Now when Jabin king of Hazor heard of this
The name "Jabin" is significant in the context of Canaanite kings, as it appears to be a dynastic title rather than a personal name. Hazor was a major city in northern Canaan, known for its strategic and economic importance. Archaeological excavations have revealed that Hazor was a large and fortified city, which aligns with its depiction in the Bible as a powerful Canaanite stronghold. The phrase "heard of this" refers to the preceding victories of Joshua and the Israelites, which would have been alarming to the Canaanite kings. The Hebrew root for "heard" (שָׁמַע, shama) implies not just hearing but understanding and responding, indicating that Jabin was not merely informed but was moved to action.

he sent word to Jobab king of Madon
The act of sending word suggests a call to arms or a diplomatic effort to form an alliance. "Jobab" is a name that appears elsewhere in the Bible, often associated with nobility or leadership. Madon, like Hazor, was a city-state in Canaan, though less is known about it archaeologically. The mention of these kings highlights the political landscape of Canaan, where city-states operated independently but could unite against common threats. The Hebrew root for "sent" (שָׁלַח, shalach) conveys the idea of dispatching with purpose, indicating Jabin's urgency in rallying support.

to the kings of Shimron and Achshaph
Shimron and Achshaph were additional city-states in the region, each with its own king. The inclusion of multiple kings underscores the widespread alarm among the Canaanites and their willingness to form a coalition against the Israelites. Historically, such alliances were common in the ancient Near East when facing a formidable enemy. The Hebrew word for "kings" (מְלָכִים, melachim) is plural, emphasizing the collective effort and the scale of the opposition. This coalition reflects the fulfillment of God's promise to give Israel the land, as the unification of these kings against Israel sets the stage for a significant demonstration of God's power and faithfulness.

to the kings
This phrase refers to the rulers of various city-states in the region. In the ancient Near East, kings often ruled over city-states rather than large nations. The Hebrew word for "kings" is "מְלָכִים" (melachim), which signifies authority and governance. These kings were significant figures, each ruling over their own territories, and their collective opposition to Israel highlights the formidable challenge Joshua faced. Historically, this reflects the political landscape of Canaan, where numerous small kingdoms existed, each with its own king.

in the northern hill country
The "northern hill country" refers to the elevated regions in the northern part of Canaan. This area was known for its rugged terrain, which provided natural fortifications for the cities located there. The Hebrew term "הַר" (har) means "mountain" or "hill," indicating the geographical features that made these areas strategically important. The northern hill country was a significant region for military campaigns, as controlling the high ground often meant having a tactical advantage.

the Arabah south of Chinnereth
The "Arabah" is a desert region, and in this context, it refers to the Jordan Valley. "Chinnereth" is another name for the Sea of Galilee. The Hebrew word "עֲרָבָה" (arabah) denotes a dry, desert-like area, which contrasts with the fertile lands around Chinnereth. This juxtaposition of desert and fertile land underscores the diversity of the land that Israel was to conquer. The Arabah was a significant geographical feature, serving as a natural boundary and a challenging terrain for military movements.

the western foothills
The "western foothills" are the lowlands west of the central hill country of Canaan. The Hebrew term "שְׁפֵלָה" (shephelah) refers to these rolling hills and valleys. This area was agriculturally rich and strategically important, serving as a buffer zone between the coastal plains and the central highlands. The western foothills were often contested due to their fertile land and strategic location, making them a key area in the conquest of Canaan.

and Naphoth-dor to the west
"Naphoth-dor" refers to a region near the city of Dor, located on the Mediterranean coast. The Hebrew "נָפֹת דּוֹר" (naphoth dor) indicates a district or region associated with Dor. This coastal area was significant for trade and military strategy, as controlling the coast meant access to maritime routes and resources. Historically, Dor was an important Canaanite city, and its mention here highlights the comprehensive nature of the conquest, extending from the inland regions to the coastal areas. The inclusion of Naphoth-dor emphasizes the breadth of the land that Israel was to take possession of, fulfilling God's promise to give them a land "flowing with milk and honey."

