When I came to you
This phrase marks the personal and direct approach of the Apostle Paul. The Greek word for "came" (ἦλθον, ēlthon) suggests a deliberate action, emphasizing Paul's intentional mission to the Corinthians. Historically, Corinth was a major city in ancient Greece, known for its wealth and moral challenges. Paul's arrival signifies the introduction of the Gospel into a complex cultural and social environment, highlighting the missionary zeal and courage required to preach in such a setting.

brothers
The term "brothers" (ἀδελφοί, adelphoi) is a term of endearment and spiritual kinship. It reflects the familial bond among believers, transcending ethnic and social boundaries. In the early church, this term was crucial in fostering unity and equality among diverse members. It underscores the Christian doctrine of the church as a family, united in Christ, and serves as a reminder of the love and support that should characterize Christian communities.

I did not come with eloquence or wisdom
Paul's rejection of "eloquence" (λόγος, logos) and "wisdom" (σοφία, sophia) is significant. In the Greco-Roman world, rhetoric and philosophy were highly esteemed. However, Paul deliberately distances his message from these cultural norms to emphasize the power of the Gospel itself. This approach challenges the Corinthian church, which was influenced by Greek philosophical thought, to value divine wisdom over human intellect. It serves as a reminder that the transformative power of the Gospel does not rely on human skill but on the Spirit's work.

as I proclaimed to you
The act of proclaiming (καταγγέλλω, katangellō) is central to Paul's ministry. This verb implies a public declaration, often with authority and urgency. Paul's proclamation is not a mere sharing of ideas but a bold announcement of divine truth. This reflects the apostolic calling to preach the Gospel with conviction, regardless of societal pressures or expectations.

the testimony about God
The "testimony" (μαρτύριον, martyrion) refers to the witness or evidence of God's work through Jesus Christ. In a legal sense, it denotes a formal declaration of truth. This testimony is not based on human reasoning but on divine revelation. It points to the core message of the Gospel: the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. The focus on God's testimony underscores the divine origin and authority of the message Paul delivers, inviting believers to trust in God's revelation rather than human wisdom.

For I resolved
The phrase "For I resolved" indicates a deliberate and conscious decision made by the Apostle Paul. The Greek word used here is "ἔκρινα" (ekrina), which implies a judgment or determination. This decision was not made lightly but was a result of Paul's deep conviction and understanding of his mission. In the historical context, Paul was addressing a diverse and often divided Corinthian church, emphasizing the need for a singular focus amidst various philosophical and religious influences.

to know nothing
The expression "to know nothing" is a hyperbolic way of emphasizing the exclusivity of Paul's focus. The Greek word "εἰδέναι" (eidenai) suggests an intimate, experiential knowledge rather than mere intellectual understanding. Paul is not dismissing all other knowledge but is prioritizing the knowledge of Christ above all else. This reflects a common theme in Paul's writings, where the knowledge of Christ surpasses all worldly wisdom (Philippians 3:8).

while I was with you
This phrase situates Paul's statement in the context of his time spent with the Corinthians. It underscores the personal and relational aspect of his ministry. Paul was not a distant teacher but one who lived among the people, sharing in their lives and struggles. Historically, Corinth was a bustling, cosmopolitan city, and Paul's presence there was a testament to his commitment to spreading the Gospel in challenging environments.

except Jesus Christ
"Except Jesus Christ" highlights the centrality of Christ in Paul's message. The Greek "Ἰησοῦν Χριστόν" (Iēsoun Christon) refers to Jesus as the Messiah, the anointed one sent by God. This focus on Jesus as the Christ is foundational to Christian doctrine, affirming His divine nature and redemptive work. In a city like Corinth, where many gods and philosophies competed for attention, Paul's insistence on Christ alone was both radical and transformative.

and Him crucified
The phrase "and Him crucified" is the crux of Paul's message. The Greek "καὶ τοῦτον ἐσταυρωμένον" (kai touton estaurōmenon) emphasizes the crucifixion as the pivotal event in Christian theology. In the first-century Roman world, crucifixion was a symbol of shame and defeat, yet Paul boldly proclaims it as the power and wisdom of God (1 Corinthians 1:23-24). This paradox challenges human understanding and calls believers to embrace the transformative power of the cross, which is central to the Gospel message.

