Then
The word "Then" serves as a transitional marker, indicating a continuation of the narrative and a new phase in the divine instructions given to Moses. It suggests a sequence of events, following the previous chapters where God established the laws concerning sacrifices and priestly duties. This transition underscores the ongoing revelation of God's will to His chosen leader, Moses, and sets the stage for the specific instructions that follow.

the LORD
The term "the LORD" is a translation of the Hebrew name "YHWH," often vocalized as Yahweh. This is the covenant name of God, emphasizing His eternal, self-existent nature and His faithfulness to His promises. In the context of Leviticus, it highlights God's authority and holiness, as He is the one who establishes the moral and ceremonial laws for His people. The use of this name reminds the Israelites of their unique relationship with God, who delivered them from Egypt and now calls them to live according to His standards.

said
The verb "said" indicates direct communication from God to Moses. This is not merely a suggestion or a discussion but a divine command. In the Hebrew context, the word "amar" is used, which conveys the idea of speaking with authority and purpose. This underscores the seriousness and importance of the instructions that follow, as they are not human inventions but divine mandates.

to Moses
Moses is the chosen leader and prophet through whom God communicates His laws to the Israelites. His role as mediator is crucial, as he stands between God and the people, receiving divine instructions and conveying them to the nation. Historically, Moses is a central figure in the Exodus narrative, and his leadership is pivotal in guiding the Israelites through the wilderness. The mention of Moses here reinforces his authority and responsibility in ensuring that God's laws are understood and obeyed by the people.

Speak
The Hebrew word used here is "דַּבֵּר" (daber), which is a command to communicate or declare. In the context of Leviticus, this is not merely a suggestion but a divine imperative. God is instructing Moses to convey His laws and statutes to the Israelites. This highlights the importance of communication in the covenant relationship between God and His people. It underscores the role of Moses as a mediator and prophet, tasked with delivering God's word to the nation of Israel.

to the Israelites
The term "Israelites" refers to the descendants of Jacob, also known as Israel. This designation is significant as it identifies the recipients of God's laws and covenants. Historically, the Israelites were chosen by God to be His people, set apart from other nations. This phrase emphasizes the special relationship and responsibility the Israelites have in adhering to God's commands. It also serves as a reminder of their identity and calling as a holy nation.

and tell them
The phrase "tell them" reinforces the directive given to Moses. The Hebrew root "אָמַר" (amar) implies not just speaking, but conveying a message with authority and clarity. This is a continuation of the command to "speak," emphasizing the necessity of ensuring that the message is understood and internalized by the Israelites. It reflects the seriousness with which God's instructions are to be communicated and obeyed.

I am the LORD your God
This declaration is foundational to the entire passage. The use of "I am" (אֲנִי) is reminiscent of God's self-revelation to Moses in Exodus 3:14, where He declares, "I AM WHO I AM." It asserts God's eternal and unchanging nature. The term "LORD" (יהוה, Yahweh) is the personal name of God, signifying His covenantal relationship with Israel. "Your God" personalizes this relationship, reminding the Israelites of their unique bond with the Creator. This phrase serves as both a reassurance of God's presence and authority and a call to obedience based on their covenantal relationship. It is a powerful reminder of who God is and why His commands are to be followed.

You must not follow
The Hebrew root for "follow" is "עָשָׂה" (asah), which means to do, make, or act. This command is a direct instruction from God, emphasizing the importance of obedience and the active choice to reject certain behaviors. In the context of ancient Israel, this was a call to holiness and separation from the surrounding nations. The Israelites were to be distinct, reflecting God's character rather than conforming to the world around them.

the practices of the land of Egypt
The term "practices" comes from the Hebrew "מַעֲשֶׂה" (ma'aseh), referring to deeds or actions. Egypt, where the Israelites had lived for centuries, was known for its idolatry and moral corruption. Historically, Egypt was a powerful and influential civilization, but its religious and cultural practices were contrary to the ways of Yahweh. This phrase serves as a reminder of the past bondage and the spiritual darkness from which God had delivered His people.

where you used to live
This phrase highlights the Israelites' past residency in Egypt, a place of both physical and spiritual bondage. It serves as a reminder of their former life and the transformation God intended for them. Theologically, it underscores the concept of redemption and the call to leave behind the old life of sin and embrace a new identity in God.

or follow the practices of the land of Canaan
Canaan was the land promised to the Israelites, yet it was inhabited by nations with detestable practices, including idolatry and immorality. The Hebrew word for "practices" here is the same as before, "מַעֲשֶׂה" (ma'aseh). This warning is prophetic, as God knew the temptations that lay ahead. The Canaanites' practices were an abomination to God, and Israel was to avoid them to maintain purity and fulfill their covenant relationship with Him.

to which I am bringing you
This phrase emphasizes God's sovereignty and His active role in guiding His people. The journey to Canaan was not just a physical relocation but a spiritual pilgrimage. It was a journey towards the fulfillment of God's promises. Historically, this reflects the transition from slavery to freedom, from a pagan environment to a land where they could worship Yahweh freely.

You must not walk in their customs
The Hebrew word for "walk" is "הָלַךְ" (halak), which means to go, walk, or live. This metaphorical use of "walk" implies a way of life or conduct. "Customs" comes from the Hebrew "חֻקָּה" (chuqqah), meaning statutes or ordinances. This command is a call to live according to God's laws rather than adopting the cultural norms of surrounding nations. It is a timeless principle for God's people to be in the world but not of it, maintaining a distinct identity rooted in divine truth.

You are to practice
The Hebrew root for "practice" is "עָשָׂה" (asah), which means to do, make, or execute. This word implies an active, intentional engagement with God's commands. It is not merely about passive acknowledgment but involves a deliberate effort to incorporate God's judgments into daily life. In the ancient context, this would have been understood as a call to live out one's faith through actions, reflecting a commitment to God's will.

My judgments
The term "judgments" comes from the Hebrew "מִשְׁפָּט" (mishpat), which refers to decisions or ordinances. These are divine decrees that provide guidance for moral and ethical living. Historically, these judgments were seen as God's way of establishing justice and righteousness among His people. They are not arbitrary rules but are rooted in God's character and His desire for His people to reflect His holiness.

and keep
The word "keep" is translated from the Hebrew "שָׁמַר" (shamar), meaning to guard, observe, or give heed. This suggests a vigilant and careful attention to God's statutes. It implies a protective stance, ensuring that God's laws are not only remembered but also preserved and honored in one's life. This reflects a deep respect and reverence for God's word.

My statutes
"Statutes" is derived from the Hebrew "חֻקָּה" (chuqqah), which refers to decrees or laws that are prescribed. These are specific commands given by God that define the boundaries of holy living. In the historical context of Israel, these statutes were integral to maintaining a covenant relationship with God, setting His people apart from surrounding nations.

by walking in them
The phrase "walking in them" uses the Hebrew "הָלַךְ" (halak), which means to go, walk, or live. This metaphor of walking suggests a continuous, habitual lifestyle. It indicates that adherence to God's judgments and statutes is not a one-time event but a lifelong journey. This imagery of walking is prevalent in Scripture, symbolizing a dynamic and ongoing relationship with God.

