Sing to the LORD
The phrase "Sing to the LORD" calls believers to express their worship and adoration through song. The Hebrew word for "sing" is "שִׁירוּ" (shiru), which is an imperative form, indicating a command or strong encouragement. Singing has been a central part of worship throughout biblical history, as seen in the songs of Moses, David, and the early church. It is a means of expressing joy, gratitude, and reverence to God. The act of singing to the LORD is not just a ritual but a heartfelt response to His majesty and grace.

a new song
The term "a new song" suggests freshness and renewal in worship. The Hebrew word "חָדָשׁ" (chadash) means new, fresh, or renewed. This phrase appears several times in the Psalms and Revelation, often associated with God's mighty acts and the anticipation of His future works. It implies that God's mercies and deeds are ever-present and continually inspire new expressions of praise. The "new song" reflects a dynamic relationship with God, where His ongoing work in the world and in the lives of believers prompts continuous, fresh worship.

for He has done marvelous things
The phrase "for He has done marvelous things" acknowledges God's wondrous deeds. The Hebrew word "נִפְלָאוֹת" (nifla'ot) refers to acts that are extraordinary and beyond human capability, often used to describe God's miracles and mighty works. This acknowledgment serves as the foundation for the call to sing a new song. It is a reminder of God's power and faithfulness, as seen in creation, deliverance, and salvation history. These "marvelous things" inspire awe and gratitude, compelling believers to respond in worship.

His right hand and His holy arm
The imagery of "His right hand and His holy arm" symbolizes God's strength and power. In Hebrew culture, the right hand often represents authority and might, while the "holy arm" emphasizes God's purity and righteousness in exercising His power. This phrase underscores the divine intervention and victory that God achieves on behalf of His people. It reassures believers of God's sovereign control and His ability to accomplish His purposes, providing comfort and confidence in His protection and deliverance.

have worked salvation for Him
The phrase "have worked salvation for Him" highlights the outcome of God's mighty acts. The Hebrew word for salvation, "יְשׁוּעָה" (yeshu'ah), conveys deliverance, rescue, and victory. This salvation is not only for the benefit of humanity but also for the glory of God. It reflects the ultimate purpose of God's redemptive acts—to reveal His character and bring honor to His name. This salvation history, culminating in the work of Christ, is the ultimate reason for the new song of praise, as it demonstrates God's love, justice, and mercy.

The LORD has proclaimed
The phrase begins with "The LORD," which in Hebrew is "Yahweh," the covenant name of God, emphasizing His eternal and self-existent nature. The act of proclaiming signifies a public declaration, suggesting that God's actions are not hidden but are meant to be known and understood by all. This proclamation is a divine initiative, underscoring God's sovereignty and His active role in the world. Historically, proclamations were made by kings and rulers, and here it signifies God's ultimate authority and His desire to communicate His will and works to His people.

His salvation
The Hebrew word for salvation is "yeshu'ah," which is closely related to the name Yeshua (Jesus), meaning "The LORD saves." This connection highlights the messianic expectation and fulfillment in Jesus Christ. Salvation in this context is not merely a physical deliverance but encompasses spiritual redemption and restoration. It reflects God's plan of redemption throughout history, culminating in the New Testament with the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus. Theologically, it emphasizes God's grace and mercy, offering deliverance from sin and eternal separation from Him.

and revealed
The term "revealed" implies making known something that was previously hidden or unknown. In Hebrew, the word used can mean to uncover or disclose. This suggests that God's salvation is not a secret kept from humanity but is openly displayed for all to see. The act of revelation is a divine initiative, showing God's desire for relationship and understanding with His creation. It also points to the progressive revelation of God's plan throughout the Scriptures, culminating in the revelation of Jesus Christ as the Savior.