I came to you in weakness
The Apostle Paul begins this verse by acknowledging his own human frailty. The Greek word for "weakness" is "ἀσθένεια" (astheneia), which can refer to physical, emotional, or spiritual weakness. In the context of Paul's ministry, this admission highlights his reliance on God's strength rather than his own. Historically, Corinth was a city known for its intellectual pride and philosophical debates. By admitting his weakness, Paul contrasts the worldly wisdom of the Corinthians with the divine wisdom he preaches, emphasizing that the power of the Gospel does not depend on human strength or eloquence.

and fear
The term "fear" here is translated from the Greek word "φόβος" (phobos), which can mean both reverential awe and literal fear. In this context, it likely refers to Paul's deep sense of responsibility and reverence for the task of preaching the Gospel. This fear is not a paralyzing dread but a recognition of the gravity of his mission. Historically, Paul faced significant opposition and persecution, which could naturally lead to fear. However, his fear is tempered by faith, demonstrating that his confidence is in God, not in his own abilities.

and with much trembling
"Trembling" is translated from the Greek word "τρόμος" (tromos), which conveys a physical manifestation of fear or anxiety. This phrase underscores the intensity of Paul's emotional state as he approached the Corinthians. The combination of "fear and trembling" is a common biblical expression denoting a profound sense of humility and dependence on God. In the broader scriptural context, it reflects the attitude believers should have when approaching God or undertaking His work. Paul's trembling is not a sign of weakness but of his earnestness and sincerity in delivering the message of Christ crucified. This serves as an inspirational reminder that God often uses our weaknesses to display His strength, and that true power in ministry comes from reliance on the Holy Spirit rather than human confidence.

My message and my preaching
The Apostle Paul begins by emphasizing the content and delivery of his communication to the Corinthians. The Greek word for "message" (λόγος, logos) often refers to the spoken word or reasoned discourse. "Preaching" (κήρυγμα, kerygma) refers to the proclamation of the gospel. Paul distinguishes between mere human rhetoric and the divine message he was entrusted to deliver. Historically, Corinth was a city known for its love of eloquence and philosophical debate, yet Paul chose to focus on the simplicity and truth of the gospel rather than human wisdom.

were not with persuasive words of wisdom
Paul contrasts his approach with the common Greco-Roman practice of using eloquent and persuasive speech to sway audiences. The Greek term for "persuasive" (πειθός, peithos) implies a reliance on human skill to convince others. "Wisdom" (σοφία, sophia) in this context refers to worldly wisdom, which was highly valued in Corinthian society. Paul deliberately avoids this approach to ensure that the faith of the Corinthians rests not on human wisdom but on divine power. This reflects a broader biblical theme where God's wisdom often subverts human expectations (1 Corinthians 1:18-25).

but with a demonstration of the Spirit’s power
The word "demonstration" (ἀπόδειξις, apodeixis) suggests a clear and convincing proof. Paul attributes the effectiveness of his ministry to the Holy Spirit, rather than his own abilities. "Spirit" (Πνεῦμα, Pneuma) refers to the Holy Spirit, the third person of the Trinity, who empowers believers and authenticates the gospel message. "Power" (δύναμις, dynamis) indicates the miraculous and transformative work of God. This phrase underscores the supernatural nature of the Christian faith, which is not merely a philosophical system but a living encounter with God. Historically, the early church experienced numerous signs and wonders, which served to confirm the truth of the apostolic message (Acts 2:43, 5:12). This reliance on the Spirit's power is a call for believers to trust in God's ability to work through them, rather than relying solely on human effort or intellect.

