At that time
This phrase sets the stage for the events that follow, indicating a specific moment in the ministry of Jesus. The Greek word used here, "ἐν ἐκείνῳ τῷ καιρῷ" (en ekeinō tō kairō), suggests a divinely appointed time. In the context of Matthew's Gospel, this period is marked by Jesus' growing influence and the increasing curiosity of His disciples about the nature of His kingdom. Historically, this was a time of great expectation among the Jewish people for the coming of the Messiah, and the disciples were eager to understand their roles in this anticipated kingdom.

the disciples
The term "disciples" refers to the close followers of Jesus, specifically the twelve apostles. In Greek, "μαθηταί" (mathētai) implies learners or students, highlighting their role in being taught by Jesus. The disciples were ordinary men chosen by Jesus to witness His ministry and to be trained for the mission of spreading the Gospel. Their question in this verse reflects their human concerns and misunderstandings about the nature of greatness in the kingdom of heaven.

came to Jesus
This phrase indicates a deliberate approach to Jesus, suggesting a desire for guidance and clarification. The Greek verb "προσέρχομαι" (proserchomai) means to come near or approach, often with a sense of reverence or seeking wisdom. The disciples recognized Jesus as their teacher and authority, and their coming to Him demonstrates their dependence on His insight and leadership.

and asked
The act of asking here is significant, as it shows the disciples' willingness to seek understanding and their openness to learning. The Greek word "λέγοντες" (legontes) is used, which can mean to say or to ask, indicating a verbal inquiry. This reflects a common practice in rabbinic tradition where disciples would pose questions to their teacher to gain deeper insight into spiritual truths.

Who, then, is the greatest
This question reveals the disciples' concern with status and rank within the kingdom of heaven. The Greek word "μείζων" (meizōn) means greater or greatest, and it reflects a worldly perspective on hierarchy and importance. The disciples, influenced by cultural norms, were seeking to understand how greatness is measured in the spiritual realm, perhaps expecting a response that aligned with earthly standards of power and prestige.

in the kingdom of heaven?
The "kingdom of heaven" is a central theme in Matthew's Gospel, representing God's sovereign rule and the realm where His will is perfectly fulfilled. The Greek phrase "ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ τῶν οὐρανῶν" (en tē basileia tōn ouranōn) emphasizes a divine kingdom that contrasts with earthly kingdoms. This question underscores the disciples' struggle to grasp the nature of this kingdom, which is characterized by humility, service, and childlike faith, as Jesus will soon teach them. The kingdom of heaven is not about earthly power but about aligning with God's values and purposes.

Jesus called
The Greek word for "called" is "προσκαλέω" (proskaleō), which implies a personal invitation or summons. This action by Jesus is significant as it demonstrates His intentionality and authority. In the cultural context of the time, a rabbi calling a child would have been unusual, as children were not typically the focus of teaching or public attention. This act underscores Jesus' radical approach to societal norms and His emphasis on humility and innocence.

a little child
The term "little child" is translated from the Greek word "παιδίον" (paidion), which refers to a young child, possibly an infant or toddler. In the historical context, children were considered of low status and without rights. By choosing a child, Jesus is making a profound statement about the values of the Kingdom of Heaven, where the least are the greatest. This choice challenges the disciples' understanding of greatness and power, urging them to adopt a childlike humility and dependence on God.

to stand among them
The phrase "to stand among them" indicates a physical positioning that is both literal and symbolic. The Greek word "ἔστησεν" (estēsen) means to set or place, suggesting that Jesus deliberately places the child in the midst of the disciples. This act is a visual and powerful teaching tool, emphasizing that the qualities of a child—innocence, trust, and humility—should be central in the community of believers. Historically, this would have been a striking image, as it subverts the typical social order and elevates the child as an example to be emulated.

Truly I tell you
This phrase is a solemn introduction used by Jesus to emphasize the importance and truth of what He is about to say. The Greek word "ἀμὴν" (amēn), translated as "truly," is a term of affirmation, often used to assert the certainty and reliability of a statement. In the context of Jesus' teachings, it underscores His authority and the divine truth of His words. Historically, this phrase would capture the attention of His listeners, indicating that a profound truth is about to be revealed.

unless you change
The Greek word for "change" here is "στραφῆτε" (straphēte), which implies a turning or conversion. This is not merely a superficial change but a deep, transformative shift in one's heart and mind. In the historical and scriptural context, this call to change is a call to repentance, a fundamental turning away from sin and towards God. It reflects the necessity of a spiritual rebirth, aligning with the broader biblical theme of transformation and renewal.

and become like little children
The phrase "become like little children" is central to understanding the nature of the kingdom of heaven. The Greek word "παιδία" (paidia) refers to young children, emphasizing qualities such as humility, innocence, and dependence. In the cultural and historical context of the time, children were seen as having no status or power, which contrasts with the disciples' concerns about greatness. Jesus uses this imagery to teach that entrance into the kingdom requires a heart that is humble, trusting, and reliant on God, much like a child's reliance on their parents.

you will never enter the kingdom of heaven
The phrase "you will never enter" is a strong warning, using the Greek "οὐ μὴ εἰσέλθητε" (ou mē eiselthēte), which is an emphatic negation. It underscores the absolute necessity of the preceding conditions for entry into the kingdom of heaven. The "kingdom of heaven" is a central theme in Matthew's Gospel, representing the reign and rule of God both in the present and future. Historically, this would challenge the prevailing Jewish expectations of a political kingdom, redirecting focus to a spiritual realm where God's will is paramount. This statement serves as a sobering reminder of the heart posture required to be part of God's eternal kingdom.

Whoever
The term "whoever" is inclusive and universal, indicating that the message of this verse applies to all individuals without exception. In the Greek, the word used is "ὅστις" (hostis), which emphasizes an open invitation to anyone willing to listen and adhere to the teachings of Christ. This universality underscores the accessibility of the Kingdom of Heaven to all who choose to follow Jesus' example of humility and faith.

humbles himself
The phrase "humbles himself" is central to understanding the nature of true greatness in the Kingdom of Heaven. The Greek word for "humbles" is "ταπεινόω" (tapeinoō), which means to make oneself low or to bring oneself to a lower state. This concept of humility is countercultural, especially in a world that often values pride and self-promotion. In the biblical context, humility is not about self-deprecation but about recognizing one's dependence on God and valuing others above oneself. It is a voluntary act of submission to God's will, reflecting the character of Christ, who humbled Himself by becoming obedient to death on a cross (Philippians 2:8).

like this child
The reference to "like this child" is a powerful illustration used by Jesus to convey the qualities necessary for entering the Kingdom of Heaven. In the historical and cultural context of the time, children were considered low in social status, possessing no power or rights. By using a child as an example, Jesus highlights the virtues of innocence, trust, and dependence. The Greek word for child, "παιδίον" (paidion), suggests a young child, emphasizing the need for believers to adopt a childlike faith and trust in God. This imagery calls Christians to embrace simplicity, purity, and a heart open to learning and growth.

is the greatest
The phrase "is the greatest" challenges the conventional understanding of greatness. In the Greek, "μέγας" (megas) is used, which typically denotes something large or significant. However, Jesus redefines greatness not as a measure of power or status but as a reflection of one's humility and service to others. This teaching aligns with the broader biblical narrative that exalts the humble and brings down the proud (James 4:6). It serves as a reminder that in God's Kingdom, true greatness is found in serving others and living a life of humility and love.

in the kingdom of heaven
The "kingdom of heaven" is a central theme in Jesus' teachings, representing the reign and rule of God both in the present and in the future. The Greek term "βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν" (basileia tōn ouranōn) conveys the idea of God's sovereign rule and the community of believers who live under His authority. This kingdom is characterized by righteousness, peace, and joy in the Holy Spirit (Romans 14:17). Jesus' message in this verse invites believers to participate in this kingdom by embodying the values of humility and childlike faith, thus experiencing the fullness of life that God offers.