His righteousness
Righteousness, or "tsedaqah" in Hebrew, refers to God's moral perfection and justice. It is an attribute of God that is consistently revealed throughout the Bible. In this context, God's righteousness is linked to His salvation, indicating that His saving acts are expressions of His just and holy nature. Historically, righteousness was a key aspect of the covenant relationship between God and Israel, and it is fulfilled in the New Covenant through Christ. This righteousness is not only a standard but also a gift imparted to believers through faith in Jesus.

to the nations
The phrase "to the nations" expands the scope of God's salvation and righteousness beyond Israel to include all peoples. The Hebrew word for nations, "goyim," often refers to Gentiles or non-Israelite peoples. This universal aspect of God's plan is a recurring theme in the Bible, highlighting the inclusivity of the gospel message. It reflects the Abrahamic promise that through his descendants, all nations would be blessed. In the New Testament, this is fulfilled through the Great Commission, where the disciples are sent to make disciples of all nations, emphasizing the global reach of God's redemptive work.

He has remembered
The phrase "He has remembered" signifies God's faithfulness and His covenantal love towards His people. In the Hebrew context, the word "remembered" (זָכַר, zakar) is not merely a mental recall but an active engagement in fulfilling promises. This reflects God's unwavering commitment to His covenant with Israel, demonstrating that His promises are not forgotten but are actively being fulfilled in His divine timing.

His love and faithfulness
The terms "love" (חֶסֶד, chesed) and "faithfulness" (אֱמוּנָה, emunah) are central to understanding God's character. "Chesed" is often translated as loving-kindness or steadfast love, indicating a loyal, covenantal love that is enduring and unconditional. "Emunah" conveys a sense of reliability and trustworthiness. Together, these attributes highlight the depth of God's relationship with His people, assuring them of His constant presence and unwavering support.

to the house of Israel
This phrase specifically identifies the recipients of God's love and faithfulness as "the house of Israel." Historically, this refers to the descendants of Jacob, the twelve tribes of Israel. It underscores the special relationship between God and Israel, chosen as His people to be a light to the nations. This covenantal relationship is foundational to the narrative of the Old Testament, where Israel is called to live in obedience and reflect God's glory to the world.

All the ends of the earth
The phrase "All the ends of the earth" expands the scope of God's salvation beyond Israel to include all nations. This universal vision is consistent with the prophetic literature, where the knowledge of God is destined to cover the earth as the waters cover the sea (Isaiah 11:9). It anticipates the New Testament revelation of the Gospel being preached to all nations, fulfilling God's promise to Abraham that through his seed, all nations would be blessed.

have seen
The word "seen" (רָאָה, ra'ah) implies a revelation or manifestation of God's power and salvation. It suggests that God's actions are not hidden but are evident and observable to all. This visibility of God's work serves as a testimony to His sovereignty and the truth of His promises, inviting all people to witness and respond to His divine intervention in history.

the salvation of our God
"Salvation" (יְשׁוּעָה, yeshuah) is a comprehensive term that encompasses deliverance, victory, and well-being. In the context of Psalm 98, it refers to God's redemptive acts on behalf of His people, culminating in the ultimate salvation through Jesus Christ. "Our God" personalizes this salvation, emphasizing a relationship with a God who is both transcendent and immanent. This salvation is not just a future hope but a present reality, offering assurance and peace to believers.

Shout for joy
The phrase "Shout for joy" in Psalm 98:4 calls believers to express exuberant praise. The Hebrew word used here is "רוע" (rua), which means to make a loud noise or to shout in triumph. This is not a quiet or reserved expression but a full-bodied, enthusiastic proclamation of God's greatness. Historically, such shouts were common in ancient Israel during times of victory or celebration, such as when the Israelites circled Jericho (Joshua 6:20). This call to shout for joy is a reminder that worship is not merely an internal experience but also an outward expression of the heart's overflow.

to the LORD
The object of this joyful shout is "the LORD," translated from the Hebrew "יהוה" (Yahweh), the personal name of God revealed to Moses in Exodus 3:14. This name signifies God's eternal, self-existent nature and His covenant relationship with His people. In the context of Psalm 98, the focus is on Yahweh's mighty acts and His faithfulness to His promises. The call to shout to the LORD emphasizes that our worship is directed to the one true God, who is worthy of all praise and adoration.