so that
This phrase indicates purpose or result. In the Greek, "hina" is often used to express the intended outcome of an action. Here, Paul is emphasizing the reason behind his approach to preaching the Gospel. The purpose is not merely academic or intellectual but deeply spiritual and transformative. It underscores the intentionality of Paul's ministry, aiming to direct believers' focus toward divine rather than human sources.

your faith
The Greek word for faith, "pistis," implies trust, belief, and confidence. In the context of the early church, faith was not just an abstract concept but a lived reality that defined the Christian community. Paul is addressing the Corinthian believers, reminding them that their faith is a personal and communal trust in God, which should be the foundation of their lives.

would not rest
The verb here, "ē," suggests a state of being or existence. Paul is concerned with the foundation upon which the Corinthians' faith is built. The imagery is architectural, suggesting that faith should not be precariously balanced on unstable ground. This reflects a broader biblical theme where faith is often likened to a building or structure, requiring a solid foundation.

on men's wisdom
The Greek term "sophia" refers to wisdom, often associated with human intellect and philosophy. In the Greco-Roman world, wisdom was highly prized, and philosophers were revered. However, Paul contrasts this with divine wisdom, which transcends human understanding. He warns against relying on human reasoning, which can be flawed and limited, as the basis for faith.

but on God's power
The contrast here is stark. The Greek word for power, "dynamis," conveys strength, ability, and miraculous power. Paul is pointing to the supernatural aspect of the Christian faith, which is rooted in the power of God rather than human capability. This power is evident in the resurrection of Christ, the transformative work of the Holy Spirit, and the ongoing miracles in the lives of believers. It is a reminder that true faith is anchored in the divine, which is unshakeable and eternal.

Among the mature
The Greek word for "mature" here is "teleios," which conveys the idea of being complete or perfect. In the context of Christian maturity, it refers to those who have grown in their faith and understanding of God's truths. This maturity is not merely intellectual but spiritual, reflecting a deep relationship with Christ. Historically, the early church faced challenges in distinguishing true spiritual maturity from mere worldly knowledge. Paul emphasizes that the wisdom he shares is accessible to those who have reached a level of spiritual discernment and growth.

we speak a message of wisdom
The "message of wisdom" is not just any wisdom but divine wisdom that comes from God. The Greek word "sophia" is used here, which often denotes a higher, spiritual wisdom as opposed to human wisdom. This wisdom is rooted in the revelation of Jesus Christ and the mysteries of God's plan for salvation. In the historical context of Corinth, a city known for its love of philosophy and rhetoric, Paul contrasts the divine wisdom he preaches with the secular wisdom that was highly esteemed by the Greeks.

but not the wisdom of this age
The phrase "wisdom of this age" refers to the prevailing philosophies and intellectual pursuits of the time, which were often at odds with the teachings of Christ. The Greek word "aion" for "age" suggests a temporal, worldly system that is transient and ultimately flawed. Paul is making a clear distinction between the eternal wisdom of God and the temporary, often misguided wisdom that society values. This serves as a reminder that true wisdom is not found in the trends or intellectual fads of any era but in the timeless truths of God.

or of the rulers of this age
The "rulers of this age" can be understood both as the political and religious leaders of the time and as spiritual forces opposed to God's kingdom. The Greek term "archon" is used, which can denote both earthly and spiritual authorities. Historically, these rulers often resisted the message of the Gospel, as it challenged their power and authority. Paul implies that their wisdom and authority are limited and ultimately subject to God's sovereign plan.

who are coming to nothing
This phrase underscores the transient nature of worldly wisdom and power. The Greek word "katargeo" means to abolish or render ineffective. Paul is asserting that the wisdom and authority of this world are ultimately futile and will be brought to nothing by God's eternal purposes. This serves as an encouragement to believers to place their trust in God's wisdom, which stands the test of time and leads to eternal life. Historically, this message would have been a powerful reminder to the Corinthian church to focus on the eternal rather than the temporal.