And whoever
This phrase opens the verse with an inclusive invitation, indicating that the message is not limited to a specific group but is applicable to all believers. The Greek word for "whoever" is "hos," which is often used to denote an indefinite person or group, emphasizing the universal nature of Jesus' teaching. This inclusivity reflects the open arms of the Gospel, inviting all to participate in the kingdom of God.

welcomes
The Greek word used here is "δέχεται" (dechetai), which means to receive or accept. In the cultural context of the time, welcoming someone was not merely a polite gesture but an act of hospitality and acceptance into one's community or home. This act of welcoming is a reflection of the heart's posture towards others, especially those who are vulnerable or marginalized, like children.

a little child
The term "little child" is translated from the Greek word "παιδίον" (paidion), which refers to a young child or infant. In the historical context, children were considered the least in society, without status or power. By using a child as an example, Jesus is teaching about humility and the importance of valuing those whom society might overlook. This reflects the kingdom values of humility, innocence, and dependence on God.

like this
This phrase points back to the previous verses where Jesus places a child in the midst of the disciples to illustrate His point. The child represents the qualities that Jesus values: humility, simplicity, and trust. The phrase "like this" serves as a reminder to emulate these qualities in our own lives and interactions with others.

in My name
The phrase "in My name" signifies acting with the authority and character of Jesus. In the biblical context, a name represents the essence and nature of a person. To welcome a child in Jesus' name means to do so with His love, compassion, and humility. It is an acknowledgment of His lordship and a commitment to living out His teachings.

welcomes Me
This powerful conclusion equates the act of welcoming a child with welcoming Jesus Himself. It underscores the profound truth that how we treat the least among us is a reflection of our relationship with Christ. This statement challenges believers to see Jesus in every person, especially those who are vulnerable and in need of care. It is a call to embody the love and grace of Christ in all our interactions.

But if anyone
The phrase "But if anyone" introduces a conditional statement, emphasizing the universality of the warning. The Greek word for "anyone" (τις, tis) is indefinite, suggesting that this warning applies to all people, regardless of status or position. This universality underscores the seriousness of the message, as it is not limited to a specific group but is a caution to all believers and leaders within the Christian community.

causes
The Greek word used here is "σκανδαλίζω" (skandalizó), which means to cause to stumble or to lead into sin. This term is significant in the New Testament, often used to describe actions that lead others away from faith or into moral failure. The use of this word highlights the gravity of leading others, especially the vulnerable, into sin, and it serves as a stern warning against being a stumbling block in the spiritual journey of others.

one of these little ones
"Little ones" (μικρῶν, mikrōn) can refer to children or those who are young in faith. In the context of Matthew 18, Jesus is likely referring to both literal children and new or humble believers. This phrase emphasizes the value and importance of protecting those who are vulnerable and impressionable in their faith journey. Historically, children were often undervalued in ancient societies, but Jesus elevates their status, showing that they are precious in the kingdom of God.

who believe in Me
This phrase underscores the faith relationship between the "little ones" and Jesus. The Greek word for "believe" (πιστεύω, pisteuō) implies trust and reliance on Christ. It is a reminder that faith, even in its simplest form, is precious to God. The phrase also indicates that the warning is specifically about causing believers to stumble, highlighting the responsibility of the community to nurture and protect the faith of its members.

to stumble
The repetition of the concept of stumbling (σκανδαλίζω, skandalizó) reinforces the seriousness of the offense. In a spiritual sense, stumbling refers to falling into sin or losing faith. The imagery suggests a disruption in one's spiritual walk, which can have eternal consequences. This serves as a call to vigilance in how one's actions and teachings affect others, especially those who are spiritually vulnerable.

it would be better for him
This phrase introduces a comparison to emphasize the severity of the consequence. The Greek word "καλόν" (kalon) means good or better, indicating that the alternative presented is preferable to the sin of causing another to stumble. This hyperbolic language is meant to shock the listener into understanding the gravity of the offense.

to have a large millstone hung around his neck
The imagery of a "large millstone" (μύλος ὀνικός, mylos onikos) is vivid and severe. A millstone was a heavy stone used for grinding grain, and the specific mention of a large one indicates an unbearable weight. This metaphor suggests an inescapable and dire consequence for leading others into sin. Historically, this form of punishment was known in ancient times, adding a layer of cultural understanding to the severity of the warning.

and to be drowned in the depths of the sea
The phrase "drowned in the depths of the sea" (καταποντισθῇ ἐν τῷ πελάγει τῆς θαλάσσης, katapontisthē en tō pelagei tēs thalassēs) paints a picture of complete and irreversible destruction. The sea, often seen as a place of chaos and danger in biblical literature, symbolizes the ultimate consequence of sin. This imagery serves as a stark warning of the spiritual peril of leading others astray and underscores the eternal seriousness of such actions.

Woe to the world
The word "woe" is a strong expression of grief or denunciation. In the Greek, it is "ouai," which conveys a deep sense of lamentation and impending judgment. This phrase indicates the seriousness of the situation at hand. The "world" here refers to the fallen human system that is in opposition to God's kingdom. Historically, the world has been a place of temptation and sin since the fall of man, and Jesus is acknowledging the pervasive nature of sin in the world.

because of offenses
The term "offenses" is translated from the Greek word "skandala," which means stumbling blocks or traps. These are things that cause people to sin or fall away from faith. In a historical context, offenses could be false teachings, immoral behavior, or any action that leads others into sin. Jesus is highlighting the inevitability of such offenses in a fallen world, yet He also emphasizes the gravity of causing or being a part of these offenses.

For it is necessary that offenses come
This phrase acknowledges the reality of living in a sinful world. The Greek word for "necessary" is "anagkē," which implies a sense of inevitability or compulsion. Jesus is not condoning sin but is recognizing that, due to human free will and the presence of evil, offenses will occur. This reflects the biblical narrative of a world groaning under the weight of sin, awaiting redemption.

but woe to the man
Here, Jesus shifts from a general lament over the world to a specific warning to individuals. The repetition of "woe" underscores the seriousness of personal responsibility. The "man" refers to any individual who becomes a source of temptation or sin for others. This personal accountability is a consistent theme throughout Scripture, where individuals are called to live righteously and not lead others astray.

by whom the offense comes
This phrase highlights the personal responsibility of those who cause others to stumble. The Greek word "di’ hou" (by whom) indicates agency or instrumentality. Jesus is warning that those who are the source of offenses will face severe consequences. This serves as a sobering reminder of the impact one's actions can have on others and the importance of living a life that reflects Christ's teachings. Historically, this has been a call for believers to be vigilant in their conduct, ensuring they do not become stumbling blocks to others in their faith journey.

If your hand or your foot causes you to stumble
This phrase emphasizes the seriousness of sin and the lengths to which one should go to avoid it. The Greek word for "stumble" is "σκανδαλίζω" (skandalizō), which means to cause to fall or to offend. In the historical context, stumbling was a metaphor for sinning or falling away from faith. Jesus uses this vivid imagery to stress the importance of spiritual vigilance and the need to remove anything from one's life that leads to sin, even if it is as precious as a hand or foot.

cut it off and throw it away
The radical action of cutting off a hand or foot symbolizes the drastic measures one must take to avoid sin. The Greek verb "ἀποκόπτω" (apokoptō) means to cut off or sever. This hyperbolic language is not a literal command but a metaphorical call to decisively remove sinful influences or habits. Historically, this reflects the Jewish understanding of purity and the need to be set apart from anything that defiles.

It is better for you to enter life crippled or lame
Here, "enter life" refers to entering eternal life or the Kingdom of God. The Greek word "ζωή" (zōē) signifies not just physical life but a quality of life that is eternal and divine. The phrase underscores the value of eternal life over physical wholeness. In the scriptural context, being "crippled or lame" is a metaphor for the sacrifices and hardships endured for the sake of righteousness, which are deemed worthwhile in light of eternal rewards.

than to have two hands or two feet and be thrown into the eternal fire
"Eternal fire" is a reference to hell, a place of judgment and separation from God. The Greek word "αἰώνιος" (aiōnios) means everlasting, indicating the perpetual nature of this punishment. The phrase serves as a stark warning about the consequences of sin and the reality of divine judgment. Historically, fire was a common symbol of purification and judgment in Jewish thought, and Jesus uses it here to convey the severity of rejecting God's ways.

And if your eye causes you to sin
The phrase begins with a conditional "if," indicating a hypothetical situation that requires serious consideration. The "eye" in biblical symbolism often represents perception and desire. In the Greek, the word for "eye" is "ophthalmos," which can also imply mental vision or understanding. The phrase "causes you to sin" translates from the Greek "skandalizo," meaning to cause to stumble or fall into sin. This suggests that Jesus is addressing the internal sources of temptation and sin, urging believers to be vigilant about what they allow to influence their hearts and minds.

gouge it out and throw it away
This is hyperbolic language, a common teaching method used by Jesus to emphasize the severity of sin and the drastic measures one should take to avoid it. The Greek word for "gouge" is "exaireo," meaning to take out or remove. This drastic imagery underscores the importance of spiritual purity and the lengths to which one should go to maintain it. Historically, this reflects the radical commitment expected of Jesus' followers, prioritizing spiritual health over physical completeness.