to the Canaanites in the east and west
The term "Canaanites" refers to the inhabitants of Canaan, a region that encompasses modern-day Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, and parts of Syria and Jordan. The Canaanites were known for their polytheistic beliefs and practices, which were in direct opposition to the monotheistic worship of Yahweh by the Israelites. The mention of "east and west" signifies the widespread presence of these people across the land, highlighting the vastness of the territory that the Israelites were to conquer. Historically, the Canaanites were a collection of city-states, each with its own king, which made them formidable opponents.

to the Amorites
The Amorites were a significant group in the ancient Near East, often mentioned in the Bible as one of the peoples inhabiting the Promised Land. The name "Amorite" is derived from the Hebrew root "Amor," which means "to speak" or "to say," possibly indicating their reputation as negotiators or diplomats. Archaeological evidence suggests that the Amorites were originally nomadic tribes who settled in the region and established powerful kingdoms. Their presence in the land posed a significant challenge to the Israelites, as they were known for their military prowess and fortified cities.

Hittites
The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who established a vast empire in what is now Turkey and northern Syria. In the biblical context, the Hittites in Canaan were likely smaller groups or colonies that had settled in the region. The Hebrew term for Hittites is "Hitti," which is related to the larger Hittite Empire known for its advanced culture and legal system. The presence of Hittites in Canaan is a testament to the region's cultural and ethnic diversity, as well as the complex political landscape that the Israelites encountered.

Perizzites
The Perizzites are one of the lesser-known groups mentioned in the Bible, often listed among the inhabitants of Canaan. The name "Perizzite" is thought to derive from a root meaning "rural" or "villager," suggesting that they were a people who lived in open country or unwalled villages. This contrasts with the more urbanized and fortified city-states of other Canaanite groups. The Perizzites' way of life would have been significantly different from that of the Israelites, who were transitioning from a nomadic existence to a settled agricultural society.

Jebusites in the hill country
The Jebusites were the original inhabitants of Jerusalem, known in ancient times as Jebus. The "hill country" refers to the mountainous region of central Canaan, which includes Jerusalem. The Jebusites were a Canaanite tribe with a stronghold in this strategically important area. The Hebrew root "Yebus" is associated with "treading down" or "trampling," possibly reflecting their fortified position and resistance to conquest. The eventual capture of Jerusalem by King David marked a significant turning point in Israelite history, establishing the city as the political and spiritual center of Israel.

Hivites below Hermon
The Hivites were another Canaanite group, and their mention "below Hermon" indicates their settlement in the northern part of Canaan, near Mount Hermon. This mountain is a significant geographical landmark, known for its height and snow-capped peaks. The Hebrew root "Chivvi" is related to "villager" or "tent-dweller," suggesting a semi-nomadic lifestyle. The Hivites' location near Hermon placed them in a region of strategic importance, controlling trade routes and access to resources.

in the land of Mizpah
"Mizpah" means "watchtower" or "lookout" in Hebrew, indicating a place of strategic observation and defense. There were several locations named Mizpah in the Bible, each serving as a significant site for gatherings, covenants, or military actions. The land of Mizpah mentioned here is likely a specific area known for its elevated position, providing a vantage point over the surrounding territory. This highlights the strategic considerations in the conquest of Canaan, as controlling such locations was crucial for the Israelites' success.

So they came out
This phrase indicates a decisive action taken by the kings of the northern coalition. The Hebrew root for "came out" is "yatsa," which often implies a purposeful departure or going forth. In the context of ancient warfare, this signifies a strategic mobilization, suggesting that these kings were not merely reacting but were proactively engaging in battle. This reflects the spiritual truth that opposition to God's people often comes with intentionality and force.

with all their armies
The phrase underscores the totality of the military force assembled. The Hebrew word for "armies" is "machaneh," which can also mean camp or encampment, indicating a well-organized and structured force. Historically, this reflects the common practice of ancient Near Eastern coalitions, where multiple city-states would unite their forces against a common enemy. Spiritually, it reminds believers of the organized nature of spiritual opposition.