No, we speak
The phrase "No, we speak" indicates a contrast to the previous verse where Paul mentions the wisdom of this age. The Greek word for "speak" here is "laleō," which implies a proclamation or declaration. This is not mere conversation but a deliberate and authoritative communication of divine truth. Paul emphasizes that the message he and the apostles deliver is not rooted in human wisdom but in divine revelation.

of the mysterious
The term "mysterious" comes from the Greek word "mystērion," which refers to something that was once hidden but is now revealed. In the biblical context, a mystery is a divine truth that is beyond human understanding until God chooses to disclose it. This highlights the supernatural nature of the wisdom Paul is discussing, which is not accessible through human intellect alone but requires divine revelation.

and hidden wisdom
The "hidden wisdom" refers to God's eternal plan and purpose, which was not fully understood until the coming of Christ. The Greek word for "hidden" is "apokryphos," meaning concealed or kept secret. This wisdom is not hidden to keep it from people but was reserved for a specific time and purpose. It underscores the idea that God's wisdom is vastly different from human wisdom and is part of His sovereign plan.

of God
This phrase emphasizes the divine origin of the wisdom being discussed. It is not of human origin but comes directly from God. The wisdom of God is perfect, eternal, and unchanging, contrasting with the transient and often flawed wisdom of the world. It is a reminder that true wisdom is found in God alone and is revealed through His Spirit.

which He destined
The word "destined" comes from the Greek "proorizō," meaning to predetermine or foreordain. This indicates that God's wisdom and plan were established before the foundation of the world. It reflects the sovereignty of God in orchestrating His divine plan for humanity, which includes the redemption and glorification of believers.

for our glory
The phrase "for our glory" suggests that the ultimate purpose of God's wisdom is the glorification of believers. This glory is not of our own making but is a gift from God, resulting from our union with Christ. It points to the future hope and inheritance that believers have in Christ, which is part of God's eternal plan.

before time began
This phrase underscores the eternal nature of God's wisdom and plan. The Greek phrase "pro tōn aiōnōn" can be translated as "before the ages," indicating that God's plan was established in eternity past. It reassures believers of the certainty and security of God's promises, as they are rooted in His eternal purpose and not subject to the changes of time or circumstance.

None of the rulers of this age
The term "rulers" (Greek: ἄρχοντες, archontes) refers to both the spiritual and earthly authorities of the time. Historically, this includes figures like Pontius Pilate and the Jewish Sanhedrin, who played roles in the crucifixion of Jesus. Spiritually, it can also refer to demonic powers that influence human affairs. The phrase "of this age" (Greek: τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου, tou aiōnos toutou) suggests a temporal and worldly perspective, contrasting with the eternal wisdom of God. This highlights the limited understanding and vision of those who operate solely within the confines of worldly power and knowledge.

understood it
The Greek word for "understood" is ἔγνωσαν (egnōsan), which implies a deep, experiential knowledge. The rulers lacked this profound insight into God's redemptive plan through Christ. This ignorance was not merely intellectual but spiritual, as they were blinded by their own ambitions and the prevailing cultural and religious paradigms. The wisdom of God, as revealed in the crucifixion, was hidden from them because it defied human logic and expectations.

For if they had
This conditional phrase introduces a hypothetical scenario, emphasizing the gravity of their ignorance. It suggests that a true understanding of Jesus' divine identity and mission would have altered their actions. This underscores the tragic irony of the crucifixion: the very act intended to suppress Jesus' influence was the means by which God's plan of salvation was fulfilled.

they would not have crucified
The act of crucifixion was a Roman method of execution reserved for the most heinous criminals. The Greek word for "crucified" is ἐσταύρωσαν (estaurōsan), which conveys the brutality and shame associated with this form of death. The rulers' decision to crucify Jesus was a manifestation of their spiritual blindness and rejection of God's wisdom. Yet, in God's sovereignty, this act became the pivotal moment of redemption for humanity.

the Lord of glory
This title, "the Lord of glory" (Greek: τὸν κύριον τῆς δόξης, ton kyrion tēs doxēs), is a profound declaration of Jesus' divine nature and majesty. "Glory" (δόξα, doxa) in a biblical sense often refers to the visible manifestation of God's presence and power. By using this title, Paul affirms the deity of Christ and the paradox of the cross: the One who was crucified in weakness is, in fact, the glorious Lord of all creation. This serves as a powerful reminder of the mystery and majesty of God's redemptive work, which transcends human understanding and expectations.