It is better for you to enter life with one eye
The phrase "enter life" refers to eternal life, a central theme in Christian doctrine. The Greek word for "life" here is "zoe," which signifies not just physical life but a quality of life that is eternal and divine. The imagery of entering life "with one eye" suggests that spiritual wholeness is more valuable than physical wholeness. This reflects the Christian belief in the eternal significance of the soul over the temporary nature of the body.

than to have two eyes and be thrown into the fire of hell
The contrast here is stark, emphasizing the consequences of sin. "Two eyes" symbolize completeness in the physical sense but spiritual deficiency. The "fire of hell" is translated from the Greek "Gehenna," a term used to describe a place of final judgment and eternal separation from God. Gehenna was a physical location outside Jerusalem associated with idolatry and child sacrifice, later becoming a metaphor for divine judgment. This serves as a sobering reminder of the eternal consequences of sin and the importance of prioritizing one's spiritual state over physical desires.

See that you do not despise
This phrase is a direct command from Jesus, emphasizing the importance of valuing every individual. The Greek word for "despise" is "kataphroneó," which means to look down on someone with contempt or disregard. In the historical context of the time, children and those considered "lesser" in society were often overlooked or undervalued. Jesus challenges this societal norm, urging His followers to recognize the inherent worth of every person, reflecting the biblical principle that all are made in the image of God (Genesis 1:27).

one of these little ones
The term "little ones" can be understood both literally and metaphorically. Literally, it refers to children, who in the ancient world were often seen as insignificant. Metaphorically, it extends to all who are humble, vulnerable, or marginalized. The Greek word "mikros" is used here, meaning small or insignificant. Jesus elevates the status of these "little ones," teaching that they hold great value in the kingdom of heaven. This aligns with the broader scriptural theme of God’s care for the humble and lowly (Psalm 138:6).

For I tell you that their angels
This phrase introduces the concept of guardian angels, a belief that each person has an angel assigned to them. The Greek word "angelos" means messenger, and in this context, it refers to spiritual beings who serve God and minister to humans. The idea that "their angels" are present suggests a divine protection and care over each individual, reinforcing the value and dignity of every person in God’s eyes.

in heaven always see the face of My Father
The imagery of angels "always see[ing] the face of My Father" signifies a close and continuous relationship with God. In ancient royal courts, to see the king's face was a privilege reserved for those in favor. Thus, the angels' access to God underscores their role as honored servants who intercede on behalf of the "little ones." This phrase highlights the intimate connection between heaven and earth, and the constant attention God gives to His creation.

who is in heaven
This final phrase reaffirms the sovereignty and omnipresence of God. The Father "who is in heaven" is a reminder of His ultimate authority and the heavenly perspective from which He governs. It assures believers that God’s care and concern for the "little ones" is part of His divine plan, executed with wisdom and love from His heavenly throne. This perspective encourages believers to trust in God’s justice and compassion, knowing that He sees and values every individual.

For
The word "for" serves as a conjunction, linking this verse to the preceding context. It provides a reason or explanation for the actions or teachings that have been discussed. In the broader context of Matthew 18, Jesus is teaching about humility, the value of each individual, and the importance of seeking out those who have gone astray. This conjunction emphasizes that what follows is a foundational truth that underpins His mission and ministry.

the Son of Man
This title, "the Son of Man," is one of Jesus' favorite self-designations, used frequently in the Gospels. It has roots in the Old Testament, particularly in Daniel 7:13-14, where "one like a son of man" is given authority and an everlasting kingdom. In the New Testament, it emphasizes both Jesus' humanity and His divine authority. By using this title, Jesus identifies Himself with humanity while also asserting His messianic role and divine mission.

came
The verb "came" indicates the incarnation of Jesus Christ. It signifies His voluntary descent from heaven to earth, taking on human flesh. This action is central to the Christian faith, as it underscores the belief that God took the initiative to reach out to humanity. The coming of Jesus is a fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies and a demonstration of God's love and desire to redeem His creation.

to save
The purpose of Jesus' coming is encapsulated in the phrase "to save." The Greek word used here is "sōzō," which means to rescue, deliver, or preserve. This salvation is comprehensive, addressing the spiritual, physical, and eternal needs of humanity. It involves deliverance from sin, reconciliation with God, and the promise of eternal life. This mission of salvation is at the heart of the Gospel message and reflects God's redemptive plan for the world.

the lost
The term "the lost" refers to those who are spiritually estranged from God. In the context of Jesus' teachings, it often includes sinners, outcasts, and those marginalized by society. The Greek word "apollymi" conveys the idea of being destroyed or perishing, highlighting the dire condition of those without Christ. Jesus' mission to save the lost demonstrates His compassion and the inclusive nature of His ministry, reaching out to all who are in need of redemption.

What do you think?
This phrase invites personal reflection and engagement. In the Greek, "dokei" (δοκεῖ) implies an appeal to one's judgment or opinion. Jesus often used questions to provoke thought and self-examination among His listeners. This rhetorical question sets the stage for a deeper understanding of God's heart and priorities, encouraging believers to consider the value of each individual soul.

If a man has a hundred sheep
The imagery of a shepherd and his flock is deeply rooted in biblical tradition, symbolizing care, guidance, and responsibility. The number "hundred" signifies completeness and abundance. In the context of ancient Israel, a flock of this size would represent significant wealth and responsibility, emphasizing the shepherd's commitment to each sheep. The shepherd's role is a reflection of God's relationship with His people, highlighting His provision and protection.

and one of them goes astray
The phrase "goes astray" translates from the Greek "planaō" (πλανάω), meaning to wander or be led away from the right path. This reflects the human tendency to deviate from God's will, echoing the biblical theme of sin and repentance. The singular "one" underscores the individual attention and concern God has for each person, illustrating His desire to restore those who have wandered from His truth.

will he not leave the ninety-nine on the hills
The act of leaving the ninety-nine demonstrates the shepherd's prioritization of the lost sheep. The "hills" or "mountains" (Greek "oros" - ὄρος) suggest a place of safety and security for the flock. This action highlights the sacrificial nature of God's love, willing to risk and prioritize the recovery of the lost. It challenges believers to reflect on their own willingness to pursue those who have strayed, mirroring the shepherd's dedication.

and go to look for the one that is lost?
The shepherd's pursuit of the lost sheep is an active, intentional effort. The Greek "zēteō" (ζητέω) for "look for" conveys a diligent search, emphasizing God's relentless pursuit of sinners. The term "lost" (Greek "apollymi" - ἀπόλλυμι) signifies destruction or perishing, underscoring the urgency and necessity of the shepherd's mission. This reflects the core of the Gospel message: God's redemptive plan to seek and save the lost, offering hope and restoration to all who turn back to Him.

And if he finds it
This phrase emphasizes the shepherd's active pursuit and hopeful expectation. The Greek word for "finds" is "εὑρίσκω" (heuriskō), which implies a diligent search. In the historical context of ancient Palestine, shepherds were known for their dedication to their flocks, often risking their own safety to retrieve a lost sheep. This reflects God's relentless pursuit of each individual soul, highlighting His personal care and love for every believer.

truly I tell you
The phrase "truly I tell you" is a translation of the Greek "ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν" (amēn legō hymin), which is a solemn affirmation used by Jesus to underscore the truth and importance of His statement. In a conservative Christian perspective, this underscores the authority of Christ's words, reminding believers of the certainty and reliability of His teachings. It calls the listener to pay close attention to the profound truth being revealed.

he rejoices more
The Greek word for "rejoices" is "χαίρω" (chairō), which conveys a deep, exuberant joy. This joy is not just a fleeting emotion but a profound celebration. In the context of the parable, it illustrates the immense joy in heaven over one sinner who repents, as compared to those who are already righteous. This challenges believers to value each soul and to share in God's joy over repentance and redemption.

over that one sheep
The "one sheep" symbolizes the individual sinner who has gone astray. In the agrarian society of Jesus' time, each sheep was valuable, and losing even one was significant. This highlights the immense value God places on each person, affirming the belief that every soul is precious in His sight. It serves as a reminder of the personal nature of God's love and His desire for a personal relationship with each believer.

than over the ninety-nine that did not go astray
This phrase contrasts the joy over the one found sheep with the ninety-nine that remained. The "ninety-nine" represent those who are already in the fold, the faithful who have not wandered. This does not diminish their value but rather emphasizes the extraordinary joy and effort expended in reclaiming the lost. It serves as a call to the church to prioritize outreach and evangelism, reflecting God's heart for the lost and His desire that none should perish.

