Meanwhile Boaz
The name "Boaz" in Hebrew means "strength" or "swift." Boaz is a figure of integrity and righteousness, embodying the strength of character that is central to the narrative. His actions are pivotal in the unfolding of God's providential plan for Ruth and Naomi. Boaz's initiative in going to the gate demonstrates his commitment to fulfilling his role as a kinsman-redeemer, a concept deeply rooted in the Levitical laws (Leviticus 25:25).

went to the gate
The city gate in ancient Israel was not merely a passageway but a place of legal transactions, public meetings, and community gatherings. It was akin to a modern-day courthouse or town hall. By going to the gate, Boaz positions himself in a place of authority and transparency, ready to conduct the legal proceedings necessary to redeem Ruth.

and sat down there
Sitting down at the gate signifies Boaz's readiness to engage in official business. In the cultural context, sitting was a posture of deliberation and decision-making. Boaz's action reflects his deliberate and thoughtful approach to resolving the matter of redemption.

Just then the kinsman-redeemer
The term "kinsman-redeemer" (Hebrew: "go'el") is a key concept in the book of Ruth. It refers to a close relative who has the responsibility to redeem a family member in distress, whether by buying back land, marrying a widow, or avenging blood. This role is a picture of Christ, our ultimate Redeemer, who rescues us from sin and restores us to God.

Boaz had mentioned
This phrase indicates Boaz's prior awareness and strategic planning. He had already considered the legal and familial implications of redeeming Ruth and was prepared to act in accordance with the law and God's will. It underscores Boaz's wisdom and foresight.

came along
The arrival of the kinsman-redeemer at this precise moment highlights the providence of God. In the narrative, it is not mere coincidence but a divine orchestration that brings the right people together at the right time to fulfill His purposes.

and Boaz said, 'Come over here, my friend, and sit down.'
Boaz's invitation is both courteous and authoritative. The term "my friend" (Hebrew: "peloni almoni") is a generic term, suggesting anonymity, which may imply the kinsman-redeemer's reluctance or failure to fulfill his duty. Boaz's respectful yet firm invitation sets the stage for the legal proceedings to follow.

So he went over and sat down
The kinsman-redeemer's compliance in sitting down signifies his willingness to engage in the discussion. This act of sitting down is a prelude to the negotiation and decision-making process that will determine the future of Ruth and Naomi. It reflects the cultural norms of respect and order in legal matters.

Then Boaz took
The phrase "Then Boaz took" indicates a decisive action by Boaz, a man of integrity and purpose. The Hebrew root for "took" is "laqach," which often implies taking with authority or initiative. In the context of ancient Israel, this action signifies Boaz's role as a leader and a man of standing within the community. His actions are deliberate and reflect his commitment to fulfilling his duty as a kinsman-redeemer, a role that carries both legal and moral responsibilities.

ten of the elders
The number "ten" in Hebrew culture often symbolizes completeness or a quorum necessary for legal proceedings. The "elders" were respected leaders and decision-makers within the city, often serving as judges or witnesses in legal matters. Their presence was crucial for validating the transaction Boaz was about to propose. This gathering underscores the importance of community and accountability in ancient Israelite society, where decisions were made in the presence of witnesses to ensure transparency and justice.

of the city
The "city" refers to Bethlehem, a small but significant town in Judah. In ancient times, cities were often walled and served as centers of trade, governance, and social life. The city gate, where this meeting likely took place, was a hub of activity and the location for legal transactions and public discourse. This setting highlights the public nature of Boaz's actions and the communal aspect of legal and familial responsibilities.

and said, 'Sit here,'
Boaz's invitation to "Sit here" is both a command and a gesture of hospitality. The Hebrew word for "sit" is "yashab," which can mean to dwell or remain. By asking the elders to sit, Boaz is not only inviting them to participate in the legal process but also ensuring their comfort and engagement in the proceedings. This reflects the cultural value placed on hospitality and respect for authority figures.

and they sat down
The elders' compliance, "and they sat down," indicates their willingness to participate and lend their authority to the proceedings. This act of sitting signifies readiness to listen, deliberate, and witness the events that would unfold. It also reflects the communal nature of decision-making in ancient Israel, where elders played a crucial role in maintaining justice and order within the society.

Then he said to the kinsman-redeemer
The term "kinsman-redeemer" is translated from the Hebrew word "go'el," which refers to a close relative who has the responsibility to redeem or buy back a family member's property or even marry a widow to preserve the family line. This concept is deeply rooted in the Levitical law (Leviticus 25:25) and reflects God's provision for family continuity and protection of inheritance. The kinsman-redeemer is a type of Christ, who redeems us from sin and restores us to our rightful inheritance in God's family.

Naomi, who has returned from the land of Moab
Naomi's return from Moab signifies a turning point from a place of loss and foreignness back to her homeland, Bethlehem. Moab, historically, was often at odds with Israel, and Naomi's return symbolizes repentance and restoration. Her journey back is a physical and spiritual return to God's provision and community. This highlights the theme of redemption and restoration that runs throughout the book of Ruth.

is selling the piece of land
The selling of land in ancient Israel was not merely a financial transaction but a matter of family legacy and divine inheritance. According to the Mosaic Law, land was a gift from God to the tribes of Israel, and it was meant to remain within the family (Numbers 36:7). Naomi's need to sell the land underscores her vulnerability and the dire circumstances she faces. It also sets the stage for Boaz's role as a redeemer, emphasizing the importance of family loyalty and divine providence.

that belonged to our brother Elimelech
Elimelech, whose name means "My God is King," represents the family line that is in jeopardy due to his death and the absence of male heirs. The mention of Elimelech ties the narrative back to the beginning of the book, where his decision to leave Bethlehem during a famine led to a series of tragic events. The redemption of his land and family line through Boaz and Ruth is a testament to God's faithfulness and the restoration of what was lost. It also foreshadows the coming of King David, a descendant of Ruth and Boaz, and ultimately, the lineage of Jesus Christ.