I am the LORD
The declaration "I am the LORD" uses the divine name "יְהוָה" (YHWH), emphasizing God's eternal, self-existent nature. This statement serves as a reminder of God's authority and sovereignty. It underscores that the commands given are not merely human constructs but are issued by the Creator Himself, who is intimately involved with His people.

your God
The phrase "your God" personalizes the relationship between God and His people. It highlights the covenantal bond, where God is not a distant deity but a personal God who has chosen Israel as His own. This relationship is foundational to understanding the purpose and significance of the laws given, as they are meant to foster a community that reflects God's holiness and love.

Keep My statutes and My judgments
This phrase emphasizes the importance of obedience to God's laws. The Hebrew word for "keep" is "shamar," which means to guard, observe, or give heed. It implies a vigilant and careful attention to God's commands. The statutes ("chuqqim") and judgments ("mishpatim") refer to the decrees and ordinances given by God. Historically, these laws were given to the Israelites as a covenantal guide for living a life that is pleasing to God. In a conservative Christian perspective, this underscores the belief that God's laws are timeless and applicable, serving as a moral compass for believers today.

for the man who does these things
This phrase highlights the personal responsibility and individual accountability in following God's commands. The Hebrew word for "man" here is "adam," which can refer to mankind in general, indicating that these instructions are not limited to a specific group but are universal. The phrase suggests that there is an active participation required from each person, emphasizing that faith is demonstrated through action. In the broader scriptural context, this aligns with the New Testament teaching that faith without works is dead (James 2:26).

will live by them
The promise of life is central to this phrase. The Hebrew word for "live" is "chayah," which means to live, have life, or remain alive. This is not merely a promise of physical life but encompasses a holistic sense of well-being, prosperity, and spiritual vitality. In the historical context of Israel, obedience to God's laws was directly linked to the nation's prosperity and survival in the Promised Land. From a conservative Christian viewpoint, this is seen as a foreshadowing of the eternal life promised through faith in Jesus Christ, who perfectly fulfilled the law on behalf of humanity.

I am the LORD
This declaration serves as the divine authority behind the command. The use of "LORD" in all caps represents the Hebrew name "YHWH," the covenant name of God, which signifies His eternal, self-existent nature. This phrase is a reminder of God's sovereignty and His right to command His creation. It also reassures believers of God's faithfulness and unchanging character. In the conservative Christian tradition, this underscores the belief in the authority of Scripture as God's revealed word, which is to be revered and obeyed.

None of you
This phrase establishes a universal command directed at the entire community of Israel. The Hebrew word used here, "אִישׁ" (ish), often translated as "man" or "anyone," emphasizes the individual responsibility of each member of the community. It underscores the collective moral and ethical standards expected of God's people, highlighting that this command is not limited to a specific group but applies to all.

are to approach
The Hebrew verb "קָרַב" (qarab) means "to draw near" or "to approach." In the context of Leviticus, this term often carries a connotation of entering into a sacred or intimate space. Here, it is used to denote the act of initiating inappropriate or forbidden relationships. The use of this verb suggests a deliberate action, warning against even the initial steps toward sin.

any close relative
The phrase "שְׁאֵר בְּשָׂרוֹ" (she'er besaro) translates to "flesh of his flesh," indicating a blood relative. This term is crucial in understanding the boundaries set by God regarding familial relationships. The prohibition against sexual relations with close relatives is rooted in the preservation of family integrity and the prevention of moral corruption within the community. Historically, such laws distinguished the Israelites from surrounding nations, which often engaged in practices contrary to these commands.

to have sexual relations
The Hebrew phrase "לְגַלּוֹת עֶרְוָה" (legalot ervah) literally means "to uncover nakedness." This euphemism for sexual relations is used throughout Leviticus 18 to describe prohibited sexual acts. The language reflects the sacredness of the human body and the importance of maintaining purity and holiness in sexual conduct. It serves as a reminder of the sanctity of marriage and the family unit as ordained by God.

I am the LORD
This declaration, "אֲנִי יְהוָה" (Ani YHWH), serves as the divine authority behind the command. It is a reminder of God's sovereignty and holiness, reinforcing that these laws are not arbitrary but are rooted in the character and will of God. The phrase underscores the covenant relationship between God and His people, calling them to reflect His holiness in their lives. It is a powerful reminder that obedience to God's commands is an act of worship and reverence for the Creator.

You must not
This phrase establishes a clear prohibition, reflecting the authoritative nature of God's commandments. In Hebrew, the phrase is "לֹא תְגַלֵּה" (lo tegaleh), which directly translates to "you shall not uncover." This imperative form underscores the seriousness of the command, emphasizing the moral and ethical boundaries set by God for His people. It is a call to obedience and respect for divine law, which is foundational in maintaining holiness and order within the community.

expose the nakedness
The Hebrew term "עֶרְוָה" (ervah) is used here, which is often translated as "nakedness" or "shame." In the cultural and historical context of ancient Israel, nakedness was associated with vulnerability and dishonor. This phrase is not merely about physical exposure but also about violating the sanctity and dignity of familial relationships. It serves as a metaphor for engaging in illicit sexual activities, which are strictly forbidden as they disrupt the God-ordained structure of family and society.

of your father
The mention of the father here is significant, as it represents the head of the family unit in ancient Israelite society. The father's role was to provide, protect, and uphold the spiritual and moral integrity of the household. To "expose the nakedness" of one's father would be to dishonor him and undermine the familial authority and respect that is due to him. This commandment reinforces the importance of maintaining respect and reverence for parental figures.

or mother
The inclusion of the mother highlights the equal importance of honoring both parents. In Hebrew culture, the mother was revered as the nurturer and caretaker, and her role was vital in the upbringing and moral education of children. The commandment to not expose her nakedness is a safeguard against actions that would bring shame and dishonor to her, thus preserving the sanctity of the maternal relationship.

She is your mother
This phrase serves as a reminder of the natural and God-given relationship between a child and their mother. It emphasizes the inherent respect and honor that should be accorded to her. The repetition of "your mother" reinforces the personal and intimate nature of this relationship, which should be protected from any form of defilement or disrespect.

you must not have sexual relations with her
This explicit prohibition is a clear directive against incestuous relationships, which were not only culturally taboo but also considered an abomination in the eyes of God. The Hebrew phrase "לֹא תִּקְרַב" (lo tikrav) means "you shall not approach," indicating that even the intention or attempt to engage in such relations is forbidden. This commandment is part of a broader set of laws aimed at preserving the purity and holiness of God's people, as sexual immorality was seen as a direct violation of God's covenant and order.