a multitude as numerous as the sand on the seashore
This hyperbolic expression is a common biblical idiom used to describe an exceedingly large number. The imagery of "sand on the seashore" evokes the promise to Abraham in Genesis 22:17, where God promised descendants as numerous as the sand. Here, it contrasts the overwhelming human opposition with the divine promise, highlighting that no matter how vast the enemy, God's promises to His people remain steadfast.

along with a great many horses and chariots
Horses and chariots were the pinnacle of military technology in the ancient world, symbolizing power and might. The Hebrew word for "chariots" is "rekeb," which denotes a vehicle of war. Archaeological findings have confirmed the use of chariots in Canaan during this period, underscoring the formidable nature of the enemy's forces. From a spiritual perspective, this emphasizes that God's people often face seemingly insurmountable challenges, yet victory is assured through divine intervention, not human strength.

So all these kings
The phrase "all these kings" refers to the coalition of Canaanite kings who united against the Israelites. In the Hebrew text, the word for "kings" is "מְלָכִים" (melachim), which denotes rulers or leaders of city-states. This coalition represents a significant threat to Israel, as it includes multiple city-states banding together. Historically, this reflects the common practice in the ancient Near East where smaller kingdoms would form alliances to combat a common enemy. This unity among the Canaanite kings underscores the formidable opposition that Israel faced, yet it also sets the stage for God’s power to be demonstrated through Israel’s victory.

joined forces
The Hebrew root for "joined forces" is "יָעַד" (ya'ad), which means to appoint or assemble. This indicates a deliberate and strategic alliance, emphasizing the seriousness of the threat against Israel. The Canaanite kings were not acting independently but had come together with a common purpose. This reflects the desperation and fear among the Canaanites as they faced the advancing Israelites, who were known for their previous victories under God’s guidance.

and encamped
The term "encamped" comes from the Hebrew "חָנָה" (chanah), meaning to pitch tents or settle temporarily. This suggests a military encampment, a common practice in ancient warfare where armies would set up temporary bases near the battlefield. The encampment at the waters of Merom indicates a strategic choice, likely for access to water and resources, and to position themselves advantageously against Israel.

at the waters of Merom
The "waters of Merom" refers to a location in northern Canaan, identified with the modern-day Hula Valley. This area was known for its marshy terrain and abundant water supply, making it a suitable location for a large army to gather. Archaeologically, this region has been studied for its strategic importance in ancient military campaigns. The choice of this location by the Canaanite kings highlights their intent to leverage the natural landscape in their defense against Israel.

to fight against Israel
The phrase "to fight against Israel" underscores the primary objective of the Canaanite coalition. The Hebrew word for "fight" is "לָחַם" (lacham), which conveys the idea of engaging in battle or warfare. This confrontation was not merely a defensive stance but an active attempt to thwart Israel’s divinely ordained conquest of the land. From a scriptural perspective, this battle is part of the larger narrative of God’s promise to give the land of Canaan to the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. The opposition of the Canaanite kings serves to highlight the fulfillment of God’s promises through Israel’s eventual victory, demonstrating His sovereignty and faithfulness.

The LORD said to Joshua
This phrase emphasizes the direct communication between God and Joshua, highlighting the divine guidance that Joshua received. In Hebrew, "The LORD" is "Yahweh," the covenant name of God, signifying His eternal presence and faithfulness. This divine assurance is crucial for Joshua, as it reinforces that the battle is not merely a physical struggle but a spiritual mission ordained by God. The personal nature of God's communication underscores the intimate relationship between God and His chosen leader, Joshua.

Do not be afraid of them
Fear is a natural human response to overwhelming odds, and the coalition of kings against Israel was formidable. However, God's command to "not be afraid" is a recurring theme in the Bible, often accompanying divine promises of protection and victory. The Hebrew word for "afraid" is "yare," which can also mean to stand in awe. Here, God is instructing Joshua to replace fear with faith, trusting in God's power rather than being intimidated by the enemy's might.

for by this time tomorrow
This phrase indicates the immediacy and certainty of God's intervention. The specific timeframe underscores God's control over time and events, assuring Joshua that the victory is imminent. It reflects the prophetic nature of God's word, which is always fulfilled. This assurance would have bolstered the morale of Joshua and the Israelites, knowing that their deliverance was not a distant hope but a near certainty.