I thought I should inform you
This phrase indicates Boaz's integrity and transparency. The Hebrew root for "inform" is "גָּלָה" (galah), which means to uncover or reveal. Boaz is acting in accordance with the law and customs of the time, ensuring that the nearest kinsman-redeemer is aware of his right and responsibility. This reflects the biblical principle of honesty and openness in dealings, a value that is emphasized throughout Scripture.

and say, 'Buy it
The act of buying here refers to the redemption of land, which is a significant aspect of the Levirate law. The Hebrew word for "buy" is "קָנָה" (qanah), which means to acquire or purchase. This transaction is not merely a financial one but is deeply rooted in the preservation of family lineage and inheritance, as outlined in Leviticus 25:25-28. It underscores the importance of family and the continuity of God's covenant people.

in the presence of those seated here
This phrase highlights the communal aspect of legal transactions in ancient Israel. The presence of witnesses was crucial for the validation of agreements. The Hebrew culture placed a strong emphasis on community and accountability, ensuring that actions were transparent and just. This practice is a reminder of the importance of community in the life of faith, where believers are called to live in accountability and support of one another.

and in the presence of the elders of my people
The elders were respected leaders and decision-makers within the community. Their presence lent authority and legitimacy to the proceedings. The role of elders in Israelite society was to provide wisdom and guidance, as seen in various passages throughout the Old Testament. This reflects the biblical principle of seeking wise counsel and the value of leadership that is rooted in godly wisdom.

If you will redeem it, do so
The concept of redemption is central to this passage and to the broader biblical narrative. The Hebrew word for "redeem" is "גָּאַל" (ga'al), which means to act as a kinsman-redeemer. This role involved restoring and preserving the family line and property. Redemption in the Bible often points to God's redemptive work through Christ, who is our ultimate Redeemer, restoring us to right relationship with God.

But if you will not, tell me, so I will know
Boaz's request for clarity and decision reflects the urgency and importance of the matter. The phrase "so I will know" indicates a desire for resolution and action. In the Christian life, decisiveness and clarity in following God's will are essential. This part of the verse encourages believers to seek God's guidance and make decisions that align with His purposes.

For no one has the right to redeem it but you
This statement underscores the legal and familial obligations of the kinsman-redeemer. The right to redeem was not just a privilege but a duty. This reflects the biblical theme of responsibility within the family and community. In a broader sense, it points to the unique role of Christ as our Redeemer, who alone has the right and power to redeem humanity.

and I am next in line
Boaz's declaration of being "next in line" shows his willingness to fulfill the role of kinsman-redeemer if the nearer relative declines. This demonstrates Boaz's commitment to righteousness and his readiness to act in accordance with God's law. It serves as an example of selflessness and obedience, qualities that are central to the Christian faith. Boaz's actions foreshadow the sacrificial love of Christ, who willingly took on the role of Redeemer for all humanity.

Then Boaz said
This phrase introduces Boaz as the speaker, a man of integrity and a kinsman-redeemer. In Hebrew, the name "Boaz" means "strength" or "in him is strength," reflecting his role as a protector and provider. Boaz's words are pivotal, as he is about to reveal the full responsibility of the kinsman-redeemer, which goes beyond mere property acquisition.

On the day you buy the field
The phrase "on the day" indicates immediacy and urgency. The transaction is not just a future possibility but an imminent action. The "field" represents the land that belonged to Elimelech, Naomi's deceased husband. In ancient Israel, land was a critical component of family heritage and identity, deeply tied to God's covenant promises to His people.

from Naomi
Naomi, whose name means "pleasant," has returned to Bethlehem after a period of hardship in Moab. She is a widow, and her return signifies a hope for restoration. The land is technically hers to sell, but it is also tied to her deceased husband's lineage, which must be preserved.

you must also acquire Ruth the Moabitess
The inclusion of Ruth, identified as "the Moabitess," highlights her foreign origin. Despite being a Moabite, Ruth has shown extraordinary loyalty to Naomi and faith in the God of Israel. The Hebrew word for "acquire" here implies a legal and covenantal obligation, not merely a transaction. Ruth's inclusion in the deal underscores the law of levirate marriage, where a relative marries the widow to produce offspring for the deceased.

the wife of the deceased
This phrase emphasizes Ruth's status as a widow, which in the cultural and legal context of ancient Israel, places her in a vulnerable position. The "deceased" refers to Mahlon, Naomi's son and Ruth's late husband. The mention of the deceased underscores the duty to honor and continue his lineage.

in order to perpetuate the name of the dead
The concept of perpetuating a name is deeply rooted in the Hebrew tradition, where a person's name and lineage are tied to their identity and legacy. The Hebrew word for "perpetuate" suggests a continuation or revival of something that was lost. This duty reflects God's concern for family and heritage, ensuring that the deceased's name does not vanish from Israel.

through his inheritance
The "inheritance" refers to the land and the family line that must be preserved. In the Hebrew context, inheritance is not just about property but about maintaining the covenantal promises given to the ancestors. This phrase highlights the broader theological theme of redemption and restoration, as Boaz's actions will restore both property and family lineage, reflecting God's redemptive work in history.

