A wise son
The phrase "a wise son" in Hebrew is "בֵּן חָכָם" (ben chakam). The term "wise" (חָכָם, chakam) is deeply rooted in the Hebrew tradition, often associated with skill, experience, and shrewdness in living. Wisdom in the biblical sense is not merely intellectual but is a practical application of knowledge in daily life. A "wise son" is one who embodies these qualities, showing discernment and understanding. In the context of ancient Israel, wisdom was highly valued and often passed down through family lines, emphasizing the importance of generational teaching and learning.

heeds
The Hebrew word for "heeds" is "שָׁמַע" (shama), which means to hear, listen, or obey. This word implies more than just passive listening; it suggests an active, attentive, and obedient response to what is heard. In the biblical context, to "heed" is to internalize and act upon the instruction given. It reflects a heart posture of humility and willingness to learn, which is a hallmark of wisdom.

his father’s instruction
The phrase "his father’s instruction" highlights the familial and authoritative context of the teaching. The Hebrew word for "instruction" is "מוּסָר" (musar), which can also mean discipline or correction. In ancient Israelite culture, the father was often the primary teacher and disciplinarian in the family, responsible for imparting moral and spiritual guidance. This phrase underscores the importance of parental guidance and the transmission of values and wisdom from one generation to the next.

but a mocker
The term "mocker" in Hebrew is "לֵץ" (lets), which refers to someone who scorns, ridicules, or shows contempt. A mocker is characterized by arrogance and a refusal to accept correction or wisdom. In the biblical narrative, mockers are often contrasted with the wise, as they reject the fear of the Lord, which is the beginning of wisdom (Proverbs 1:7). This term serves as a warning against pride and the dangers of dismissing wise counsel.

does not listen
The phrase "does not listen" is again rooted in the Hebrew word "שָׁמַע" (shama), but here it is used in the negative form. This indicates a deliberate choice to ignore or reject what is being communicated. The refusal to listen is a sign of folly and rebellion, often leading to destructive consequences. In the biblical context, listening is equated with obedience and respect, and the failure to listen is seen as a moral failing.

to rebuke
The word "rebuke" in Hebrew is "גְּעָרָה" (ge'arah), which means a reprimand or sharp correction. Rebuke is an essential aspect of biblical instruction, intended to correct and guide individuals back to the right path. It is an expression of love and concern, aiming to prevent further error or harm. In the wisdom literature, accepting rebuke is a sign of maturity and humility, while rejecting it is indicative of a hardened heart.

From the fruit of his lips
This phrase emphasizes the power and consequence of spoken words. In Hebrew, the word for "fruit" (פְּרִי, peri) often symbolizes the results or outcomes of one's actions. Just as a tree is known by its fruit, a person is known by their words. The "lips" here represent speech, and the imagery suggests that just as fruit is a natural product of a tree, so are words a natural product of the heart and mind. In a conservative Christian perspective, this underscores the importance of speaking truth and life, as words have the power to build up or tear down, reflecting the teachings of Jesus in the New Testament about the abundance of the heart (Matthew 12:34).

a man enjoys good things
The Hebrew word for "enjoys" (יֹאכַל, yokal) can also mean "eats" or "consumes," suggesting that the speaker partakes in the benefits or consequences of their words. "Good things" (טוֹב, tov) in this context refers to blessings, prosperity, and well-being. This aligns with the biblical principle that righteous speech leads to positive outcomes. Historically, wisdom literature like Proverbs often contrasts the outcomes of the wise and the foolish, emphasizing that those who speak wisely and truthfully will experience God's favor and the natural rewards of their integrity.

but the desire of the faithless
The word "desire" (נֶפֶשׁ, nephesh) in Hebrew can also mean "soul" or "appetite," indicating a deep-seated longing or inclination. "Faithless" (בֹּגֵד, boged) refers to those who are treacherous or unfaithful, often used in the Old Testament to describe those who turn away from God's covenant. This phrase highlights the inner motivations of those who reject God's ways, contrasting them with the righteous. In a conservative Christian view, this serves as a warning against allowing one's desires to be shaped by anything other than God's truth, as the faithless are driven by selfishness and rebellion.

is violence
The Hebrew word for "violence" (חָמָס, chamas) implies not just physical harm but also injustice and oppression. This stark outcome of the faithless person's desires serves as a cautionary tale within the wisdom tradition. It suggests that when one's heart is not aligned with God's righteousness, the natural result is chaos and harm, both to oneself and to others. From a conservative Christian perspective, this underscores the biblical teaching that sin leads to destruction, and only through alignment with God's will can one find peace and true prosperity. This aligns with the broader scriptural narrative that calls believers to pursue peace and righteousness, reflecting the character of Christ in their lives.

He who guards his mouth
The phrase "guards his mouth" suggests a vigilant and intentional effort to control one's speech. The Hebrew word for "guards" is "shamar," which means to keep, watch, or preserve. This implies a proactive stance, akin to a watchman on a city wall, alert to potential threats. In a biblical context, guarding one's mouth is a recurring theme, emphasizing the power of words to build up or destroy. The mouth, as a symbol of speech, is a tool that can either honor God and edify others or cause harm and discord. The wisdom literature of the Bible often contrasts the wise and the foolish, with the wise being those who exercise restraint and discernment in their speech.

protects his life
The act of protecting one's life through guarded speech underscores the intrinsic link between words and well-being. The Hebrew word for "protects" is "natsar," which conveys the idea of safeguarding or preserving. This protection is not merely physical but encompasses spiritual and emotional dimensions. In the ancient Near Eastern context, life was seen as a holistic entity, where spiritual, emotional, and physical health were interconnected. By controlling one's speech, a person aligns with God's wisdom, which leads to a flourishing life. The Bible consistently teaches that life and death are in the power of the tongue (Proverbs 18:21), and thus, careful speech is a means of preserving one's integrity and standing before God and others.

but the one who opens his lips
The phrase "opens his lips" refers to speaking without restraint or consideration. The Hebrew word "patach" means to open, and in this context, it implies a lack of control or thoughtfulness. This unguarded speech is often associated with folly and impulsiveness. In the cultural and historical setting of the Bible, speech was a primary means of communication and influence. Therefore, opening one's lips without discernment could lead to misunderstandings, conflicts, and damaged relationships. The Bible warns against the dangers of rash words, which can be like sword thrusts (Proverbs 12:18), causing harm to both the speaker and the listener.

invites his own ruin
The consequence of unguarded speech is described as inviting "his own ruin." The Hebrew word for "ruin" is "mechittah," which denotes destruction or downfall. This ruin is self-inflicted, highlighting the personal responsibility one bears for their words. In the biblical worldview, words are not trivial; they carry weight and consequence. The ruin can manifest in various forms, such as damaged reputations, broken relationships, or spiritual decline. The wisdom of Proverbs consistently teaches that folly leads to destruction, while wisdom leads to life. This verse serves as a cautionary reminder of the power of words and the importance of aligning one's speech with the principles of wisdom and righteousness.