You must not
This phrase is a direct command, emphasizing the non-negotiable nature of the instruction. In Hebrew, the phrase is often rendered as "lo," a strong negative imperative. This reflects the seriousness with which God views the boundaries He sets for His people. The command is not merely a suggestion but a divine mandate, underscoring the importance of obedience to God's laws as a reflection of holiness and respect for divine order.

have sexual relations
The Hebrew term used here is "galah ervah," which literally means to "uncover nakedness." This phrase is a euphemism for sexual intercourse, indicating the intimate and private nature of the act. The use of this term highlights the sanctity of sexual relations within the boundaries God has established. It serves as a reminder that sexual purity is a reflection of one's relationship with God and a respect for His creation.

with your father’s wife
This phrase specifically refers to a stepmother, indicating that the prohibition extends beyond biological relationships to include familial bonds created through marriage. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, the family unit was central to societal structure, and any violation of these relationships was seen as a threat to the community's stability. This command protects the sanctity of marriage and the integrity of the family, which are foundational to God's design for human relationships.

it would dishonor
The Hebrew word "ervah" is often translated as "nakedness" or "shame," but in this context, it conveys the idea of dishonor or disgrace. The act of uncovering one's father's wife is not just a personal sin but a public affront to the father's honor. In a patriarchal society, the father's reputation and authority were paramount, and any action that undermined this was considered a grave offense. This highlights the communal aspect of sin and the importance of maintaining honor within the family and community.

your father
The mention of "your father" underscores the relational aspect of the command. It is not merely a legalistic prohibition but a call to respect and honor one's parents, as outlined in the Ten Commandments. The father, as the head of the household, represents authority and provision, and any act that disrespects him is a violation of God's ordained order. This command serves as a reminder of the broader biblical principle of honoring one's parents and the blessings that come from living in accordance with God's design.

You must not have sexual relations
This phrase is a direct command from God, emphasizing the prohibition of incestuous relationships. The Hebrew root for "sexual relations" is "גָּלָה עֶרְוָה" (galah ervah), which literally means to "uncover nakedness." This expression is a euphemism for sexual intercourse, highlighting the sacredness and boundaries God places around sexual relations. In the ancient Near Eastern context, such prohibitions were crucial for maintaining family integrity and social order. The command underscores the importance of purity and holiness in the community of Israel, setting them apart from surrounding nations whose practices often included incestuous relationships.

with your sister
The term "sister" here is derived from the Hebrew word "אָחוֹת" (achot), which refers to a female sibling. This prohibition extends to both full and half-sisters, emphasizing the sanctity of familial relationships. In the ancient world, family structures were central to societal stability, and this command serves to protect the family unit from internal corruption and moral decay. The family is seen as a microcosm of the larger community, and maintaining its purity is essential for the health of the nation.

either your father’s daughter or your mother’s daughter
This phrase clarifies that the prohibition applies regardless of whether the sister is a full sibling or a half-sibling. The distinction between "father’s daughter" and "mother’s daughter" acknowledges the complex family dynamics that could arise from polygamous marriages, which were common in ancient Israel. By specifying both paternal and maternal connections, the law ensures comprehensive coverage of potential incestuous relationships, leaving no room for ambiguity or loopholes.

whether she was born in the same home or elsewhere
This clause further emphasizes the universality of the prohibition, indicating that the location of birth does not affect the moral and legal standing of the relationship. The Hebrew phrase "בֵּית אוֹ בַּחוּץ" (beit o bachutz) translates to "in the house or outside," suggesting that the familial bond transcends physical proximity. This reinforces the idea that God's laws are not bound by human circumstances but are absolute and apply to all situations. It also highlights the importance of understanding family ties beyond immediate living arrangements, recognizing the broader kinship network that defines one's responsibilities and moral obligations.

You must not have sexual relations
This phrase is a direct command, emphasizing the prohibition of certain sexual behaviors. The Hebrew root for "sexual relations" is "גָּלָה עֶרְוָה" (galah ervah), which literally means "to uncover nakedness." This expression is a euphemism for sexual intercourse and is used throughout Leviticus 18 to denote illicit sexual acts. The command is clear and unequivocal, reflecting the holiness code that God established for His people. It underscores the importance of sexual purity and the sanctity of family relationships, which are foundational to the social and spiritual fabric of Israelite society.

with your son’s daughter or your daughter’s daughter
This phrase specifies the relationships that are forbidden, namely, those with one's grandchildren. The Hebrew terms "בֵּן" (ben) for "son" and "בַּת" (bat) for "daughter" are used here to denote direct lineage. The inclusion of grandchildren in this prohibition highlights the importance of maintaining purity and respect within the family unit. In ancient Israel, the family was the primary social structure, and maintaining its integrity was crucial. This command serves to protect the family from internal corruption and to ensure that familial bonds are not violated by inappropriate sexual conduct.

for that would shame your family
The phrase "shame your family" translates the Hebrew "זִמָּה" (zimmah), which conveys a sense of lewdness or wickedness. The term implies a moral and social disgrace that would result from such actions. In the cultural and historical context of ancient Israel, family honor was of utmost importance. Engaging in prohibited sexual relations would not only bring personal guilt but also public dishonor to one's family. This reflects the communal nature of sin and its consequences, as well as the collective responsibility to uphold God's commandments. The emphasis on family shame serves as a deterrent, reminding the Israelites of the broader implications of their actions on their community and their covenant relationship with God.

You must not have sexual relations
This phrase is a direct command, emphasizing the prohibition of certain sexual behaviors. The Hebrew root here is "גלה ערוה" (galah ervah), which means to uncover nakedness, a euphemism for sexual relations. This command is part of a broader set of laws given to the Israelites to maintain holiness and purity, reflecting God's desire for His people to live distinctively from the surrounding nations, which often engaged in such practices.

with the daughter of your father’s wife
This phrase specifies the relationship in question, highlighting the importance of family boundaries. The Hebrew word for "daughter" is "בת" (bat), and "wife" is "אשה" (ishah). The text underscores the sanctity of familial relationships and the need to respect them. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, family structures were central to societal stability, and violations of these boundaries could lead to significant social and moral decay.

born to your father
This phrase clarifies the familial connection, indicating that the prohibition extends to any daughter born to the father, regardless of the mother. The Hebrew word for "born" is "ילד" (yalad), which signifies the biological connection. This highlights the comprehensive nature of the prohibition, ensuring that all potential familial relationships are respected and protected.

she is your sister
The phrase concludes with a clear identification of the relationship, reinforcing the prohibition. The Hebrew word for "sister" is "אחות" (achot), which denotes a close familial bond. This serves as a reminder of the inherent dignity and respect owed to family members. In the biblical context, the family unit is a microcosm of the community and the nation, and maintaining its integrity is crucial for the health and holiness of God's people.