Rather, as it is written
This phrase introduces a quotation from the Old Testament, specifically echoing themes from Isaiah 64:4 and 65:17. The Apostle Paul often uses "as it is written" to establish the authority of Scripture, grounding his teachings in the Jewish Scriptures. The Greek word for "written" is "gegraptai," emphasizing the permanence and divine authority of the Scriptures. This phrase sets the stage for a revelation that transcends human understanding, highlighting the continuity between the Old and New Testaments.

No eye has seen
The imagery of the "eye" in biblical literature often symbolizes perception and understanding. In the Greek, "ophthalmos" refers to the physical eye but also metaphorically to spiritual insight. This phrase suggests that human perception is limited and cannot fully grasp the divine mysteries. Historically, this reflects the Jewish understanding of God's transcendence, where His ways and plans are beyond human comprehension.

no ear has heard
The "ear" in biblical terms often represents the reception of divine revelation. The Greek word "ous" indicates not just the physical act of hearing but the deeper understanding and acceptance of truth. This phrase underscores the idea that God's plans are not only unseen but also unheard, emphasizing the mystery and majesty of divine wisdom that surpasses human experience.

no heart has imagined
The "heart" in biblical context is the seat of thought, emotion, and will. The Greek word "kardia" encompasses the inner life of a person. This phrase indicates that even the deepest human imagination and understanding cannot conceive the fullness of what God has in store. It reflects the biblical theme of God's thoughts and ways being higher than ours, as seen in Isaiah 55:8-9.

what God has prepared
The Greek word "hetoimazo" means to make ready or prepare. This preparation is not a spontaneous act but a deliberate and purposeful plan by God. It suggests a divine forethought and intentionality in God's dealings with humanity. Historically, this preparation is seen in the unfolding of God's redemptive plan through Christ, which was established before the foundation of the world (Ephesians 1:4).

for those who love Him
The phrase "those who love Him" identifies the recipients of God's prepared blessings. The Greek word "agapao" denotes a deep, selfless love that is rooted in commitment and relationship. This love is not merely emotional but is demonstrated through obedience and faithfulness to God. In a conservative Christian perspective, this emphasizes the covenant relationship between God and believers, where love for God is both a response to His love and a condition for receiving His promises.

But God
This phrase emphasizes the divine initiative and intervention. In the Greek, "God" (θεός, theos) is the subject, highlighting His sovereignty and active role in revelation. Historically, this underscores the Christian belief that understanding and wisdom are not human achievements but gifts from God. It is a reminder of the grace and mercy of God, who chooses to reveal Himself to humanity.

has revealed
The Greek word for "revealed" is "ἀπεκάλυψεν" (apekalypsen), which means to uncover or disclose. This term is significant in the context of divine revelation, indicating that what was once hidden is now made known. In the scriptural context, it suggests that the mysteries of God, previously concealed, are now accessible through divine action.

it to us
The "us" refers to the apostles and, by extension, all believers. This inclusion signifies the communal aspect of revelation, where the truths of God are shared within the body of Christ. Historically, this reflects the early Christian community's understanding of being recipients of divine knowledge, entrusted with the message of the Gospel.

by the Spirit
The Holy Spirit (πνεῦμα, pneuma) is the agent of revelation. In the conservative Christian perspective, the Spirit is the third person of the Trinity, actively involved in guiding believers into all truth. This phrase underscores the role of the Holy Spirit in illuminating the minds and hearts of believers, enabling them to comprehend spiritual truths.

