Who is like the wise man?
The phrase begins with a rhetorical question, emphasizing the rarity and value of true wisdom. In Hebrew, the word for "wise" is "חָכָם" (chakam), which denotes not just intellectual knowledge but a deep, practical understanding of life that aligns with God's principles. Historically, wisdom literature in the Bible, including Ecclesiastes, often contrasts the wise with the foolish, highlighting the unique and admirable qualities of those who live according to divine insight.

And who knows the interpretation of a matter?
The term "interpretation" in Hebrew is "פֵּשֶׁר" (pesher), which implies a deep understanding or explanation of complex issues. This phrase suggests that wisdom involves not only knowledge but the ability to discern and explain life's mysteries. In the ancient Near Eastern context, wise men were often sought for their ability to interpret dreams and signs, much like Joseph and Daniel in the biblical narrative. This underscores the divine gift of wisdom that enables one to navigate and elucidate the complexities of life.

A man's wisdom brightens his face
The imagery of a brightened face is powerful, suggesting that wisdom has a transformative effect on a person's demeanor. In Hebrew culture, the face is often seen as a reflection of one's inner state. The word "brightens" can be linked to "אוֹר" (or), meaning light. This metaphor indicates that wisdom brings clarity, joy, and peace, which are visibly manifested in a person's countenance. It reflects the inner tranquility and confidence that come from living in accordance with God's truth.

and the sternness of his face is changed
The "sternness" or "strength" of the face, in Hebrew "עֹז" (oz), can imply a hard or severe expression. The transformation described here suggests that wisdom softens and alters one's appearance, replacing harshness with gentleness and understanding. This change is not merely superficial but signifies a deeper, spiritual renewal. In a biblical context, this transformation is often associated with the work of the Holy Spirit, who imparts wisdom and produces the fruit of the Spirit, such as love, joy, and peace, in a believer's life.

Keep the king’s command
The phrase "Keep the king’s command" emphasizes the importance of obedience to authority, a theme that resonates throughout the Bible. The Hebrew word for "keep" is "shamar," which means to guard, observe, or give heed. This suggests not just passive obedience but active, vigilant adherence to the king's decrees. In the historical context of ancient Israel, the king was seen as God's appointed ruler, and his commands were to be respected as part of maintaining order and justice. This aligns with the broader biblical principle found in Romans 13:1, where believers are instructed to submit to governing authorities, as they are established by God.

I say
The phrase "I say" indicates the personal authority and conviction of the speaker, traditionally understood to be Solomon. This personal assertion underscores the wisdom and experience behind the advice. Solomon, known for his God-given wisdom, speaks from a position of understanding the complexities of governance and the divine order. His use of "I say" adds weight to the instruction, suggesting that it is not merely a suggestion but a wise directive based on divine insight.

because of your oath before God
The phrase "because of your oath before God" highlights the solemnity and sacredness of promises made in the presence of God. The Hebrew word for "oath" is "shevuah," which refers to a solemn promise or vow. In ancient Israel, oaths were binding and carried significant spiritual and social weight. This phrase reminds believers of their covenantal relationship with God, where oaths and promises are not to be taken lightly. It reflects the biblical understanding that one's word, especially when given before God, is a matter of integrity and faithfulness. This is echoed in Matthew 5:37, where Jesus teaches that one's "Yes" should be "Yes," and "No," "No," emphasizing honesty and reliability in one's commitments.

Do not be quick
The phrase "do not be quick" suggests a caution against haste and impulsiveness. In the Hebrew context, the word often implies a sense of urgency or rashness. The wisdom literature of the Bible frequently advises against hasty decisions, emphasizing the importance of patience and deliberation. This aligns with the broader biblical principle of seeking God's guidance and wisdom before acting.

to leave his presence
"His presence" refers to the presence of a king or authority figure. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, the presence of a king was considered sacred and powerful. Leaving a king's presence hastily could be seen as disrespectful or rebellious. Spiritually, this can be interpreted as a call to remain in God's presence, valuing the time spent with Him and not rushing away from divine guidance and fellowship.

and do not persist
The word "persist" here implies stubbornness or obstinacy. In the Hebrew, it carries the connotation of continuing in a course of action despite knowing it is wrong. This serves as a warning against hard-heartedness and the refusal to heed wise counsel or correction, which is a recurring theme in the wisdom literature.

in a bad cause
A "bad cause" refers to actions or decisions that are morally or ethically wrong. The Hebrew word for "bad" can also mean evil or harmful. This phrase warns against aligning oneself with unrighteous endeavors or supporting unjust actions. It underscores the biblical call to pursue righteousness and justice, avoiding complicity in wrongdoing.

for he will do whatever he wants
This phrase acknowledges the sovereign power of the king, who has the authority to act according to his will. Historically, kings in the ancient world wielded significant power, often acting unilaterally. In a spiritual sense, this can be seen as a reminder of God's ultimate sovereignty. While earthly rulers have authority, God's will is supreme, and His purposes will ultimately prevail. This encourages believers to trust in God's perfect will and timing, even when human authority seems overwhelming.