You must not have sexual relations
This phrase is a direct command, emphasizing the prohibition of certain sexual behaviors. The Hebrew root for "sexual relations" is "גָּלָה עֶרְוָה" (galah ervah), which literally means "to uncover nakedness." This expression is a euphemism for engaging in sexual activity, and it underscores the sanctity and boundaries God established for sexual conduct. In the ancient Near Eastern context, sexual relations were not merely personal acts but had communal and spiritual implications. This command reflects God's desire for His people to live in holiness and purity, setting them apart from the surrounding nations whose practices often included incestuous relationships.

with your father’s sister
The phrase "your father’s sister" refers to an aunt on the paternal side. In Hebrew, the word for "sister" is "אָחוֹת" (achot), and it signifies a close familial bond. The prohibition against sexual relations with an aunt is part of a broader set of laws designed to protect family integrity and prevent the breakdown of familial roles and responsibilities. In ancient Israel, family was the cornerstone of society, and maintaining clear boundaries within the family unit was essential for social stability and spiritual health.

she is your father’s close relative
The term "close relative" in Hebrew is "שְׁאֵר בְּשָׂרוֹ" (she'er besaro), which literally means "flesh of his flesh." This expression highlights the intimate connection and shared identity within a family. By stating that the aunt is a "close relative," the text emphasizes the importance of respecting familial boundaries and the inherent dignity of each family member. This command serves as a reminder of the interconnectedness of family members and the need to honor those relationships in accordance with God's design.

You must not have sexual relations
This phrase is a direct command, emphasizing the prohibition of certain sexual behaviors. The Hebrew root here is "גלה ערוה" (galah ervah), which means to uncover nakedness, a euphemism for sexual relations. This command is part of a larger set of laws given to the Israelites to maintain holiness and purity, distinguishing them from the surrounding nations whose practices were often morally corrupt.

with your mother’s sister
The Hebrew term for "mother’s sister" is "דֹּדָה" (dodah), which specifically refers to an aunt on the maternal side. This relationship is highlighted to stress the closeness of family ties and the importance of maintaining respect and boundaries within the family unit. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, family structure was crucial, and maintaining its sanctity was a reflection of one's respect for God's order.

for she is your mother’s close relative
The phrase "close relative" in Hebrew is "שְׁאֵר אִמֶּךָ" (she'er immeka), which underscores the intimate familial bond. This part of the verse reiterates the reason for the prohibition: the preservation of family integrity and the prevention of confusion and disorder within the family lineage. Historically, these laws served to protect the family unit from internal strife and to uphold the community's moral standards.

You must not dishonor
The Hebrew root for "dishonor" is "גָּלָה" (galah), which means to uncover or expose. In the context of Leviticus, this term is often associated with uncovering nakedness, which is a metaphor for engaging in illicit sexual relations. The command here is not merely about avoiding a specific act but about maintaining the sanctity and respect of familial relationships. In ancient Israelite society, family honor was paramount, and any act that could bring shame or dishonor was strictly prohibited. This phrase underscores the importance of upholding family integrity and respecting the boundaries set by God.

your father’s brother
This phrase refers to one's paternal uncle. In the Hebrew culture, the family unit extended beyond the immediate household to include aunts, uncles, and cousins. The uncle held a significant role within the family structure, often acting as a secondary father figure. The prohibition against dishonoring him by engaging in relations with his wife highlights the importance of maintaining respect and boundaries within the extended family. This respect for family hierarchy and relationships is a recurring theme in the Mosaic Law, emphasizing the need for order and reverence within the community.

by approaching his wife
The term "approaching" in Hebrew is "קָרַב" (qarab), which means to draw near or come close. In this context, it implies initiating a sexual relationship. The use of this term suggests intentionality and premeditation, indicating that such actions are not accidental but deliberate violations of God's commandments. The phrase serves as a warning against the temptation to overstep moral and familial boundaries, reminding the Israelites of the sanctity of marriage and the importance of self-control.

to have sexual relations with her
This phrase is a direct reference to engaging in sexual intercourse. The Hebrew text uses the term "שָׁכַב" (shakab), which means to lie down, often used euphemistically for sexual relations. The explicit nature of this commandment leaves no room for ambiguity, clearly defining the act as sinful. In the broader context of Leviticus 18, this prohibition is part of a series of laws aimed at preserving the holiness of the Israelite community by setting them apart from the surrounding nations, who often engaged in such practices.

she is your aunt
The identification of the woman as "your aunt" reinforces the familial relationship and the inherent respect that should accompany it. In Hebrew, the word for aunt is "דּוֹדָה" (dodah), which signifies a close family connection. This relationship is not just a matter of blood but of covenantal responsibility and care. By specifying the familial tie, the verse highlights the gravity of the offense, as it not only violates moral law but also disrupts the family structure ordained by God. This commandment serves as a reminder of the sacredness of family bonds and the need to protect them from actions that could lead to division and dishonor.

You must not have sexual relations
This phrase is a direct command, emphasizing the prohibition of certain sexual behaviors. The Hebrew root for "sexual relations" is "גָּלָה עֶרְוָה" (galah ervah), which literally means "to uncover nakedness." This expression is used throughout Leviticus 18 to denote illicit sexual activities. The command is clear and unequivocal, reflecting the holiness code that God established for His people. It underscores the importance of maintaining purity and sanctity within familial relationships, which is a recurring theme in the Mosaic Law.

with your daughter-in-law
The term "daughter-in-law" in Hebrew is "כַּלָּה" (kallah), which refers to the wife of one's son. This relationship is significant in the family structure, and the prohibition against sexual relations with a daughter-in-law is meant to protect the integrity and sanctity of the family unit. In ancient Israelite society, family was the cornerstone of community life, and any actions that could disrupt familial harmony were strictly forbidden. This commandment serves to uphold the respect and boundaries necessary for healthy family dynamics.

She is your son’s wife
This phrase reinforces the identity and role of the daughter-in-law within the family. By stating "she is your son’s wife," the text highlights the covenantal relationship between the son and his wife, which should be honored and respected by all family members. The sanctity of marriage is a central theme in the Bible, and this commandment serves to protect the marital bond from any form of violation or dishonor. It reflects the broader biblical principle that marriage is a sacred institution ordained by God.

you are not to have sexual relations with her
The repetition of the prohibition serves to emphasize its importance. The Hebrew construction here is emphatic, underscoring the seriousness of the command. This repetition is a common literary device in the Bible, used to ensure that the audience fully understands the gravity of the instruction. It serves as a reminder of the boundaries set by God to maintain holiness and purity among His people. The commandment is not merely a cultural or societal norm but a divine mandate that reflects God's desire for His people to live in righteousness and obedience.