all the earth
The phrase "all the earth" expands the call to worship beyond Israel to include all nations and peoples. The Hebrew word "ארץ" (erets) can mean land, earth, or world, indicating the universal scope of God's reign and the inclusivity of His invitation to worship. This reflects the biblical theme of God's sovereignty over all creation and His desire for all people to know Him, as seen in the Great Commission (Matthew 28:19). It is a prophetic vision of a time when every knee will bow and every tongue confess that Jesus Christ is Lord (Philippians 2:10-11).

break forth
"Break forth" translates the Hebrew "פצח" (patsach), which conveys the idea of bursting out or breaking into song. This suggests an irrepressible joy that cannot be contained, akin to a dam bursting forth with water. In the context of worship, it implies a spontaneous and overwhelming response to God's goodness and majesty. This imagery encourages believers to let their praise flow freely and abundantly, reflecting the joy and gratitude that come from experiencing God's salvation and blessings.

in jubilant song
The phrase "in jubilant song" captures the essence of joyful, celebratory music. The Hebrew "זמרה" (zimrah) refers to singing and making music, often accompanied by instruments. In ancient Israel, music was an integral part of worship, as seen in the temple services and the Psalms themselves. This call to sing jubilantly underscores the importance of music in expressing our joy and devotion to God. It reminds us that worship is not just about words but also about melody and harmony, lifting our spirits and uniting us in praise.

with music
The addition of "with music" highlights the role of instrumental accompaniment in worship. The Hebrew "נגן" (nagan) means to play a stringed instrument, suggesting the use of lyres, harps, and other instruments common in biblical times. Music enhances the worship experience, adding depth and richness to our expressions of praise. It reflects the creativity and beauty of God's creation, as well as the joy and celebration that characterize a life lived in His presence. This call to worship with music invites us to use all our gifts and talents to glorify God, joining the heavenly chorus in a symphony of praise.

Sing praises
The phrase "sing praises" in Psalm 98:5 calls believers to express their adoration and gratitude through music and song. The Hebrew root word here is "zamar," which means to make music or to sing. Historically, music has been a vital part of worship in the Jewish tradition, as seen in the temple services and various celebrations. This call to sing praises is not just a suggestion but a command, emphasizing the importance of worship in the life of a believer. Singing praises is a way to connect with God, to declare His goodness, and to unite the community in a shared expression of faith.

to the LORD
The phrase "to the LORD" specifies the direction and recipient of the praises. The Hebrew name used here is "Yahweh," the covenant name of God, which signifies His eternal presence and faithfulness. This name is deeply rooted in the history of Israel, reminding the people of God's promises and His mighty acts of deliverance. Singing praises to the LORD is an acknowledgment of His sovereignty and a declaration of His rightful place as the object of our worship. It is a reminder that our worship is directed to the one true God, who is worthy of all honor and glory.

with the lyre
The mention of "the lyre" indicates the use of musical instruments in worship. The lyre, a stringed instrument, was commonly used in ancient Israelite worship and is often associated with King David, who was known for his musical talents. The use of instruments in worship enhances the expression of praise, adding depth and richness to the act of singing. It reflects the creativity and artistry that God has endowed to humanity, allowing us to offer a fuller expression of worship. The inclusion of instruments like the lyre in worship underscores the joy and celebration that should accompany our praises to God.

and the melodious song
The phrase "and the melodious song" highlights the beauty and harmony that should characterize our worship. The Hebrew word for "melodious" suggests a pleasing and harmonious sound, indicating that our worship should be both heartfelt and skillfully rendered. This phrase encourages believers to offer their best in worship, not just in terms of musical ability but also in the sincerity and purity of heart. A melodious song is one that resonates with the truth of God's character and His works, drawing others into the experience of worship and magnifying the glory of God.