The soul of the sluggard
The term "soul" in Hebrew is "nephesh," which often refers to the inner being or life force of a person. It encompasses desires, emotions, and the essence of life. The "sluggard" is a recurring character in Proverbs, representing laziness and a lack of initiative. The Hebrew word for sluggard is "ʿāṣēl," which conveys a sense of sluggishness and inactivity. Historically, the sluggard is depicted as someone who desires the benefits of hard work but is unwilling to exert the necessary effort. This phrase highlights the internal struggle and unfulfilled desires of those who choose idleness over diligence.

craves, yet gets nothing
The word "craves" suggests a deep longing or desire, indicating that the sluggard has strong wants or needs. However, the phrase "yet gets nothing" underscores the futility of desire without action. In the Hebrew context, this reflects a principle seen throughout Scripture: that mere wishing without corresponding effort leads to emptiness. The sluggard's cravings remain unmet because they do not translate into productive action. This serves as a warning against the dangers of complacency and the importance of aligning desires with diligent effort.

but the soul of the diligent
In contrast to the sluggard, the "diligent" person is characterized by consistent and earnest effort. The Hebrew word for diligent is "ḥārûṣ," which implies sharpness, decisiveness, and industriousness. This term is often associated with a person who is proactive and committed to their tasks. The "soul" of the diligent, like that of the sluggard, refers to their inner being, but it is marked by a different quality—one of purpose and determination. This phrase sets up a stark contrast between two types of people and their approaches to life.

is fully satisfied
The phrase "is fully satisfied" speaks to the fulfillment and contentment that comes from hard work and perseverance. In Hebrew, the word "satisfied" is "šāḇaʿ," which conveys a sense of being filled or having one's needs met. This satisfaction is not merely material but also spiritual and emotional, reflecting a holistic sense of well-being. The diligent person experiences the rewards of their labor, both in tangible results and in the deeper satisfaction of having achieved their goals. This serves as an encouragement to pursue diligence as a path to true fulfillment.

A righteous man
The phrase "A righteous man" refers to an individual who lives in accordance with God's laws and principles. In Hebrew, the word for "righteous" is "צַדִּיק" (tzaddik), which conveys the idea of being just, lawful, and morally upright. In the context of the Old Testament, righteousness is often associated with a covenant relationship with God, where one's actions align with divine expectations. Historically, a righteous person in Israelite society was someone who upheld justice and fairness, reflecting God's character in their daily life. This phrase sets the tone for the verse, emphasizing the moral integrity expected of those who follow God.

hates
The word "hates" in this context is derived from the Hebrew word "שָׂנֵא" (sane), which means to detest or abhor. This strong term indicates an intense aversion or rejection. In biblical terms, hate is not merely an emotional response but a decisive stance against something contrary to God's nature. The righteous man's hatred is not directed towards people but towards actions and attitudes that are sinful and deceitful. This reflects a deep commitment to truth and integrity, aligning with the biblical call to love what is good and abhor what is evil (Romans 12:9).

falsehood
"Falsehood" is translated from the Hebrew word "שֶׁקֶר" (sheker), meaning deception, lie, or untruth. In the biblical context, falsehood is not just about telling lies but encompasses any form of deceit or misrepresentation. The Bible consistently condemns falsehood, as it is contrary to God's nature, who is the embodiment of truth. In ancient Israel, falsehood was seen as a destructive force that undermined community trust and justice. The righteous man's hatred of falsehood underscores his commitment to living a life of honesty and transparency, reflecting God's truth in his interactions.

but the wicked
The phrase "but the wicked" introduces a contrast to the righteous man. The Hebrew word for "wicked" is "רָשָׁע" (rasha), which describes someone who is morally wrong, guilty, or hostile to God. In the biblical narrative, the wicked are those who reject God's laws and pursue their own selfish desires. This term often carries connotations of rebellion and opposition to divine order. The contrast here highlights the divergent paths of the righteous and the wicked, emphasizing the moral choices that define one's character and destiny.

bring shame
"Bring shame" is a translation of the Hebrew phrase "יַבְאִישׁ" (yav'ish), which means to cause disgrace or dishonor. In the ancient Near Eastern culture, honor and shame were significant social values. To bring shame was to act in a way that dishonored oneself, one's family, or community. The wicked, through their deceitful actions, not only harm others but also bring disgrace upon themselves. This phrase serves as a warning about the consequences of living a life contrary to God's ways, highlighting the inevitable outcome of shame and dishonor for those who choose wickedness over righteousness.