The Spirit searches
The Greek word "ἐρευνᾷ" (ereuná) means to examine or investigate thoroughly. This portrays the Spirit as actively engaged in understanding and revealing the depths of God's wisdom. It suggests a dynamic and ongoing process of revelation, where the Spirit continually explores and discloses divine truths to believers.

all things
This phrase indicates the comprehensive scope of the Spirit's knowledge. In the context of 1 Corinthians, it contrasts human wisdom with divine wisdom, emphasizing that the Spirit's understanding is not limited but encompasses all aspects of God's creation and purpose.

even the deep things of God
The "deep things" (βάθη, báthē) refer to the profound and unfathomable aspects of God's nature and plans. This phrase highlights the depth and richness of divine wisdom, which surpasses human understanding. In a historical and scriptural context, it reassures believers that through the Spirit, they have access to the profound mysteries of God, which are otherwise beyond human comprehension.

For who among men knows the thoughts of man
This phrase introduces a rhetorical question that emphasizes the limitations of human understanding. The Greek word for "knows" is "oida," which implies a deep, intimate knowledge. In the context of the ancient world, understanding one's thoughts was seen as a profound insight, often reserved for the divine. This sets the stage for the comparison between human and divine knowledge.

except his own spirit within him?
The "spirit within him" refers to the innermost part of a person, the seat of consciousness and self-awareness. The Greek word "pneuma" is used here, which can mean breath, spirit, or wind, indicating the life force or essence of a person. This highlights the unique ability of the human spirit to understand personal thoughts, drawing a parallel to the divine Spirit's understanding of God's thoughts.

So too, no one knows the thoughts of God
This phrase underscores the exclusivity of divine knowledge. The Greek word "gnōnai" is used for "knows," suggesting a knowledge that is not just intellectual but experiential and relational. In the historical context of Corinth, a city known for its philosophical pursuits, this statement would challenge the prevailing belief that human wisdom could comprehend divine mysteries.

except the Spirit of God
The "Spirit of God" refers to the Holy Spirit, the third person of the Trinity. The Greek term "Pneuma Theou" emphasizes the Holy Spirit's role in revealing divine truths. This phrase affirms the Christian doctrine that true understanding of God's thoughts and purposes is accessible only through the Holy Spirit. In a conservative Christian perspective, this underscores the necessity of the Holy Spirit for interpreting Scripture and understanding God's will, as human wisdom alone is insufficient. This reliance on the Spirit is a call to humility and dependence on God for true wisdom and insight.

We have not received
This phrase emphasizes the distinction between the believers and the world. The Greek word for "received" is "ἐλάβομεν" (elabomen), which implies an active reception or taking hold of something. In the context of the early church, this signifies a conscious and deliberate acceptance of divine truth, contrasting with the passive acceptance of worldly values. Historically, the early Christians were often in opposition to the prevailing cultural norms, which were heavily influenced by Greco-Roman philosophies and pagan practices.

the spirit of the world
The "spirit of the world" refers to the prevailing attitudes, values, and beliefs that are contrary to God's truth. In Greek, "κόσμου" (kosmou) denotes the world system that is often in rebellion against God. This spirit is characterized by human wisdom, pride, and self-reliance. Archaeologically, the city of Corinth was a hub of commerce and culture, known for its wealth and moral laxity, which would have been seen as embodying the "spirit of the world."

but the Spirit who is from God
This phrase highlights the contrast between worldly influences and divine guidance. The Greek word "Πνεῦμα" (Pneuma) for "Spirit" signifies the Holy Spirit, who is a gift from God to believers. The Holy Spirit is the source of wisdom, understanding, and revelation. In the scriptural context, the Holy Spirit is often depicted as the one who empowers and enlightens believers, enabling them to live according to God's will.

that we may understand
The purpose of receiving the Spirit is to gain understanding. The Greek word "εἰδῶμεν" (eidōmen) means to perceive, know, or comprehend. This understanding is not merely intellectual but spiritual, allowing believers to discern and appreciate the deeper truths of God's kingdom. Historically, this understanding set the early Christians apart, as they were able to grasp the mysteries of the faith that were hidden from the wise and learned of the world.

what God has freely given us
This phrase underscores the grace and generosity of God. The Greek word "χαρισθέντα" (charisthenta) is derived from "χάρις" (charis), meaning grace or gift. It emphasizes that the blessings and insights believers receive are not earned but are freely given by God. In the broader scriptural context, this includes salvation, spiritual gifts, and the revelation of God's will. The early church understood this as a call to live in gratitude and humility, recognizing that all they had was due to God's unmerited favor.