With trumpets
The use of "trumpets" in Psalm 98:6 is significant in the context of ancient Israelite worship. The Hebrew word for trumpets here is "chatsotserah," which refers to a long, straight trumpet made of silver. These instruments were used in various religious ceremonies, including the announcement of festivals and the coronation of kings (Numbers 10:2, 10). The sound of the trumpet was a call to attention, a signal of God's presence, and a reminder of His sovereignty. In the context of this psalm, the trumpets symbolize a call to worship and celebrate the Lord's kingship with joy and reverence.

and the blast of the horn
The "horn" mentioned here is the "shofar," a ram's horn traditionally used in Jewish religious practices. The shofar's blast is a powerful symbol of spiritual awakening and repentance. Historically, the shofar was sounded to gather the people, signal the start of a battle, or announce the beginning of a new year during Rosh Hashanah. In this verse, the "blast of the horn" complements the trumpets, creating a symphony of praise that acknowledges God's majesty and calls His people to worship with a sense of awe and reverence.

shout for joy
The phrase "shout for joy" is a call to exuberant and vocal praise. The Hebrew word "rua" conveys a sense of loud, joyful noise, often associated with victory or celebration. This expression of joy is not subdued or reserved; it is a full-hearted, communal outpouring of gratitude and worship. In the context of Psalm 98, this shout is directed towards the Lord, celebrating His righteous acts and His reign over all the earth. It reflects a deep-seated joy that comes from recognizing God's goodness and faithfulness.

before the LORD
The phrase "before the LORD" emphasizes the presence of God as the central focus of worship. In Hebrew, "before" is "lifnei," which can also mean "in the presence of." This indicates that the act of worship is not just about the outward expression but is deeply relational, acknowledging God's immediate presence among His people. Worship "before the LORD" is an invitation to enter into a sacred space where the divine and human meet, and where the worshippers are reminded of God's holiness, love, and authority.

the King
Referring to God as "the King" highlights His supreme authority and rule over all creation. In the ancient Near Eastern context, a king was seen as the ultimate ruler, protector, and provider for his people. By calling God "the King," the psalmist acknowledges His sovereignty and rightful place as the ruler of the universe. This title also points to the messianic hope found throughout the Scriptures, anticipating the coming of Jesus Christ, the King of Kings, who would establish God's kingdom on earth as it is in heaven. In worship, recognizing God as "the King" calls believers to submit to His will and trust in His perfect governance.

Let the sea resound
The phrase "Let the sea resound" calls upon the natural world to participate in the worship and praise of God. The Hebrew word for "resound" here is "ra'am," which can also mean to thunder or roar. This imagery suggests a powerful, overwhelming sound, akin to the mighty waves of the sea crashing against the shore. In the ancient Near Eastern context, the sea often symbolized chaos and the unknown. Yet, in this verse, even the chaotic sea is called to join in harmonious praise, illustrating God's sovereignty over all creation. The sea's resounding is a metaphor for the universal acknowledgment of God's majesty and power.

and all that fills it
This phrase extends the call to worship beyond the sea itself to include "all that fills it." This encompasses the vast array of marine life and the mysteries of the deep. The Hebrew word "melo" implies fullness or abundance, indicating that every creature and element within the sea is invited to participate in this cosmic symphony of praise. Historically, the sea was seen as teeming with life and mystery, and this phrase acknowledges the Creator's dominion over every living thing. It is a reminder of the interconnectedness of all creation and the call for every part of it to glorify God.

the world
The term "the world" broadens the scope of the call to worship to include the entire earth. The Hebrew word "tebel" refers to the inhabited world, emphasizing the inclusion of all peoples and nations in this act of worship. This reflects the biblical theme of God's universal reign and the ultimate goal of all creation recognizing His authority. In a historical context, this would have been a radical inclusion, as it transcends national and ethnic boundaries, inviting all humanity to join in the praise of the Creator.

and all who dwell in it
Finally, "and all who dwell in it" personalizes the call to worship, focusing on the inhabitants of the world. The Hebrew word "yashab" means to sit, remain, or dwell, indicating a settled presence. This phrase emphasizes that every person, regardless of their status or location, is called to participate in the worship of God. It underscores the biblical truth that all humanity is created in the image of God and is therefore invited to acknowledge His greatness. This inclusive call to worship serves as a reminder of the ultimate purpose of human existence: to glorify God and enjoy Him forever.

