A good name
The Hebrew word for "name" is "shem," which signifies more than just a label; it encompasses one's reputation, character, and legacy. In ancient Israelite culture, a name was deeply tied to one's identity and standing within the community. A "good name" implies a life lived with integrity, honor, and righteousness. It suggests that one's character and the way they are remembered by others hold more lasting value than material wealth or external adornments. This aligns with the biblical emphasis on living a life that reflects God's commandments and virtues.

is better than
The phrase "is better than" indicates a comparison that elevates moral and spiritual values over material or superficial ones. In the wisdom literature of the Bible, such comparisons are common, urging readers to prioritize eternal truths over temporal gains. This phrase challenges believers to evaluate their lives through the lens of God's eternal perspective, rather than the fleeting standards of the world.

fine perfume
The Hebrew term "shemen" refers to oil or ointment, often used for anointing or as a luxury item in ancient times. Perfume was a symbol of wealth, status, and celebration, used in both religious and social contexts. By stating that a good name surpasses fine perfume, the verse underscores the superiority of inner virtue over outward appearances. This reflects the biblical teaching that God values the heart and character above external beauty or riches.

and the day of death
The mention of "the day of death" may seem paradoxical, but it reflects a profound biblical truth. In the context of Ecclesiastes, which often grapples with the meaning of life and the inevitability of death, this phrase suggests that death can be a culmination of a life well-lived. For the believer, death is not the end but a transition to eternal life with God. It invites reflection on how one's life will be remembered and the legacy left behind.

better than the day of birth
This comparison highlights the biblical perspective on life and death. While birth is a time of joy and potential, the day of death is seen as the fulfillment of one's earthly journey. For those who have lived according to God's will, death is a gateway to eternal reward and peace. This perspective encourages believers to live with the end in mind, focusing on eternal values and the hope of resurrection.

It is better
The phrase "It is better" sets a comparative tone, suggesting a value judgment that may seem counterintuitive at first. In Hebrew, the word "tov" is used, which means "good" or "better." This word is often used in wisdom literature to denote moral or practical superiority. The author, traditionally believed to be Solomon, is emphasizing the spiritual and reflective benefits of certain experiences over others.

to go to a house of mourning
The "house of mourning" refers to a place where people gather to grieve the loss of a loved one. In ancient Israel, mourning was a communal activity, often involving rituals and expressions of grief. The Hebrew word for mourning, "ebel," conveys a deep sense of sorrow and reflection. This setting encourages introspection and the contemplation of life's transient nature, aligning with the biblical theme of humility and the acknowledgment of human mortality.

than to go to a house of feasting
In contrast, the "house of feasting" symbolizes celebration and joy, often associated with weddings or festivals. While feasting is not condemned in Scripture, it is portrayed here as less conducive to spiritual growth. The Hebrew word "mishteh" refers to a banquet or drinking party, which can sometimes lead to excess and distraction from spiritual matters. The comparison highlights the temporary nature of earthly pleasures.

for death is the destiny of every man
This phrase underscores the inevitability of death, a central theme in Ecclesiastes. The Hebrew word "mavet" for death is a stark reminder of the human condition. The phrase serves as a sobering truth that levels all social and economic distinctions, reminding believers of the importance of living a life aligned with God's will. It calls for a focus on eternal rather than temporal values.

the living should take this to heart
The exhortation for "the living" to "take this to heart" is a call to wisdom and reflection. The Hebrew verb "natan" (to give) combined with "leb" (heart) suggests an active engagement with the truth of mortality. This phrase encourages believers to internalize the lessons learned from mourning, leading to a life of greater purpose and alignment with divine principles. It is a call to live with an eternal perspective, valuing spiritual growth over fleeting pleasures.

Sorrow
The Hebrew word for "sorrow" is "כַּעַס" (ka'as), which can also be translated as "grief" or "vexation." In the context of Ecclesiastes, sorrow is not merely an emotional state but a profound experience that leads to introspection and growth. The Preacher, traditionally understood as Solomon, suggests that sorrow has a refining quality. In a conservative Christian perspective, sorrow is seen as a tool used by God to draw individuals closer to Him, fostering a deeper reliance on His strength and wisdom. It is through sorrow that believers often find themselves more attuned to the spiritual realities of life, recognizing their own limitations and the need for divine intervention.

is better than
This phrase challenges the conventional wisdom that equates happiness with goodness. The Hebrew word "טוֹב" (tov) means "better" or "good," indicating a qualitative comparison. In the biblical context, "better" often refers to what is more beneficial for spiritual growth and maturity. The Preacher's assertion that sorrow is better than laughter is a call to value experiences that lead to spiritual depth over those that provide temporary pleasure. From a conservative Christian viewpoint, this aligns with the teachings of Jesus, who emphasized the blessedness of those who mourn (Matthew 5:4), as they are comforted by God.

laughter
The Hebrew word "שְׂחוֹק" (sechok) refers to mirth or amusement. While laughter is a natural and often positive human response, the Preacher warns against a life focused solely on pleasure and entertainment. In the historical context of Ecclesiastes, laughter might represent the fleeting joys of life that distract from eternal truths. Conservative Christianity often views laughter as a gift from God but cautions against allowing it to overshadow the more serious aspects of faith and life. True joy, according to Christian teaching, is found in a relationship with God, which transcends mere laughter.

for a sad countenance
The phrase "sad countenance" translates from the Hebrew "בְּרוֹעַ פָּנִים" (bero'a panim), literally meaning "evil face" or "sorrowful appearance." This expression suggests an outward manifestation of inner grief. In biblical times, a person's countenance was often seen as a reflection of their heart's condition. The Preacher implies that a sad countenance can lead to a more profound understanding of oneself and one's relationship with God. In a conservative Christian context, this aligns with the belief that God uses trials and tribulations to mold and shape His followers, encouraging them to seek His presence and comfort.

is good for the heart
The Hebrew word "לֵב" (lev) for "heart" encompasses the mind, will, and emotions. The heart is the center of one's being, where decisions are made and character is formed. The Preacher's assertion that a sad countenance is good for the heart suggests that sorrow can lead to a healthier spiritual life. In conservative Christianity, the heart is seen as the seat of faith and devotion. Trials that bring sorrow are often viewed as opportunities for God to purify and strengthen the believer's heart, drawing them closer to His will and purpose. This perspective encourages believers to embrace sorrow as a means of spiritual growth and transformation, trusting in God's ultimate plan for their lives.