The kinsman-redeemer replied
The term "kinsman-redeemer" is derived from the Hebrew word "go'el," which refers to a close relative who has the responsibility to redeem a family member in distress, whether by buying back land, marrying a widow, or avenging blood. This role is deeply rooted in the Levitical laws (Leviticus 25:25-55) and reflects God's provision for family and community support. The kinsman-redeemer is a type of Christ, who redeems humanity from sin and death.

I cannot redeem it myself
The phrase "I cannot redeem it myself" indicates the kinsman-redeemer's recognition of his limitations. In the context of ancient Israel, redeeming land or marrying a widow was not just a financial transaction but a covenantal duty. His inability to fulfill this role highlights the importance of counting the cost before making commitments, a principle echoed by Jesus in Luke 14:28-30.

or I would jeopardize my own inheritance
The concern about jeopardizing his own inheritance suggests that the kinsman-redeemer was worried about the financial implications of acquiring additional land and responsibilities. In ancient Israel, inheritance was a sacred trust passed down through generations. This highlights the tension between personal interests and communal responsibilities, a theme that resonates with the Christian call to selflessness and stewardship.

Take my right of redemption
By saying "Take my right of redemption," the kinsman-redeemer formally transfers his legal obligation to Boaz. This act of relinquishment is significant in the context of the book of Ruth, as it paves the way for Boaz to fulfill his role as the redeemer. It underscores the importance of willingness and ability in fulfilling God's purposes, as Boaz becomes a forebear of King David and ultimately, Jesus Christ.

because I cannot redeem it
The repetition of "I cannot redeem it" emphasizes the kinsman-redeemer's acknowledgment of his inability to fulfill the role. This humility and honesty are crucial in the biblical narrative, as they allow God's providential plan to unfold through Boaz. It serves as a reminder that God's purposes are often accomplished through human limitations and surrender, pointing to the ultimate redemption found in Christ.

Now in former times in Israel
This phrase sets the historical context for the narrative, indicating a practice that was customary in ancient Israel. The Hebrew word for "former times" (פָּנִים, panim) often refers to something that is before or in the past. This suggests a tradition that was well-established and recognized by the community. The phrase reminds us of the importance of understanding cultural and historical practices to fully grasp the biblical narrative. It also highlights the continuity of God's people and their customs, which were rooted in the covenantal relationship with God.

for the redemption and transfer of property
The concept of "redemption" (גְּאֻלָּה, ge'ullah) is central to the book of Ruth and the broader biblical narrative. It involves the act of reclaiming or buying back something that was lost or sold. In the context of Ruth, it refers to the kinsman-redeemer's role in preserving the family lineage and property. The "transfer of property" underscores the legal and economic aspects of this redemption process. This phrase reflects the biblical principle of stewardship and the importance of maintaining family inheritance as ordained by God.

to become final
The finality of the transaction is emphasized here, indicating that the act being described was not merely symbolic but legally binding. The Hebrew root (קוּם, qum) conveys the idea of standing or establishing something firmly. This underscores the seriousness and irrevocability of the agreement being made. In a spiritual sense, it reminds us of the permanence of God's promises and the certainty of His covenant with His people.

one party would remove his sandal
The removal of a sandal was a symbolic act in ancient Israelite culture, signifying the transfer of rights or responsibilities. The Hebrew word for "sandal" (נַעַל, na'al) is used here, and this act is rooted in the tradition of walking on land as a sign of ownership. By removing the sandal, the individual was relinquishing their claim or right to the property. This practice is a vivid reminder of the humility and submission required in the process of redemption, pointing to the ultimate redemption through Christ, who humbled Himself for our sake.

and give it to the other
The giving of the sandal to another party was a public declaration of the transaction, witnessed by the community. This act of giving (נָתַן, natan) is a recurring theme in Scripture, often associated with God's generosity and the call for His people to be generous. It signifies the transfer of authority and responsibility, and in the context of Ruth, it highlights Boaz's willingness to fulfill his role as the kinsman-redeemer. This gesture reflects the selflessness and commitment required in fulfilling God's purposes.

This was their method of legalizing transactions in Israel
The phrase underscores the legal and communal nature of the transaction. The Hebrew word for "legalizing" (קָיָם, qayam) implies establishing or confirming something. This method ensured transparency and accountability within the community, reflecting the biblical emphasis on justice and righteousness. It serves as a reminder of the importance of integrity and faithfulness in our dealings with others, as well as the communal aspect of our faith journey. The legal framework provided by God for His people was not only practical but also deeply spiritual, pointing to the ultimate justice and redemption found in Christ.

So the kinsman-redeemer
The term "kinsman-redeemer" is derived from the Hebrew word "go'el," which refers to a close relative who has the responsibility to redeem a family member in distress, whether through buying back land, marrying a widow, or avenging blood. This role is deeply rooted in the Levitical laws (Leviticus 25:25-55) and reflects God's provision for family and community. The kinsman-redeemer is a type of Christ, who redeems humanity from sin and death.

removed his sandal
The act of removing a sandal is symbolic and rooted in ancient Near Eastern customs. In Deuteronomy 25:9-10, the removal of a sandal was part of a ceremony to signify the refusal to fulfill the duty of a kinsman-redeemer. Here, it signifies the transfer of rights and responsibilities. The sandal, representing one's walk and claim to land, is given up, allowing Boaz to step into the role of redeemer. This act underscores the seriousness and legality of the transaction.

and said to Boaz
The public declaration to Boaz is significant. It is not just a private agreement but a community-recognized transaction. Boaz, whose name means "strength," is now publicly acknowledged as the one who will redeem Naomi's land and marry Ruth. This public acknowledgment is crucial in maintaining the integrity and transparency of the process.