You must not have sexual relations
This phrase is a direct command, emphasizing the prohibition of certain sexual behaviors. The Hebrew root here is "גלה ערוה" (galah ervah), which means to uncover nakedness, a euphemism for sexual relations. This command is part of a broader set of laws given to the Israelites to maintain holiness and purity within the community. It underscores the importance of sexual morality as a reflection of one's relationship with God and others.

with your brother’s wife
The specific mention of "your brother’s wife" highlights the sanctity of marriage and family relationships. In ancient Israel, family was the cornerstone of society, and maintaining its integrity was crucial. The Hebrew term for brother, "אָח" (ach), signifies a close kinship bond, and the wife, "אִשָּׁה" (ishah), is to be respected as part of that sacred union. This prohibition protects the family structure and honors the marital covenant.

that would shame your brother
The phrase "that would shame your brother" points to the social and relational consequences of such an act. The Hebrew word for shame, "חֶרְפָּה" (cherpah), conveys disgrace or dishonor. In the cultural context of ancient Israel, bringing shame upon a family member was a serious offense, affecting not just the individuals involved but the entire community. This underscores the communal aspect of sin and the importance of upholding family honor and dignity.

You must not have sexual relations
This phrase sets a clear prohibition against certain sexual behaviors. The Hebrew root for "sexual relations" is "גלה ערוה" (galah ervah), which literally means "to uncover nakedness." This expression is a euphemism for sexual intercourse and is used throughout Leviticus to denote illicit sexual acts. The command is direct and unequivocal, emphasizing the sanctity and boundaries of sexual relations as ordained by God. In the historical context, these laws were given to the Israelites to distinguish them from the surrounding nations, which often engaged in such practices.

with both a woman and her daughter
This phrase highlights a specific familial relationship that is forbidden. The Hebrew culture placed a strong emphasis on family purity and integrity. Engaging in sexual relations with both a woman and her daughter would violate the natural order and respect within a family unit. This prohibition underscores the importance of maintaining clear boundaries to preserve the sanctity of family relationships, which are foundational to societal stability.

You are not to marry her son’s daughter or her daughter’s daughter
The phrase extends the prohibition to include a woman's granddaughters, whether through her son or daughter. The Hebrew word for "marry" here is "לקח" (laqach), which means "to take" or "to seize," indicating a formal union or relationship. This further emphasizes the importance of maintaining generational boundaries and preventing any form of incestuous relationships that could lead to moral and social decay.

and have sexual relations with her
Reiterating the prohibition, this phrase reinforces the seriousness of the command. The repetition serves as a strong reminder of the consequences of such actions, which are considered an abomination. The emphasis on "with her" personalizes the command, reminding the Israelites of the individual dignity and respect owed to each person.

They are close relatives
This phrase identifies the individuals involved as "close relatives," or "שאר בשר" (she'er basar) in Hebrew, meaning "flesh of one's flesh." This expression highlights the intimate and sacred nature of family ties, which are not to be violated. The closeness of these relationships is meant to foster love, support, and protection, not exploitation or abuse.

it is wickedness
The term "wickedness" is translated from the Hebrew word "זִמָּה" (zimmah), which denotes a heinous crime or moral depravity. This strong language reflects God's view of such actions as not merely inappropriate but profoundly sinful. The use of "wickedness" serves as a moral warning to the Israelites, urging them to uphold God's standards of holiness and righteousness in their personal and communal lives.

You must not take
The phrase "You must not take" is a direct command, emphasizing the prohibition nature of the instruction. In Hebrew, the verb "take" (לָקַח, laqach) often implies acquiring or marrying. This command is not merely a suggestion but a divine mandate, reflecting the seriousness with which God views the sanctity of marriage and family relationships. The directive underscores the importance of obedience to God's laws as a reflection of holiness and order within the community.

your wife’s sister
The term "your wife’s sister" highlights the specific familial relationship in question. In ancient Israelite society, family structures were central to community life, and maintaining harmony within these structures was crucial. The Hebrew word for sister (אָחוֹת, achot) indicates a close kinship bond. This prohibition serves to protect the integrity of the family unit and prevent discord and rivalry that could arise from such relationships.

as a rival wife
The phrase "as a rival wife" introduces the concept of polygamy, which was practiced in ancient times. The Hebrew word for "rival" (צָרָה, tsarah) suggests enmity or competition. This reflects the potential for strife and jealousy that could disrupt familial harmony. The Bible often portrays the negative consequences of polygamous relationships, as seen in the accounts of Leah and Rachel or Hannah and Peninnah, emphasizing the wisdom of this prohibition.

and have sexual relations with her
The phrase "and have sexual relations with her" is a clear reference to the physical aspect of marriage. The Hebrew verb used here (גָּלָה, galah) often means to uncover or reveal, implying intimacy. This part of the command underscores the sanctity of the marital bed and the exclusive nature of the sexual relationship within marriage. It serves as a reminder of the covenantal aspect of marriage, which is to be honored and protected.

while your wife is still alive
The condition "while your wife is still alive" highlights the temporal aspect of the prohibition. It underscores the lifelong commitment inherent in the marriage covenant. The presence of the wife is a reminder of the ongoing nature of the marital bond, which should not be violated or undermined by introducing another partner. This reflects the biblical ideal of monogamous, faithful marriage as a reflection of God's covenantal relationship with His people.

You must not approach
The phrase "You must not approach" is a direct command, emphasizing the seriousness of the instruction. In Hebrew, the word for "approach" is "קָרַב" (qarab), which means to draw near or come close. This term is often used in the context of approaching God or sacred spaces, indicating that this command is not merely about physical proximity but also about maintaining spiritual purity and respect for God's laws. The directive underscores the importance of boundaries and reverence in relationships, reflecting a broader biblical principle of holiness and respect for God's created order.

a woman
The term "a woman" here is "אִשָּׁה" (ishah) in Hebrew, which can refer to a wife or any female. In the context of Leviticus, which often addresses the community of Israel, this term underscores the communal and relational aspects of the law. Women, as bearers of life and integral members of the covenant community, are to be treated with dignity and respect. This command highlights the value placed on women and the importance of honoring their bodies and natural processes.

to have sexual relations
The phrase "to have sexual relations" is translated from the Hebrew "לִגְלוֹת עֶרְוָה" (liglot ervah), which literally means "to uncover nakedness." This expression is a euphemism for sexual intercourse and is used throughout Leviticus to describe prohibited sexual acts. The use of this phrase indicates a focus on the sanctity of sexual relations, which are to be conducted within the boundaries set by God. It reflects the biblical view that sexuality is a gift from God, meant to be expressed within the covenant of marriage and in ways that honor Him.

with her during her menstrual period
The phrase "with her during her menstrual period" refers to the time of a woman's monthly cycle, known in Hebrew as "נִדָּה" (niddah), meaning impurity or separation. In ancient Israel, this period was considered a time of ritual impurity, not as a moral judgment but as a recognition of the natural processes of the body. The command to abstain from sexual relations during this time is rooted in the broader Levitical concern for ritual purity and the separation of the sacred from the profane. It serves as a reminder of the holiness required of God's people and the respect for the natural rhythms of life that God has ordained.