The heart of the wise
The term "heart" in Hebrew is "לֵב" (lev), which often refers to the inner self, encompassing mind, will, and emotions. In biblical context, the heart is the seat of wisdom and understanding. The "wise" (חָכָם, chakam) are those who live in accordance with God's principles, valuing eternal truths over temporal pleasures. This phrase suggests that the wise person is introspective, considering the deeper meanings of life and the inevitability of death, which leads to a more profound understanding of existence.

is in the house of mourning
The "house of mourning" refers to places or situations where grief and loss are present, such as funerals or times of personal sorrow. In ancient Israel, mourning was a communal activity, often involving rituals that helped individuals and communities process grief. The wise person chooses to engage with these realities, understanding that they offer valuable lessons about the brevity and fragility of life. This engagement fosters humility and a reliance on God, as it reminds individuals of their mortality and the need for divine wisdom.

but the heart of fools
In contrast, the "fools" (כְּסִילִים, kesilim) are those who disregard wisdom and live for immediate gratification. Biblically, a fool is not merely someone lacking intelligence, but someone who is morally deficient, ignoring God's commandments and the deeper truths of life. Their "heart" is focused on superficial and transient pleasures, indicating a lack of depth and foresight.

is in the house of pleasure
The "house of pleasure" symbolizes places or situations where indulgence and entertainment are prioritized. In the ancient Near Eastern context, this could include feasts, banquets, or other social gatherings centered around enjoyment. While not inherently wrong, these activities become problematic when they distract from spiritual growth and reflection. The fool's preoccupation with pleasure reveals a shallow existence, one that avoids confronting the realities of life and death, ultimately leading to spiritual impoverishment.

It is better
The phrase "It is better" sets a comparative framework that is common in wisdom literature, particularly in the book of Ecclesiastes. The Hebrew word used here is "טוֹב" (tov), which means "good" or "better." This word often implies a moral or practical superiority. In the context of Ecclesiastes, it suggests a pursuit of wisdom and understanding over superficial pleasures. The author, traditionally believed to be Solomon, uses this phrase to guide the reader towards choices that lead to spiritual and moral growth.

to heed
The Hebrew root for "to heed" is "שָׁמַע" (shama), which means to listen, hear, or obey. This word implies an active engagement, not just passive listening. In the biblical context, "heeding" often involves a transformation or change in behavior. It is a call to action, urging the reader to not only hear but to internalize and act upon the wisdom being offered.

a wise man’s rebuke
The term "wise man" comes from the Hebrew "חָכָם" (chakam), which denotes someone who possesses wisdom, often associated with experience and godly insight. A "rebuke" is translated from "גָּעַר" (ga'ar), meaning a reprimand or correction. In the biblical tradition, a wise man's rebuke is seen as a valuable tool for personal growth and correction. Proverbs 27:5-6 supports this by stating, "Better is open rebuke than hidden love. Faithful are the wounds of a friend." The rebuke from a wise man is intended to guide one back to the path of righteousness and truth.

than to listen
The word "listen" here is again derived from "שָׁמַע" (shama), emphasizing the contrast between active listening to wisdom and passive hearing of folly. The repetition of this root word underscores the importance of discernment in what one chooses to internalize and follow.

to the song of fools
The "song of fools" is a metaphorical expression. The Hebrew word for "fools" is "כְּסִילִים" (kesilim), which refers to those who are morally and spiritually deficient. In ancient Israelite culture, songs were often used to convey messages, celebrate, or entertain. The "song of fools" represents the empty, distracting, and often misleading allure of worldly pleasures and superficial entertainment. It is a warning against the seductive nature of folly that can lead one away from wisdom and truth.

For like the crackling of thorns under the pot
The imagery here is vivid and rooted in the ancient practices of cooking and heating. In the Hebrew context, "thorns" (Hebrew: סִירִים, sirim) were often used as kindling because they ignite quickly and burn with a bright, crackling flame. However, their heat is fleeting and insubstantial. This metaphor suggests that the laughter of fools is similarly transient and lacking in depth. The "crackling" (Hebrew: קוֹל, qol) evokes a sound that is loud and attention-grabbing but ultimately hollow. Historically, this reflects the wisdom literature's emphasis on the fleeting nature of superficial joys and the importance of seeking lasting, meaningful experiences.

so is the laughter of the fool
The "laughter" (Hebrew: שְׂחוֹק, sechoq) of the fool is compared to the ephemeral crackling of thorns. In the biblical context, laughter can be a sign of joy and celebration, but here it is associated with folly. The "fool" (Hebrew: כְּסִיל, kesil) in wisdom literature often represents someone who is morally and spiritually deficient, lacking in discernment and understanding. This comparison underscores the idea that the fool's joy is shallow and temporary, lacking the substance and depth that comes from true wisdom and understanding. Theologically, this serves as a caution against pursuing pleasures that are momentary and devoid of spiritual significance.

This too is futile
The phrase "this too is futile" (Hebrew: הֶבֶל, hebel) is a recurring theme in Ecclesiastes, often translated as "vanity" or "meaninglessness." It conveys the idea of something that is transient, elusive, and ultimately unsatisfying. In the broader context of Ecclesiastes, this reflects the Preacher's exploration of life's fleeting nature and the search for meaning beyond the superficial. Theologically, it serves as a reminder of the limitations of earthly pleasures and the importance of seeking fulfillment in God. The use of "futile" here emphasizes the need for discernment in distinguishing between what is temporary and what is eternal, encouraging believers to focus on what truly matters in the light of eternity.

Surely
The word "surely" in this context serves as an emphatic assertion, indicating a truth that is undeniable and universally acknowledged. In Hebrew, the word used is "כִּי" (ki), which often introduces a statement of fact. This sets the tone for the verse, underscoring the certainty of the consequences that follow. It reminds us of the unchanging nature of God's moral laws and the inevitable outcomes of human actions.

extortion
The term "extortion" refers to the act of obtaining something, especially money, through force or threats. The Hebrew word here is "עֹשֶׁק" (osheq), which conveys oppression and unjust gain. Historically, extortion was a common practice among corrupt leaders and officials in ancient times, often leading to societal decay. This word warns against the moral decay that accompanies the pursuit of wealth through unjust means, highlighting the importance of integrity.

turns a wise man into a fool
This phrase illustrates the transformative and destructive power of sin. The Hebrew word for "wise" is "חָכָם" (chakam), denoting someone who is skilled in living according to God's principles. Conversely, "fool" is "כְּסִיל" (kesil), representing someone who is morally deficient and lacks understanding. The transformation from wisdom to folly through extortion underscores the corrupting influence of sin, even on those who are otherwise discerning. It serves as a cautionary tale about the vulnerability of human nature to moral compromise.

and a bribe
The word "bribe" in Hebrew is "שֹׁחַד" (shochad), which refers to a gift given with the intention of influencing the recipient's actions or decisions. Bribery was a prevalent issue in ancient judicial systems, often leading to injustice and the perversion of truth. This term highlights the insidious nature of bribery, which undermines justice and erodes trust within a community.

corrupts the heart
The phrase "corrupts the heart" speaks to the internal damage caused by accepting bribes. The Hebrew word for "corrupts" is "יְאַבֵּד" (ye'aved), meaning to destroy or ruin. "Heart" in Hebrew is "לֵב" (lev), which encompasses the mind, will, and emotions. This phrase indicates that bribery not only affects external actions but also deteriorates one's inner moral compass. It serves as a powerful reminder of the importance of guarding one's heart against influences that lead away from righteousness.