Righteousness
The Hebrew word for "righteousness" is "צְדָקָה" (tsedaqah), which conveys a sense of justice, rightness, and moral integrity. In the context of Proverbs, righteousness is not merely about legalistic adherence to rules but embodies a life aligned with God's will and character. Historically, righteousness was seen as a protective force, a divine attribute that guards and guides those who pursue it. In a conservative Christian perspective, righteousness is achieved through faith in Christ, who imparts His righteousness to believers, enabling them to live in a way that honors God.

guards
The term "guards" in Hebrew is "נָצַר" (natsar), meaning to watch over, preserve, or protect. This word suggests an active, vigilant safeguarding, much like a watchman over a city. In the biblical context, it implies that righteousness acts as a sentinel for the believer's life, keeping them from harm and guiding them away from sin. The imagery here is of a divine protection that is both proactive and reactive, ensuring that the path of the righteous is secure.

the man of integrity
"Integrity" in Hebrew is "תֹּם" (tom), which refers to completeness, simplicity, and moral innocence. A man of integrity is one whose life is whole and undivided, consistently reflecting God's truth and values. In ancient Israel, integrity was a prized virtue, often associated with wisdom and favor from God. From a conservative Christian viewpoint, integrity is a fruit of the Spirit, cultivated through a relationship with Christ and a commitment to living out one's faith authentically and transparently.

but wickedness
The Hebrew word for "wickedness" is "רֶשַׁע" (resha), denoting evil, guilt, and moral corruption. Wickedness is portrayed as the antithesis of righteousness, leading individuals away from God's path. In the biblical narrative, wickedness is often associated with rebellion against God and results in spiritual and sometimes physical destruction. For Christians, wickedness is a reminder of the fallen nature of humanity and the need for redemption through Jesus Christ.

undermines
"Undermines" is translated from the Hebrew "סָלַף" (salaph), meaning to overthrow, subvert, or pervert. This word paints a picture of something being turned upside down or corrupted from within. In the context of Proverbs, it suggests that wickedness has a corrosive effect, eroding the foundation of a person's life and leading to eventual ruin. The conservative Christian perspective emphasizes the destructive power of sin and the importance of repentance and transformation through the Holy Spirit to avoid such a fate.

the sinner
The term "sinner" in Hebrew is "חָטָא" (chata), which means to miss the mark or fall short of a standard. In the biblical sense, a sinner is one who deviates from God's laws and purposes. Historically, sin was understood as a breach of covenant with God, requiring atonement and reconciliation. For Christians, the concept of sin underscores the need for a Savior, and through Jesus Christ, believers are offered forgiveness and the power to overcome sin, restoring their relationship with God.

One pretends to be rich
The Hebrew word for "pretends" here is "עָשָׁה" (asah), which can mean to act or to make oneself appear in a certain way. This phrase highlights the human tendency to project an image of wealth and success, even when it is not the reality. In ancient times, as today, wealth was often equated with divine favor and social status. The Bible frequently warns against the dangers of pride and the pursuit of material wealth as a means of self-worth. This phrase serves as a caution against the superficiality of appearances and the emptiness of materialism.

yet has nothing
The Hebrew word "אַיִן" (ayin) means "nothing" or "non-existence." This phrase underscores the futility of pretending to be something one is not. Despite outward appearances, the person who pretends to be rich may lack true wealth, which in a biblical sense includes spiritual richness, wisdom, and a relationship with God. The verse challenges the reader to consider what constitutes true wealth and to seek treasures that are eternal rather than temporal.

another pretends to be poor
Here, the word "pretends" is again "עָשָׁה" (asah), indicating a deliberate choice to appear in a certain way. This phrase suggests humility and wisdom in choosing to live modestly despite having great wealth. In biblical times, humility was a valued trait, and those who were truly wise often chose to live simply. This part of the verse encourages believers to focus on inner richness and to value humility over the ostentation of wealth.

yet has great wealth
The Hebrew word for "wealth" is "הוֹן" (hon), which can refer to both material and spiritual riches. This phrase reveals the paradox of true wealth, which is not always visible or measurable by worldly standards. In the biblical context, great wealth is often associated with wisdom, understanding, and a deep relationship with God. This part of the verse invites reflection on the nature of true prosperity, urging believers to seek the riches of God's kingdom, which are far more valuable than earthly possessions.

The ransom
The Hebrew word for "ransom" is "kofer," which often refers to a price paid for redemption or deliverance. In the context of Proverbs, it suggests the idea of a payment or sacrifice made to secure freedom or protection. Historically, a ransom was a common practice in ancient times, often used to free captives or settle disputes. This concept can be seen as a metaphor for the spiritual deliverance that comes through wisdom and righteousness, which can protect one from the consequences of folly.

for a man's life
This phrase emphasizes the value and importance of life. In the ancient Near Eastern context, life was considered a precious gift from God, and preserving it was of utmost importance. The idea here is that a wise person, through their resources or wisdom, can secure their life from danger or harm. It reflects the biblical principle that wisdom and prudence can lead to preservation and safety.

is his wealth
Wealth, in this context, is not merely material riches but encompasses all resources and assets that a person possesses. In the biblical worldview, wealth is seen as a tool that can be used for good or ill. Here, it is portrayed as a means of protection, suggesting that a wise person uses their resources to safeguard their life and well-being. This aligns with the broader biblical teaching that wealth should be used responsibly and for righteous purposes.

but a poor man
The term "poor" here is translated from the Hebrew word "rash," which refers to someone lacking in resources or means. In the biblical context, poverty is often associated with vulnerability and exposure to danger. The contrast between the wealthy and the poor in this verse highlights the different challenges and risks faced by individuals based on their material circumstances.

hears no rebuke
The phrase "hears no rebuke" suggests a lack of correction or discipline. In the context of Proverbs, rebuke is often associated with wisdom and instruction. The implication here is that a poor man, due to his lack of resources, may not receive the same level of guidance or correction as a wealthy person. This can be seen as a call to the community to ensure that wisdom and instruction are accessible to all, regardless of their economic status. It also serves as a reminder that true wealth is found in wisdom and understanding, which are available to everyone who seeks them.

The light of the righteous
The Hebrew word for "light" here is "אוֹר" (or), which often symbolizes purity, truth, and divine presence throughout the Scriptures. In the ancient Near Eastern context, light was a precious commodity, representing life and guidance. The "righteous" are those who live in accordance with God's laws and principles. Their lives are illuminated by God's wisdom, allowing them to navigate the complexities of life with clarity and purpose. This light is not merely for personal benefit but serves as a beacon to others, drawing them towards the truth and righteousness of God. The righteous, through their actions and character, reflect the light of God, much like a city on a hill that cannot be hidden (Matthew 5:14).

shines brightly
The phrase "shines brightly" suggests an intensity and visibility that cannot be ignored. The Hebrew verb "שָׂמַח" (samach) implies joy and radiance. This brightness is not self-generated but is a reflection of God's glory and favor upon the righteous. Historically, light has been associated with celebration and victory, indicating that the righteous live in a state of spiritual triumph and joy. Their lives are marked by a distinct contrast to the darkness of the world, providing hope and direction to those around them.