I will deliver all of them slain before Israel
The phrase "I will deliver" is a promise of divine action. The Hebrew root "nathan" means to give or deliver, emphasizing that the victory is a gift from God, not a result of Israel's military prowess. The assurance that the enemies will be "slain" highlights the totality of the victory God promises. This reflects the biblical theme of God's sovereignty and His ability to bring about His purposes despite human opposition.

You are to hamstring their horses
Hamstringing horses was a common practice in ancient warfare to incapacitate the enemy's cavalry. The Hebrew word "‛āqar" means to cut or disable. This command signifies a strategic move to ensure that the enemy cannot regroup or retaliate. It also reflects a reliance on God's power rather than military technology, as horses and chariots were symbols of military strength. By disabling the horses, Joshua is demonstrating faith in God's provision and protection.

and burn their chariots with fire
Chariots were the tanks of the ancient world, representing the pinnacle of military technology. The command to burn them signifies a complete destruction of the enemy's resources. The act of burning, in Hebrew "saraph," often symbolizes purification and judgment. This command ensures that Israel does not become reliant on captured technology but continues to trust in God's guidance. It also serves as a reminder of God's past deliverances, such as the destruction of Pharaoh's chariots in the Red Sea, reinforcing the theme of divine victory over human might.

So Joshua and his whole army came upon them suddenly
This phrase highlights the element of surprise in Joshua's military strategy. The Hebrew root for "suddenly" (פִּתְאֹם, pit'om) suggests an unexpected or abrupt action, emphasizing the swiftness and decisiveness of Joshua's leadership. Historically, this reflects the tactical brilliance often required in ancient warfare, where surprise could turn the tide of battle. Joshua's ability to lead his entire army in such a manner underscores his role as a divinely appointed leader, fulfilling God's promises to Israel.

by the waters of Merom
The "waters of Merom" refers to a location in northern Canaan, likely a marshy area or a lake. Archaeologically, this site is associated with the Hula Valley, north of the Sea of Galilee. The strategic choice of this location for battle indicates Joshua's understanding of the terrain and its advantages. In a broader scriptural context, this setting serves as a backdrop for God's continued faithfulness in delivering the Promised Land to the Israelites, reinforcing the theme of divine providence.

and attacked them
The Hebrew word for "attacked" (וַיִּפְּלוּ, vayippelu) conveys a sense of falling upon or striking with force. This action demonstrates the aggressive and proactive nature of Joshua's campaign. From a theological perspective, this attack is not merely a military maneuver but an act of obedience to God's command to conquer the land. It reflects the righteous judgment against the Canaanite nations, as well as the fulfillment of God's covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. The narrative encourages believers to trust in God's timing and to act with courage and faith when called to fulfill His purposes.

The LORD delivered them into the hand of Israel
This phrase emphasizes the divine intervention and sovereignty of God in the battles of Israel. The Hebrew root for "delivered" is "נָתַן" (natan), which means to give or to hand over. This indicates that the victory was not by Israel's might but by God's will. Historically, this reflects the belief that God was actively involved in the affairs of His chosen people, guiding and ensuring their success against formidable enemies. This divine assistance is a recurring theme throughout the Old Testament, reinforcing the idea that faithfulness to God results in His support and deliverance.

and they defeated them
The word "defeated" comes from the Hebrew "נָכָה" (nakah), meaning to strike or smite. This suggests a decisive victory, one that was complete and overwhelming. The historical context here is significant, as the Israelites were often outnumbered and faced well-equipped armies. Yet, with God's help, they were able to achieve victory. This serves as an inspirational reminder that with God, even the seemingly impossible can be accomplished.

and pursued them as far as Greater Sidon
"Greater Sidon" refers to a prominent ancient city, known for its wealth and influence, located in what is now modern-day Lebanon. The mention of Sidon highlights the extent of the pursuit, indicating a thorough and relentless effort to ensure the enemy could not regroup or retaliate. Archaeologically, Sidon was a significant Phoenician city, and its mention here underscores the breadth of the campaign and the thoroughness of Israel's victory.