You must not lie carnally
The phrase "lie carnally" is derived from the Hebrew word "שָׁכַב" (shakab), which means to lie down or to have sexual relations. In the context of Leviticus, this phrase is a direct prohibition against engaging in sexual intercourse outside the bounds of marriage. The use of "carnally" emphasizes the physical and fleshly nature of the act, highlighting the importance of sexual purity and the sanctity of the marital relationship. This commandment reflects the broader biblical principle that sexual relations are reserved for the covenant of marriage, a sacred institution established by God. The conservative Christian perspective upholds this view, seeing marriage as a reflection of Christ's relationship with the Church, and thus, any deviation from this design is seen as a defilement of God's holy order.

with your neighbor’s wife
The term "neighbor’s wife" underscores the social and communal implications of adultery. In ancient Israelite society, as in many cultures, the family unit was the cornerstone of community life. The Hebrew word for "neighbor" is "רֵעַ" (rea), which can mean friend, companion, or fellow citizen. This indicates that the commandment is not just about personal morality but also about maintaining the integrity and trust within the community. Adultery is seen as a betrayal not only of the spouse but also of the neighborly relationship, leading to social discord and the breakdown of communal harmony. From a conservative Christian viewpoint, this commandment reinforces the idea that fidelity in marriage is essential for the health and stability of both the family and the wider community.

and thus defile yourself with her
The word "defile" comes from the Hebrew "טָמֵא" (tame), meaning to become unclean or impure. In the Levitical context, defilement is not merely a physical or ceremonial state but a spiritual condition that separates individuals from God. The act of adultery is seen as a sin that taints the soul, distancing the sinner from the holiness that God requires. This concept of defilement is central to the holiness code in Leviticus, which calls the Israelites to be holy as God is holy. In the conservative Christian tradition, this call to holiness is echoed in the New Testament, where believers are urged to live lives that are pure and set apart for God. The defilement through adultery is thus a serious offense, not only against one's spouse and community but ultimately against God Himself.

You must not give
The Hebrew root for "give" here is "natan," which means to offer or present. In the context of ancient Israel, this command is a direct prohibition against the act of offering one's children in sacrificial rituals. The use of "natan" emphasizes the gravity of the act, as it implies a deliberate and conscious decision to hand over something precious. This command underscores the sanctity of life and the responsibility of parents to protect and nurture their children, rather than subject them to pagan practices.

any of your children
The phrase "any of your children" highlights the inclusivity of the command. It leaves no room for exceptions, emphasizing that every child is precious in the sight of God. In the ancient Near Eastern context, children were often seen as extensions of the family’s legacy and future. This command serves as a reminder that children are not possessions to be disposed of at will, but are entrusted to parents by God, deserving of love and protection.

to be sacrificed to Molech
"Molech" refers to a Canaanite deity associated with child sacrifice. Archaeological findings and historical records indicate that the worship of Molech involved horrific practices, including the burning of children as offerings. This phrase serves as a stark warning against adopting the detestable customs of surrounding nations. It underscores the call for Israel to remain distinct and holy, set apart for the worship of the one true God, who abhors such practices.

for you must not profane
The Hebrew word for "profane" is "chalal," which means to defile or desecrate. This term is often used in the context of violating something sacred. By engaging in the worship of Molech, the Israelites would be defiling the holiness of God’s name. This phrase serves as a reminder of the covenant relationship between God and His people, calling them to uphold His holiness in their actions and worship.

the name of your God
The "name" of God represents His character, authority, and reputation. In ancient Israel, a name was more than just a label; it conveyed the essence of a person or deity. By commanding the Israelites not to profane His name, God is calling them to live in a way that reflects His holiness and righteousness. This phrase emphasizes the importance of honoring God in all aspects of life, recognizing that their actions are a reflection of their relationship with Him.

I am the LORD
This declaration, "I am the LORD," is a powerful affirmation of God’s sovereignty and authority. The use of "LORD" in all capitals signifies the divine name "YHWH," the covenant name of God revealed to Moses. This statement serves as a reminder of God’s unchanging nature and His rightful place as the supreme ruler over Israel. It calls the Israelites to obedience and reverence, acknowledging that their identity and purpose are rooted in their relationship with the LORD.

You must not lie
The phrase "You must not lie" is a direct command, emphasizing the prohibition nature of the instruction. In Hebrew, the word used here is "תִּשְׁכַּב" (tishkav), which is derived from the root "שָׁכַב" (shakav), meaning to lie down or to rest. This term is often used in the context of sexual relations, indicating a physical act. The command is clear and unambiguous, reflecting the seriousness with which the Israelites were to regard this prohibition. The use of the imperative form underscores the non-negotiable nature of this command within the covenant community.

with a man
The Hebrew word for "man" here is "זָכָר" (zakar), which specifically refers to a male. This term is used throughout the Old Testament to denote gender, often in contexts that highlight roles and responsibilities within the community. The specificity of the term indicates that the prohibition is not about general human relationships but is focused on the sexual relations between males. This reflects the cultural and religious context of ancient Israel, where maintaining distinct roles and boundaries was crucial for societal order and religious purity.

as with a woman
The phrase "as with a woman" uses the Hebrew "מִשְׁכְּבֵי אִשָּׁה" (mishkevei ishah), which literally translates to "the lyings of a woman." This expression is a euphemism for sexual intercourse, commonly understood in the context of heterosexual relations. The comparison here is significant, as it highlights the natural order as understood in the biblical context, where sexual relations are intended to occur between a man and a woman within the bounds of marriage. This reflects the creation narrative in Genesis, where male and female are created to complement each other.

that is an abomination
The term "abomination" is translated from the Hebrew word "תּוֹעֵבָה" (to'evah), which denotes something detestable or loathsome. In the biblical context, this term is often used to describe practices that are ritually or morally repugnant to God. The use of this strong term indicates the severity with which this act is viewed within the covenant community. It is not merely a cultural taboo but a violation of divine order and holiness. The historical context of Leviticus, with its emphasis on holiness and separation from pagan practices, underscores the importance of adhering to God's standards as a reflection of Israel's unique identity as God's chosen people.

You must not have sexual relations
The Hebrew phrase here is "וְאִישׁ לֹא־תִתֵּן שְׁכָבְתְּךָ" (v'ish lo-titen shekhavtekha), which directly translates to "and a man shall not give his lying." This phrase is a clear prohibition against engaging in sexual acts outside the boundaries set by God. The use of "lying" (שְׁכָבְתְּךָ) is a euphemism for sexual intercourse, emphasizing the sanctity and intended purpose of sexual relations within the covenant of marriage between a man and a woman. This command underscores the importance of maintaining purity and holiness in one's body, as the body is considered a temple of the Holy Spirit (1 Corinthians 6:19-20).

with any animal
The Hebrew term "בְּהֵמָה" (behemah) refers to beasts or animals. In the ancient Near Eastern context, bestiality was sometimes practiced in pagan rituals, which were abominable in the sight of God. This prohibition is a call to separate the Israelites from the surrounding nations' practices, emphasizing the distinctiveness of God's people. The command serves as a reminder of the created order, where humans are given dominion over animals (Genesis 1:26), not to engage in unnatural acts with them.

defiling yourself with it
The word "defiling" comes from the Hebrew "טָמֵא" (tame), meaning to become unclean or impure. In the Levitical context, defilement is not just a physical state but a spiritual one, affecting one's relationship with God. Engaging in such acts would render a person ritually unclean, barring them from participating in communal worship and fellowship. This highlights the broader biblical theme of holiness, where God's people are called to be set apart and live according to His statutes.