For the word of the king
The term "word" in this context is derived from the Hebrew word "dabar," which signifies a command or decree. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, a king's word was not merely a suggestion but a binding command that carried the weight of law. The king's authority was absolute, reflecting the divine right of kings, a belief that monarchs were appointed by and answerable only to God. This phrase underscores the power and authority vested in a king, which parallels the ultimate authority of God in the life of a believer. In a spiritual sense, it reminds Christians of the sovereignty of God's Word, which is supreme and unchallengeable.

is supreme
The Hebrew word "shilton" is used here, meaning dominion or authority. This word emphasizes the king's ultimate control and the unquestionable nature of his rule. Historically, kings were seen as the highest earthly authority, and their decrees were final. This reflects the biblical understanding of God's sovereignty, where His will is supreme over all creation. For believers, this serves as a reminder of the importance of submitting to God's authority, recognizing that His plans and purposes are higher than human understanding.

and who can say to him
This phrase highlights the futility of questioning or challenging the king's authority. In ancient times, questioning a king could lead to severe consequences, as it was seen as an act of rebellion. This rhetorical question serves to illustrate the king's unassailable position. In a spiritual context, it points to the futility of questioning God's will. For Christians, it is a call to trust in God's wisdom and sovereignty, even when His ways are beyond human comprehension.

'What are you doing?'
This question implies a challenge to authority, which, in the context of a king, would be both audacious and dangerous. In the biblical narrative, questioning God's actions is often portrayed as a lack of faith or understanding. The book of Job, for example, explores the theme of questioning God's purposes. For believers, this phrase serves as a reminder to approach God with humility and trust, acknowledging that His ways are higher than our ways (Isaiah 55:9). It encourages Christians to have faith in God's perfect plan, even when it is not immediately apparent.

Whoever keeps a command
The phrase "keeps a command" emphasizes the importance of obedience to authority and divine law. The Hebrew root for "keeps" is "שָׁמַר" (shamar), which means to guard, observe, or give heed. This suggests a vigilant and active engagement with the commandments, not merely passive compliance. In a historical context, this reflects the ancient Israelite understanding of covenantal faithfulness, where adherence to God's laws was seen as a path to blessing and protection. Theologically, it underscores the conservative Christian belief in the authority of Scripture and the moral imperative to live according to God's revealed will.

will come to no harm
This phrase promises safety and protection for those who are obedient. The Hebrew word for "harm" is "רָעָה" (ra'ah), which can mean evil, distress, or adversity. The assurance here is that obedience to God's commands aligns one with His protective care. In the broader biblical narrative, this reflects the principle that God's laws are designed for human flourishing and that deviation from them leads to chaos and suffering. From a conservative Christian perspective, this is a call to trust in God's wisdom and providence, believing that His commands are for our ultimate good.

and a wise heart
The "wise heart" is a central theme in biblical wisdom literature. The Hebrew word for "wise" is "חָכָם" (chakam), which denotes skill, shrewdness, and prudence. The heart, "לֵב" (lev), in Hebrew thought, is the seat of intellect and emotion, not just feelings. Thus, a "wise heart" is one that discerns and understands deeply. This phrase highlights the value of wisdom, which is more than knowledge; it is the application of understanding in life. In a conservative Christian view, wisdom is seen as a gift from God, cultivated through prayer, study of Scripture, and the guidance of the Holy Spirit.

knows the right time and procedure
This phrase speaks to discernment and timing, crucial elements of wisdom. The Hebrew word for "knows" is "יָדַע" (yada), implying intimate knowledge or understanding. "Right time" and "procedure" suggest an awareness of the appropriate moment and method for action. Historically, this reflects the ancient Near Eastern value placed on timing and order, seen as essential for success and harmony. Scripturally, it resonates with the idea that there is a season for everything (Ecclesiastes 3:1). From a conservative Christian perspective, this is a reminder to seek God's guidance in decision-making, trusting that He provides wisdom for every situation.