In the same way
This phrase connects the preceding parable of the lost sheep to the current teaching. The Greek word used here, "houtōs," implies a direct comparison or manner. Jesus is emphasizing that just as a shepherd seeks out a lost sheep, God actively seeks to save those who are lost. This reflects the consistent biblical theme of God's relentless pursuit of humanity, underscoring His love and mercy.

your Father in heaven
The term "Father" (Greek: "patēr") is deeply relational, indicating a personal and intimate relationship between God and believers. "In heaven" signifies God's sovereignty and divine authority. This phrase reassures believers of God's omnipotence and His loving nature as a caring Father who desires the best for His children. It reflects the familial relationship that believers are invited into, highlighting the personal care and concern God has for each individual.

is not willing
The Greek word "thelō" is used here, meaning to will, wish, or desire. This indicates God's intentional and deliberate desire. It is not merely a passive hope but an active will that none should perish. This aligns with 2 Peter 3:9, which states that God is patient, not wanting anyone to perish but everyone to come to repentance. It emphasizes God's proactive love and His desire for salvation for all.

that any
The word "any" (Greek: "hen") is inclusive, signifying that no one is excluded from God's concern. This reflects the universal scope of God's love and salvation. It underscores the value of every individual soul, regardless of status or background, in the eyes of God.

of these little ones
"Little ones" (Greek: "mikros") can refer to children or those who are humble and lowly in spirit. In the context of Matthew 18, it likely refers to believers who are vulnerable or marginalized. This phrase highlights God's special care for those who are often overlooked or undervalued by society. It serves as a reminder of the kingdom values where the last shall be first, and the humble are exalted.

should perish
The Greek word "apollymi" means to destroy or lose. In this context, it refers to spiritual ruin or eternal separation from God. The use of this word underscores the gravity of being lost and the dire consequences of being separated from God's love and grace. However, the verse assures us that it is not God's desire for anyone to face such a fate, emphasizing His redemptive plan through Jesus Christ.

If your brother
The term "brother" in this context is not limited to a biological sibling but extends to fellow believers within the Christian community. The Greek word used here is "adelphos," which signifies a close relationship, akin to family. This highlights the intimate bond expected among Christians, emphasizing that the church is a family united in Christ. The use of "brother" underscores the importance of maintaining harmony and unity within the body of Christ.

sins against you
The Greek word for "sins" is "hamartanō," which means to miss the mark or err. This phrase indicates a personal offense or wrongdoing that disrupts the relationship between believers. The context here is not about minor grievances but significant actions that could harm the spiritual or communal well-being. The phrase "against you" personalizes the offense, suggesting a direct impact on the individual, which necessitates a response to restore the relationship.

go and confront him privately
The instruction to "go" implies taking initiative and responsibility in addressing the issue. The Greek word "hypagō" suggests a deliberate action, emphasizing the importance of resolving conflicts proactively. "Confront" is translated from "elegchō," meaning to reprove or bring to light. This is not about accusation but about lovingly pointing out the fault to bring about repentance and reconciliation. The word "privately" is crucial, as it underscores the need for discretion and respect, avoiding public embarrassment and allowing for a sincere and open dialogue.

If he listens to you
The phrase "listens to you" involves more than just hearing; it implies understanding and accepting the correction. The Greek word "akouō" suggests an active engagement with the message, leading to a change of heart. This listening is a sign of humility and willingness to restore the relationship, reflecting the transformative power of Christ's teachings in the believer's life.

you have won your brother over
The phrase "won your brother over" is translated from "kerdainō," which means to gain or win over. This is not about victory in an argument but about restoring a relationship and bringing a fellow believer back into fellowship. The ultimate goal is reconciliation and unity within the body of Christ, reflecting the love and forgiveness that Jesus exemplifies. This outcome is a triumph for the community, as it strengthens the bonds of love and faith among believers.

But if he will not listen
This phrase addresses the potential obstinacy of an individual who has been confronted with a grievance. The Greek word for "listen" is "ἀκούω" (akouo), which implies not just hearing but understanding and heeding. In the context of Matthew 18, this is a call to repentance and reconciliation. Historically, this reflects the Jewish tradition of addressing disputes within the community, emphasizing the importance of communal harmony and accountability.

take one or two others along
The instruction to involve "one or two others" is rooted in the Jewish legal system, where multiple witnesses were required to establish a matter (Deuteronomy 19:15). The Greek word for "others" is "ἕτερος" (heteros), meaning another of a different kind, suggesting impartiality. This step is not merely procedural but serves to bring objectivity and wisdom into the situation, reflecting the communal nature of the early church and the importance of maintaining unity and truth.

so that ‘every matter may be established
The phrase "every matter" translates from the Greek "πᾶς λόγος" (pas logos), meaning every word or statement. This underscores the seriousness with which disputes should be handled, ensuring that nothing is left to assumption or hearsay. The establishment of a matter is a call to truth and justice, reflecting God's character and the integrity expected within the Christian community.

by the testimony of two or three witnesses.’
This directive is a direct quotation from Deuteronomy 19:15, emphasizing the continuity between the Old and New Testaments. The Greek word for "witnesses" is "μάρτυς" (martys), which later came to mean martyr, reflecting the weight and potential cost of bearing witness to the truth. In the early church, this principle was vital for maintaining order and righteousness, ensuring that accusations were substantiated and that justice was served in a manner that honored God.

If he refuses to listen to them
This phrase emphasizes the importance of communal correction and accountability within the Christian community. The Greek word for "refuses" (παρακούω, parakouo) implies a deliberate choice to ignore or disregard. This highlights the seriousness of the situation, as the individual is consciously choosing not to heed the counsel of fellow believers. Historically, this reflects the Jewish practice of addressing disputes within the community before escalating them to higher authorities.

tell it to the church
The term "church" (ἐκκλησία, ekklesia) in this context refers to the assembly or congregation of believers. In the early Christian context, this would have been a local gathering of believers who shared a common faith and commitment to Christ. This step underscores the role of the church as a body that seeks to restore and reconcile, rather than to punish. It reflects the communal nature of the early church, where issues were addressed collectively, emphasizing unity and mutual care.

if he refuses to listen even to the church
Here, the repetition of "refuses to listen" underscores the obstinacy of the individual. The church, as the body of Christ, represents the final earthly authority in matters of spiritual discipline. The refusal to heed the church's counsel indicates a serious breach in fellowship and a rejection of communal values and teachings. This reflects the gravity of the situation and the need for decisive action to maintain the integrity of the community.

treat him as you would a pagan or a tax collector
In the Jewish context of the time, "pagan" (ἐθνικός, ethnikos) and "tax collector" (τελώνης, telones) were terms used to describe those outside the covenant community. Pagans were non-Jews who did not follow the God of Israel, and tax collectors were often viewed as traitors and sinners due to their collaboration with the Roman authorities. Jesus' instruction here is not about ostracism but about recognizing the need for repentance and restoration. It calls for a shift in how the individual is engaged, focusing on evangelism and prayer for their return to the faith. This reflects Jesus' own ministry, where He reached out to tax collectors and sinners with love and the call to repentance.

Truly I tell you
This phrase is a translation of the Greek word "ἀμὴν" (amen), which is often used by Jesus to emphasize the truth and importance of His statements. In the Jewish tradition, "amen" is a declaration of affirmation, often used at the end of prayers to mean "so be it" or "it is true." Here, Jesus uses it at the beginning of His statement to underscore the certainty and authority of His words. This introduction sets the tone for the gravity of the teaching that follows, indicating that what He is about to say is of utmost importance and should be received with full assurance of its truth.

whatever you bind on earth
The term "bind" comes from the Greek word "δέω" (deo), which means to tie or fasten. In a Jewish legal context, to "bind" something was to declare it forbidden or unlawful. This phrase suggests the authority given to the disciples to make binding decisions regarding the community of believers. Historically, this reflects the rabbinic practice of binding and loosing, which involved making authoritative decisions on the interpretation and application of the law. In the context of the church, this can be seen as the authority to establish or prohibit certain practices or teachings, always in alignment with God's will.

will be bound in heaven
This part of the verse indicates a divine endorsement of the decisions made by the disciples on earth. The passive voice "will be bound" suggests that it is God who ultimately enacts these decisions in heaven. This reflects the close relationship between the earthly church and the heavenly realm, where the actions and decisions made by the church are in harmony with God's will. It underscores the responsibility and accountability of the church leaders to seek divine guidance and wisdom in their decisions.

and whatever you loose on earth
The word "loose" is translated from the Greek "λύω" (luo), meaning to release or set free. In the same way that "bind" refers to prohibiting, "loose" refers to permitting or allowing. This phrase indicates the authority to declare something permissible or lawful within the community of believers. It highlights the role of the church in discerning and applying the teachings of Jesus in a way that is faithful to the gospel and responsive to the needs of the community.

will be loosed in heaven
Similar to the binding, this phrase assures that the decisions to permit or allow certain practices on earth are also recognized and affirmed in heaven. It emphasizes the divine backing of the church's authority when exercised in accordance with God's will. This assurance provides confidence to the church leaders that their faithful and prayerful decisions are supported by God, reinforcing the unity between the church's earthly mission and the heavenly kingdom.