but the lamp of the wicked
The "lamp" (נֵר, ner) in ancient times was a small clay vessel with a wick, providing limited light. It symbolizes the temporary and fragile nature of the wicked's influence and prosperity. Unlike the enduring and divine light of the righteous, the lamp of the wicked is man-made and finite. The "wicked" are those who reject God's ways, choosing instead to follow their own paths. Their lives may seem illuminated for a time, but it is a false light, lacking the eternal source that sustains the righteous.

is extinguished
The Hebrew word "דָּעַךְ" (da'akh) means to be put out or quenched. This denotes a sudden and complete end to the influence and presence of the wicked. In the biblical context, this is a powerful reminder of the ultimate justice of God. While the wicked may appear to prosper temporarily, their end is assured. Their light, which is not rooted in the eternal truth of God, will inevitably be snuffed out. This serves as both a warning and a comfort: a warning to those who walk in wickedness and a comfort to the righteous who may suffer under the temporary success of the wicked. The extinguishing of the wicked's lamp underscores the transient nature of evil and the enduring triumph of righteousness.

Arrogance
The Hebrew word for "arrogance" is "zadon," which conveys a sense of pride, insolence, or presumptuousness. In the biblical context, arrogance is often associated with a heart that is lifted up against God and others, leading to a lack of humility and an overestimation of one's own abilities or importance. Historically, arrogance has been the downfall of many biblical figures, such as Pharaoh in Exodus, who refused to humble himself before God. This word serves as a warning against the dangers of pride, which can blind individuals to their own faults and lead to destructive behavior.

leads only to strife
The phrase "leads only to strife" highlights the inevitable outcome of arrogance. The Hebrew word for "strife" is "madon," which refers to contention, quarrels, or disputes. In the biblical narrative, strife is often depicted as a result of human sinfulness and pride, leading to broken relationships and communities. The use of "only" emphasizes the certainty of this outcome, suggesting that arrogance does not produce anything beneficial but rather sows discord and division. This serves as a reminder of the importance of humility and the pursuit of peace in our interactions with others.

but wisdom
The word "wisdom" in Hebrew is "chokmah," which encompasses not only knowledge but also the practical application of understanding in daily life. In the book of Proverbs, wisdom is portrayed as a divine attribute that is available to those who seek it with a humble heart. Wisdom is contrasted with arrogance, suggesting that true understanding and insight come from a place of humility and reverence for God. This wisdom is not merely intellectual but is deeply connected to moral and ethical living, guiding individuals in making righteous decisions.

is with the well-advised
The phrase "is with the well-advised" indicates that wisdom is found among those who seek counsel and guidance from others. The Hebrew word for "well-advised" is "nosim," which implies being open to instruction and correction. In the biblical context, seeking advice from wise and godly counselors is a mark of humility and a recognition of one's own limitations. This phrase underscores the value of community and the importance of surrounding oneself with individuals who can provide sound guidance. It also reflects the biblical principle that wisdom is not an isolated pursuit but is cultivated through relationships and shared experiences.

Dishonest wealth
The Hebrew word for "dishonest" here is "hebel," which can also mean "vain" or "empty." This suggests that wealth gained through deceitful or unethical means lacks substance and integrity. Historically, the Bible consistently warns against dishonest gain, as seen in the accounts of figures like Achan (Joshua 7) and Gehazi (2 Kings 5), whose ill-gotten gains led to their downfall. The emphasis is on the fleeting nature of wealth acquired through sin, which ultimately leads to spiritual and often material loss.

will dwindle
The Hebrew root "ma'at" conveys the idea of diminishing or decreasing. This reflects a divine principle that wealth obtained without righteousness is not sustainable. Archaeological findings from ancient Israelite settlements show that communities that thrived were often those that adhered to ethical practices, suggesting a correlation between moral integrity and lasting prosperity. The Bible teaches that God’s justice ensures that dishonest gains will not endure, as seen in the eventual downfall of corrupt empires and individuals throughout scripture.

but what is earned through hard work
The phrase "earned through hard work" is rooted in the Hebrew word "yad," meaning "hand," symbolizing labor and effort. This highlights the biblical value placed on diligence and industriousness. The Proverbs frequently extol the virtues of hard work (Proverbs 6:6-11), contrasting it with laziness and sloth. Historically, the agrarian society of ancient Israel depended heavily on the labor of its people, and the Bible reflects this cultural context by emphasizing the blessings that come from honest toil.

will be multiplied
The Hebrew word "rabah" means to increase or grow. This suggests that God blesses and expands the fruits of honest labor. The principle of multiplication here is not merely material but also spiritual, as hard work cultivates virtues such as patience, perseverance, and faithfulness. Scripturally, this is seen in the parable of the talents (Matthew 25:14-30), where faithful stewardship leads to greater responsibility and reward. The Bible assures believers that God honors and rewards those who work diligently and righteously, promising not just material abundance but also spiritual enrichment.

Hope deferred
The Hebrew word for "hope" is "תִּקְוָה" (tiqvah), which conveys a sense of expectation or longing. In the ancient context, hope was often tied to the promises of God and the anticipation of His intervention in the lives of His people. The word "deferred" comes from the Hebrew "מָשַׁךְ" (mashak), meaning to draw out or prolong. This phrase captures the emotional toll of waiting for something deeply desired, reflecting a universal human experience. In a conservative Christian perspective, this can be seen as a test of faith, where believers are called to trust in God's timing, even when it seems delayed.

makes the heart sick
The "heart" in Hebrew, "לֵב" (lev), is not just the seat of emotions but also the center of one's inner life, including thoughts and will. When hope is deferred, it affects the whole being, leading to a state of spiritual and emotional malaise. This phrase underscores the profound impact of unfulfilled expectations on a person's well-being. Historically, the heart was seen as the core of one's identity, and its sickness implies a deep, pervasive sense of disappointment and discouragement.

but desire fulfilled
The word "desire" in Hebrew is "תַּאֲוָה" (taavah), which can refer to a longing or craving, often with a positive connotation when aligned with God's will. "Fulfilled" comes from the Hebrew "בּוֹא" (bo), meaning to come or to arrive. This phrase suggests the joy and satisfaction that come when one's righteous desires are realized. In the biblical narrative, fulfilled desires often point to God's faithfulness in answering prayers and fulfilling His promises, reinforcing the believer's trust in His providence.

is a tree of life
The "tree of life" is a powerful biblical symbol, first appearing in Genesis as a representation of eternal life and divine blessing. In Hebrew, "עֵץ חַיִּים" (etz chayim) evokes imagery of vitality, growth, and sustenance. This phrase contrasts the sickness of deferred hope with the rejuvenation and abundance that come from realized desires. In a conservative Christian view, it points to the ultimate fulfillment found in Christ, who is the source of eternal life and the fulfillment of all righteous hopes and desires. The tree of life symbolizes the restoration and wholeness that God offers to those who trust in Him.