Let the rivers clap their hands
This phrase is a vivid example of personification, a literary device where human characteristics are attributed to non-human entities. In the Hebrew text, the word for "rivers" is "נְהָרוֹת" (neharot), which refers to flowing bodies of water. Rivers, in the ancient Near Eastern context, were often seen as symbols of life and sustenance, providing water for agriculture and daily living. The act of clapping hands is a universal gesture of joy and celebration. In this context, it suggests that all of creation is joining in a symphony of praise to God. The imagery of rivers clapping their hands evokes a sense of overwhelming joy and unity in worship, as if even the natural world cannot contain its excitement for the Lord's righteous reign.

let the mountains sing together for joy
The phrase "mountains sing together for joy" continues the theme of creation participating in worship. The Hebrew word for "mountains" is "הָרִים" (harim), which often symbolizes strength, stability, and permanence. Mountains, with their grandeur and majesty, are depicted as joining in the chorus of praise. The idea of mountains singing is another example of personification, emphasizing the universal scope of God's glory. In biblical times, mountains were also seen as places of divine encounter, such as Mount Sinai where Moses received the Ten Commandments. The imagery of mountains singing together suggests a harmonious and collective response to God's presence and power, reinforcing the message that all of creation is called to acknowledge and celebrate the Creator.

before the LORD
This phrase emphasizes the presence and authority of God as the ultimate judge and ruler. In Hebrew, the word for "LORD" is "Yahweh," the sacred and personal name of God, which signifies His eternal existence and covenant relationship with His people. The phrase "before the LORD" suggests a posture of reverence and submission, acknowledging that all actions and judgments occur under His divine oversight. Historically, this reflects the theocratic understanding of Israel, where God was seen as the supreme authority over all creation.

for He comes
This phrase anticipates the active intervention of God in the world. The Hebrew verb used here conveys a sense of imminent action, suggesting that God's coming is both certain and near. This reflects the eschatological hope found throughout the Scriptures, where God's arrival signifies the fulfillment of His promises and the establishment of His kingdom. The expectation of God's coming is a source of hope and encouragement for believers, affirming that God is not distant but actively involved in the affairs of the world.

to judge the earth
The concept of judgment in the Bible is multifaceted, encompassing both the idea of rendering a verdict and the execution of justice. The Hebrew word for "judge" is "shaphat," which implies not only legal decision-making but also the restoration of order and righteousness. This judgment is comprehensive, extending to the entire earth, indicating God's sovereign authority over all nations and peoples. In a historical context, this reflects the belief in God's ultimate justice, where He will right all wrongs and establish His righteous rule.

He will judge the world
This phrase reiterates the scope of God's judgment, emphasizing its universality. The "world" here refers to the inhabited earth, encompassing all humanity. The certainty of this judgment is underscored by the future tense, affirming that God's justice is not only a present reality but also a future certainty. This serves as a reminder of the accountability of all people before God and the assurance that His justice will prevail.

with righteousness
Righteousness, or "tsedeq" in Hebrew, is a key attribute of God's character, reflecting His moral perfection and faithfulness to His covenant. God's judgment is not arbitrary but is based on His righteous standards, ensuring that it is fair and just. This righteousness is a source of comfort for believers, as it guarantees that God's judgments are true and equitable, aligning with His holy nature.

and the peoples with equity
The term "equity" conveys the idea of fairness and impartiality. In Hebrew, it is "meyshar," which suggests a level path or evenness. God's judgment is characterized by equity, meaning that it is free from bias or favoritism. This assurance of equitable judgment is particularly significant in a historical context where human justice systems often failed to deliver true justice. For believers, this promise of divine equity provides hope and confidence in God's just governance of the world.