Again, I tell you truly
This phrase underscores the authority and sincerity of Jesus' words. The Greek word for "truly" is "ἀμὴν" (amēn), often translated as "amen," which means "so be it" or "verily." It is a solemn affirmation of truth, emphasizing the reliability and importance of what follows. In the context of Jesus' teachings, it serves as a divine guarantee, assuring the disciples of the certainty of His promises. Historically, this phrase would have resonated deeply with a Jewish audience familiar with the use of "amen" in liturgical settings, reinforcing the sacredness of the message.

if two of you on earth
The emphasis on "two" highlights the power of communal prayer and agreement. In Jewish tradition, the testimony of two witnesses was required to establish a matter (Deuteronomy 19:15). This principle is echoed here, suggesting that spiritual matters, like legal ones, are strengthened by the agreement of multiple parties. The phrase "on earth" contrasts with "in heaven," reminding believers of their earthly context and the divine connection that prayer establishes between the earthly and the heavenly realms.

agree about anything you ask for
The Greek word for "agree" is "συμφωνήσωσιν" (symphōnēsōsin), from which we derive the English word "symphony." It implies harmony and unity of purpose. This agreement is not merely a superficial consensus but a deep, spiritual unity in seeking God's will. The phrase "anything you ask for" suggests the breadth of God's willingness to respond to the prayers of His people, provided they align with His will and purpose. This reflects the biblical principle that God delights in granting the desires of those who seek Him earnestly and in unity.

it will be done for you
This promise is a powerful assurance of God's responsiveness to prayer. The phrase "it will be done" is a divine commitment, reflecting God's sovereignty and faithfulness. It echoes the creative power of God's word, reminiscent of the Genesis creation narrative where God's spoken word brought forth reality. This assurance encourages believers to approach God with confidence, knowing that their prayers, when aligned with His will, have the power to effect change.

by My Father in heaven
The reference to "My Father" emphasizes the intimate relationship between Jesus and God, inviting believers into that same familial relationship. "In heaven" contrasts with "on earth," highlighting the transcendence and omnipotence of God. This phrase assures believers that their prayers are heard by a loving and powerful Father who reigns supreme over all creation. It serves as a reminder of the divine authority and benevolence that undergirds the promise of answered prayer, encouraging believers to trust in God's perfect wisdom and timing.

For where
This phrase introduces a condition or a situation. The Greek word for "where" is "ὅπου" (hopou), which indicates a specific location or context. In the biblical context, it suggests a gathering or assembly of believers. Historically, the early Christian communities often met in homes or small groups, emphasizing the importance of communal worship and fellowship. This setting underscores the significance of unity and collective faith in the Christian tradition.

two or three
The mention of "two or three" highlights the minimal requirement for a gathering in the name of Christ. The Greek words "δύο" (duo) and "τρεῖς" (treis) emphasize that even the smallest group of believers holds significance. This reflects the Jewish tradition where a minimum of ten men (a minyan) was required for certain religious activities. Jesus, however, lowers this requirement, indicating that His presence is not limited by numbers but by the sincerity and faith of those gathered.

are gathered
The phrase "are gathered" comes from the Greek "συνάγω" (synagō), meaning to bring together or assemble. This term is often used in the context of religious gatherings or assemblies. The passive voice suggests that the gathering is not merely a human initiative but is divinely orchestrated. Historically, this reflects the early church's understanding of being called together by the Holy Spirit, emphasizing the divine presence in their midst.

in My name
"In My name" signifies the authority and purpose of the gathering. The Greek "ἐν τῷ ὀνόματί μου" (en tō onomati mou) implies acting under the authority and character of Jesus. In biblical times, a name represented one's character and authority. Thus, gathering in Jesus' name means aligning with His teachings, mission, and presence. This phrase underscores the centrality of Christ in Christian worship and community life.

there am I
This assurance, "there am I," uses the Greek "ἐκεῖ εἰμι" (ekei eimi), indicating Jesus' presence among the gathered believers. The phrase echoes God's promise of presence throughout Scripture, such as in Exodus 3:14, where God declares, "I AM." This continuity affirms Jesus' divinity and His promise to be with His followers, providing comfort and assurance of His constant presence.

with them
The concluding phrase "with them" emphasizes the communal aspect of Jesus' presence. The Greek "μετ' αὐτῶν" (met' autōn) indicates a close, personal presence among the believers. This reflects the biblical theme of God dwelling among His people, as seen in the tabernacle and temple imagery. It reassures believers of Jesus' intimate involvement in their lives, especially when they gather in His name, fostering a sense of unity and divine fellowship.

Then Peter came to Jesus
This phrase sets the scene for a personal and direct interaction between Peter and Jesus. The Greek word for "came" (προσέρχομαι, proserchomai) implies an approach with intention or purpose. Peter, often seen as the spokesperson for the disciples, approaches Jesus with a question that reflects a common concern among believers. This moment highlights the relational aspect of discipleship, where followers of Christ are encouraged to seek wisdom directly from their Lord.

and asked
The act of asking (ἐρωτάω, erōtaō) in this context is not merely a request for information but a deeper inquiry into the nature of forgiveness. It reflects a heart seeking understanding and guidance. In the Jewish tradition, asking questions was a way to engage with the teachings of a rabbi, showing respect and a desire to learn. Peter's question is rooted in a genuine quest for spiritual growth.

Lord
The term "Lord" (Κύριος, Kyrios) signifies authority and reverence. Peter acknowledges Jesus not just as a teacher but as the sovereign authority in his life. This title reflects the early Christian understanding of Jesus' divine nature and His role as the ultimate guide in matters of faith and practice.

how many times shall I forgive
The concept of forgiveness (ἀφίημι, aphiēmi) is central to Christian teaching. In the Jewish tradition, forgiving someone three times was considered sufficient. Peter's question suggests he is aware of this tradition but is open to a more profound understanding. Forgiveness in the biblical sense involves releasing someone from the debt of their wrongdoing, mirroring God's forgiveness of humanity.

my brother
The term "brother" (ἀδελφός, adelphos) extends beyond biological relationships to include fellow believers and members of the community. This reflects the early Christian emphasis on the spiritual family, where relationships are bound by faith and love. The use of "brother" underscores the importance of maintaining unity and peace within the Christian community.

who sins against me?
Sin (ἁμαρτάνω, hamartanō) in this context refers to any act that causes harm or offense. The phrase acknowledges the reality of interpersonal conflict and the need for reconciliation. It highlights the human condition of imperfection and the necessity of grace in relationships.

Up to seven times?
The number seven (ἑπτά, hepta) is significant in biblical numerology, often symbolizing completeness or perfection. Peter's suggestion of forgiving "up to seven times" indicates a willingness to go beyond the traditional expectation. However, it also reveals a human tendency to seek limits on grace. Jesus' response, which follows in the next verse, challenges this notion by emphasizing boundless forgiveness, reflecting God's infinite mercy.

Jesus answered
This phrase indicates the direct response of Jesus to Peter's question about forgiveness. The Greek word for "answered" is "apokrinomai," which implies a thoughtful and authoritative response. Jesus, as the ultimate teacher and authority, provides a divine perspective on forgiveness, contrasting human limitations with divine grace.

I tell you
The phrase "I tell you" is a translation of the Greek "lego humin," which is often used by Jesus to emphasize the importance and truth of His teachings. It underscores the authority of Jesus' words, inviting the listener to pay close attention to the profound truth He is about to reveal.

not just seven times
The number seven in Jewish tradition symbolizes completeness or perfection. Peter's suggestion of forgiving "seven times" reflects a generous spirit according to human standards. However, Jesus challenges this notion, indicating that divine forgiveness surpasses human expectations and limitations.

but seventy-seven times
The phrase "seventy-seven times" can also be translated as "seventy times seven" (490 times), depending on the manuscript. The Greek "hebdomekontakis hepta" suggests an immeasurable or boundless number. Jesus uses hyperbole to illustrate that forgiveness should not be quantified or limited. This teaching reflects the boundless mercy of God, encouraging believers to emulate this divine attribute in their relationships.In conclusion, Matthew 18:22 challenges believers to embrace a lifestyle of forgiveness that mirrors the infinite grace of God. It calls for a heart transformed by divine love, capable of extending mercy beyond human calculations. This verse serves as a reminder of the depth of God's forgiveness towards us and the call to reflect that same forgiveness in our interactions with others.