Buy it for yourself
The phrase "Buy it for yourself" indicates the transfer of the right to purchase the land and marry Ruth. It is a formal relinquishment of the kinsman-redeemer's duty, allowing Boaz to act. This transaction is not merely a financial one but a covenantal act that ensures the continuation of Elimelech's lineage and the protection of Naomi and Ruth.

And he removed his sandal
The repetition of the sandal removal emphasizes the finality and legality of the transaction. It is a visual and physical act that confirms the verbal agreement. This act of removing the sandal is a humble acknowledgment of Boaz's right and responsibility to redeem. It highlights the humility and willingness of Boaz to fulfill God's law and care for Ruth and Naomi.

Then Boaz said
Boaz, a man of integrity and a kinsman-redeemer, steps forward to fulfill his duty. His name in Hebrew, "בֹּעַז" (Boaz), means "swift" or "strength," reflecting his decisive and strong character. In the context of ancient Israel, Boaz's actions are not just personal but communal, as he addresses the elders and the people, emphasizing the public nature of his commitment.

to the elders and all the people
The elders were respected leaders within the community, often serving as judges or decision-makers. Their presence signifies the legal and communal validation of Boaz's actions. In ancient Israel, community involvement was crucial in legal matters, ensuring transparency and accountability. The phrase "all the people" indicates that this was a public event, witnessed by many, underscoring the importance of community in covenantal relationships.

Today you are witnesses
The concept of witnesses is deeply rooted in Hebrew culture, where legal transactions required the presence of witnesses to confirm and validate the proceedings. The Hebrew word for witness, "עֵד" (ed), implies not just observation but a moral responsibility to uphold the truth. Boaz's declaration emphasizes the solemnity and legality of the transaction, binding the community to remember and uphold this covenant.

that I have bought from Naomi
The act of buying here is not merely a financial transaction but a redemptive act. Naomi, whose name means "pleasant," had faced bitterness and loss. Boaz's purchase is an act of restoration, bringing hope and security back to Naomi's life. This reflects the biblical theme of redemption, where God often uses individuals to restore and redeem what was lost.

all the property of Elimelech, Chilion, and Mahlon
Elimelech, whose name means "My God is King," had left Bethlehem during a famine, leading to the family's struggles. Chilion and Mahlon, his sons, also faced untimely deaths. The mention of their names signifies the restoration of their legacy and inheritance. In Hebrew culture, land was not just property but a divine inheritance, tied to identity and family lineage. Boaz's redemption of the land ensures the continuation of Elimelech's family line, fulfilling the Levirate law and God's covenant promises to His people.

Moreover, I have acquired
The phrase "I have acquired" in Hebrew is "קָנִיתִי" (qaniti), which implies a legal transaction or purchase. In the context of ancient Israel, this reflects the cultural and legal practices of levirate marriage and property redemption. Boaz's declaration is not merely about possession but about fulfilling a duty of love and loyalty, ensuring the continuation of a family line. This act of redemption is a foreshadowing of Christ's redemptive work for humanity, where He "acquired" us through His sacrifice.

Ruth the Moabitess
Ruth's identity as "the Moabitess" is significant. The Moabites were often seen as outsiders and enemies of Israel, yet Ruth's inclusion in the lineage of David, and ultimately Jesus, highlights God's grace and the breaking of ethnic barriers. Her account is a testament to the inclusivity of God's love and the transformative power of faith and loyalty.

Mahlon’s widow
Identifying Ruth as "Mahlon’s widow" emphasizes her previous marriage and the duty Boaz is undertaking. In Hebrew culture, a widow was often left vulnerable, and the levirate marriage was a means of protection and provision. This highlights the compassionate and righteous character of Boaz, who steps in to fulfill this role, reflecting God's care for the marginalized.

as my wife
The phrase "as my wife" signifies the formalization of the marriage covenant. In biblical times, marriage was not only a personal commitment but a communal and legal one. Boaz's public declaration underscores the importance of community witness and accountability in covenant relationships, mirroring the covenant relationship between God and His people.

to raise up the name of the deceased
This phrase refers to the practice of preserving a deceased man's lineage through offspring. In Hebrew, "to raise up" (לְהָקִים, lehakim) conveys the idea of establishing or restoring. Boaz's commitment to "raise up the name" is an act of selflessness and honor, ensuring that Mahlon's legacy continues. This reflects the biblical theme of resurrection and new life, pointing to the hope found in Christ.

on his inheritance
The concept of "inheritance" in Hebrew (נַחֲלָה, nachalah) is deeply rooted in the Promised Land and God's covenant with Israel. It signifies not just land but identity, belonging, and divine promise. Boaz's actions ensure that Mahlon's inheritance remains within the family, symbolizing the faithfulness of God in preserving His promises to His people.

so that his name will not disappear
The preservation of a name in Hebrew culture was synonymous with the preservation of one's legacy and memory. The fear of a name disappearing was akin to being forgotten or erased from history. Boaz's actions ensure that Mahlon's name endures, reflecting the eternal nature of God's covenant with His people, where He promises that their names are written in the Book of Life.

from among his brothers
This phrase highlights the communal aspect of Hebrew society, where family and tribal connections were paramount. The brothers represent the larger family unit, and Boaz's actions ensure that Mahlon's place within this community is maintained. It underscores the biblical principle of community and the interconnectedness of God's people.

or from the gate of his hometown
The "gate" was the place of legal transactions and community gatherings in ancient Israel. It was where elders and leaders met to make decisions and witness agreements. Boaz's declaration at the gate signifies the public and legal nature of his commitment, ensuring transparency and accountability. It reflects the importance of community validation in biblical covenants.