The end of a matter
The Hebrew word for "end" is "אַחֲרִית" (acharit), which often signifies the final outcome or destiny of a situation. In the context of Ecclesiastes, this reflects the wisdom of considering the ultimate conclusion of our actions and endeavors. Historically, this perspective aligns with the Jewish understanding of life as a journey where the final destination holds greater significance than the initial steps. Theologically, it encourages believers to focus on the eternal perspective, reminding us that God's plans and purposes are ultimately fulfilled in His timing.

is better than the beginning
The Hebrew word for "better" is "טוֹב" (tov), which conveys goodness, excellence, or superiority. This comparison between the end and the beginning emphasizes the value of perseverance and the fulfillment of God's purposes over initial appearances or beginnings. In a scriptural context, this can be seen in the lives of biblical figures like Joseph, whose end was far more glorious than his troubled beginnings. It serves as an encouragement to trust in God's sovereign plan, knowing that He works all things for good for those who love Him (Romans 8:28).

and a patient spirit
The term "patient" is derived from the Hebrew "אֶרֶךְ אַפַּיִם" (erekh appayim), which literally means "long of nostrils," a metaphor for being slow to anger or having a long fuse. Patience is a virtue highly esteemed in biblical wisdom literature, often associated with humility and trust in God's timing. In the historical context of Ecclesiastes, patience is seen as a counter to the impulsive and often destructive nature of pride. For Christians, this patience is a fruit of the Spirit (Galatians 5:22) and reflects a Christ-like character.

is better than a proud one
"Proud" in Hebrew is "גֵּוָה" (gevah), which denotes arrogance or haughtiness. Pride is frequently condemned in Scripture as it leads to self-reliance and a departure from dependence on God. The contrast here between patience and pride highlights the biblical principle that humility and submission to God's will are superior to self-exaltation. Historically, pride has been the downfall of many, from Lucifer's rebellion to the Pharisees' rejection of Christ. This serves as a warning to believers to cultivate a humble and patient spirit, recognizing that God opposes the proud but gives grace to the humble (James 4:6).

Do not be quickly provoked
The phrase "do not be quickly provoked" is a call to patience and self-control. The Hebrew root for "provoked" is "ka‘as," which implies irritation or vexation. In the ancient Near Eastern context, where honor and shame were pivotal, being easily provoked could lead to rash actions and decisions. The wisdom literature of the Bible often emphasizes the virtue of patience, aligning with Proverbs 14:29, which states, "Whoever is patient has great understanding, but one who is quick-tempered displays folly." This phrase encourages believers to cultivate a spirit of calmness and restraint, reflecting the character of God, who is "slow to anger" (Exodus 34:6).

in your spirit
The term "spirit" here is translated from the Hebrew word "ruach," which can mean breath, wind, or spirit. It signifies the inner being or the seat of emotions and character. In biblical anthropology, the spirit is the aspect of humanity that connects with God. Thus, the admonition to not be quickly provoked in one's spirit is a call to guard one's inner life and maintain a disposition that is open to the influence of the Holy Spirit. It is a reminder that our emotional responses should be governed by our spiritual commitments and not by fleeting passions.

for anger
"Anger" in this context is derived from the Hebrew word "aph," which can also mean nostrils or face, indicating the physical manifestation of anger. Anger is a natural human emotion, but the Bible warns against letting it control us. Ephesians 4:26-27 advises, "In your anger do not sin: Do not let the sun go down while you are still angry, and do not give the devil a foothold." This phrase serves as a caution against allowing anger to take root in our lives, leading to destructive outcomes.

settles in the lap
The imagery of anger settling "in the lap" suggests a sense of comfort or familiarity, as if anger finds a resting place within a person. The Hebrew word "cheq" refers to the bosom or lap, a place of intimacy and closeness. This metaphor warns that harboring anger can lead to it becoming a part of one's identity, influencing thoughts and actions. It is a vivid reminder of the danger of allowing negative emotions to reside within us, shaping our character and decisions.

of a fool
The term "fool" is translated from the Hebrew word "kesil," which refers to someone who is morally deficient or lacking in wisdom. In the wisdom literature, a fool is not merely someone who is intellectually lacking but one who rejects God's ways and wisdom. Psalm 14:1 declares, "The fool says in his heart, 'There is no God.'" By associating anger with a fool, the verse underscores the spiritual and moral implications of unchecked anger. It serves as a warning that allowing anger to dominate one's spirit is a mark of folly, leading away from the path of wisdom and righteousness.

Do not say
This phrase serves as a direct admonition, urging the reader to refrain from a particular line of questioning. In the Hebrew text, the verb used here is "תֹּאמַר" (to'mar), which is a form of the verb "אמר" (amar), meaning "to say" or "to speak." This command suggests a proactive choice in our speech and thoughts, emphasizing the importance of guarding our words and attitudes. In a broader biblical context, the power of speech is a recurring theme, as seen in Proverbs 18:21, which states, "Death and life are in the power of the tongue."

Why were the old days better than these?
This question reflects a common human tendency to idealize the past, often referred to as nostalgia. The Hebrew word for "better" is "טוֹבִים" (tovim), which can also mean "good" or "pleasant." The phrase challenges the reader to consider the futility of longing for the past, as it can lead to discontentment with the present. Historically, the Israelites often looked back to the "good old days" of their ancestors, sometimes forgetting the struggles and challenges of those times. This longing can be seen in the wilderness wanderings, where the Israelites frequently reminisced about Egypt, despite their bondage there (Exodus 16:3).

For it is unwise
The term "unwise" in Hebrew is "לֹא מֵחָכְמָה" (lo me'chochmah), which literally translates to "not from wisdom." This phrase underscores the lack of wisdom in dwelling on the past at the expense of the present. Wisdom, or "חָכְמָה" (chochmah), is a central theme in the book of Ecclesiastes and is often associated with a deep understanding and reverence for God's ways. The pursuit of wisdom is encouraged throughout Scripture, as seen in Proverbs 4:7, "Wisdom is supreme; therefore get wisdom."

of you to ask about this
The act of asking, or "לִשְׁאֹל" (lish'ol), implies a seeking or inquiring mindset. In this context, it suggests a misplaced focus or curiosity. The rhetorical nature of the question implies that such inquiries are not only unwise but also unproductive. The broader scriptural narrative encourages believers to focus on the present and trust in God's provision and plan, as seen in Philippians 3:13-14, where Paul speaks of "forgetting what is behind and straining toward what is ahead."