Misrephoth-maim
This location, "Misrephoth-maim," is somewhat obscure, with its exact location not definitively identified. The name means "burning of waters" or "lime-kilns by the waters," suggesting a place known for its industrial activity, possibly related to lime production. The inclusion of such specific locations in the narrative adds a layer of historical authenticity and detail, illustrating the comprehensive nature of the conquest.

and the Valley of Mizpeh to the east
The "Valley of Mizpeh" is another geographical reference, with "Mizpeh" meaning "watchtower" or "lookout." This indicates a strategic location, likely used for military advantage. The direction "to the east" provides further specificity, helping to map the extent of the campaign. This detail reflects the thoroughness of the Israelites' pursuit and God's guidance in leading them to strategic victories.

until no survivors remained
This phrase underscores the completeness of the victory. The Hebrew root "שָׁאַר" (sha'ar) means to remain or be left over, indicating that the Israelites left no enemy forces to threaten them in the future. This totality of victory is often seen in the context of divine judgment and fulfillment of God's promises to Israel. It serves as a sobering reminder of the seriousness of opposing God's will and the ultimate triumph of His purposes.

Joshua did to them
The name "Joshua" is derived from the Hebrew "Yehoshua," meaning "Yahweh is salvation." Joshua, as the leader of Israel, is a type of Christ, leading God's people into the Promised Land. His actions are not of his own volition but are in obedience to divine command. This phrase emphasizes the importance of obedience to God's directives, a recurring theme throughout the Scriptures. Joshua's leadership is marked by his faithfulness to God's instructions, setting an example for believers to follow God's will in their lives.

as the LORD had commanded him
The phrase underscores the divine authority behind Joshua's actions. The Hebrew word for "commanded" is "tsavah," which implies a direct order or charge. This highlights the theocratic nature of Israel's leadership, where God is the ultimate authority. The LORD's commands are not arbitrary but are rooted in His covenant promises and His desire for Israel to be a holy nation. This obedience to divine command is a call for believers to trust in God's wisdom and sovereignty, even when His instructions may seem difficult or counterintuitive.

he hamstrung their horses
The act of hamstringing horses, which involves cutting the tendons of the hind legs, rendered the horses useless for battle. In the ancient Near Eastern context, horses and chariots were symbols of military power and might. By disabling the horses, Joshua was ensuring that Israel would not rely on military strength but on the LORD. This act is a powerful reminder of the biblical principle found in Psalm 20:7, "Some trust in chariots and some in horses, but we trust in the name of the LORD our God." It calls believers to place their trust in God rather than in worldly power or resources.

and burned their chariots
Chariots were the tanks of the ancient world, providing a significant advantage in warfare. By burning the chariots, Joshua was eliminating the enemy's military advantage and demonstrating reliance on God's power rather than human ingenuity. This action symbolizes the destruction of worldly dependencies and the commitment to a life of faith. For the Christian, it is a call to destroy any idols or sources of false security, trusting wholly in God's provision and protection.

At that time
This phrase situates the events within a specific historical context, indicating a continuation of the conquest narrative. The Hebrew root for "time" is "עֵת" (et), which often signifies a divinely appointed moment. This suggests that Joshua's actions were not random but orchestrated within God's sovereign timeline, emphasizing the divine orchestration in Israel's conquest of Canaan.