You are witnesses today
The role of witnesses in this context is crucial. In Hebrew culture, witnesses provided legitimacy and accountability to legal transactions. Boaz's call for witnesses underscores the communal nature of his commitment and the importance of integrity and truth in fulfilling one's duties. It serves as a reminder of the witness of the Holy Spirit in the lives of believers, affirming our identity and inheritance in Christ.

We are witnesses
This phrase signifies a formal and communal acknowledgment of the transaction that has taken place. In ancient Israel, legal matters were often settled at the city gate, a place of public gathering and judgment. The elders and people affirm their role as witnesses, which is crucial for the legitimacy of Boaz's redemption of Ruth. This reflects the communal nature of covenant relationships in Israelite society, where community validation was essential.

said the elders and all the people at the gate
The elders were respected leaders and decision-makers within the community. Their presence and agreement lend authority to the proceedings. The gate was not only a physical entryway but also a symbolic place of justice and governance. This setting underscores the public and official nature of Boaz's actions, ensuring transparency and accountability.

May the LORD make the woman entering your home like Rachel and Leah
Rachel and Leah, the matriarchs of Israel, were the wives of Jacob and mothers of the twelve tribes. Invoking their names is a profound blessing, wishing Ruth the same fruitfulness and foundational role in Israel's history. This blessing acknowledges Ruth's transition from a Moabite widow to a revered member of the Israelite community, highlighting God's providence and the inclusivity of His covenant.

who together built up the house of Israel
Rachel and Leah's legacy is the establishment of the nation of Israel through their offspring. This phrase emphasizes the importance of family and lineage in God's plan. It also reflects the hope that Ruth, through her union with Boaz, will contribute significantly to the continuation and prosperity of the Israelite people.

May you prosper in Ephrathah
Ephrathah is another name for Bethlehem, the town where this account unfolds. The blessing of prosperity is both material and spiritual, wishing Boaz and Ruth success and abundance. This prosperity is not just for their benefit but for the community's well-being, as their union is seen as a divine act that will bring blessings to all.

and be renowned in Bethlehem
Renown in Bethlehem signifies a lasting legacy and honor. This blessing anticipates the future impact of Boaz and Ruth's descendants, notably King David, and ultimately, Jesus Christ. The renown is not merely fame but a recognition of God's faithfulness and the fulfillment of His promises through their lineage. This highlights the theme of redemption and God's sovereign plan working through ordinary lives to achieve extraordinary purposes.

And may your house become like the house of Perez
The phrase "your house" refers to the lineage and family legacy of Boaz, who is marrying Ruth. In ancient Israel, one's house was not just a physical dwelling but represented one's family line and heritage. The "house of Perez" is significant because Perez was an ancestor of Boaz and a key figure in the lineage of Judah, one of the twelve tribes of Israel. Perez's birth, as recorded in Genesis 38, was marked by unusual circumstances involving Tamar and Judah, yet it led to a prosperous and significant lineage. The blessing here is that Boaz's house would be as fruitful and enduring as that of Perez, indicating a hope for a legacy that would impact future generations.

whom Tamar bore to Judah
This reference to Tamar and Judah highlights a account of redemption and divine providence. Tamar, a Canaanite woman, was initially wronged by Judah but ultimately became the mother of Perez through a series of divinely orchestrated events. This connection underscores the theme of God's sovereignty and grace in using unexpected and even flawed circumstances to fulfill His purposes. It also parallels Ruth's story, as she, a Moabite widow, is brought into the covenant community of Israel and becomes part of God's redemptive plan.

because of the offspring the LORD will give you
The "offspring" mentioned here is a direct reference to the children that Boaz and Ruth are expected to have. In the Hebrew context, children were seen as a blessing from the LORD, a continuation of one's name and legacy. This blessing is prophetic, as it anticipates the birth of Obed, who would become the grandfather of King David, and ultimately, the lineage through which Jesus Christ would be born. The phrase emphasizes the LORD's active role in granting life and blessing, reinforcing the belief that God is the ultimate source of all good gifts.

by this young woman
The term "young woman" refers to Ruth, who is central to this narrative. Her identity as a Moabite and a widow highlights the inclusivity of God's grace, as she is welcomed into the community of Israel and becomes an integral part of its history. Ruth's character, marked by loyalty, faithfulness, and virtue, is celebrated throughout the book. Her inclusion in the genealogy of Jesus, as noted in the Gospel of Matthew, serves as a powerful testament to God's redemptive plan that transcends ethnic and social boundaries. This phrase underscores the transformative power of God's grace in the lives of those who trust in Him.

So Boaz took Ruth
This phrase marks the culmination of a redemptive journey. Boaz, a man of noble character, acts as the kinsman-redeemer, a concept rooted in the Hebrew word "go'el," which signifies a relative who restores the rights of another and avenges their wrongs. This act of taking Ruth as his wife is not merely a legal transaction but a profound act of love and obedience to God's law, reflecting Christ's redemptive work for humanity.

and she became his wife
The union of Boaz and Ruth is significant both personally and theologically. Historically, marriage was a covenantal relationship, deeply respected and honored. Ruth, a Moabite, being accepted into the Israelite community through marriage, symbolizes the inclusivity of God's grace. This marriage also foreshadows the inclusion of Gentiles into the covenant community through Christ.