And this is what we speak
This phrase emphasizes the act of communication and proclamation. The Greek word for "speak" here is "laleō," which implies not just casual conversation but a deliberate and purposeful declaration. In the context of the early church, this speaking is not merely human discourse but a divinely inspired message. The apostles, including Paul, were tasked with conveying the truths of the Gospel, which were not derived from human intellect but from divine revelation.

not in words taught us by human wisdom
The contrast here is between human wisdom and divine revelation. The Greek term for "wisdom" is "sophia," often associated with the philosophical and rhetorical skills highly valued in Greek culture. Paul is making a clear distinction that the message of the Gospel does not originate from human philosophy or intellectual prowess. Historically, Corinth was a city known for its love of eloquence and philosophy, yet Paul insists that the Gospel transcends these human constructs.

but in words taught by the Spirit
The "Spirit" refers to the Holy Spirit, the third person of the Trinity, who plays a crucial role in the inspiration and understanding of Scripture. The Greek word "pneuma" is used here, indicating the breath or spirit of God. This highlights the divine origin of the message Paul and the apostles are conveying. The Holy Spirit is the ultimate teacher, guiding believers into all truth, as promised by Jesus in John 16:13.

expressing spiritual truths
The phrase "spiritual truths" is derived from the Greek "pneumatika," which refers to things pertaining to the Spirit. This underscores the nature of the Gospel as not merely a set of doctrines but a living, dynamic truth that transforms lives. The truths of the Gospel are spiritual in nature, requiring spiritual discernment to be fully understood and appreciated.

in spiritual words
The term "spiritual words" suggests that the language used to convey these truths is also inspired by the Spirit. The Greek word "pneumatikois" is used, indicating that both the content and the form of the message are divinely influenced. This implies that the communication of the Gospel is not just about the message itself but also about the manner in which it is delivered, ensuring that it aligns with the Spirit's guidance.

The natural man
The term "natural man" is translated from the Greek word "psychikos," which refers to the human being in their unregenerate state, governed by the soul rather than the Spirit. In the context of 1 Corinthians, Paul contrasts the "natural man" with the "spiritual man," emphasizing the limitations of human wisdom and understanding when it is not enlightened by the Holy Spirit. Historically, this reflects the Greco-Roman worldview that prized human wisdom and philosophy, which Paul argues is insufficient for comprehending divine truths.

does not accept
The Greek word "dechomai" is used here, meaning to receive or welcome. The natural man is unable to receive or welcome the truths of God because they are contrary to his nature. This highlights the spiritual blindness and resistance that exists in the unregenerate heart, which is a theme throughout Scripture, emphasizing the need for divine intervention for true understanding.

the things that come from the Spirit of God
This phrase underscores the origin of true wisdom and knowledge, which is divine rather than human. The "things" refer to the truths and revelations given by the Holy Spirit, which include the gospel message and the deeper mysteries of God. The Spirit of God is the source of all spiritual insight, and without His illumination, these truths remain hidden to the natural man.