Wisdom
The Hebrew word for "wisdom" is "חָכְמָה" (chokmah), which encompasses not only knowledge but also the skillful application of knowledge in daily life. In the biblical context, wisdom is often associated with a deep reverence for God and an understanding of His ways. It is a divine gift that enables individuals to live righteously and make decisions that align with God's will. Wisdom is portrayed as a guiding light, offering clarity and direction in a world filled with uncertainty.

like an inheritance
The comparison of wisdom to an "inheritance" suggests that it is a valuable and enduring possession. In ancient times, an inheritance was a significant source of security and stability, often passed down through generations. Similarly, wisdom provides a lasting legacy, offering protection and prosperity to those who possess it. It is not merely a temporary asset but a perpetual source of blessing that can be shared and multiplied.

is a good thing
The phrase "is a good thing" underscores the intrinsic value and positive impact of wisdom. In the Hebrew context, "good" (טוֹב, tov) implies something that is beneficial, pleasing, and morally excellent. Wisdom is portrayed as inherently good, bringing about favorable outcomes and enriching the lives of those who embrace it. It aligns with God's creation, reflecting His goodness and purpose.

and benefits
The term "benefits" highlights the practical advantages and rewards that wisdom brings. In the Hebrew, the word used can imply profit or gain, suggesting that wisdom yields tangible results. It enhances one's quality of life, providing insight, protection, and success. The benefits of wisdom are both immediate and long-term, impacting personal well-being and relationships.

those who see the sun
This phrase refers to the living, those who are alive and experiencing the world. In the context of Ecclesiastes, "seeing the sun" is a metaphor for life under God's creation. It emphasizes the temporal nature of human existence and the opportunity to seek wisdom while alive. The phrase serves as a reminder that wisdom is most beneficial when applied in the present life, guiding individuals in their earthly journey and preparing them for eternity.

For wisdom
The Hebrew word for "wisdom" is "חָכְמָה" (chokmah), which encompasses not only knowledge but also the skillful application of that knowledge in daily life. In the ancient Near Eastern context, wisdom was highly valued as a means of navigating the complexities of life. It is not merely intellectual but deeply practical, guiding moral and ethical decisions. In the biblical sense, wisdom begins with the fear of the Lord (Proverbs 9:10), indicating a reverence and respect for God's commandments and an understanding of His divine order.

like money
The comparison of wisdom to "money" (Hebrew: "כֶּסֶף" - keseph) suggests that both can provide protection and security. In the ancient world, wealth was often seen as a means of ensuring safety and stability, much like today. However, the text implies that wisdom offers a more profound and lasting form of security than material wealth. While money can be lost or devalued, wisdom remains a steadfast guide through life's uncertainties.

is a shelter
The term "shelter" (Hebrew: "צֵל" - tsel) conveys the idea of protection and refuge. In the harsh climate of the Middle East, shade and shelter were essential for survival. Wisdom, like a shelter, offers protection from the metaphorical storms of life, providing guidance and insight that help one avoid pitfalls and make sound decisions. This imagery underscores the protective and sustaining power of wisdom in the believer's life.

and the advantage of knowledge
"Knowledge" (Hebrew: "דַּעַת" - da'ath) refers to understanding and insight, often gained through experience and learning. The "advantage" (Hebrew: "יִתְרוֹן" - yitron) of knowledge is its ability to enhance and complement wisdom. In the biblical context, knowledge is not merely factual but relational, involving a deep understanding of God's will and purposes. The advantage lies in its capacity to inform and refine wisdom, leading to a more profound and effective application in life.

is that wisdom preserves
The word "preserves" (Hebrew: "חָיָה" - chayah) means to keep alive, sustain, or maintain. Wisdom has a life-preserving quality, offering guidance that leads to well-being and longevity. In the biblical narrative, wisdom is often associated with life and prosperity, as seen in Proverbs 3:16, where wisdom is said to offer long life and peace. This preservation is not merely physical but also spiritual, as wisdom aligns one's life with God's eternal truths.

the life of its owner
The "life" (Hebrew: "נֶפֶשׁ" - nephesh) refers to the whole being, encompassing both physical existence and spiritual vitality. The "owner" (Hebrew: "בַּעַל" - ba'al) implies possession and responsibility. Wisdom, when possessed and applied, enriches and sustains the life of the one who embraces it. This reflects the biblical principle that those who seek and apply God's wisdom will experience a fullness of life that transcends mere survival, leading to a flourishing existence in accordance with God's design.

Consider the work of God
The Hebrew word for "consider" is "ra'ah," which means to see, perceive, or understand. This calls the reader to deeply reflect on and observe the actions and creations of God. In a conservative Christian perspective, this is an invitation to acknowledge God's sovereignty and wisdom in all things. The "work of God" refers to His creation and providence, encompassing everything from the natural world to the unfolding of human history. It is a reminder that God's work is purposeful and beyond human comprehension, urging believers to trust in His divine plan.

Who can straighten
The phrase "who can straighten" uses the Hebrew word "yashar," meaning to make straight or right. This rhetorical question emphasizes human limitations in altering or correcting what God has ordained. It suggests that there are aspects of life and creation that are intentionally designed by God, and human efforts to change them are futile. This reflects a conservative Christian belief in the omnipotence of God and the futility of resisting His will. It encourages believers to accept God's design and purpose, even when it is not fully understood.

what He has bent?
The word "bent" comes from the Hebrew "avat," which means to make crooked or perverse. In this context, it signifies the aspects of life that are challenging, difficult, or seemingly imperfect. The verse suggests that these "bent" aspects are part of God's sovereign design. From a conservative Christian viewpoint, this acknowledges that God allows trials and tribulations for a purpose, often to teach, refine, or draw believers closer to Him. It is a call to trust in God's wisdom and to find peace in the knowledge that His ways, though sometimes mysterious, are ultimately for the good of those who love Him.

In the day of prosperity
The Hebrew word for "prosperity" is "טוֹב" (tov), which generally means "good" or "pleasant." This phrase encourages believers to embrace and celebrate the blessings and good times that God provides. Historically, prosperity was often seen as a sign of God's favor in the Old Testament. The call to be joyful during these times is a reminder to acknowledge God's hand in our blessings and to cultivate a heart of gratitude.

be joyful
The Hebrew root for "joyful" is "שָׂמַח" (samach), which means to rejoice or be glad. This is an active command, urging believers to not only recognize prosperity but to respond with joy. Joy in the biblical sense is more than a fleeting emotion; it is a deep-seated contentment and appreciation for God's provision. This joy is a testament to faith, acknowledging that all good things come from God.

but in the day of adversity
The word "adversity" comes from the Hebrew "רָעָה" (ra'ah), meaning "evil" or "distress." This phrase acknowledges that life is not only filled with good times but also with challenges and hardships. The Bible often speaks of adversity as a time of testing and growth. Historically, adversity was seen as an opportunity for believers to rely more deeply on God and to develop perseverance and character.

consider
The Hebrew word "רָאָה" (ra'ah) means "to see" or "to perceive." This is a call to reflection and understanding. In times of adversity, believers are encouraged to pause and reflect on the situation, seeking God's wisdom and perspective. This consideration is not passive but an active engagement with one's faith, seeking to discern God's purpose and presence even in difficult times.

God has made one as well as the other
This phrase emphasizes God's sovereignty over all aspects of life. The Hebrew word for "made" is "עָשָׂה" (asah), which means "to do" or "to make." It underscores the belief that both prosperity and adversity are within God's control and purpose. This understanding calls believers to trust in God's plan, recognizing that He is at work in both the good and the challenging times.

so that man cannot discover anything that will come after him
The phrase "cannot discover" comes from the Hebrew "מָצָא" (matsa), meaning "to find" or "to discover." This highlights the limitations of human understanding and foresight. The inability to predict the future is a humbling reminder of our dependence on God. It calls believers to live by faith, trusting in God's wisdom and timing, rather than relying on their own understanding or plans.