And when he had relations with her
This phrase delicately addresses the consummation of their marriage. In the Hebrew context, marital relations were not only for procreation but also for the deepening of the marital bond. The physical union between Boaz and Ruth is a sacred act, blessed by God, and it underscores the sanctity of marriage as ordained by God.

the LORD enabled her to conceive
The conception of a child is attributed directly to the LORD, highlighting the belief in God's sovereignty over life. The Hebrew word used here for "enabled" is "nathan," meaning "to give" or "to grant," emphasizing that children are a gift from God. This divine intervention is a reminder of God's providence and His active role in the unfolding of His redemptive plan.

and she gave birth to a son
The birth of a son to Ruth and Boaz is not only a personal blessing but also a pivotal moment in the biblical narrative. This son, Obed, becomes the grandfather of King David, placing Ruth in the direct lineage of Jesus Christ. This highlights the theme of redemption and God's ability to bring about His purposes through ordinary lives. The birth of Obed is a testament to God's faithfulness and the fulfillment of His promises, serving as an inspiration for believers to trust in God's timing and plan.

The women said to Naomi
This phrase highlights the communal aspect of ancient Israelite society, where the community played a significant role in personal and family matters. The women of Bethlehem, who had witnessed Naomi's return in bitterness, now share in her joy. This reflects the Hebrew concept of "chesed," or loving-kindness, which is a recurring theme in the Book of Ruth. The community's involvement underscores the importance of fellowship and support within the body of believers.

Blessed be the LORD
The Hebrew word for "blessed" is "baruch," which is often used in the context of praising God for His providence and mercy. This blessing acknowledges God's sovereignty and His active role in the lives of His people. The women recognize that the events leading to this moment are not mere coincidences but are orchestrated by the LORD, Yahweh, the covenant-keeping God of Israel. This phrase serves as a reminder of the importance of gratitude and recognition of God's hand in our lives.

who has not left you this day without a redeemer
The term "redeemer" is translated from the Hebrew word "goel," which refers to a kinsman-redeemer. In the cultural and legal context of ancient Israel, a kinsman-redeemer had the responsibility to protect the interests of needy family members, which could include redeeming land or marrying a widow to preserve the family line. This concept is a powerful foreshadowing of Christ, our ultimate Redeemer, who restores and redeems us. The assurance that Naomi is not left without a redeemer speaks to God's faithfulness and provision.

May his name become famous in Israel!
The desire for the redeemer's name to become famous reflects the cultural importance of legacy and remembrance in Israelite society. Names carried significant meaning and were often associated with one's character and deeds. The women express a hope that the redeemer's actions will be remembered and celebrated throughout Israel. This phrase also points to the broader narrative of God's redemptive plan, as Boaz and Ruth's lineage leads to King David and ultimately to Jesus Christ, whose name is above every name. The fame of the redeemer in Israel is a testament to God's unfolding plan of salvation.

He will renew your life
The phrase "He will renew your life" speaks to the transformative power of God's blessings. In Hebrew, the word for "renew" can be linked to the concept of restoration and revival. This is a promise of rejuvenation, not just physically, but spiritually and emotionally. In the context of Naomi's life, which had been marked by loss and bitterness, this renewal signifies a divine intervention that brings hope and a fresh start. It is a reminder of God's ability to bring life and joy out of despair.

and sustain you in your old age
The word "sustain" in Hebrew carries the idea of nourishment and support. This phrase assures Naomi of God's provision and care in her later years. In ancient times, having a family to care for you in old age was crucial, and this promise highlights the security and comfort that God provides through family and community. It reflects the biblical principle that God is a provider and protector, especially for the vulnerable and elderly.

For your daughter-in-law, who loves you
The mention of Ruth as "your daughter-in-law, who loves you" emphasizes the deep, selfless love that Ruth has for Naomi. The Hebrew word for love here is "ahavah," which denotes a committed, covenantal love. Ruth's loyalty and devotion are central themes in the book, showcasing the power of steadfast love and faithfulness. This love is a reflection of God's own covenantal love for His people.

and is better to you than seven sons
In the cultural context of ancient Israel, sons were highly valued for carrying on the family name and providing for their parents. The phrase "better to you than seven sons" is a profound statement of Ruth's worth and the exceptional nature of her love and loyalty. The number seven often symbolizes completeness or perfection in the Bible, suggesting that Ruth's value surpasses even the ideal family structure. This highlights the theme that true worth is found in character and love, not just in societal norms.

has given him birth
The act of giving birth to Obed, who would become the grandfather of King David, is significant in the lineage of the Messiah. This phrase underscores the providential role Ruth plays in God's redemptive plan. Her inclusion in the genealogy of Jesus (as seen in Matthew 1) is a testament to God's grace and the breaking of cultural barriers. It serves as a reminder that God often works through unexpected people and circumstances to fulfill His purposes.

And Naomi took the child
This phrase marks a significant moment in Naomi's life, symbolizing restoration and hope. The Hebrew word for "took" (לָקַח, laqach) often implies receiving or accepting something with purpose. Naomi, who had experienced profound loss, now embraces a new beginning through this child, Obed. This act signifies God's providence and the fulfillment of His promises, as Naomi's family line is renewed. Historically, this moment is pivotal, as Obed becomes the grandfather of King David, linking Naomi's account to the lineage of Christ.

placed him on her lap
The act of placing the child on her lap is deeply symbolic, representing acceptance and the nurturing role Naomi assumes. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, this gesture could signify adoption or claiming a child as one's own. The Hebrew culture placed great importance on family and lineage, and this act underscores Naomi's integral role in the continuation of her family line. It also reflects the communal nature of family in Israelite society, where extended family members often played vital roles in child-rearing.

and became a nurse to him
The phrase "became a nurse" indicates Naomi's commitment to care for and nurture the child. The Hebrew word for "nurse" (אָמַן, aman) can also mean to support or uphold, suggesting a deeper level of responsibility and love. This role is not merely physical but also spiritual and emotional, as Naomi imparts her faith and values to Obed. In the broader biblical narrative, this nurturing role highlights the importance of godly influence and mentorship in raising future generations. Naomi's transformation from a woman in despair to a joyful caregiver exemplifies God's redemptive power and the blessings that come from faithfulness and obedience.