For there is
This phrase introduces a statement of certainty and universality. The Hebrew word used here is "כִּי" (ki), which often serves as a conjunction meaning "for" or "because." It sets the stage for a truth that is applicable to all people, emphasizing the divine order and wisdom inherent in God's creation. This opening assures the reader that what follows is a principle grounded in the reality of God's sovereign design.

a right time
The Hebrew word for "time" is "עֵת" (et), which signifies an appointed time or season. This concept is central to the wisdom literature of the Bible, particularly in Ecclesiastes, where the timing of events is seen as part of God's divine plan. The "right time" implies that there is an appropriate moment for every action, reflecting the belief that God orchestrates the events of the world according to His perfect wisdom and timing.

and procedure
The term "procedure" is translated from the Hebrew word "מִשְׁפָּט" (mishpat), which can mean judgment, justice, or a prescribed way of doing things. This suggests that not only is there a right time for every purpose, but there is also a correct method or process to be followed. This reflects the biblical principle that God is a God of order, and His ways are just and righteous. It encourages believers to seek God's guidance in understanding the proper way to act in various situations.

to every purpose
The word "purpose" comes from the Hebrew "חֵפֶץ" (chefetz), meaning desire, delight, or matter. This indicates that every intention or plan has its own divinely appointed time and method. It underscores the idea that human desires and plans should align with God's will, as He has a purpose for everything under heaven. This encourages believers to trust in God's overarching plan and to align their purposes with His.

though a man's misery
The phrase "a man's misery" refers to the burdens and sorrows that individuals experience in life. The Hebrew word "רָעָה" (ra'ah) is used here, which can mean evil, distress, or adversity. This acknowledges the reality of human suffering and the weight of life's challenges. It serves as a reminder that, despite the difficulties we face, there is a divine order and purpose that transcends our immediate circumstances.

weighs heavily upon him
This phrase captures the oppressive nature of human suffering. The Hebrew verb "לָבַד" (lavad) conveys the idea of something being heavy or burdensome. It reflects the existential weight that people often feel as they navigate the complexities of life. However, within the context of the verse, it also offers hope, suggesting that even in the midst of suffering, there is a divine timing and procedure that can bring meaning and resolution to our struggles.

Since no one knows
The phrase underscores the inherent limitations of human knowledge and understanding. In the Hebrew text, the word for "knows" is "yada," which implies a deep, intimate knowledge. This suggests that despite humanity's quest for wisdom and understanding, there are boundaries set by God that we cannot cross. Historically, this reflects the ancient Near Eastern worldview where divine mysteries were often beyond human comprehension. It serves as a humbling reminder of our finite nature in contrast to God's infinite wisdom.

what will happen
This phrase speaks to the unpredictability of future events. The Hebrew word "mah" (what) emphasizes the uncertainty and the unknown aspects of life. In the context of Ecclesiastes, it reflects the Preacher's exploration of life's enigmas and the futility of trying to control or predict the future. This aligns with the broader biblical narrative that encourages trust in God's sovereign plan, as seen in passages like Proverbs 3:5-6, which calls believers to trust in the Lord rather than their own understanding.

who can tell him
Here, the rhetorical question highlights the limitations of human foresight. The Hebrew word "nagad" (tell) implies declaring or making known. This suggests that no human can declare with certainty what the future holds. In a historical context, this would resonate with the audience of Ecclesiastes, who lived in a world where divine revelation was often sought through prophets. The verse subtly points to the need for divine revelation and guidance, which is ultimately fulfilled in the person of Jesus Christ, who is the Word made flesh (John 1:14).

what is to come
This phrase encapsulates the mystery of the future. The Hebrew "asher" (what) and "bo" (to come) together emphasize the unfolding of events that are beyond human control. In the scriptural context, this reflects the theme of divine sovereignty that runs throughout Ecclesiastes. The Preacher acknowledges that while humans may plan and strive, it is God who ultimately determines the course of history. This is a call to live in faith and obedience, trusting that God holds the future in His hands, as echoed in Jeremiah 29:11, where God declares His plans for a hopeful future for His people.