In my futile life
The phrase "In my futile life" is a candid acknowledgment by the author, traditionally believed to be Solomon, of the transient and often perplexing nature of human existence. The Hebrew word for "futile" is "hebel," which can also be translated as "vanity" or "breath," suggesting something fleeting and insubstantial. This reflects the broader theme of Ecclesiastes, which grapples with the seeming meaninglessness of life under the sun without a divine perspective. The acknowledgment of life's futility serves as a reminder of the need for a God-centered worldview to find true purpose and meaning.

I have seen
The phrase "I have seen" indicates personal observation and experience. Solomon, known for his wisdom, shares insights drawn from his own life and reign. This personal testimony adds weight to the observations that follow, as they are not mere theoretical musings but grounded in real-life experiences. It underscores the importance of wisdom and discernment in navigating the complexities of life.

both of these
"Both of these" refers to the two contrasting observations that follow. This duality highlights the paradoxes and injustices that can occur in a fallen world. The juxtaposition of the righteous and the wicked serves to illustrate the unpredictability of life and the limitations of human understanding. It challenges the simplistic notion that righteousness always leads to prosperity and wickedness to suffering, urging believers to trust in God's ultimate justice.

a righteous man perishing in his righteousness
The phrase "a righteous man perishing in his righteousness" presents a troubling reality where a person who lives according to God's laws and principles still faces untimely death or suffering. The Hebrew word for "righteous" is "tsaddiq," denoting someone who is just and morally upright. This observation challenges the retributive justice view, which assumes that good is always rewarded and evil punished in this life. It calls believers to trust in God's sovereignty and eternal justice, even when immediate circumstances seem unjust.

and a wicked man living long in his wickedness
Conversely, "a wicked man living long in his wickedness" describes a scenario where someone who defies God's laws enjoys longevity and prosperity. The Hebrew word for "wicked" is "rasha," indicating someone who is morally wrong or guilty. This observation can be unsettling, as it appears to contradict the moral order expected by the faithful. However, it serves as a reminder that God's ways are higher than human ways, and His timing and purposes transcend our understanding. It encourages believers to maintain faith and integrity, trusting that ultimate justice will prevail in God's perfect timing.

Do not be overly righteous
The phrase "overly righteous" in Hebrew is "אַל־תִּהְיֶה צַדִּיק הַרְבֵּה" (al-tihyeh tzaddik harbeh). The term "tzaddik" refers to righteousness or being just. In the context of Ecclesiastes, this phrase warns against a self-righteousness that is excessive or ostentatious. Historically, the Jewish tradition has valued righteousness, but this verse cautions against a form of righteousness that is more about appearance or self-promotion than genuine piety. The wisdom literature of the Bible often emphasizes balance and humility, suggesting that an overemphasis on one's own righteousness can lead to pride and ultimately to one's downfall.

and do not make yourself too wise
The Hebrew for "make yourself too wise" is "וְאַל־תִּתְחַכַּם יוֹתֵר" (v'al-titchakem yoter). The root "chakam" means to be wise or skillful. This phrase advises against the pursuit of wisdom to the point of arrogance or self-reliance. In the biblical context, wisdom is a gift from God and should be sought with humility. The historical context of Ecclesiastes, attributed to Solomon, a king known for his wisdom, underscores the idea that wisdom without reverence for God can lead to vanity and self-destruction. The balance between wisdom and humility is a recurring theme in Scripture, reminding believers that true wisdom begins with the fear of the Lord (Proverbs 9:10).

Why should you destroy yourself?
The Hebrew phrase here is "לָמָּה תִּשּׁוֹמֵם" (lamah tishomem), which can be translated as "why should you be desolate" or "why should you ruin yourself." The root "shamem" implies desolation or ruin. This rhetorical question serves as a warning that excessive righteousness or wisdom, pursued for the wrong reasons, can lead to one's own destruction. In the broader scriptural context, this reflects the biblical principle that pride precedes a fall (Proverbs 16:18). The verse encourages a life of moderation, humility, and reliance on God rather than on one's own perceived righteousness or wisdom. It serves as a reminder that self-righteousness and intellectual pride can lead to spiritual desolation, whereas a humble walk with God leads to true fulfillment and peace.

Do not be excessively wicked
The Hebrew word for "wicked" is "רָשָׁע" (rasha), which conveys a sense of moral wrongness or guilt. In the context of Ecclesiastes, this phrase warns against a life characterized by persistent sinfulness. The term "excessively" suggests that while all sin is grievous, a life dominated by wickedness leads to self-destruction. Historically, the Israelites understood that living in opposition to God's commandments brought about divine judgment. This phrase serves as a caution against allowing sin to become a habitual and defining aspect of one's life, emphasizing the importance of repentance and seeking righteousness.

and do not be a fool
The word "fool" in Hebrew is "כְּסִיל" (kesil), often used in wisdom literature to describe someone who is morally and spiritually obtuse. A fool, in biblical terms, is not merely someone lacking intelligence, but rather someone who rejects wisdom and understanding, particularly the fear of the Lord, which is the beginning of wisdom (Proverbs 9:10). The admonition here is to avoid the path of folly, which is marked by a disregard for God's ways and an embrace of short-sighted, self-destructive behavior. This warning aligns with the broader biblical narrative that contrasts the wise, who seek God, with fools, who turn away from Him.

why should you die before your time?
This phrase raises the issue of premature death as a consequence of living a life of excessive wickedness or foolishness. The Hebrew concept of "time" here is "עֵת" (et), which can refer to an appointed time or season. The implication is that God has ordained a natural lifespan for each person, but living recklessly can lead to an untimely death. This serves as a sobering reminder of the temporal nature of life and the importance of living in accordance with God's will. In the historical context of ancient Israel, where life was often precarious due to war, disease, and famine, this warning would have resonated deeply, urging individuals to live wisely and righteously to avoid unnecessary calamity.

It is good
The Hebrew word for "good" here is "טוֹב" (tov), which conveys a sense of moral goodness, pleasantness, and appropriateness. In the context of Ecclesiastes, this term often reflects the pursuit of wisdom and righteousness. The Preacher, traditionally understood as Solomon, emphasizes the value of discerning and choosing what is beneficial for one's spiritual and moral life. This aligns with the broader biblical theme that true goodness is rooted in alignment with God's will.

to grasp the one
The phrase "to grasp" comes from the Hebrew "אֲחֹז" (achoz), meaning to take hold of or seize. This suggests an active, intentional effort to hold onto something valuable. In the context of Ecclesiastes, it implies the importance of embracing wisdom and righteousness. The "one" likely refers to a particular aspect of wisdom or a balanced approach to life, emphasizing the need for discernment in navigating life's complexities.

and not let the other slip from your hand
The imagery of something slipping from one's hand suggests negligence or carelessness. The Hebrew root "נָחָה" (nachah) can imply letting go or losing grip. This part of the verse warns against the danger of neglecting other important aspects of wisdom or moral living. The balance between holding onto one thing while not losing another is a recurring theme in Ecclesiastes, highlighting the need for a holistic approach to life.