He who despises instruction
The Hebrew word for "despises" is "בּוּז" (buz), which conveys a sense of contempt or disdain. In the ancient Near Eastern context, instruction was not merely academic but a way of life, encompassing moral, ethical, and spiritual guidance. To despise instruction is to reject the wisdom and guidance that God provides through His Word and through those He has placed in authority. This rejection is not just intellectual but a heart posture that refuses to acknowledge the value of divine wisdom.

will pay the penalty
The phrase "will pay the penalty" suggests a consequence that is both inevitable and just. The Hebrew root "שָׁלַם" (shalam) implies a sense of completeness or fulfillment, indicating that the penalty is a natural outcome of one's actions. In the biblical worldview, actions have consequences, and rejecting God's wisdom leads to spiritual and often physical repercussions. This reflects the principle of sowing and reaping found throughout Scripture.

but the one who respects a command
The word "respects" comes from the Hebrew "יָרֵא" (yare), which can also mean to fear or revere. This is not a fear of terror but a deep reverence and awe for God's authority and His commandments. A "command" in this context refers to God's directives, which are designed for our well-being and flourishing. Respecting a command is an acknowledgment of God's sovereignty and wisdom, and it aligns one's life with His divine order.

will be rewarded
The concept of reward here is rooted in the Hebrew "שָׁלַם" (shalam), similar to the word for penalty, but in a positive sense. It implies a sense of peace, fulfillment, and blessing that comes from living in accordance with God's will. The reward is not merely material but encompasses spiritual growth, inner peace, and eternal blessings. This reflects the biblical promise that obedience to God leads to a life of abundance and joy, both in this life and the life to come.

The teaching of the wise
This phrase emphasizes the value of wisdom imparted by those who are knowledgeable and godly. The Hebrew word for "teaching" is "torah," which can also mean instruction or law. In the context of Proverbs, it refers to the moral and ethical guidance that aligns with God's will. The "wise" are those who fear the Lord, as stated in Proverbs 9:10, "The fear of the LORD is the beginning of wisdom." Historically, wisdom literature in ancient Israel was highly esteemed, and the wise were often sought for counsel. This teaching is not merely academic but is deeply practical, intended to guide one's life in righteousness.

is a fountain of life
The imagery of a "fountain of life" suggests a source of continual refreshment and sustenance. In the arid climate of the ancient Near East, water was a precious resource, and a fountain symbolized abundance and vitality. The Hebrew word "maqor" for "fountain" implies a spring or well that provides life-giving water. Scripturally, this metaphor is used to describe the life-giving nature of God's wisdom and presence, as seen in Psalm 36:9, "For with You is the fountain of life; in Your light we see light." The teaching of the wise, therefore, is not static but dynamic, offering ongoing nourishment for the soul.

turning one from the snares of death
This phrase highlights the protective and redemptive power of wisdom. The "snares of death" refer to the traps and pitfalls that lead to spiritual and sometimes physical destruction. The Hebrew word "mokes" for "snares" indicates a trap or a noose, often used in hunting. In a spiritual sense, these snares represent sin, folly, and the consequences of living apart from God's guidance. The wisdom imparted by the wise acts as a safeguard, steering individuals away from these dangers. Historically, the concept of wisdom as a protective force is prevalent in ancient literature, underscoring its role in preserving life and promoting well-being. In a broader scriptural context, this aligns with the message of salvation and deliverance found throughout the Bible, where adherence to God's wisdom leads to life and freedom from the bondage of sin.

Good understanding
The Hebrew word for "understanding" is "sekel," which implies insight, prudence, or wisdom. In the biblical context, this understanding is not merely intellectual but deeply spiritual, rooted in the fear of the Lord (Proverbs 9:10). It suggests a discernment that aligns with God's will and purposes. Historically, those who possessed such understanding were often sought after for counsel and leadership, as seen in the lives of Joseph and Daniel. This understanding is a gift from God, cultivated through a relationship with Him and a commitment to His Word.

Wins favor
The phrase "wins favor" indicates the positive outcomes that result from possessing good understanding. The Hebrew word "chen" for "favor" can also mean grace or acceptance. In a conservative Christian perspective, this favor is not just from humans but primarily from God. It reflects the biblical principle that when one's ways please the Lord, He makes even their enemies to be at peace with them (Proverbs 16:7). This favor is a divine endorsement that opens doors and creates opportunities for influence and impact.

But the way of the faithless
The "faithless" are those who lack fidelity to God and His commandments. The Hebrew term "bagad" suggests treachery or deceit. In the biblical narrative, faithlessness is often associated with idolatry and rebellion against God. The "way" of the faithless is a lifestyle or path characterized by moral and spiritual deviation. This path is contrasted with the righteous path, which leads to life and peace. The faithless are those who trust in their own understanding rather than acknowledging God in all their ways (Proverbs 3:5-6).

Is difficult
The Hebrew word "eytan" translated as "difficult" can also mean perpetual or enduring. It suggests a path that is hard, fraught with obstacles, and ultimately unsustainable. From a conservative Christian viewpoint, this difficulty is not merely circumstantial but spiritual, as it reflects the consequences of living apart from God's wisdom and guidance. The faithless path leads to destruction, as it is devoid of the light and truth that come from walking with God. This serves as a warning and a call to repentance, urging individuals to seek the Lord while He may be found and to walk in His ways.