As no man has power over the wind to contain it
The Hebrew word for "wind" here is "ruach," which can also mean "spirit" or "breath." This dual meaning emphasizes the uncontrollable nature of both the physical and spiritual realms. In ancient times, the wind was seen as a force beyond human control, symbolizing the limits of human power and understanding. This phrase reminds us of God's sovereignty over creation, as He alone commands the winds and the seas (Mark 4:39). It serves as a humbling reminder that despite human advancements, there are elements of life that remain beyond our grasp, urging us to trust in God's ultimate authority.

so no one has power over the time of his death
The inevitability of death is a recurring theme in Ecclesiastes, highlighting the transient nature of human life. The Hebrew word for "power" is "shilton," indicating dominion or control. This phrase underscores the futility of human efforts to escape mortality. Historically, many cultures have sought ways to extend life or achieve immortality, yet Scripture consistently teaches that our days are numbered by God (Psalm 139:16). This acknowledgment of our mortality should inspire us to live with purpose and urgency, aligning our lives with God's will.

No one is discharged in time of war
The imagery of war here reflects the struggles and battles of life. The Hebrew term "mishlach" refers to being sent away or released. In ancient warfare, soldiers were bound to their duties until the conflict ended. Similarly, life’s challenges and spiritual battles require perseverance and commitment. This phrase encourages believers to remain steadfast in their faith, recognizing that spiritual warfare is an ongoing reality (Ephesians 6:12). It calls us to rely on God's strength and armor to endure life's trials.

and wickedness will not release those who practice it
The Hebrew word for "wickedness" is "resha," denoting moral wrongness or injustice. This phrase warns of the binding nature of sin, which ensnares those who indulge in it. In biblical times, sin was often depicted as a trap or snare, leading to spiritual bondage (Proverbs 5:22). This serves as a cautionary message that engaging in wickedness leads to spiritual captivity, from which only repentance and God's grace can deliver us. It is a call to pursue righteousness and seek freedom in Christ, who breaks the chains of sin (John 8:36).

All this I have seen
The phrase "All this I have seen" suggests a comprehensive observation by the author, traditionally believed to be Solomon. The Hebrew root for "seen" is "ra'ah," which implies not just physical sight but also understanding and discernment. Solomon, known for his wisdom, is reflecting on the breadth of human experience and the futility he perceives in worldly endeavors. This phrase sets the stage for a reflective and introspective examination of human actions and their consequences.

as I applied my mind
The phrase "as I applied my mind" indicates a deliberate and thoughtful consideration. The Hebrew word "natan" is used here, meaning to give or to set. Solomon is not passively observing but actively engaging his intellect and wisdom to understand the complexities of life. This reflects a disciplined pursuit of knowledge and truth, a hallmark of wisdom literature, encouraging believers to seek understanding through diligent study and reflection.

to every work that is done under the sun
"To every work that is done under the sun" encompasses all human activities and endeavors. The phrase "under the sun" is a recurring theme in Ecclesiastes, symbolizing the earthly, temporal realm as opposed to the eternal. The Hebrew word "ma'aseh" for "work" implies deeds or actions. Solomon is examining the totality of human effort, highlighting the transient nature of worldly pursuits and urging readers to consider the eternal perspective.

at a time when one man has authority over another
This phrase addresses the dynamics of power and authority. The Hebrew word "shalit" for "authority" suggests dominion or control. Solomon observes the hierarchical structures within society, where individuals wield power over others. This reflects the reality of human governance and social order, yet it also serves as a cautionary note about the potential for abuse and the moral responsibility that comes with authority.

to his own detriment
The phrase "to his own detriment" underscores the negative consequences of misused authority. The Hebrew word "ra" is used here, meaning evil or harm. Solomon warns that when power is exercised unjustly, it ultimately harms both the oppressor and the oppressed. This serves as a moral lesson on the ethical use of power, reminding believers of the biblical principles of justice, mercy, and humility in leadership.

Then too, I saw
The phrase "Then too, I saw" indicates a continuation of the observations made by the Preacher, traditionally understood to be Solomon. The Hebrew root for "saw" is "ra'ah," which implies not just physical sight but also understanding and discernment. This suggests that the Preacher is not merely observing events but is reflecting deeply on their meaning and implications. In a broader scriptural context, this aligns with the wisdom literature's emphasis on gaining insight and understanding from life's experiences.

the wicked buried
The term "wicked" comes from the Hebrew word "rasha," which denotes those who are morally wrong or guilty. The burial of the wicked is significant because it marks the end of their earthly life and influence. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, burial was an important ritual, often reflecting one's status and legacy. The fact that the wicked receive a burial suggests a societal recognition or acceptance, despite their moral failings, which adds to the Preacher's contemplation of life's injustices.