Therefore
The word "therefore" serves as a crucial connector, linking the preceding teachings of Jesus to the parable that follows. In the context of Matthew 18, Jesus has been discussing themes of humility, forgiveness, and the kingdom of heaven. The Greek word used here is "διὰ τοῦτο" (dia touto), which means "for this reason" or "because of this." It signals that what follows is a direct application or illustration of the principles Jesus has just taught. This word invites the reader to reflect on the preceding verses, particularly the call to forgive others as a reflection of God's forgiveness toward us.

the kingdom of heaven
This phrase is central to Jesus' teachings and appears frequently throughout the Gospel of Matthew. The "kingdom of heaven" refers to God's sovereign rule and reign, both in the present spiritual sense and in the future eschatological fulfillment. In the Jewish context of Jesus' audience, the kingdom of heaven was a highly anticipated reality, where God's justice and peace would be fully realized. The phrase underscores the divine authority and the heavenly standards that Jesus is about to illustrate through the parable.

is like
The phrase "is like" introduces a simile, a common teaching method used by Jesus to convey complex spiritual truths through relatable earthly stories. The Greek word "ὡμοιώθη" (hōmoiōthē) suggests a comparison or analogy. By using this phrase, Jesus invites His listeners to engage their imaginations and consider how the principles of the kingdom of heaven can be understood through the account He is about to tell. It emphasizes the accessibility of divine truths through everyday experiences.

a king
The "king" in the parable represents God, who is sovereign and just. In the ancient world, a king held absolute authority and was responsible for maintaining order and justice within his realm. The use of a king in this parable highlights God's ultimate authority and His role as the righteous judge. It also sets the stage for understanding the nature of God's mercy and justice, as the king's actions will reflect divine principles.

who wanted to settle accounts
This phrase indicates the king's desire to bring closure and justice to his financial dealings. The Greek word "συναρᾶν" (synarēn) means to "settle" or "reconcile." In the historical context, settling accounts was a common practice for kings and landowners, ensuring that debts were paid and justice was maintained. This action symbolizes God's desire for righteousness and accountability, reminding us that we are all accountable to Him for our actions.

with his servants
The "servants" in the parable represent humanity, each of whom is accountable to God. In the cultural context of the time, servants or slaves were often entrusted with significant responsibilities, including managing their master's resources. This relationship underscores the trust and responsibility given to us by God. The parable will reveal the nature of our indebtedness to God and the grace He extends to us, despite our inability to repay Him fully.

As he began the settlements
This phrase introduces the parable of the unforgiving servant, where a king is settling accounts with his servants. The Greek word for "settlements" is "sunairein," which implies a formal process of reckoning or accounting. In a spiritual context, this can be seen as a metaphor for God's judgment, where each person must give an account of their life. The process of settlement reflects the divine justice and mercy of God, who desires reconciliation and restoration.

a debtor was brought to him
The debtor in this parable represents humanity, burdened by sin and unable to repay the debt owed to God. The Greek term "opheiletes" for "debtor" emphasizes the moral and spiritual obligation that humanity has towards God. This imagery is powerful, illustrating the human condition of being spiritually bankrupt without divine intervention. The act of being "brought to him" signifies the inevitability of facing God's judgment, where every individual must confront their spiritual state.

owing ten thousand talents
The amount "ten thousand talents" is hyperbolic, representing an unpayable debt. In the historical context, a single talent was a significant sum, often equated to about 20 years of a laborer's wages. Therefore, ten thousand talents would be an astronomical amount, symbolizing the vastness of human sin and the impossibility of repaying it through human effort alone. This underscores the need for divine grace and forgiveness, as no one can settle their spiritual debt without God's mercy. The use of such a large number also highlights the boundless nature of God's forgiveness, which is available to all who seek it with a repentant heart.

Since he was unable to pay
This phrase highlights the debtor's complete inability to fulfill his financial obligation. In the Greek, "unable" (οὐκ ἔχων) emphasizes a lack of resources or means. This reflects the spiritual state of humanity, unable to pay the debt of sin. Historically, debt slavery was a common practice in ancient times, illustrating the severe consequences of financial insolvency. Spiritually, it underscores the human condition of helplessness without divine intervention.

the master ordered
The "master" (κύριος) in this parable represents God, who is sovereign and just. The Greek term for "ordered" (ἐκέλευσεν) implies a command with authority. This reflects God's righteous judgment and the seriousness of sin. The master’s decision is not arbitrary but rooted in justice, reminding believers of the holiness and authority of God.

that he be sold
In ancient cultures, selling a debtor into slavery was a legal recourse to recover losses. The Greek word for "sold" (πραθῆναι) indicates a transaction, symbolizing the bondage of sin. This phrase serves as a sobering reminder of the cost of sin and the justice required by a holy God. It also foreshadows the redemptive work of Christ, who paid the ultimate price to free humanity from spiritual slavery.

to pay his debt
The concept of "debt" (ὀφειλή) in this context is both financial and spiritual. Biblically, debt often symbolizes sin, as seen in the Lord’s Prayer (Matthew 6:12). The inability to pay this debt highlights the need for grace and forgiveness. This phrase calls believers to recognize their own spiritual indebtedness and the necessity of Christ’s atoning sacrifice.

along with his wife and children
This phrase underscores the communal impact of individual actions. In ancient times, a man's debt could affect his entire household, reflecting the interconnectedness of family and community. Spiritually, it serves as a reminder of the far-reaching consequences of sin, affecting not just the individual but also those around them. It calls believers to consider the broader implications of their actions.

and everything he owned
The totality of the debtor's loss, including "everything he owned" (πάντα ὅσα εἶχεν), signifies the complete forfeiture of personal assets. This phrase illustrates the comprehensive nature of sin’s consequences, leaving nothing untouched. It serves as a stark reminder of the cost of sin and the need for redemption. Believers are encouraged to reflect on the temporal nature of earthly possessions and the eternal value of spiritual riches in Christ.

Then the servant fell on his knees before him
The phrase "fell on his knees" is a powerful depiction of humility and desperation. In the Greek, the word for "fell" (πίπτω, piptō) conveys a sudden and complete action, indicating the servant's immediate recognition of his dire situation. Kneeling is a universal posture of submission and supplication, often seen in biblical times as a gesture of respect and earnest plea. This act of falling on his knees symbolizes the servant's acknowledgment of his inability to repay the debt and his total dependence on the master's mercy. Historically, such gestures were common in ancient Near Eastern cultures, where subjects would physically lower themselves to appeal to a higher authority.

Have patience with me
The plea for patience (μακροθυμέω, makrothymeō) is a request for the master to extend time and grace. The Greek root of this word combines "makros" (long) and "thymos" (passion or temper), suggesting a long-suffering or enduring spirit. In a biblical context, patience is a virtue often attributed to God Himself, who is described as "slow to anger" (Exodus 34:6). The servant's request is not just for a delay but for a compassionate understanding of his plight. This appeal to patience reflects a deeper theological truth about God's nature and His willingness to bear with human frailty.

he begged
The act of begging (παρακαλέω, parakaleō) in this context is more than a simple request; it is an earnest entreaty. The Greek term can also mean to exhort or to call to one's side, indicating a deep emotional appeal. This word is often used in the New Testament to describe the Holy Spirit's role as the Comforter or Advocate, suggesting a profound level of intercession. The servant's begging underscores his recognition of his helplessness and his hope in the master's benevolence. It is a reminder of the human condition before God, where one must rely on divine grace and mercy.

and I will pay back everything
The promise to "pay back everything" reveals the servant's intention and desire to make restitution, despite the impossibility of doing so. The Greek word for "pay back" (ἀποδίδωμι, apodidōmi) implies a return or recompense. This phrase highlights the servant's sincerity and his commitment to amend his debt, even though the debt is insurmountable. In a broader scriptural context, this reflects the human tendency to attempt to earn forgiveness through works, contrasting with the biblical teaching of grace. Theologically, it points to the futility of human efforts to achieve salvation without divine intervention.