A woman must not stand before an animal
The phrase "stand before" (לַעֲמֹד לִפְנֵי) implies presenting oneself or positioning oneself for a specific purpose. In this context, it refers to the act of preparing for sexual intercourse. The command is gender-inclusive, addressing both men and women, and underscores the seriousness of maintaining sexual purity. It reflects the biblical principle that both men and women are accountable to God's laws and are called to uphold His standards of righteousness.

to mate with it
The Hebrew "לִרְבֹּעַ" (lirboa) means to copulate or engage in sexual activity. This term is used to describe the act of mating, which is reserved for the propagation of species within the natural order established by God. The prohibition against such acts with animals is a safeguard against the distortion of God's creation and the perversion of His intended design for human sexuality.

that is a perversion
The word "perversion" is translated from the Hebrew "תֶּבֶל" (tevel), which denotes confusion, violation, or profanation. This term is used to describe actions that are contrary to God's natural order and moral law. In the biblical worldview, perversion is not merely a social or cultural issue but a spiritual one, reflecting a heart that has turned away from God's truth. This command serves as a warning against the moral decay that results from abandoning God's statutes and highlights the need for repentance and restoration to a life of holiness.

Do not defile yourselves
The Hebrew word for "defile" is "טָמֵא" (tamei), which means to become unclean or impure. In the context of Leviticus, this term often refers to ritual impurity, but it also encompasses moral and ethical corruption. The command is a call to holiness, urging the Israelites to maintain purity in their conduct and worship. This reflects the broader biblical theme of being set apart for God, as seen in 1 Peter 1:16, "Be holy, because I am holy."

by any of these practices
The "practices" refer to the specific prohibitions listed earlier in Leviticus 18, which include various forms of sexual immorality and idolatry. These actions are not merely personal sins but are seen as communal transgressions that can corrupt the entire nation. The Hebrew word "מַעֲשֶׂה" (ma'aseh) implies deeds or actions, emphasizing that holiness is demonstrated through behavior.

for by all these things
This phrase underscores the comprehensive nature of the defilement. The Hebrew "כָּל" (kol) means "all" or "every," indicating that each prohibited act contributes to the overall corruption. It serves as a warning that even seemingly minor transgressions can lead to significant spiritual decay.

the nations I am driving out before you
The "nations" refer to the Canaanite peoples inhabiting the Promised Land before the Israelites' arrival. Historically, these nations were known for their idolatrous practices and moral depravity, which are documented in various ancient Near Eastern texts. God's judgment upon them serves as a cautionary tale for Israel, illustrating the consequences of turning away from divine commandments.

have defiled themselves
The phrase "have defiled themselves" indicates a completed action with ongoing consequences. The Canaanites' defilement led to their expulsion from the land, serving as a divine judgment. This historical context reinforces the principle that sin has tangible repercussions, both spiritually and physically. The Israelites are thus reminded of their covenantal responsibility to uphold God's standards to avoid a similar fate.

Even the land
The Hebrew word for "land" is "eretz," which can refer to the earth, a country, or a specific territory. In the context of Leviticus, it refers to the Promised Land, a sacred space given by God to the Israelites. The land is not just a physical space but a covenantal gift, symbolizing God's promise and presence. The defilement of the land indicates a breach of this divine covenant, emphasizing the interconnectedness of the people's actions and the land's sanctity.

has become defiled
The Hebrew root "ṭāmē'" means to be unclean or impure. In Levitical law, defilement is a serious condition that affects one's relationship with God and the community. The land's defilement suggests that the sins of the people have spiritual and physical consequences, impacting the very ground they inhabit. This highlights the biblical principle that sin is not just a personal issue but has communal and environmental repercussions.

so I am punishing it
The phrase indicates divine retribution. The Hebrew root "pāqad" can mean to visit, appoint, or punish. Here, it underscores God's active role in maintaining justice and holiness. The punishment is not arbitrary but a response to the violation of divine law. It serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty and the moral order He established, where sin leads to consequences.

for its iniquity
"Iniquity" comes from the Hebrew word "ʿāwōn," which denotes guilt or sin, often implying a twisting or perversion of what is right. The use of this term suggests a deep-seated moral corruption that has permeated the land. It reflects the biblical understanding that sin distorts God's creation and order, necessitating divine intervention to restore righteousness.

and the land will vomit out its inhabitants
The vivid imagery of the land "vomiting" its inhabitants uses the Hebrew word "qāyā'," which means to spew out. This metaphor conveys the idea of the land rejecting the people due to their abominations. It serves as a powerful warning of the consequences of sin, illustrating that the land itself cannot tolerate the weight of iniquity. This expulsion is both a judgment and a purification, aiming to cleanse the land and restore its holiness.

But you are to keep My statutes and ordinances
This phrase underscores the importance of obedience to God's commands. The Hebrew word for "keep" is "shamar," which means to guard, observe, or give heed. It implies a vigilant and active commitment to God's laws. The "statutes" (Hebrew: "chuqqim") refer to decrees or prescribed tasks, while "ordinances" (Hebrew: "mishpatim") are judgments or legal decisions. Together, they encompass the full scope of God's instructions, emphasizing that the Israelites are to live by divine guidance, not merely human wisdom.

You must not commit any of these abominations
The term "abominations" (Hebrew: "to'evah") refers to practices that are detestable or loathsome to God. In the context of Leviticus 18, these abominations include various sexual sins and idolatrous practices that were common among the surrounding nations. The use of "must not commit" is a strong prohibition, indicating that these actions are not just discouraged but strictly forbidden. This highlights the call for holiness and separation from the sinful customs of other cultures.

the native-born or the foreigner who lives among you
This phrase indicates that God's laws were not only for the Israelites but also for any foreigners residing among them. The "native-born" (Hebrew: "ezrach") refers to those who are naturally part of the Israelite community, while the "foreigner" (Hebrew: "ger") denotes a sojourner or resident alien. This inclusivity demonstrates that God's moral standards are universal, transcending ethnic and cultural boundaries. It reflects the idea that all who dwell within the community are accountable to the same divine laws, promoting a unified standard of righteousness.