For he who fears God
The phrase "fears God" is central to the wisdom literature of the Bible. The Hebrew word "יָרֵא" (yare) conveys reverence, awe, and respect for God. This fear is not about terror but about a profound respect and acknowledgment of God's sovereignty and holiness. In Ecclesiastes, fearing God is presented as the foundation of wisdom and the guiding principle for a righteous life. It is the fear of God that enables one to navigate the complexities of life with wisdom and balance.

will follow both warnings
The term "warnings" in Hebrew is "יָצָא" (yatsa), which can also mean advice or instruction. The verse suggests that those who fear God will heed the guidance and instructions provided by wisdom. This implies a duality in the teachings of Ecclesiastes, where one must balance different aspects of wisdom and life. The wise person, therefore, is one who can integrate and apply these teachings in a way that honors God and leads to a fulfilling life.

Wisdom
The Hebrew word for "wisdom" is "חָכְמָה" (chokmah), which encompasses not only knowledge but also the skillful application of knowledge in daily life. In the biblical context, wisdom is often associated with a deep reverence for God and an understanding of His ways. Proverbs 9:10 states, "The fear of the LORD is the beginning of wisdom." This suggests that true wisdom is rooted in a relationship with God, guiding one's actions and decisions. In Ecclesiastes, wisdom is portrayed as a valuable asset that provides strength and insight beyond mere human capabilities.

makes the wise man stronger
The phrase "makes the wise man stronger" implies empowerment and fortification. The Hebrew verb "עָזַק" (azaq) conveys the idea of strengthening or fortifying. In a spiritual sense, wisdom equips a person with the inner strength to face life's challenges and adversities. This strength is not merely physical but also moral and spiritual, enabling the wise to navigate complex situations with discernment and integrity. The wise man, therefore, is not easily swayed by external pressures or temptations, standing firm in his convictions.

than ten rulers
The comparison to "ten rulers" highlights the significant advantage that wisdom provides. In ancient times, rulers were often seen as powerful and influential figures, possessing authority and control over their domains. The number ten symbolizes completeness or fullness, suggesting that even a multitude of leaders cannot match the strength that wisdom imparts to an individual. This underscores the biblical theme that true power and security are found not in human authority but in the wisdom that comes from God.

in a city
The "city" in ancient Israel was a center of social, economic, and political life. It was a place where decisions were made, and power was exercised. The mention of a city emphasizes the public and communal aspect of wisdom's influence. A wise person, through their understanding and prudent actions, can have a profound impact on the community, contributing to its stability and prosperity. This reflects the biblical principle that wisdom is not only for personal benefit but also for the common good, promoting justice and peace within society.

Surely
The word "surely" in this context serves as an emphatic assertion, underscoring the certainty and universality of the statement that follows. In Hebrew, the word used is "כִּי" (ki), which often introduces a statement of fact or a reason. This sets the tone for the verse, indicating that what is being said is an undeniable truth, a foundational principle that the reader must accept as a given. It reflects the wisdom literature's style, which often presents observations about life that are meant to be pondered deeply.

there is no
This phrase emphasizes the absolute nature of the statement. The Hebrew "אֵין" (ein) is a strong negation, indicating the complete absence of something. In this case, it highlights the nonexistence of a person who is entirely righteous. This negation is crucial in understanding the human condition from a biblical perspective, acknowledging the pervasive nature of sin and the universal need for redemption.

righteous man
The term "righteous" in Hebrew is "צַדִּיק" (tzaddik), which refers to someone who is just, lawful, and morally upright. In the context of Ecclesiastes, it is important to note that righteousness is not merely about external adherence to laws but involves a deeper, heart-level alignment with God's will. The verse points out that even those who strive to live righteously fall short, highlighting the biblical theme that true righteousness is ultimately found in God alone.

on earth
This phrase grounds the statement in the human experience, emphasizing the earthly realm where sin and imperfection are prevalent. The Hebrew "בָּאָרֶץ" (ba'aretz) reminds readers of the fallen state of the world post-Eden, where humanity's struggle with sin is a constant reality. It contrasts with the heavenly realm, where God's perfect will is fully realized, and serves as a reminder of the limitations and challenges faced by humans in their pursuit of righteousness.

who does good
The phrase "who does good" refers to actions that are morally and ethically right, aligning with God's commandments. The Hebrew "יַעֲשֶׂה־טוֹב" (ya'aseh-tov) suggests not just occasional good deeds but a consistent pattern of good behavior. However, the verse acknowledges that even the best human efforts are tainted by sin, reinforcing the need for divine grace and the transformative power of the Holy Spirit in the believer's life.

and never sins
The concept of sin in Hebrew is "יֶחֱטָא" (yecheta), which means to miss the mark or fall short of God's standards. This phrase underscores the inevitability of sin in human life, even among those who are considered righteous. It reflects the biblical teaching found throughout Scripture that all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God (Romans 3:23). This acknowledgment of universal sinfulness points to the necessity of a Savior and the hope of redemption through Jesus Christ.

Do not pay attention
The Hebrew root for "pay attention" is "שָׁמַע" (shama), which means to hear, listen, or give heed. In the context of Ecclesiastes, this phrase suggests a deliberate choice to not focus on or give weight to every spoken word. The wisdom literature of the Bible often emphasizes discernment and the ability to overlook minor offenses. This aligns with the broader biblical teaching of guarding one's heart and mind against unnecessary distractions or provocations, promoting peace and understanding.

to every word
The phrase "every word" underscores the comprehensive nature of the advice. In the ancient Near Eastern context, words held significant power and were often seen as extensions of one's character and intentions. The caution here is against becoming overly concerned with all spoken words, recognizing that not every word carries equal weight or truth. This reflects a call to wisdom, urging believers to discern which words are worth considering and which are better left unheeded.

that is spoken
The act of speaking, "דָּבַר" (dabar) in Hebrew, is a fundamental human activity that can build up or tear down. In the biblical context, speech is a powerful tool that can reflect the heart's condition. The verse advises against giving undue attention to all spoken words, acknowledging that not all speech is beneficial or constructive. This aligns with the biblical principle of being slow to speak and quick to listen, fostering a spirit of patience and understanding.

or you may hear
The potential to "hear" something undesirable is a reminder of the human tendency to eavesdrop or become overly concerned with others' opinions. The Hebrew word "שָׁמַע" (shama) again emphasizes the act of listening. The verse warns of the consequences of being too attentive to every word, suggesting that such behavior can lead to unnecessary hurt or conflict. This reflects a broader biblical theme of guarding one's heart and mind from negative influences.

your servant cursing you
In ancient times, a servant's curse would have been a serious matter, reflecting a breakdown in the relationship between master and servant. The Hebrew word for "cursing" is "קָלַל" (qalal), which means to despise or treat lightly. The verse acknowledges the reality of human relationships, where misunderstandings and offenses can occur. However, it advises against taking such words to heart, promoting forgiveness and understanding. This aligns with the Christian call to love and forgive others, recognizing that everyone falls short and needs grace.