His master
The term "master" in this context refers to a figure of authority, often translated from the Greek word "kyrios," which can mean lord or owner. In the parable, the master symbolizes God, who holds ultimate authority over all creation. This highlights the divine sovereignty and the power to forgive, reminding us of God's supreme position in our lives and His ability to exercise mercy.

had compassion
The Greek word used here is "splagchnizomai," which conveys a deep, visceral feeling of empathy and mercy. This word is often used in the New Testament to describe Jesus' response to human suffering. The master’s compassion reflects God’s profound love and mercy towards humanity, emphasizing that divine forgiveness is rooted in a heartfelt understanding of our weaknesses and needs.

on him
The phrase "on him" personalizes the act of compassion, indicating that God's mercy is directed towards individuals. This underscores the personal relationship God seeks with each person, highlighting that His grace is not just a general concept but a specific, intentional act towards each of us.

forgave his debt
The act of forgiving the debt is central to the parable. The Greek word "aphiēmi" means to send away or to let go, illustrating the complete removal of the burden of sin. This reflects the Christian doctrine of justification, where believers are absolved of their sins through faith in Christ. It serves as a powerful reminder of the magnitude of God’s grace, which cancels the insurmountable debt of sin that we owe.

and released him
The word "released" comes from the Greek "apolýō," meaning to set free or liberate. This signifies the freedom that comes with forgiveness, not only from the penalty of sin but also from its power over our lives. It is a call to live in the liberty that Christ provides, free from the bondage of guilt and shame, and to walk in the newness of life that His forgiveness offers.

But when that servant went out
This phrase marks a transition from the previous scene where the servant had just been forgiven a massive debt by his master. The Greek word for "servant" here is "δοῦλος" (doulos), which implies a bondservant or slave, indicating a position of subservience and obligation. The phrase "went out" suggests a departure from the presence of grace and mercy, symbolizing a return to worldly concerns and self-interest.

he found one of his fellow servants
The term "fellow servants" translates from the Greek "σύνδουλος" (syndoulos), meaning a co-slave or fellow bondservant. This highlights the equality and shared status among the servants, emphasizing the expectation of mutual compassion and understanding. The historical context of servitude in the Roman Empire underscores the commonality of their plight and the moral obligation to extend the same mercy received.

who owed him a hundred denarii
A "denarius" was a day's wage for a laborer, making a hundred denarii a significant but manageable debt. This contrasts sharply with the enormous debt the first servant was forgiven, illustrating the disparity between divine forgiveness and human pettiness. The historical context of currency and labor in ancient Judea provides insight into the relative value of the debt, underscoring the servant's lack of mercy.

He grabbed him and began to choke him
The physical aggression described here, "grabbed" and "choke," reflects an extreme and violent response. The Greek word "πνίγω" (pnigo) for "choke" conveys a sense of strangling or suffocating, symbolizing the oppressive nature of unforgiveness. This action starkly contrasts with the mercy shown by the master, highlighting the servant's failure to internalize the grace he received.

saying, ‘Pay back what you owe me!’
The demand "Pay back what you owe me" reveals a heart hardened by greed and self-righteousness. The Greek "ἀπόδος" (apodos) for "pay back" is an imperative, indicating a command rather than a request. This insistence on justice over mercy reflects a legalistic mindset, ignoring the transformative power of forgiveness. Theologically, it serves as a caution against the dangers of hypocrisy and the failure to emulate divine compassion.

So his fellow servant
This phrase highlights the relationship between the two individuals involved. The term "fellow servant" indicates a shared status or position, suggesting equality in their roles. In the Greek, "σύνδουλος" (syndoulos) is used, emphasizing the communal and equal nature of their servitude. This equality is crucial in understanding the parable's message about forgiveness and mercy, as it underscores that all believers are equal before God, regardless of their earthly status.

fell down
The act of falling down is a physical demonstration of humility and desperation. In the cultural and historical context of the time, prostrating oneself was a common gesture of submission and earnest appeal. The Greek word "πίπτω" (pipto) conveys a sense of urgency and earnestness, reflecting the servant's dire situation and sincere plea for mercy. This action mirrors the humility required of believers when approaching God in repentance and seeking forgiveness.

and begged him
Begging, in this context, is an act of earnest supplication. The Greek word "παρακαλέω" (parakaleo) means to call upon or entreat earnestly. This reflects the servant's recognition of his inability to repay the debt without the mercy and patience of his fellow servant. It serves as a reminder of the posture believers should adopt when seeking God's grace—one of humility and sincere petition.

Have patience with me
This plea for patience is a request for time and forbearance. The Greek word "μακροθυμέω" (makrothymeo) implies a long-suffering attitude, a willingness to endure discomfort or delay without becoming angry or upset. In the broader scriptural context, patience is a fruit of the Spirit (Galatians 5:22) and a characteristic of God's nature (2 Peter 3:9). This request highlights the importance of patience in relationships, encouraging believers to extend the same grace and patience to others that they have received from God.

and I will pay you back
The promise to repay signifies the servant's intention to make restitution. While the Greek "ἀποδίδωμι" (apodidomi) means to give back or restore, the context of the parable suggests that the debt was insurmountable, symbolizing the impossibility of repaying the debt of sin. This phrase serves as a reminder of the futility of trying to earn God's forgiveness through works, emphasizing instead the need for grace and mercy. It challenges believers to reflect on their own attitudes towards forgiveness and the expectations they place on others.

But he refused
The phrase "But he refused" indicates a deliberate and conscious decision. The Greek word used here is "οὐκ ἤθελεν" (ouk ēthelen), which conveys a strong negation and a willful choice. This refusal is significant in the context of the parable of the unforgiving servant, highlighting the servant's hardness of heart. Despite having been forgiven a massive debt by his master, he chooses not to extend the same mercy to his fellow servant. This refusal serves as a stark reminder of the human tendency towards unforgiveness and the importance of reflecting God's grace in our interactions with others.

Instead, he went
The phrase "Instead, he went" suggests a proactive and determined action. The Greek word "πορευθεὶς" (poreutheis) implies movement with purpose. This action contrasts sharply with the mercy he received, showing a lack of compassion and empathy. The servant's decision to act in this manner underscores the parable's message about the importance of internalizing the forgiveness we receive from God and allowing it to transform our behavior towards others.

and had him thrown into prison
The act of having his fellow servant "thrown into prison" is a severe and punitive measure. The Greek term "βαλεῖν εἰς φυλακήν" (balein eis phylakēn) indicates a forceful and authoritative action. In the historical context, debtors' prisons were common, and individuals could be imprisoned until their debts were paid. This action reflects the servant's lack of mercy and understanding, as he subjects his fellow servant to a harsh punishment that he himself was spared from. It serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of hypocrisy and the failure to extend the grace we have received.

until he could pay his debt
The phrase "until he could pay his debt" highlights the conditional nature of the servant's forgiveness. The Greek "ἕως ἀποδῷ τὸ ὀφειλόμενον" (heōs apodō to opheilomenon) suggests a requirement for restitution. This condition contrasts with the unconditional forgiveness the servant received from his master. It emphasizes the parable's central theme: the expectation that those who have been forgiven much should also forgive others. The servant's insistence on repayment reveals a lack of understanding of the true nature of grace, which is freely given and not earned. This serves as a powerful reminder for believers to embody the spirit of forgiveness and mercy in their relationships, reflecting the boundless grace of God.

When his fellow servants
The phrase "fellow servants" refers to those who are in a similar position or role, serving the same master. In the Greek, the term used is "σύνδουλοι" (syndouloi), which emphasizes a shared servitude and community among the servants. This highlights the interconnectedness of believers within the body of Christ, where each member is called to serve one another in love and humility, reflecting the unity and fellowship that should characterize the Christian community.

saw what had happened
The act of seeing here is not just a physical observation but an understanding of the injustice that has occurred. The Greek word "εἶδον" (eidon) implies a perception that goes beyond mere sight, suggesting a moral and spiritual awareness. This awareness is crucial for believers, as it calls them to discernment and action when witnessing wrongs within their community, urging them to respond in a manner that aligns with God's justice and mercy.

they were greatly distressed
The emotional response of being "greatly distressed" is captured in the Greek word "λυπούμενοι" (lypoumenoi), which conveys a deep sorrow or grief. This reaction underscores the importance of empathy and compassion within the Christian life. When one member of the body suffers or is treated unjustly, it affects the whole community, prompting a collective response that seeks to restore righteousness and peace.

and they went and recounted all this
The action of going and recounting is significant, as it demonstrates the responsibility of believers to address issues of injustice and seek resolution. The Greek word "διηγήσαντο" (diegesanto) means to narrate or report in detail, indicating that the servants took deliberate steps to ensure that the master was fully informed. This reflects the biblical principle of accountability and the need for transparency within the community of faith.

to their master
The master in this parable represents God, who is the ultimate authority and judge. The Greek term "κύριος" (kyrios) signifies one who has control and power, reminding believers of God's sovereignty and justice. By bringing their concerns to the master, the servants demonstrate trust in his ability to right the wrongs and administer fair judgment. This act of turning to the master is a model for Christians, who are encouraged to bring their burdens and concerns to God in prayer, trusting in His wisdom and righteousness to address the issues they face.

