the power dynamics of the region. Historically, Hazael was a formidable adversary, and his death would have been a moment of potential relief and uncertainty for Israel. Archaeological evidence, such as the Tel Dan Stele, corroborates Hazael's existence and his military campaigns, providing a tangible connection to the biblical narrative.

his son Ben-hadad
The succession of Ben-hadad, whose name means "son of Hadad," the storm god, indicates the continuation of a dynasty that was deeply intertwined with the religious and cultural identity of Aram. The name "Ben-hadad" was common among Aramean kings, suggesting a legacy or tradition that each king was expected to uphold. This continuity of leadership could imply stability or a continuation of Hazael's policies, which were often hostile towards Israel. Theologically, this transition reminds us of the cyclical nature of earthly kingdoms and the enduring sovereignty of God over all nations.

became king in his place
The phrase signifies the transfer of power, a common occurrence in monarchies, yet each transition carried its own implications for the surrounding nations. The Hebrew word for "became" (מָלַךְ, "malak") implies ruling or reigning, suggesting not just a change in title but the assumption of authority and responsibility. In the biblical context, the rise of a new king often brought changes in political alliances and military strategies. For Israel, Ben-hadad's ascension could mean a continuation of hostilities or an opportunity for new diplomatic relations. Scripturally, this transition serves as a reminder of the temporal nature of human power and the ultimate authority of God, who raises and deposes kings according to His divine plan.

Then Jehoash son of Jehoahaz
The name "Jehoash" means "Yahweh has given," reflecting the belief that his kingship was a divine gift. As the son of Jehoahaz, Jehoash represents a continuation of the royal lineage of Israel, which was often seen as a sign of God's enduring covenant with His people. Historically, Jehoash's reign is marked by a period of struggle and eventual victory, illustrating the cyclical nature of Israel's faithfulness and God's deliverance.

recaptured from Ben-hadad son of Hazael
The act of recapturing signifies a restoration of what was lost, a theme prevalent throughout the Bible. Ben-hadad, meaning "son of Hadad," refers to the Aramean king, a recurring adversary of Israel. Hazael, his father, was a formidable enemy who had previously oppressed Israel. This historical context highlights the ongoing conflict between Israel and Aram, underscoring the resilience and eventual triumph of God's chosen people.

the cities that had been taken in battle from his father Jehoahaz
The cities mentioned were likely strategic locations vital for the security and prosperity of Israel. The loss and subsequent recovery of these cities symbolize the ebb and flow of Israel's fortunes, often tied to their faithfulness to God. This phrase serves as a reminder of the consequences of disobedience and the hope of redemption through divine intervention.

Three times Jehoash defeated him
The number three often signifies completeness or divine perfection in the Bible. Jehoash's threefold victory over Ben-hadad can be seen as a fulfillment of God's promise and a testament to His faithfulness. This repeated success emphasizes the idea that when God is with His people, they can overcome even the most formidable foes.

and so he recovered the cities of Israel
The recovery of the cities is a powerful image of restoration and renewal. It signifies not only a physical reclaiming of territory but also a spiritual renewal for the nation of Israel. This phrase encapsulates the hope that, despite periods of loss and suffering, God's people can be restored to their former glory through His grace and power. The historical and scriptural context of this recovery serves as an inspiration for believers to trust in God's promises and His ability to restore what has been lost.