For you know in your heart
This phrase emphasizes the introspective nature of the human experience. The Hebrew word for "heart" is "לֵב" (lev), which often denotes the center of one's inner life, encompassing mind, will, and emotions. In ancient Hebrew thought, the heart was not just the seat of emotions but also the center of thought and moral decision-making. This phrase calls the reader to self-awareness and honesty, urging them to acknowledge their own imperfections and the truth that resides within their conscience. It is a reminder that self-reflection is crucial in understanding one's actions and motivations.

that many times
The phrase "many times" suggests frequency and repetition, indicating that the behavior being discussed is not an isolated incident but a common occurrence. This reflects the human tendency to fall into patterns of behavior, often without realizing it. The Hebrew word "רַבִּים" (rabbim) can mean "many" or "numerous," highlighting the pervasive nature of the issue at hand. It serves as a humbling reminder of our repeated failings and the need for continual self-examination and repentance.

you yourself
This phrase personalizes the message, making it direct and intimate. It is a call to individual accountability, emphasizing that the reader cannot deflect responsibility onto others. The Hebrew construction here is emphatic, underscoring the personal nature of the reflection. In a broader scriptural context, this aligns with the biblical principle that each person is responsible for their own actions and must stand before God with a clear conscience.

have cursed others
The act of cursing others is a serious matter in biblical terms. The Hebrew word for "curse" is "קָלַל" (qalal), which can mean to belittle, despise, or treat with contempt. In the ancient Near Eastern context, words held significant power, and to curse someone was to wish harm or invoke divine judgment upon them. This phrase serves as a sobering reminder of the power of words and the ease with which we can harm others through speech. It calls believers to be mindful of their words, recognizing that they reflect the condition of the heart and have the potential to either build up or tear down.

All this I tested by wisdom
The phrase "All this" refers to the preceding observations and reflections made by the author, traditionally believed to be Solomon. The Hebrew word for "tested" is "nasah," which implies a thorough examination or trial. In the context of Ecclesiastes, wisdom is not merely intellectual knowledge but a deep, God-given understanding of life and its complexities. Solomon, renowned for his wisdom, is emphasizing the importance of applying wisdom to discern the truths of life. This testing by wisdom suggests a methodical and experiential approach to understanding life's enigmas, highlighting the value of wisdom as a tool for navigating the human experience.

I resolved, 'I will be wise,'
The resolve to "be wise" reflects a conscious decision and desire to attain wisdom. The Hebrew word for "resolved" is "amar," which means to say or declare. This indicates a firm intention or commitment. Solomon's declaration underscores the human aspiration to gain wisdom, a pursuit that is both noble and challenging. The phrase suggests an active pursuit of wisdom, acknowledging that wisdom is not passively received but actively sought. It also reflects the biblical principle that true wisdom begins with the fear of the Lord (Proverbs 9:10), implying that wisdom is both a divine gift and a human responsibility.

but it was beyond me
The admission that wisdom "was beyond me" reveals the limitations of human understanding. The Hebrew word for "beyond" is "rachowq," meaning distant or unattainable. Despite Solomon's unparalleled wisdom, he acknowledges that complete understanding is elusive. This humility is a central theme in Ecclesiastes, reminding readers of the finite nature of human wisdom compared to God's infinite knowledge. It serves as a humbling reminder that while humans can strive for wisdom, ultimate understanding and meaning are found in God alone. This acknowledgment of limitation encourages believers to trust in God's sovereignty and to seek His guidance in their quest for wisdom.

What exists
The phrase "what exists" refers to the realities and truths of life that are present in the world. In the Hebrew text, this is often understood as encompassing all of creation and the divine order established by God. The Hebrew word used here can imply not just physical existence but also the essence and purpose behind it. From a conservative Christian perspective, this acknowledges God's sovereignty and the complexity of His creation, which is beyond human comprehension.

is out of reach
This phrase suggests the limitations of human understanding. The Hebrew root here conveys the idea of something being distant or unattainable. It reflects the biblical theme that God's ways and thoughts are higher than ours (Isaiah 55:8-9). In a spiritual sense, it reminds believers of the humility required in acknowledging that not all of God's purposes and plans are revealed to us, and that faith often involves trusting in the unseen.

and very deep
The depth mentioned here signifies profound complexity and mystery. The Hebrew word for "deep" can also be associated with the depths of the sea, symbolizing something vast and unfathomable. This aligns with the biblical portrayal of God's wisdom as deep and unsearchable (Romans 11:33). For Christians, this depth is a call to seek wisdom through prayer and study of the Scriptures, while recognizing that some mysteries will remain until eternity.

Who can fathom it?
This rhetorical question emphasizes human limitations in understanding divine wisdom and the mysteries of life. The word "fathom" suggests measuring or comprehending something fully. In the context of Ecclesiastes, it reflects the Preacher's (traditionally Solomon) exploration of life's meaning and the acknowledgment that ultimate understanding is beyond human reach. This invites believers to rely on God's revelation and to live by faith, trusting in His perfect knowledge and timing.

I turned my heart
The phrase "I turned my heart" suggests a deliberate and intentional action. In Hebrew, the heart (לֵב, lev) is often seen as the center of thought and will, not just emotion. This indicates a conscious decision by the author, traditionally Solomon, to redirect his inner focus. In a spiritual context, this turning of the heart can be seen as a call to repentance or a shift towards seeking divine truth, emphasizing the importance of intentionality in the pursuit of wisdom.

to know and to search out and seek
These three actions—"to know," "to search out," and "seek"—highlight a comprehensive approach to understanding. "To know" (לָדַעַת, lada'at) implies gaining knowledge or insight. "To search out" (לָתוּר, latur) suggests a thorough investigation, akin to exploring or scouting. "Seek" (לְבַקֵּשׁ, levakesh) conveys a persistent pursuit. Together, they reflect a deep commitment to uncovering truth, underscoring the value of diligence and perseverance in the quest for wisdom.

wisdom and the scheme of things
"Wisdom" (חָכְמָה, chokhmah) in the Hebrew Bible is more than intellectual knowledge; it encompasses practical understanding and living in accordance with God's will. "The scheme of things" refers to the underlying order or purpose in life. This phrase suggests an exploration of the divine order and the complexities of human existence, encouraging believers to seek God's perspective in the midst of life's mysteries.

and to understand the stupidity of wickedness
"To understand" (לָבִין, lavin) implies a deep comprehension. "The stupidity of wickedness" highlights the irrationality and senselessness of sin. In Hebrew thought, wickedness (רֶשַׁע, resha) is not just moral failure but a deviation from God's righteous path. This phrase serves as a warning against the folly of turning away from divine wisdom, reminding believers of the destructive nature of sin.

and the madness of folly
"Madness" (הוֹלֵלוּת, holelut) conveys a sense of chaos or irrational behavior. "Folly" (סִכְלוּת, sikhlut) refers to foolishness or lack of good judgment. Together, they paint a picture of the chaotic and destructive consequences of living without wisdom. This serves as a cautionary tale, urging believers to avoid the pitfalls of foolishness and to embrace the order and peace that come from living in alignment with God's wisdom.