Then the master summoned him
The phrase "Then the master summoned him" indicates a moment of accountability and judgment. The Greek word for "master" here is "κύριος" (kyrios), often translated as "lord" or "owner," signifying authority and control. In the context of the parable, the master represents God, who has ultimate authority over His creation. The summoning is a call to account, reflecting the biblical principle that all will stand before God to give an account of their lives (Romans 14:12). This moment underscores the seriousness with which God views our actions and the grace He extends.

and declared
The word "declared" comes from the Greek "λέγω" (legō), meaning to speak or say. This is not a casual conversation but a pronouncement of judgment. It reflects the authoritative voice of God, who speaks truth and justice. In biblical history, God's declarations are powerful and transformative, as seen in creation (Genesis 1) and the giving of the Law (Exodus 20). Here, the declaration is a pivotal moment, revealing the servant's heart and the master's righteous judgment.

You wicked servant!
The term "wicked" is translated from the Greek "πονηρός" (ponēros), which denotes evil or morally corrupt behavior. This strong rebuke highlights the servant's failure to emulate the mercy he received. In Scripture, wickedness is often associated with a heart turned away from God (Jeremiah 17:9). The servant's wickedness lies in his ingratitude and lack of compassion, contrasting sharply with the master's earlier mercy. This serves as a warning to believers about the dangers of harboring unforgiveness and failing to reflect God's character.

I forgave all your debt
The phrase "I forgave all your debt" emphasizes the completeness and generosity of the master's forgiveness. The Greek word for "forgave" is "ἀφίημι" (aphiēmi), meaning to release or let go. This reflects the biblical concept of forgiveness as a release from the burden of sin (Psalm 103:12). The master’s forgiveness is total, mirroring God's forgiveness of our sins through Christ (Ephesians 1:7). This act of grace is foundational to Christian theology, underscoring the unmerited favor believers receive.

because you begged me
The phrase "because you begged me" highlights the servant's initial plea for mercy. The Greek word "παρακαλέω" (parakaleō) means to beseech or entreat earnestly. This reflects the humility and desperation with which the servant approached the master. In the biblical narrative, God responds to genuine repentance and heartfelt pleas for mercy (2 Chronicles 7:14). However, the servant's subsequent actions reveal a disconnect between his plea and his heart, serving as a cautionary tale about the sincerity of our repentance and the expectation to extend the grace we receive to others.

Should you not
This phrase challenges the listener to reflect on their actions and attitudes. In the Greek, "οὐκ ἔδει" (ouk edei) implies a moral obligation or necessity. It suggests that the expected behavior is not just a suggestion but a requirement. The rhetorical question emphasizes the expectation of mercy as a fundamental Christian duty, rooted in the teachings of Jesus. This phrase calls believers to self-examination, urging them to align their actions with the principles of compassion and forgiveness that Jesus exemplified.

have had mercy
The Greek word for "mercy" here is "ἐλεέω" (eleeo), which means to show compassion or pity. Mercy is a central theme in Christian theology, reflecting God's character and His dealings with humanity. In the context of this verse, mercy is not merely an emotional response but an active choice to forgive and show kindness. Historically, mercy was a radical concept in a world often governed by strict justice and retribution. This phrase invites believers to embody the same mercy that God extends to them, highlighting the transformative power of grace in human relationships.

on your fellow servant
The term "fellow servant" translates from the Greek "σύνδουλος" (syndoulos), meaning a co-slave or fellow bondservant. This term emphasizes equality among believers, as all are servants of the same Master, God. In the historical context of the Roman Empire, where slavery was common, this term would resonate deeply, reminding the audience of their shared status before God. It underscores the call to treat others with the same dignity and compassion that one desires for oneself, reinforcing the communal aspect of the Christian faith.

just as I had on you
This phrase draws a direct comparison between the mercy shown by the master and the expected mercy from the servant. The Greek "καθὼς καὶ ἐγὼ" (kathos kai ego) emphasizes imitation of the master's actions. In the broader scriptural context, this reflects the principle of imitating Christ, who is the ultimate example of mercy and forgiveness. Historically, this would remind early Christians of the parable's context, where the king forgives an unpayable debt, symbolizing God's immense grace towards humanity. This phrase serves as a powerful reminder of the believer's call to mirror God's mercy in their interactions with others, fostering a community marked by forgiveness and love.

In anger
The phrase "In anger" reflects the righteous indignation of the master, symbolizing God's just response to sin and unrepentance. The Greek word used here is "ὀργισθείς" (orgistheis), which denotes a deep, settled wrath. This is not a capricious or fleeting emotion but a deliberate response to injustice. In the biblical context, God's anger is always aligned with His holiness and justice, serving as a warning against taking His grace for granted.

his master
The "master" in this parable represents God, who is sovereign and just. The Greek term "κύριος" (kyrios) is used, which is often translated as "Lord" and signifies authority and ownership. This highlights the relationship between God and humanity, where God is the ultimate authority, deserving of respect and obedience. Historically, the concept of a master-servant relationship was well understood in the ancient world, emphasizing the power dynamics and the expectation of loyalty and accountability.

turned him over
The phrase "turned him over" indicates a decisive action taken by the master. The Greek word "παρέδωκεν" (paredōken) suggests a handing over or delivering up, often used in legal contexts. This action signifies the transfer of responsibility and the consequences of one's actions. In a spiritual sense, it reflects the idea that persistent sin and lack of repentance lead to a separation from God's protection and grace.

to the jailers
"To the jailers" refers to those who would enforce the punishment. The Greek word "βασανισταῖς" (basanistais) is used, which can be translated as "torturers" or "tormentors." This term underscores the severity of the consequences faced by the unrepentant servant. In the historical context, jailers were responsible for ensuring that prisoners served their sentences, often using harsh methods. This imagery serves as a sobering reminder of the spiritual bondage and suffering that result from sin.

to be tortured
The phrase "to be tortured" conveys the intense suffering that awaits those who reject God's mercy. The Greek word "βασανισθῇ" (basanisthē) implies severe distress and agony. This is not merely physical but also spiritual torment, reflecting the eternal consequences of sin. Theologically, it serves as a warning of the reality of hell and the importance of repentance and forgiveness.

until he should repay
"Until he should repay" indicates the condition for release, which in this parable is impossible for the servant to fulfill. The Greek phrase "ἕως οὗ ἀποδῷ" (heōs hou apodō) suggests a debt that must be settled. This highlights the insurmountable debt of sin that humanity owes to God, which can only be paid through the atoning sacrifice of Jesus Christ. It underscores the futility of trying to earn salvation through works.

all that he owed
The phrase "all that he owed" emphasizes the totality of the debt. The Greek "πάντα τὸ ὀφειλόμενον" (panta to opheilomenon) refers to the complete obligation that the servant was unable to meet. This represents the comprehensive nature of sin and the impossibility of repaying God through human effort. It points to the necessity of divine grace and forgiveness, which are freely offered through faith in Christ.

That is how
This phrase refers back to the parable of the unforgiving servant, illustrating the principle of divine justice. The Greek word "houtōs" implies a manner or way, emphasizing that the treatment described is a direct consequence of one's actions. In the context of the parable, it underscores the seriousness of forgiveness as a divine expectation.

My Heavenly Father
The term "Heavenly Father" is a relational title that Jesus uses to describe God, emphasizing both His authority and His intimate relationship with believers. The Greek "Pater" signifies a paternal figure, one who is both loving and just. This phrase reminds us of the divine nature of God, who is both transcendent and immanent, involved in the lives of His children.

will treat each of you
This phrase indicates a personal and individual application of the principle. The Greek verb "poiēsei" suggests an active response from God. It highlights the personal responsibility each believer has in their relationship with others, and the certainty of divine response to our actions.

unless you forgive
Forgiveness is central to Christian teaching, and the Greek word "aphēte" means to let go or release. This phrase underscores the conditional nature of God's forgiveness, which is contingent upon our willingness to forgive others. It reflects the biblical principle that mercy received must be mercy given.

your brother
The term "brother" (Greek "adelphos") is used to denote fellow believers, emphasizing the familial relationship within the body of Christ. This phrase calls believers to recognize their shared identity in Christ and the importance of maintaining unity and peace within the Christian community.

from your heart
The heart (Greek "kardia") in biblical terms is the center of one's being, encompassing mind, will, and emotions. This phrase stresses the sincerity and depth of forgiveness required. It is not merely an outward act but an inward transformation, reflecting true repentance and love. The call to forgive from the heart challenges believers to align their inner attitudes with their outward actions, embodying the grace and mercy of God.