Joshua turned back
The act of turning back implies a strategic decision. The Hebrew verb "שׁוּב" (shuv) means to return or turn back, often used in the context of repentance or a change in direction. Here, it underscores Joshua's leadership and tactical acumen, as he revisits a key location to ensure complete victory. This reflects the importance of thoroughness and obedience in fulfilling God's commands.

captured Hazor
Hazor was a significant Canaanite city, known from archaeological findings as a major urban center in the region. The Hebrew "לָכַד" (lakad) means to capture or seize, indicating a decisive military victory. Hazor's capture symbolizes the breaking of Canaanite power, as it was a leading city. This victory demonstrates God's power to overcome formidable obstacles and fulfill His promises to Israel.

struck down its king with the sword
The phrase highlights the execution of judgment. The Hebrew "נָכָה" (nakah) means to strike or smite, often used in the context of divine judgment. The sword, "חֶרֶב" (cherev), is a symbol of justice and authority. This act signifies the removal of leadership that opposed God's people, illustrating the theme of divine justice against those who resist God's will.

because Hazor had formerly been the head of all these kingdoms
This provides historical context, indicating Hazor's prominence. The Hebrew "רֹאשׁ" (rosh) means head or chief, denoting leadership and influence. Hazor's status as the head of these kingdoms underscores the significance of its defeat. It represents the dismantling of a coalition against Israel, affirming God's promise to give the land to His people and demonstrating His supremacy over earthly powers.

They struck down everyone in it with the sword
This phrase reflects the execution of divine judgment as commanded by God. The Hebrew word for "struck down" is "nakah," which implies a decisive and forceful action. The use of the sword symbolizes the instrument of God's justice. In the ancient Near Eastern context, warfare was often seen as a means of divine retribution. The Israelites, under Joshua's leadership, were fulfilling God's command to cleanse the land of Canaanite idolatry and immorality, which had reached its full measure of iniquity.

devoting them to destruction
The Hebrew term here is "herem," which means to devote something to God by completely destroying it. This concept is rooted in the idea of holiness and the need to purify the land from anything that could lead Israel astray from worshiping Yahweh. The act of "herem" was not merely about physical destruction but was a spiritual act of consecration, ensuring that nothing would remain that could corrupt the Israelites' covenant relationship with God.

Not a single person was left
This phrase underscores the totality of the judgment executed upon Hazor. It reflects the completeness of God's command being carried out. Historically, this was a common practice in ancient warfare, where leaving no survivors was a way to prevent future retaliation and to demonstrate the total victory of one nation over another. Spiritually, it signifies the thoroughness with which sin and idolatry must be eradicated from the lives of God's people.

and Hazor was burned down
Hazor was a significant Canaanite city, known for its size and strength. Archaeological evidence supports the biblical account, showing layers of destruction that align with the time of Joshua. The burning of Hazor symbolizes the complete overthrow of Canaanite power and the establishment of Israelite dominance in the land. From a theological perspective, the destruction of Hazor serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty and the fulfillment of His promises to give the land to the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.

Joshua captured
The name "Joshua" is derived from the Hebrew "Yehoshua," meaning "Yahweh is salvation." This highlights Joshua's role as a divinely appointed leader, continuing the mission of Moses. His capturing of cities signifies the fulfillment of God's promises to Israel, demonstrating God's faithfulness and the importance of obedience to divine commands.

all these royal cities
The term "royal cities" refers to the significant and fortified cities ruled by kings in Canaan. Archaeological evidence suggests these cities were centers of power and culture. Their capture symbolizes the transfer of power from the Canaanites to the Israelites, fulfilling God's promise to give the land to His people.

and their kings
The kings represent the political and military leadership of the Canaanite people. By defeating these kings, Joshua dismantled the existing power structures, paving the way for the establishment of Israelite governance. This act underscores the theme of divine justice and the establishment of God's kingdom on earth.

and struck them down with the sword
The sword is a symbol of divine judgment and warfare. In the ancient Near Eastern context, warfare was often seen as a means of executing divine will. Joshua's actions are portrayed as an extension of God's judgment against the Canaanites, who were known for their idolatry and immorality.

devoting them to destruction
The phrase "devoting them to destruction" translates the Hebrew term "herem," which means to consecrate or dedicate something to God, often through complete destruction. This was a common practice in ancient Israel, signifying the removal of anything that could lead the Israelites away from God. It reflects the seriousness of maintaining purity and holiness among God's people.

as Moses the servant of the LORD had commanded
Moses is consistently referred to as "the servant of the LORD," highlighting his role as a faithful mediator of God's will. The reference to Moses' command emphasizes continuity in leadership and obedience to God's instructions. It serves as a reminder of the covenantal relationship between God and Israel, where blessings are contingent upon obedience to divine commands.