For the men who were in the land before you
This phrase refers to the Canaanites, the original inhabitants of the Promised Land. Historically, the Canaanites were known for their idolatrous practices and moral depravity. The Hebrew word for "men" here is "אֲנָשִׁים" (anashim), which can also mean "people" or "inhabitants," emphasizing the collective nature of their actions. From a conservative Christian perspective, this serves as a warning against adopting the sinful practices of the surrounding culture. It underscores the importance of maintaining a distinct identity as God's chosen people, set apart for holiness.

committed all these abominations
The term "abominations" is translated from the Hebrew word "תּוֹעֵבוֹת" (to'evot), which refers to actions that are detestable or repugnant to God. In the context of Leviticus 18, these abominations include various forms of sexual immorality and idolatry. The use of "all" indicates the comprehensive nature of their sinfulness, suggesting that these practices were widespread and normalized in Canaanite society. This serves as a stark reminder of the consequences of turning away from God's commandments and the moral decay that follows.

and the land has become defiled
The Hebrew word for "defiled" is "טָמֵא" (tamei), which means to be unclean or impure. In the ancient Near Eastern context, the land itself was seen as being affected by the moral actions of its inhabitants. This concept is deeply rooted in the biblical understanding that sin has tangible consequences not only for individuals but also for the community and the environment. From a conservative Christian viewpoint, this highlights the seriousness of sin and the need for repentance and purification to restore right standing with God. It also serves as a call to stewardship, reminding believers of their responsibility to uphold God's standards in all areas of life.

And if you defile the land
The phrase "defile the land" is rooted in the Hebrew word "טָמֵא" (tame), which means to make unclean or impure. In the context of Leviticus, this defilement is not merely physical but spiritual and moral, reflecting a breach of the covenant relationship with God. Historically, the land of Canaan was considered holy, set apart for God's people. The Israelites were called to maintain its sanctity by adhering to God's laws. This phrase serves as a warning against adopting the sinful practices of the surrounding nations, which would corrupt the land's holiness.

it will vomit you out
The imagery of the land "vomiting" its inhabitants is vivid and powerful. The Hebrew word "קִיא" (qi) conveys a forceful expulsion, suggesting that the land itself reacts to moral corruption. This anthropomorphic expression underscores the seriousness of sin and its consequences. In a historical context, this reflects the belief that the land is not just a passive possession but an active participant in God's covenant. The land's reaction to sin is a divine judgment, emphasizing that the Israelites' tenure in the land is conditional upon their obedience to God's commands.

as it spewed out the nations before you
This phrase refers to the Canaanite nations that previously inhabited the land. The Hebrew word "קִיא" (qi), used again here, reinforces the idea of expulsion due to moral and spiritual corruption. Archaeological evidence and historical records indicate that the Canaanites engaged in practices that were abhorrent to God, such as idolatry and child sacrifice. The Israelites are reminded that their possession of the land is a divine gift contingent upon their faithfulness. This serves as both a warning and a call to holiness, urging them to learn from the past and avoid the same fate as the nations before them.

For anyone who commits
The phrase "for anyone who commits" underscores the personal responsibility and accountability of each individual in the community. The Hebrew root word for "commits" is "עָשָׂה" (asah), which means to do, make, or execute. This implies a deliberate action, emphasizing that these are not accidental sins but conscious decisions. In the historical context of ancient Israel, the community was bound by a covenant with God, and each member was expected to uphold the laws given by God through Moses. This phrase serves as a reminder that each person is accountable for their actions before God and the community.

any of these abominations
The term "abominations" is translated from the Hebrew word "תּוֹעֵבָה" (to'evah), which refers to something detestable or loathsome, particularly in a moral or religious sense. In the context of Leviticus 18, these abominations refer to various prohibited sexual practices that were common among the surrounding pagan nations. The use of this term highlights the severity of these actions in the eyes of God. Historically, these prohibitions were intended to set the Israelites apart as a holy people, distinct from the nations around them. The moral and ethical standards established here are seen as timeless principles that reflect God's holiness and desire for His people to live in purity.

must be cut off
The phrase "must be cut off" is derived from the Hebrew word "כָּרַת" (karat), which means to cut, cut off, or destroy. This phrase indicates a severe consequence for those who engage in the prohibited actions. In the ancient Israelite community, being "cut off" could mean excommunication, loss of community privileges, or even death, depending on the severity of the offense. This reflects the seriousness with which God views sin and the importance of maintaining the purity and holiness of the community. From a theological perspective, this serves as a warning of the spiritual consequences of sin, emphasizing the need for repentance and restoration.

from among his people
The phrase "from among his people" highlights the communal aspect of the covenant relationship between God and Israel. The Hebrew word for "people" is "עַם" (am), which refers to a group bound by common identity and purpose. In the context of Leviticus, the people of Israel were called to be a holy nation, set apart for God's purposes. The removal of an individual from the community underscores the impact of sin not only on the individual but also on the collective holiness and witness of the people. This serves as a reminder of the interconnectedness of the community and the responsibility of each member to uphold the standards of righteousness and holiness.

You must keep My charge
The phrase "keep My charge" in Hebrew is "וּשְׁמַרְתֶּם אֶת־מִשְׁמַרְתִּי" (u'shemartem et-mishmarti). The root word "שָׁמַר" (shamar) means to guard, protect, or observe. This implies a vigilant and active responsibility to uphold God's commandments. In the historical context of ancient Israel, this charge was a divine mandate to maintain holiness and purity, setting the Israelites apart from surrounding nations. The charge is not merely a passive observance but an active engagement in living out God's statutes.

not to practice any of the abominable customs
The Hebrew word for "abominable" is "תּוֹעֵבָה" (to'evah), which refers to practices that are detestable or loathsome to God. These customs were often associated with pagan rituals and idolatry, which were prevalent among the Canaanite nations. The historical context reveals that these practices included various forms of immorality and idolatry, which were in direct opposition to the holiness God required of His people. The call here is to reject and distance oneself from such practices, emphasizing the need for moral and spiritual purity.

that have been done before you
This phrase underscores the historical continuity of these abominable practices. The Israelites were entering a land where these customs were deeply entrenched. The warning serves as a reminder of the past and a caution against repeating the same errors. It highlights the importance of learning from history and the consequences of disobedience to God's laws.

so that you do not defile yourselves by them
The concept of defilement in Hebrew is "טָמֵא" (tamei), which means to become unclean or impure. In the Levitical system, defilement was not just a physical state but a spiritual one, affecting one's relationship with God. The Israelites were called to maintain purity to remain in covenant relationship with God. This phrase serves as a warning that engaging in these customs would lead to spiritual contamination and separation from God.

I am the LORD your God
This declaration, "אֲנִי יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵיכֶם" (Ani YHWH Eloheichem), is a powerful reminder of God's sovereignty and authority. It reinforces the reason for obedience: not merely to follow rules, but to honor the covenant relationship with the Creator. The use of "LORD" (YHWH) emphasizes God's eternal and unchanging nature, while "your God" personalizes the relationship, reminding the Israelites of their unique identity as God's chosen people. This phrase serves as both a reassurance of God's presence and a call to loyalty and faithfulness.