Every prudent man
The Hebrew word for "prudent" is "עָרוּם" (arum), which conveys a sense of shrewdness, craftiness, or wisdom. In the biblical context, prudence is not merely about being cautious but involves a deep understanding and discernment that guides one's actions. A prudent man is someone who carefully considers his steps, aligning them with God's wisdom. This aligns with the broader biblical narrative that values wisdom as a divine gift, as seen in Solomon's request for wisdom in 1 Kings 3:9.

acts with knowledge
The Hebrew term for "knowledge" is "דַּעַת" (da'at), which implies more than just information; it encompasses understanding, insight, and perception. In the biblical sense, knowledge is often linked with the fear of the Lord (Proverbs 1:7), suggesting that true knowledge begins with a reverence for God. A prudent man uses this knowledge to navigate life, making decisions that reflect an understanding of God's will and purpose.

but a fool
The word "fool" in Hebrew is "כְּסִיל" (kesil), which refers to someone who is morally deficient, lacking in wisdom and understanding. In the book of Proverbs, the fool is often contrasted with the wise, highlighting the consequences of rejecting wisdom. The fool's behavior is not just a lack of intelligence but a willful disregard for God's instructions and moral order.

displays his folly
The Hebrew word for "displays" is "פָרַשׂ" (paras), meaning to spread out or expose. This suggests that a fool's actions are not hidden but are evident to all. The term "folly" is "אִוֶּלֶת" (ivvelet), which denotes foolishness or senselessness. In the biblical context, folly is often associated with sin and rebellion against God. The fool's actions reveal his lack of wisdom and understanding, serving as a warning to others about the dangers of ignoring God's guidance.

A wicked messenger
The phrase "a wicked messenger" refers to an unfaithful or deceitful envoy. In the Hebrew text, the word for "wicked" is "רָשָׁע" (rasha), which denotes someone who is morally wrong or guilty. Historically, messengers played a crucial role in communication, especially in ancient times when written correspondence was limited. A wicked messenger, therefore, would distort or corrupt the message, leading to misunderstandings or harm. This can be seen as a metaphor for those who spread false teachings or deceitful information, which can lead to spiritual or communal decay.

falls into trouble
The phrase "falls into trouble" suggests the inevitable consequences of deceit and unfaithfulness. The Hebrew word for "trouble" is "רָעָה" (ra'ah), which can mean evil, distress, or calamity. This implies that those who engage in wickedness will ultimately face negative repercussions. From a scriptural perspective, this aligns with the principle of sowing and reaping, where one's actions lead to corresponding outcomes. It serves as a warning that deceit and unfaithfulness will not go unpunished, emphasizing the importance of integrity.

but a faithful envoy
In contrast, "a faithful envoy" represents someone who is trustworthy and reliable. The Hebrew word for "faithful" is "אֱמוּנָה" (emunah), which conveys a sense of steadfastness and fidelity. In biblical times, a faithful envoy would be someone who accurately and reliably conveys messages, ensuring that the truth is preserved and communicated. This reflects the Christian value of faithfulness, which is highly esteemed and is seen as a reflection of God's own faithfulness to His people.

brings healing
The phrase "brings healing" indicates the positive impact of truthfulness and reliability. The Hebrew word for "healing" is "מַרְפֵּא" (marpe), which means health, cure, or restoration. A faithful envoy, by delivering messages accurately and with integrity, contributes to the well-being and harmony of a community. This can be understood as a metaphor for the healing power of truth and righteousness, which restores relationships and fosters trust. In a broader spiritual sense, it underscores the transformative power of living according to God's truth, which brings healing to the soul and community.

Poverty and shame
The Hebrew words for "poverty" (רֵישׁ, resh) and "shame" (קָלוֹן, qalon) convey a deep sense of lacking and dishonor. In the ancient Near Eastern context, poverty was not just a lack of material wealth but also a social condition that could lead to marginalization. Shame, similarly, was a powerful social force that could isolate individuals from their community. The verse suggests that these conditions are not merely circumstantial but are consequences of one's actions, specifically the neglect of discipline.

come to him who ignores discipline
The phrase "ignores discipline" is rooted in the Hebrew word "מוּסָר" (musar), which means instruction or correction. In the biblical context, discipline is not merely punitive but is intended for growth and learning. Ignoring discipline implies a willful rejection of guidance and wisdom, which, according to the wisdom literature of the Bible, leads to negative outcomes. The historical context of Proverbs, a book attributed to Solomon, emphasizes the importance of wisdom and instruction as foundational to a righteous and successful life.

but whoever heeds correction
The word "heeds" comes from the Hebrew "שָׁמַע" (shama), meaning to listen or obey. This implies an active engagement with correction, not just passive acceptance. The biblical tradition places a high value on the ability to listen and respond to guidance, as it reflects a heart open to God's wisdom. The act of heeding correction is seen as a path to personal growth and spiritual maturity.

is honored
The Hebrew word for "honored" is "כָּבֵד" (kaved), which can also mean to be heavy or weighty, signifying importance and respect. In the biblical context, honor is often associated with living a life that aligns with God's will and commands. It is a reward for those who are humble enough to accept correction and wise enough to apply it. This honor is not just a social standing but a reflection of one's character and relationship with God.

Desire fulfilled
The Hebrew word for "desire" here is "ta'avah," which conveys a deep longing or craving. In the context of Proverbs, this desire often aligns with righteous aspirations or the pursuit of wisdom. When such desires are fulfilled, they bring a profound sense of satisfaction and joy to the soul. This fulfillment is not merely about material gain but encompasses spiritual and emotional contentment. The sweetness to the soul suggests a deep, intrinsic joy that aligns with God's will, reflecting the ultimate fulfillment found in a relationship with Him.

is sweet to the soul
The sweetness mentioned here is akin to the Hebrew word "matok," which implies a pleasant and delightful experience. The soul, or "nephesh" in Hebrew, represents the entirety of one's being—mind, will, and emotions. When desires that align with God's purposes are realized, they bring a holistic sense of well-being and joy. This sweetness is a testament to the goodness of God and His faithfulness in fulfilling the righteous desires of His people. It serves as a reminder that true satisfaction is found in the alignment of our desires with God's will.

but turning from evil
The phrase "turning from evil" involves the Hebrew word "sur," which means to turn aside or depart. In the biblical context, turning from evil is a conscious decision to reject sin and pursue righteousness. This action requires discernment and a commitment to God's commandments. The contrast here highlights the moral choice every individual faces: to pursue desires that lead to life or to turn away from evil, which is the path of wisdom. The act of turning from evil is a hallmark of a life transformed by God's grace and wisdom.

is detestable to fools
The word "detestable" comes from the Hebrew "to'ebah," which signifies something abominable or loathsome. In Proverbs, a "fool" is often described as someone who rejects wisdom and moral instruction. To such individuals, the idea of turning from evil is repugnant because it challenges their self-centered desires and sinful inclinations. This phrase underscores the tragic reality that fools, in their pride and rebellion, find no delight in righteousness. It serves as a warning of the spiritual blindness that accompanies a life lived apart from God's wisdom.