those who used to come and go from the holy place
This phrase highlights the paradox of the wicked being associated with the "holy place," likely referring to the temple in Jerusalem. The Hebrew word for "holy" is "qodesh," indicating something set apart for God. The wicked's presence in such a sacred space underscores the theme of hypocrisy and the superficial nature of religious observance. Historically, this reflects the tension in Israelite society between genuine worship and mere ritualism, a recurring theme in the prophetic writings.

and they were praised in the city
The word "praised" is derived from the Hebrew "halal," which means to boast or celebrate. The city, likely Jerusalem, represents the center of religious and social life. The fact that the wicked are praised there highlights the societal tendency to honor outward success and appearances rather than true righteousness. This observation resonates with the biblical theme of God's justice versus human judgment, as seen in the prophetic calls for justice and righteousness.

where they did so
This phrase refers back to the actions of the wicked in the holy place and the city. It emphasizes the continuity and acceptance of their behavior, suggesting a societal norm that tolerates or even celebrates unrighteousness. This reflects the Preacher's broader exploration of the futility and vanity of human endeavors when disconnected from divine wisdom and justice.

This too is futile
The word "futile" is translated from the Hebrew "hebel," often rendered as "vanity" or "meaninglessness." It conveys the idea of something transient, insubstantial, or elusive. The Preacher's conclusion that this situation is futile underscores the central theme of Ecclesiastes: the search for meaning in a world where human efforts and judgments often fall short. This invites readers to seek a deeper, God-centered understanding of life, beyond the apparent injustices and contradictions.

When the sentence
The phrase "when the sentence" refers to the judgment or decree that is pronounced upon an individual for wrongdoing. In the Hebrew context, the word for "sentence" can be linked to "mishpat," which means judgment or justice. This reflects the biblical principle that God is a God of justice, and His laws are designed to maintain order and righteousness. The importance of timely justice is emphasized throughout Scripture, as it reflects God's character and His desire for a just society.

for a crime
The term "crime" here is indicative of an act that violates God's laws or societal norms. In Hebrew, the word often used is "ra," which can mean evil or wickedness. This highlights the moral and ethical dimensions of the actions being judged. The Bible consistently teaches that sin is not just a personal failing but a transgression against God's holiness and the well-being of the community.

is not quickly carried out
This phrase underscores the importance of prompt justice. The Hebrew concept of "quickly" suggests immediacy and urgency. In ancient Israel, justice was expected to be swift to deter further wrongdoing and to uphold the moral fabric of society. Delayed justice can lead to a breakdown in societal order and a loss of faith in the judicial system, both then and now.

the hearts of men
The "hearts of men" refers to the inner thoughts, intentions, and moral compass of individuals. In Hebrew thought, the heart is the center of one's being, encompassing mind, will, and emotions. The Bible often speaks of the heart as the source of both good and evil actions, emphasizing the need for a heart aligned with God's will.

become fully set
This phrase indicates a firm determination or resolve. In the Hebrew language, the idea of being "fully set" suggests a hardening or solidifying of one's intentions. When justice is delayed, individuals may become emboldened in their sinful behavior, believing there are no immediate consequences for their actions.

on doing evil
The phrase "on doing evil" highlights the propensity of human nature to rebel against God's commands. The Hebrew word for "evil" is often "ra," which encompasses a wide range of immoral actions. The Bible teaches that without the restraining influence of God's law and the Holy Spirit, humanity is inclined toward sin. This verse serves as a warning of the dangers of unchecked sin and the necessity of righteous judgment to curb evil tendencies.

Although a sinner does evil a hundred times
The phrase "a sinner" refers to one who habitually misses the mark of God's standards, as derived from the Hebrew word "chata." The repetition of "a hundred times" emphasizes the persistence and frequency of sin, suggesting a life characterized by continual wrongdoing. Historically, this reflects the human condition and the tendency to fall into patterns of sin, despite the awareness of divine law. The phrase challenges the reader to consider the apparent prosperity of the wicked, a common theme in wisdom literature, which often grapples with the justice of God in the face of human inequity.

and may lengthen his life
The idea that a sinner might "lengthen his life" seems paradoxical, as it suggests that those who do evil might still enjoy longevity. This reflects the ancient Near Eastern observation that prosperity and long life were often seen as signs of divine favor. However, the Preacher in Ecclesiastes acknowledges the complexity of life under the sun, where outcomes do not always align with moral behavior. This phrase invites reflection on the temporal nature of earthly life and the ultimate justice of God, which transcends human understanding.