For they are foolishness to him
The Greek word "moria" is used for "foolishness," indicating something that is absurd or nonsensical. To the natural man, spiritual truths appear irrational because they defy human logic and understanding. This reflects the broader biblical theme that God's ways and thoughts are higher than human ways (Isaiah 55:8-9), and what is wise to God often appears foolish to the world.

and he cannot understand them
The inability to understand is not merely intellectual but spiritual. The Greek word "dunamai" implies a lack of power or ability. This highlights the spiritual incapacity of the natural man to grasp divine truths without the aid of the Holy Spirit. It is a reminder of the necessity of spiritual rebirth and the transformative work of the Spirit in opening the eyes of the heart.

because they are spiritually discerned
The term "anakrino" is used for "discerned," meaning to examine or judge. Spiritual discernment is a gift of the Holy Spirit, enabling believers to understand and apply spiritual truths. This discernment is not available to the natural man, as it requires the indwelling presence of the Spirit. The verse concludes with a call to recognize the essential role of the Holy Spirit in guiding believers into all truth, as promised by Jesus in John 16:13.

The spiritual man
The term "spiritual man" refers to an individual who is guided by the Holy Spirit. In Greek, the word for "spiritual" is "pneumatikos," which implies being influenced or controlled by the Spirit of God. This person is contrasted with the "natural man" mentioned earlier in the chapter, who does not accept the things of the Spirit. The spiritual man has a deep, intimate relationship with God, allowing him to discern and understand spiritual truths that are hidden from those who rely solely on human wisdom.

judges all things
The Greek word for "judges" is "anakrino," which means to examine, investigate, or scrutinize. This does not imply a judgmental attitude but rather a discerning and evaluative approach to life. The spiritual man, through the guidance of the Holy Spirit, is able to assess and understand all things, particularly spiritual matters. This ability to judge is not based on human wisdom but on divine insight, allowing the believer to navigate life with a godly perspective.

but he himself is not subject to anyone’s judgment
This phrase highlights the unique position of the spiritual man. While he can discern and evaluate all things, he is not subject to the judgment of those who do not possess the Spirit. The Greek word for "subject to" is "anakrinetai," which is the passive form of "anakrino," indicating that the spiritual man is not to be scrutinized or evaluated by those who lack spiritual understanding. This does not mean that the spiritual man is above accountability but rather that his spiritual insights and actions, guided by the Holy Spirit, cannot be fully comprehended or judged by those who do not share the same spiritual discernment. This reflects the transformative power of the Holy Spirit in the believer's life, setting them apart in wisdom and understanding.

For who has known
This phrase echoes the rhetorical question posed in Isaiah 40:13, emphasizing the incomprehensibility of God's wisdom and knowledge. The Greek word for "known" is "egnō," which implies a deep, intimate understanding. Historically, this reflects the Jewish tradition of acknowledging God's unfathomable wisdom, a theme prevalent in the Old Testament. It challenges human pride and self-sufficiency, reminding believers of their limited understanding compared to God's infinite wisdom.

the mind of the Lord
The "mind" here, translated from the Greek "nous," refers to the intellect, understanding, or reasoning. In the context of the Lord, it signifies the divine wisdom and plans of God, which are beyond human comprehension. This phrase underscores the sovereignty and omniscience of God, a central tenet in conservative Christian theology, affirming that God's thoughts and ways are higher than ours (Isaiah 55:8-9).

so as to instruct Him?
The rhetorical nature of this question highlights the absurdity of any human presuming to guide or advise God. The Greek word "symbibazō" means to instruct or to bring together, suggesting the futility of attempting to align God's will with human understanding. This reflects the historical context of the Corinthian church, where human wisdom was often exalted, reminding believers of the need for humility before God's perfect wisdom.

But we have
The conjunction "but" introduces a contrast, shifting from the impossibility of knowing God's mind to the privilege granted to believers. The phrase "we have" indicates possession, suggesting that believers are endowed with something extraordinary. This is a pivotal moment in the verse, offering hope and assurance to the Christian community.

the mind of Christ
This profound statement reveals the transformative reality for believers. The "mind of Christ" implies having access to Christ's wisdom, understanding, and perspective. The Greek "nous Christou" suggests a shared mindset or attitude with Christ, cultivated through the Holy Spirit. Historically, this reflects the early Christian belief in the indwelling of the Spirit, enabling believers to discern spiritual truths. It encourages Christians to live in alignment with Christ's teachings, embodying His love, humility, and wisdom in their daily lives.