Walk with the wise
The Hebrew word for "walk" is "הָלַךְ" (halak), which implies a continuous action or lifestyle. In ancient Israel, walking was a common mode of travel, symbolizing one's journey through life. To "walk with the wise" suggests an intentional choice to align oneself with those who possess wisdom. Wisdom in the biblical sense is not merely intellectual knowledge but a deep, God-given understanding of life and righteousness. The wise are those who fear the Lord, as stated in Proverbs 9:10, "The fear of the LORD is the beginning of wisdom." Walking with the wise means seeking their counsel, observing their ways, and adopting their values, which are rooted in a reverence for God.

and become wise
The phrase "become wise" indicates a transformation or growth in character and understanding. The Hebrew root "חָכַם" (chakam) is used here, which means to be wise or to act wisely. This transformation is not automatic but is the result of deliberate association and learning. In the biblical context, wisdom is a gift from God, often imparted through relationships and experiences. By associating with the wise, one absorbs their insights and perspectives, leading to personal growth and a deeper understanding of God's will.

for a companion of fools
The term "companion" comes from the Hebrew word "רֵעַ" (rea), meaning friend or associate. This implies a close relationship or frequent association. In contrast to the wise, "fools" in the biblical sense are those who reject God's wisdom and live according to their own understanding. The Hebrew word for "fools" is "כְּסִילִים" (kesilim), which often denotes moral and spiritual deficiency rather than mere lack of intelligence. Fools are characterized by their disregard for God's commandments and their pursuit of selfish desires.

suffers harm
The phrase "suffers harm" is derived from the Hebrew "רוּעַ" (rua), which means to be broken or to suffer ruin. This is a warning of the inevitable consequences of associating with those who lack wisdom. The Bible consistently teaches that the company one keeps has a profound impact on one's life. In 1 Corinthians 15:33, Paul echoes this sentiment: "Do not be deceived: 'Bad company corrupts good character.'" The harm suffered is not only physical or material but also spiritual and moral, leading one away from God's path and into destructive behaviors.

Disaster pursues sinners
The word "disaster" in Hebrew is "ra'ah," which can mean evil, calamity, or misfortune. This term is often used in the Old Testament to describe the consequences of living in opposition to God's commandments. The phrase "pursues sinners" suggests an active, relentless pursuit, indicating that those who live in sin cannot escape the natural and divine consequences of their actions. Historically, the Israelites understood this as a principle of divine justice, where sin inevitably leads to negative outcomes. This reflects the broader biblical theme that sin separates individuals from God, leading to spiritual and often physical ruin.

but prosperity is the reward of the righteous
The Hebrew word for "prosperity" is "tov," which encompasses goodness, welfare, and blessing. This term is not limited to material wealth but includes spiritual and emotional well-being. The "righteous" are those who live in accordance with God's laws and principles. In the ancient Near Eastern context, righteousness was not merely about personal morality but involved living in right relationship with God and others. The "reward" implies a divine recompense, suggesting that God actively blesses those who seek to live according to His will. This reflects the biblical principle that obedience to God leads to a life of fulfillment and peace, both in this world and in the life to come. The verse encapsulates the wisdom tradition's emphasis on the moral order of the universe, where good ultimately triumphs over evil.

A good man
The phrase "a good man" in Proverbs 13:22 refers to a person who is righteous and lives according to God's commandments. The Hebrew word for "good" is "טוֹב" (tov), which implies moral goodness, kindness, and benevolence. In the biblical context, a good man is someone who seeks to align his life with God's will, demonstrating integrity and virtue. This aligns with the broader scriptural teaching that righteousness is not merely about personal piety but also about one's actions and relationships with others.

leaves an inheritance
The concept of leaving an inheritance is deeply rooted in the Hebrew tradition, where it was customary for parents to pass on their possessions to their children. The Hebrew word for "inheritance" is "נַחֲלָה" (nachalah), which signifies not only material wealth but also spiritual and moral legacies. In the biblical context, this inheritance is not limited to financial assets but includes the values, wisdom, and faith that a good man imparts to his descendants. It underscores the importance of thinking beyond one's lifetime and investing in the future of the next generation.

to his children’s children
This phrase emphasizes the long-term impact of a good man's life. The Hebrew culture placed great importance on family and generational continuity. By mentioning "children’s children," the verse highlights the enduring influence of a righteous life that extends beyond immediate offspring to future generations. It reflects the biblical principle that the blessings of a godly life are not confined to the present but ripple through time, affecting descendants and shaping their lives.

but the sinner’s wealth
The contrast here is between the righteous and the sinner. The Hebrew word for "sinner" is "חָטָא" (chata), which means one who misses the mark or falls short of God's standards. The verse suggests that while a sinner may accumulate wealth, it lacks the enduring value and purpose that comes from righteousness. The wealth of a sinner is often gained through unjust means or used for selfish purposes, lacking the divine blessing that accompanies the possessions of the righteous.

is stored up for the righteous
This phrase conveys a profound biblical truth about divine justice and providence. The Hebrew word for "stored up" is "צָפוּן" (tzafun), which implies being hidden or reserved. The verse suggests that God, in His sovereignty, ensures that ultimately, the wealth of the sinner will benefit the righteous. This reflects the biblical theme that God is the ultimate arbiter of justice, and He orchestrates circumstances so that the righteous are rewarded, even if it means redistributing the wealth of the wicked. It serves as a reminder of God's faithfulness and the assurance that living a righteous life is ultimately rewarded by Him.