yet I also know
The phrase "yet I also know" introduces a contrast and a statement of faith. The Hebrew word "yada" for "know" implies a deep, experiential understanding, not just intellectual assent. This suggests that the speaker has a profound conviction about the truth that follows, despite the apparent contradictions observed in the world. It is a declaration of trust in divine wisdom and justice, even when circumstances seem to suggest otherwise.

that it will be well with those who fear God
"Those who fear God" refers to individuals who live in reverence and awe of the Almighty, acknowledging His sovereignty and aligning their lives with His commandments. The Hebrew word "yare" for "fear" encompasses both reverence and respect, not merely terror. The assurance that "it will be well" with such individuals is a recurring promise in Scripture, affirming that true peace and prosperity are found in a right relationship with God. This phrase encourages believers to maintain their faithfulness, trusting in God's ultimate justice and goodness.

who revere His presence
To "revere His presence" is to live with an awareness of God's omnipresence and holiness. The Hebrew concept of "presence" (often translated from "panim," meaning "face") implies a personal and intimate relationship with God. Reverence for God's presence involves acknowledging His constant watchfulness and living in a manner that honors Him. This phrase underscores the importance of a heart posture that seeks to honor God in all aspects of life, recognizing that true fulfillment and blessing come from living in alignment with His will.

Yet it will not be well with the wicked
The phrase "it will not be well" suggests a future state of discontent or misfortune. In Hebrew, the word for "wicked" is "רָשָׁע" (rasha), which refers to those who are morally wrong or guilty. The Bible consistently portrays the wicked as those who live in opposition to God's laws and principles. Historically, the wicked have been seen as those who reject divine wisdom and pursue their own selfish desires. This phrase serves as a reminder that despite any temporary success or prosperity, the ultimate fate of the wicked is one of judgment and lack of peace. The conservative Christian perspective emphasizes that true well-being is found in alignment with God's will, and the wicked, by their nature, are outside of this alignment.

nor will he prolong his days like a shadow
The imagery of a "shadow" in this context is significant. In ancient Near Eastern culture, a shadow was often used as a metaphor for something fleeting or insubstantial. The Hebrew word "צֵל" (tsel) conveys this idea of transience. The wicked may appear to thrive for a time, but their days are as fleeting as a shadow that quickly passes. This phrase underscores the temporary nature of earthly life and the futility of living apart from God's eternal purposes. From a conservative Christian viewpoint, this serves as a warning that life without God lacks true substance and permanence.

because he does not fear God
The "fear of God" is a central theme in biblical wisdom literature. The Hebrew word "יָרֵא" (yare) can mean fear, reverence, or awe. To fear God is to recognize His sovereignty, holiness, and authority. It is the beginning of wisdom and the foundation of a righteous life. The wicked, by contrast, live without this reverence, choosing instead to follow their own paths. Historically, those who did not fear God were often seen as rebellious and self-destructive. In a conservative Christian context, fearing God is not about being afraid of Him, but about having a deep respect and love for Him that leads to obedience and trust. This phrase highlights the root cause of the wicked's downfall: their lack of reverence for the Creator, which ultimately leads to their demise.

There is a futility
The Hebrew word for "futility" is "hebel," which is often translated as "vanity" or "meaninglessness." This term is a recurring theme in Ecclesiastes, emphasizing the transient and elusive nature of worldly pursuits. In a conservative Christian perspective, this futility points to the fallen state of the world due to sin, where human efforts apart from God often lead to frustration and lack of fulfillment.

that is done on the earth
The phrase "on the earth" grounds the observation in the realm of human experience and history. It reflects the preacher's (Qoheleth's) exploration of life under the sun, a life that is marred by injustice and unpredictability. This earthly perspective contrasts with the divine order and justice that believers anticipate in the eternal kingdom of God.

there are righteous men
"Righteous men" refers to those who live according to God's laws and strive to uphold His commandments. In the Hebrew context, righteousness is closely tied to covenant faithfulness and moral integrity. The presence of righteous individuals in a fallen world highlights the tension between divine justice and human experience.

who get what the actions of the wicked deserve
This phrase underscores the perplexing reality of moral inversion, where the righteous suffer consequences that seem more fitting for the wicked. This inversion challenges the retributive justice expected in a moral universe governed by a just God. It serves as a reminder of the limitations of human understanding and the need for faith in God's ultimate justice.

and there are wicked men
"Wicked men" are those who live in opposition to God's will, often characterized by selfishness, deceit, and immorality. The Hebrew word for "wicked" is "rasha," which conveys a sense of guilt and culpability. The existence of wicked individuals who prosper challenges the simplistic notion of immediate divine retribution.

who get what the actions of the righteous deserve
This phrase highlights the apparent prosperity and success of the wicked, which seems to contradict the moral order. It reflects the age-old question of why the wicked prosper while the righteous suffer, a theme explored throughout the wisdom literature of the Bible.