And I find more bitter than death
The phrase "more bitter than death" conveys an intense level of suffering and distress. In the Hebrew text, the word for "bitter" is "mar," which often denotes a deep, emotional pain or hardship. Historically, death was seen as the ultimate end, a release from earthly troubles. To describe something as more bitter than death suggests an experience of profound anguish. This sets the stage for the gravity of the warning that follows, emphasizing the severity of the consequences of falling into the described snare.

the woman who is a snare
The term "snare" in Hebrew is "môqēsh," which refers to a trap or a device meant to capture. In the ancient Near Eastern context, snares were often used for hunting, symbolizing deception and entrapment. The "woman" here is metaphorical, representing temptations or influences that lead one away from righteousness. This is not a condemnation of women but a personification of seductive folly, echoing the warnings found in Proverbs about the "adulterous woman" who leads men astray.

whose heart is a trap
The "heart" in Hebrew thought is the center of one's being, encompassing mind, will, and emotions. Describing the heart as a "trap" suggests deceitfulness and hidden intentions. The Hebrew word "pach" for "trap" implies a concealed danger, something that appears harmless but is designed to ensnare. This highlights the internal nature of temptation, which often begins with seemingly innocent thoughts or desires that can lead to spiritual downfall.

and whose hands are chains
"Chains" symbolize bondage and captivity. The Hebrew word "āsûr" indicates something that binds or restricts freedom. In a spiritual sense, this suggests that succumbing to such temptations results in a loss of freedom, leading to spiritual enslavement. The imagery of hands as chains emphasizes the active role of the temptress in binding her victims, contrasting with the freedom found in living a life pleasing to God.

The man who pleases God will escape her
"Pleases God" refers to living in accordance with God's will and commandments. The Hebrew word "yāṣā'" for "escape" implies deliverance and salvation. This part of the verse offers hope and assurance that those who seek to live righteously will be protected from such snares. It underscores the importance of a God-centered life as a means of avoiding spiritual pitfalls.

but the sinner will be ensnared
The "sinner" is one who lives in opposition to God's laws. The Hebrew word "ḥāṭā'" for "sinner" denotes someone who misses the mark of God's standards. Being "ensnared" suggests a state of being trapped or caught, unable to free oneself. This serves as a warning of the inevitable consequences of living a life contrary to God's ways, emphasizing the importance of repentance and seeking God's guidance to avoid such entrapments.

Behold
The word "Behold" is a call to attention, urging the reader to pause and consider the significance of what follows. In Hebrew, the word is "hinneh," often used to draw focus to a revelation or important truth. It serves as a divine spotlight, emphasizing the importance of the message. In the context of Ecclesiastes, it invites the reader to engage deeply with the wisdom being imparted.

I have discovered this
The phrase "I have discovered this" reflects a personal journey of exploration and understanding. The Hebrew root "matsa" implies finding something after a diligent search. This suggests that the Teacher, traditionally understood as Solomon, has engaged in a thorough investigation of life's mysteries. It underscores the value of seeking wisdom and truth through personal experience and reflection.

says the Teacher
"Says the Teacher" identifies the speaker as "Qoheleth," often translated as "the Preacher" or "the Teacher." This title indicates a role of authority and instruction, one who gathers and imparts wisdom. Historically, this is attributed to Solomon, known for his unparalleled wisdom. The Teacher's insights are not mere opinions but are presented as authoritative observations on the human condition.

while adding one thing to another
The phrase "while adding one thing to another" suggests a methodical and logical process of reasoning. The Hebrew concept here involves a systematic approach to understanding, akin to piecing together a puzzle. It reflects the Teacher's analytical nature, emphasizing the importance of careful consideration and synthesis of information to arrive at a coherent understanding.

to find an explanation
"To find an explanation" reveals the ultimate goal of the Teacher's quest: to uncover the meaning and purpose behind life's complexities. The Hebrew word "cheshbon" implies a deep, thoughtful calculation or reasoning. This pursuit of explanation is central to the book of Ecclesiastes, which grapples with profound questions about existence, purpose, and the divine order. It encourages readers to seek wisdom and understanding, trusting that God provides insight to those who diligently seek it.

While I was still searching
The phrase suggests an ongoing quest for wisdom and understanding. In the Hebrew context, the word for "searching" (בקש - baqash) implies a diligent and earnest pursuit. This reflects the human condition of seeking truth and meaning, a theme prevalent throughout Ecclesiastes. The search for wisdom is a noble endeavor, echoing the biblical call to seek God with all one's heart (Jeremiah 29:13).

but not finding
This phrase conveys the frustration and limitations of human wisdom. Despite earnest efforts, the Preacher acknowledges the difficulty in attaining complete understanding. This aligns with the broader message of Ecclesiastes, which often highlights the futility of human endeavors apart from God. It serves as a reminder of the limitations of human intellect and the necessity of divine revelation.

I found one upright man among a thousand
The term "upright" (ישר - yashar) denotes moral integrity and righteousness. The rarity of finding such a person underscores the fallen nature of humanity. Historically, this reflects the biblical narrative of a remnant, a small group of faithful individuals amidst widespread unrighteousness. It emphasizes the value of righteousness and the challenge of living a godly life in a corrupt world.

but not one upright woman among them all
This phrase has sparked much debate and interpretation. From a conservative Christian perspective, it is essential to consider the cultural and historical context of the time. Women in ancient Israelite society often had different roles and were not typically involved in public life or leadership, which might contribute to the Preacher's observation. However, it is crucial to interpret this within the broader biblical narrative that affirms the worth and dignity of women, as seen in Proverbs 31 and the New Testament accounts of women in ministry.

Only this have I found
The phrase "Only this have I found" suggests a conclusion or a significant realization by the author, traditionally believed to be Solomon. In the context of Ecclesiastes, this statement is a culmination of observations about human nature and the world. The Hebrew root for "found" (מָצָא, matsa) implies a diligent search or discovery, indicating that this insight comes after much contemplation and experience.

I have discovered
The repetition of the idea of discovery emphasizes the importance of the insight. The Hebrew word used here is similar to "found," reinforcing the notion of a deliberate and thoughtful process. This discovery is not a casual observation but a profound understanding gained through wisdom and reflection.

that God made men upright
This phrase highlights the original state of humanity as created by God. The Hebrew word for "upright" (יָשָׁר, yashar) conveys a sense of moral integrity, righteousness, and alignment with God's will. It reflects the biblical teaching that humanity was created in the image of God (Genesis 1:27), inherently good and designed to live in harmony with divine principles.

but they have sought out many schemes
The contrast introduced by "but" marks a deviation from the original state of uprightness. The Hebrew word for "sought out" (בִּקֵּשׁ, biqqesh) implies an intentional pursuit or search, suggesting that humanity actively chooses to deviate from God's path. "Schemes" (חִשְּׁבוֹנוֹת, chishbonot) refers to plans or devices, often with a negative connotation of cunning or deceit. This reflects the biblical narrative of the Fall, where humanity's disobedience led to a departure from God's intended order (Genesis 3).