Abundant food
The phrase "abundant food" suggests a plentiful provision that is available. In the Hebrew context, the word for "abundant" often implies a sense of overflowing or more than enough. This reflects God's provision and the potential for prosperity that He has embedded in creation. Theologically, it reminds us of God's desire for His people to live in sufficiency and to have their needs met. The imagery of food being abundant in the land speaks to the blessings that God has placed within the earth, waiting to be cultivated and harvested.

is in the fallow ground
"Fallow ground" refers to land that is left unplowed and unseeded for a period to restore its fertility. In ancient agricultural practices, allowing land to lie fallow was a method of ensuring long-term productivity. Spiritually, this can be seen as a metaphor for potential that is yet to be realized. The fallow ground of the heart, when tilled and nurtured, can yield spiritual fruit. This phrase encourages believers to recognize and cultivate the potential that God has placed within them, both physically and spiritually.

of the poor
The mention of "the poor" highlights a social and economic reality that has persisted throughout history. In the biblical context, the poor were often marginalized and lacked access to resources. However, this verse suggests that even the poor have access to potential abundance. It challenges societal norms by asserting that poverty does not equate to a lack of potential or worth. From a Christian perspective, it calls for a recognition of the inherent dignity and potential in every individual, regardless of their economic status.

but without justice
The phrase "without justice" introduces a critical element that affects the realization of potential. In Hebrew, the word for justice, "mishpat," encompasses fairness, equity, and the right ordering of society. The absence of justice implies a societal failure to ensure that everyone has the opportunity to benefit from the abundance that God has provided. This serves as a call to action for believers to advocate for justice and to work towards systems that allow for equitable distribution of resources.

it is swept away
The imagery of being "swept away" conveys a sense of loss and destruction. It suggests that without justice, the potential for abundance is not only unrealized but also actively destroyed. This serves as a warning of the consequences of neglecting justice and equity. In a broader spiritual sense, it reminds believers of the importance of aligning with God's principles of justice to prevent the squandering of the blessings He has provided. It is a call to stewardship and responsibility, urging Christians to ensure that the potential for abundance is not lost due to societal or personal negligence.

He who spares the rod
The phrase "spares the rod" refers to the act of withholding discipline. The "rod" in ancient Hebrew culture, represented by the word "שֵׁבֶט" (shebet), was a symbol of authority and correction. Historically, the rod was used by shepherds to guide and protect their sheep, not to harm them. In a parental context, it signifies the responsibility to guide children towards righteousness. The conservative Christian perspective emphasizes that sparing the rod is akin to neglecting the duty of instilling moral values and discipline, which are crucial for a child's development.

hates his son
The word "hates" here is strong and deliberate. In Hebrew, "שָׂנֵא" (sane) conveys a sense of neglect or disregard rather than active malice. The verse suggests that failing to discipline a child is a form of neglect that can lead to long-term harm. From a conservative viewpoint, this underscores the importance of loving correction as an expression of genuine care and concern for a child's well-being and future.

but he who loves him
The contrast introduced by "but" highlights the difference between neglect and active love. "Loves" in Hebrew, "אָהַב" (ahav), implies a deep, committed affection that seeks the best for the other person. In the context of parenting, love is not merely an emotion but an active commitment to the child's growth and moral development. This aligns with the conservative Christian belief that true love involves guiding children in the ways of the Lord.

disciplines him diligently
The phrase "disciplines him diligently" emphasizes consistent and thoughtful correction. The Hebrew word for "disciplines," "מוּסָר" (musar), encompasses instruction, correction, and training. "Diligently" suggests a persistent and careful approach, indicating that discipline should be neither harsh nor sporadic but rather a steady, loving effort to teach and guide. This reflects the conservative Christian view that discipline is an essential part of nurturing a child's character and faith, preparing them to live a life that honors God.

The righteous
In the Hebrew text, the word for "righteous" is "צַדִּיק" (tzaddik), which refers to someone who is just, lawful, and in right standing with God. In the context of Proverbs, the righteous are those who live according to God's commandments and seek to align their lives with His will. Historically, the concept of righteousness in the Old Testament is deeply connected to covenantal faithfulness, where individuals are seen as righteous when they uphold their part of the covenant with God. This righteousness is not merely about legalistic adherence to the law but involves a heart posture of humility and obedience.

eat to their hearts’ content
The phrase suggests a state of satisfaction and fulfillment. In Hebrew, the word "שָׂבַע" (sava) is used, which means to be satisfied or filled. This implies that the righteous experience a deep sense of contentment and provision, not just physically but spiritually and emotionally. In the ancient Near Eastern context, eating to one's heart's content was a sign of blessing and abundance, often associated with God's favor. This reflects the biblical principle that those who follow God's ways are provided for and find true satisfaction in Him.

but the stomach
The Hebrew word for "stomach" is "בֶּטֶן" (beten), which can also mean belly or womb. It symbolizes the innermost part of a person, often associated with desires and needs. In biblical literature, the stomach is sometimes used metaphorically to represent one's appetites or cravings. This highlights the contrast between the righteous, who are satisfied, and the wicked, who are driven by unfulfilled desires.

of the wicked
The term "wicked" in Hebrew is "רָשָׁע" (rasha), referring to those who are morally wrong, guilty, or hostile to God. The wicked are characterized by their rebellion against God's laws and their pursuit of selfish desires. Throughout Proverbs, the wicked are often depicted as those who reject wisdom and understanding, leading to their downfall. This word underscores the moral and spiritual state of those who are opposed to God's ways.

goes hungry
The phrase "goes hungry" is derived from the Hebrew word "חָסֵר" (chaser), meaning to lack or be in want. This indicates a state of deficiency and unmet needs. In the biblical context, hunger is not just a physical condition but also a spiritual one, representing a life devoid of God's presence and blessing. The imagery of hunger serves as a powerful metaphor for the emptiness and dissatisfaction that accompany a life lived apart from God. It contrasts sharply with the fulfillment experienced by the righteous, emphasizing the consequences of living in opposition to divine wisdom.