I say that this too is futile
The repetition of "futile" (hebel) emphasizes the preacher's conclusion that such moral inversions are part of the enigmatic and often frustrating nature of life. From a conservative Christian perspective, this acknowledgment of futility points believers to the hope of ultimate justice and restoration in Christ, who will one day set all things right.

So I commended
The Hebrew root for "commended" is "שָׁבַח" (shabach), which means to praise or to approve. In the context of Ecclesiastes, this commendation is not a superficial endorsement of hedonism but a recognition of the value of joy amidst life's vanities. Solomon, the traditionally attributed author, is reflecting on the fleeting nature of life and the importance of finding contentment in simple pleasures. This commendation is a call to appreciate the blessings God provides, even in a world marred by sin and futility.

the enjoyment of life
The phrase "enjoyment of life" suggests a deep-seated appreciation for the life God has given. The Hebrew word for "enjoyment" is "שִׂמְחָה" (simchah), which conveys joy, gladness, and mirth. In a conservative Christian perspective, this enjoyment is not about indulgence but about recognizing and celebrating God's gifts. It is a call to live with gratitude and to find joy in the everyday moments, acknowledging that life itself is a divine gift.

because there is nothing better
This phrase emphasizes the conclusion that Solomon reaches after his exploration of life's meaning. The Hebrew word "טוֹב" (tov) means good or better, indicating a comparative assessment. In the context of Ecclesiastes, this statement is not an absolute declaration but a relative one, considering the limitations of human understanding "under the sun." It suggests that within the temporal and often perplexing nature of earthly existence, finding joy in God's provisions is the wisest course.

for a man under the sun
The phrase "under the sun" is a recurring motif in Ecclesiastes, symbolizing the earthly, temporal realm as opposed to the eternal. It reflects the human perspective limited by mortality and the fallen state of the world. From a conservative Christian viewpoint, this phrase underscores the importance of living with an eternal perspective, recognizing that true fulfillment comes from God and not merely from earthly pursuits.

than to eat and drink and be merry
This triad of activities—eating, drinking, and being merry—represents the basic, God-given pleasures of life. The Hebrew words "אָכַל" (akal) for eat, "שָׁתָה" (shatah) for drink, and "שָׂמַח" (samach) for be merry, highlight the simplicity and accessibility of these joys. In a biblical context, these activities are often associated with fellowship and celebration, reflecting God's provision and the communal aspect of human life. They are reminders of God's goodness and the joy found in His creation.

For this joy will accompany him
The assurance that "this joy will accompany him" speaks to the enduring nature of contentment found in God's gifts. The Hebrew word "לָוָה" (lavah) means to accompany or to join, suggesting that joy is a companion through life's journey. In a conservative Christian understanding, this joy is not dependent on circumstances but is rooted in a relationship with God, who is the source of all true joy.

in his labor all the days of his life
The phrase "in his labor all the days of his life" acknowledges the reality of work and toil in a fallen world. The Hebrew word "עֲבוֹדָה" (avodah) for labor encompasses work, service, and worship, indicating that labor is an integral part of human existence. From a biblical perspective, work is not merely a burden but a calling, an opportunity to serve God and others. The joy that accompanies labor is a testament to God's grace, enabling believers to find purpose and satisfaction in their daily tasks.

that God gives him under the sun
This concluding phrase attributes the entirety of life, including its joys and labors, to God's sovereign provision. The Hebrew word "נָתַן" (natan) for gives, emphasizes God's active role in bestowing life and its blessings. In a conservative Christian view, this acknowledgment of God's sovereignty is central to understanding the message of Ecclesiastes. It calls believers to trust in God's goodness and to live with gratitude, knowing that every moment is a gift from the Creator.