The neighbor women said
This phrase highlights the communal nature of ancient Israelite society. The involvement of the neighbor women in the naming of the child underscores the close-knit community and the shared joy in the birth of a child. In Hebrew culture, the community often played a significant role in family events, reflecting the collective identity of the people of Israel. The neighbor women’s proclamation also signifies the restoration of Naomi’s fortunes, as they recognize the child as a blessing to her.

A son has been born to Naomi
Though biologically the son of Ruth and Boaz, the child is considered Naomi's because he restores her family line and her place in the community. This reflects the Hebrew concept of "levirate marriage," where a relative marries a widow to preserve the family lineage. Naomi, who once lamented her emptiness, now experiences fullness and redemption through this child. This phrase emphasizes God's providence and the restoration of hope and legacy.

and they named him Obed
The name "Obed" means "servant" or "worshiper" in Hebrew. This name is significant as it foreshadows the role of Obed in the lineage of King David and ultimately Jesus Christ, who is the ultimate Servant King. The act of naming by the community also reflects the cultural practices of the time, where names were often given with prophetic or significant meanings, indicating the child’s future role or character.

He became the father of Jesse
This phrase connects Obed directly to Jesse, establishing the genealogical line that leads to David. Jesse is a significant figure in the Bible, as he is the father of David, Israel's greatest king. This connection highlights the divine orchestration in the lineage of David, showing how God uses ordinary people and circumstances to fulfill His extraordinary purposes.

the father of David
David is one of the most pivotal figures in the Bible, known for his heart for God and his role as the king who united Israel. This phrase not only establishes the Davidic line but also points to the Messianic prophecy that the Messiah would come from the house of David. The mention of David here serves as a reminder of God's covenant faithfulness and His plan for redemption through the lineage of David, ultimately fulfilled in Jesus Christ.

Now these are the generations
This phrase introduces a genealogical record, a common literary device in the Hebrew Bible known as "toledot." The Hebrew word "toledot" signifies "generations" or "descendants," and it serves as a structural marker in the text, indicating a transition to a lineage that holds theological significance. In the context of Ruth, this genealogy underscores God's providential plan, linking the account of Ruth and Boaz to the broader narrative of Israel's history and ultimately to the lineage of King David and Jesus Christ.

of Perez
Perez, whose name means "breach" or "burst forth," was the son of Judah and Tamar, as recorded in Genesis 38. His birth was marked by unusual circumstances, yet he became a significant figure in the lineage of Judah. The mention of Perez here highlights God's ability to work through complex and even morally ambiguous situations to fulfill His divine purposes. Perez's inclusion in this genealogy emphasizes the theme of redemption and God's sovereign orchestration of history.

Perez was the father of Hezron
Hezron, the son of Perez, continues the lineage that will eventually lead to King David. The name Hezron may mean "enclosed" or "surrounded by a wall," suggesting protection or fortification. This lineage, beginning with Perez and continuing through Hezron, signifies the unfolding of God's covenant promises to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. It serves as a reminder of God's faithfulness to His people and His commitment to bringing forth a Savior through this chosen line. The genealogical record here is not merely a list of names but a testament to God's enduring faithfulness and the unfolding of His redemptive plan through history.

Hezron
The name Hezron is rooted in the Hebrew word "חֶצְרוֹן" (Chetsron), which means "enclosed" or "surrounded by a wall." Hezron is a significant figure in the genealogical line of Judah, one of the twelve tribes of Israel. Historically, Hezron is recognized as a grandson of Jacob, and his lineage is crucial as it leads to King David and ultimately to Jesus Christ. This connection underscores the providential unfolding of God's redemptive plan through specific family lines, emphasizing the importance of heritage and divine purpose in biblical history.

was the father of
This phrase, in Hebrew "הוֹלִיד" (holid), signifies the act of begetting or fathering. In the context of biblical genealogies, it highlights the continuity of God's covenant promises through successive generations. The act of fathering in the Bible is not merely biological but also spiritual and covenantal, indicating the transmission of faith, values, and divine promises from one generation to the next. This continuity is a testament to God's faithfulness and the unfolding of His divine plan through human history.

Ram
The name Ram, in Hebrew "רָם" (Ram), means "high" or "exalted." Ram is a lesser-known figure in the biblical narrative, yet his inclusion in the genealogy is significant. His name suggests a position of honor or elevation, which can be seen as a foreshadowing of the exalted lineage that would lead to King David and, ultimately, to Jesus Christ. The mention of Ram in this genealogy serves as a reminder of how God often works through seemingly ordinary individuals to accomplish His extraordinary purposes.

and Ram was the father of Amminadab
This phrase continues the genealogical line, emphasizing the importance of each link in the chain. Amminadab, whose name in Hebrew "עַמִּינָדָב" (Amminadav) means "my kinsman is noble" or "people of the prince," is a significant figure as he is the father of Nahshon, a leader of the tribe of Judah during the Exodus. The mention of Amminadab highlights the noble and princely heritage that is part of the lineage leading to David. This lineage is a testament to God's sovereign choice and His ability to work through families and generations to fulfill His promises and bring about His redemptive plan.

Amminadab
The name "Amminadab" is of Hebrew origin, meaning "my kinsman is noble" or "people of the prince." Amminadab is a significant figure in the genealogy of Jesus Christ, as outlined in the Gospel of Matthew. His name reflects the noble lineage and the divine orchestration of God's plan through generations. Historically, Amminadab is recognized as a leader of the tribe of Judah during the Israelites' wilderness journey, emphasizing the importance of leadership and faithfulness in God's covenant community.

was the father of
This phrase indicates the genealogical lineage, a common biblical method to trace heritage and fulfill God's promises through generations. In Hebrew culture, lineage was crucial for establishing identity, inheritance, and fulfilling prophecies. The phrase underscores the continuity of God's covenantal promises, as each generation plays a role in the unfolding of divine history. It reminds believers of the importance of family and the transmission of faith and values across generations.