When I applied my mind
The phrase "applied my mind" suggests a deliberate and intentional effort to understand. In Hebrew, the word for "mind" is often associated with the heart (לֵב, lev), which in ancient Near Eastern thought was the center of intellect and emotion. This indicates a holistic pursuit of wisdom, engaging both intellect and emotion. The act of applying one's mind reflects a deep commitment to seeking truth, a theme prevalent throughout Ecclesiastes, where the Preacher (Qoheleth) seeks to understand life's complexities.

to know wisdom
The Hebrew word for "wisdom" is חָכְמָה (chokmah), which encompasses not just knowledge but also the skillful application of knowledge in daily life. In the biblical context, wisdom is often seen as a divine gift, something that comes from God and leads to a righteous life. The pursuit of wisdom is a central theme in the wisdom literature of the Bible, including Proverbs and Job, and is seen as a noble and necessary endeavor for understanding God's creation and our place within it.

and to observe the activity
The word "observe" implies careful watching and consideration. The Hebrew root רָאָה (ra'ah) means to see or perceive, suggesting an active engagement with the world. "Activity" refers to human endeavors and the busyness of life. Ecclesiastes often reflects on the futility and transient nature of human activities, urging readers to consider the deeper meaning and purpose behind them.

that is done on the earth
This phrase grounds the search for wisdom in the reality of earthly life. The Hebrew word for "earth" is אֶרֶץ (eretz), which can mean land, ground, or the entire world. It emphasizes the scope of human activity and the Preacher's quest to understand it. The earth is the stage for human actions, and Ecclesiastes frequently contrasts earthly pursuits with eternal truths.

though one’s eyes do not see sleep day or night
This vivid imagery highlights the relentless pursuit of understanding, even to the point of sleeplessness. The phrase "do not see sleep" suggests a tireless quest for knowledge, reflecting the Preacher's dedication. In the ancient world, sleep was often seen as a time of vulnerability and rest, yet the Preacher sacrifices this for the sake of wisdom. This relentless pursuit underscores the difficulty and complexity of truly understanding life's mysteries, a theme that resonates throughout Ecclesiastes.

I saw every work of God
The phrase "I saw" indicates a personal observation and reflection by the author, traditionally believed to be Solomon. The Hebrew root for "saw" is "ra'ah," which implies not just seeing with the eyes but perceiving with understanding. "Every work of God" refers to the totality of God's creation and providence. This encompasses the vastness and complexity of the universe, which is beyond human comprehension. Theologically, this acknowledges God's sovereignty and the intricate design of His creation, which humans can observe but never fully understand.

and I realized that no one can comprehend
The realization here is a moment of epiphany or understanding. The Hebrew word for "realized" is "yada," which means to know or perceive. This suggests a deep, experiential knowledge rather than mere intellectual assent. The phrase "no one can comprehend" underscores the limitations of human wisdom. Despite our best efforts, there are divine mysteries that remain beyond our grasp. This humbling truth calls believers to trust in God's wisdom rather than their own understanding.

what happens under the sun
"Under the sun" is a recurring phrase in Ecclesiastes, symbolizing life on earth from a human perspective. It emphasizes the temporal and often perplexing nature of earthly existence. The phrase suggests that while we live in a world governed by God's eternal purposes, our perspective is limited to the here and now. This invites believers to live with an eternal perspective, recognizing that our understanding is partial and incomplete.

Despite all his efforts to search it out
This phrase highlights the human endeavor to seek understanding and meaning. The Hebrew root for "search" is "baqash," which implies a diligent and earnest quest. It reflects the innate human desire to make sense of life's complexities. However, the verse acknowledges the futility of such efforts when it comes to fully grasping God's ways. This serves as a reminder of the importance of humility and reliance on divine revelation.

man cannot discover its meaning
The inability to "discover" points to the limitations of human wisdom and intellect. The Hebrew word "matsa" means to find or attain. This suggests that despite our best efforts, the ultimate meaning of God's works remains elusive. This is a call to faith, encouraging believers to trust in God's purposes even when they are not fully understood.

Even if the wise man claims to know
This phrase challenges the pretensions of human wisdom. The "wise man" represents those who are esteemed for their knowledge and understanding. Yet, even the wisest among us are limited in their comprehension of divine mysteries. This serves as a caution against pride and self-reliance, urging believers to seek wisdom from God, who alone is all-knowing.

he is unable to comprehend
The final phrase reiterates the theme of human limitation. The Hebrew word for "comprehend" is "bin," which means to discern or understand. This underscores the gap between human and divine wisdom. It invites believers to embrace the mystery of God's ways, finding peace in the assurance that God's plans are perfect, even when they are beyond our understanding. This perspective fosters a deep trust in God's character and His sovereign will.