Nahshon
Nahshon, whose name means "enchanter" or "oracle," was a prominent leader of the tribe of Judah. He is often remembered for his role during the Exodus, where he was the first to step into the Red Sea, demonstrating faith and courage. Nahshon's leadership and faith are emblematic of the qualities God desires in His people. His inclusion in the genealogy highlights the importance of faith-driven action and the courage to lead others in obedience to God's commands.

and Nahshon the father of
This continuation of the genealogical record emphasizes the importance of Nahshon's role in the lineage leading to King David and ultimately to Jesus Christ. It reflects the biblical theme of God's faithfulness in preserving His chosen line through which the Messiah would come. The phrase serves as a reminder of the interconnectedness of God's people and the unfolding of His redemptive plan through history.

Salmon
Salmon, whose name means "garment" or "clothing," is a significant figure in the genealogy of Jesus. He is traditionally believed to have married Rahab, the Canaanite woman who aided the Israelite spies in Jericho, demonstrating God's grace and inclusion of Gentiles in His redemptive plan. Salmon's role in the lineage underscores the theme of redemption and the breaking down of barriers between Jew and Gentile, foreshadowing the inclusive nature of the Gospel. His presence in the genealogy highlights the transformative power of faith and God's ability to use unexpected individuals to fulfill His purposes.

Salmon
The name "Salmon" is rooted in the Hebrew word "שַׂלְמוֹן" (Salmon), which means "garment" or "clothing." Salmon is a significant figure in the genealogy of Jesus Christ, as outlined in the Gospel of Matthew. Historically, Salmon is believed to have been one of the leaders of Israel during the time of the conquest of Canaan. He is traditionally considered to have married Rahab, the Canaanite woman who hid the Israelite spies in Jericho. This union is a testament to God's grace and the inclusion of Gentiles into His covenant people, foreshadowing the universal scope of the Gospel.

was the father of
This phrase indicates a generational link and is crucial in biblical genealogies. The Hebrew word used here is "הוֹלִיד" (holid), which means "to beget" or "to father." In the context of ancient Israel, genealogies were not merely records of ancestry but were vital for establishing identity, inheritance rights, and fulfilling God's promises. The act of fathering in biblical terms often carries the weight of legacy and divine purpose, as each generation plays a role in the unfolding of God's redemptive plan.

Boaz
The name "Boaz" comes from the Hebrew "בֹּעַז" (Boaz), meaning "strength" or "swiftness." Boaz is a central figure in the Book of Ruth, known for his role as the kinsman-redeemer. His character exemplifies righteousness, kindness, and obedience to God's law. Boaz's marriage to Ruth, a Moabite woman, highlights the theme of redemption and God's providence. It also underscores the breaking of ethnic barriers, as Ruth becomes part of the lineage of David and, ultimately, Jesus Christ. Boaz's life is a powerful reminder of how God uses individuals to fulfill His covenant promises.

Obed
The name "Obed" is derived from the Hebrew "עֹבֵד" (Obed), meaning "servant" or "worshiper." Obed is the son of Boaz and Ruth, and his birth is seen as a blessing and a continuation of God's faithfulness to His people. Obed's role in the genealogy is significant as he is the grandfather of King David, establishing the Davidic line through which the Messiah would come. The name "Obed" reflects a life dedicated to service and worship, embodying the response of gratitude and devotion to God's redemptive work. His inclusion in the genealogy emphasizes the importance of each link in the chain of God's salvation history.

Obed
The name "Obed" in Hebrew means "servant" or "worshiper." This is significant as it reflects the humble and devoted nature of Ruth and Boaz's lineage. Obed's birth is a testament to God's providence and faithfulness, as he is the product of a union that was orchestrated by divine intervention. In the broader biblical narrative, Obed represents the continuation of God's promise to His people, serving as a bridge between the judges and the monarchy in Israel.

was the father of
This phrase indicates lineage and heritage, emphasizing the importance of family and generational blessings in the biblical context. In Hebrew culture, genealogy was crucial for establishing identity, inheritance rights, and fulfilling God's promises. The phrase underscores the continuity of God's covenant through successive generations, highlighting the faithfulness of God in preserving His chosen line.

Jesse
Jesse, whose name means "gift" or "God exists," is a pivotal figure in the lineage of David. He is a symbol of God's grace and the fulfillment of His promises. Jesse's role as the father of David places him in the direct line of the Messiah, as prophesied in the Old Testament. His life and family are a testament to God's sovereign plan and the unfolding of His redemptive history.

and Jesse was the father of
This repetition of the phrase reinforces the importance of lineage and the transmission of God's promises through generations. It highlights the role of family in God's plan and the way He uses ordinary people to accomplish extraordinary purposes. The phrase also serves as a reminder of the faithfulness required to pass on a godly heritage.

David
David, whose name means "beloved," is one of the most significant figures in the Bible. He is known as a man after God's own heart and is the archetype of a godly king. David's life is a tapestry of triumphs and failures, yet he remains a central figure in God's redemptive plan. As the ancestor of Jesus Christ, David's lineage fulfills the messianic prophecies and establishes the eternal kingdom promised to him by God. His inclusion in this genealogy underscores the theme of redemption and the unfolding of God's salvation history through unexpected and humble beginnings.