Yet Israel did not burn
This phrase highlights a strategic decision made by the Israelites under Joshua's leadership. The Hebrew root for "burn" is "שָׂרַף" (saraph), which means to consume by fire. In the context of ancient warfare, burning a city was a common practice to ensure complete destruction and prevent future habitation. However, Israel's choice not to burn these cities suggests a deliberate preservation of infrastructure, possibly for future settlement or use. This decision reflects a divine strategy, as God had promised the Israelites cities they did not build (Deuteronomy 6:10-11).

any of the cities built on their mounds
The term "mounds" refers to "tells," which are archaeological sites consisting of layers of human occupation. These mounds were often strategic locations, elevated and fortified, making them valuable for defense and control. The Hebrew word "תֵּל" (tel) signifies these ancient city sites. By not burning these cities, Israel preserved the strategic and economic advantages they offered. This decision aligns with God's promise to give Israel a land already prepared for them, emphasizing His provision and foresight.

except Hazor alone
Hazor was a significant Canaanite city, often referred to as the "head of all those kingdoms" (Joshua 11:10). Its destruction was unique and intentional. The Hebrew word "לְבַדָּהּ" (levaddah) means "alone" or "only," underscoring Hazor's distinct treatment. This exception highlights Hazor's importance and possibly its role as a central hub of Canaanite resistance against Israel. The complete destruction of Hazor served as a decisive blow to Canaanite power and a demonstration of God's judgment against idolatry and opposition to His people.

which Joshua burned
Joshua, as the leader appointed by God, executed this act of judgment. The Hebrew name "יְהוֹשֻׁעַ" (Yehoshua) means "The LORD is salvation," reflecting his role as a deliverer for Israel. The act of burning Hazor was not merely a military tactic but a fulfillment of divine command. It symbolizes the purging of evil and the establishment of God's holiness in the land. Joshua's obedience in this act is a testament to his faithfulness and the fulfillment of God's promises to Israel. This decisive action ensured that the spiritual and physical integrity of the Promised Land was maintained.

The Israelites took
This phrase indicates the active role of the Israelites in claiming what God had promised them. The Hebrew root for "took" is "לָקַח" (laqach), which means to seize or capture. This action reflects obedience to God's command to possess the land. Historically, this was a common practice in ancient warfare, where victors claimed spoils as a sign of triumph and divine favor.

all the plunder and livestock
The term "plunder" refers to goods taken by force, and "livestock" indicates the animals that were part of the spoils. In the Hebrew context, "plunder" is "שָׁלָל" (shalal), emphasizing the complete transfer of wealth and resources. This reflects God's provision for His people, ensuring they had the necessary resources to establish themselves in the Promised Land.

of these cities for themselves
This phrase underscores the fulfillment of God's promise to give the land to the Israelites. The cities mentioned were part of the inheritance God had sworn to their forefathers. The phrase "for themselves" highlights the personal and communal blessing received by the Israelites, as they were now stewards of the land.

but they put every person to the sword
The phrase "put to the sword" is a common biblical expression for complete destruction in battle. The Hebrew word "חֶרֶב" (chereb) means sword, symbolizing judgment and divine justice. This action was not merely a military strategy but a fulfillment of divine command to eradicate idolatry and sin from the land.

until they had completely destroyed them
The Hebrew root for "completely destroyed" is "חָרַם" (charam), meaning to devote to destruction. This indicates a total consecration to God, where nothing was left that could lead the Israelites astray. It reflects the seriousness of maintaining purity and holiness in the land God had given them.

not sparing anyone who breathed
This phrase emphasizes the totality of the destruction. The Hebrew word "נָשַׁם" (nasham) means to breathe, indicating that no living being was left. This was a divine mandate to prevent the influence of pagan practices and ensure the spiritual integrity of the Israelite community.

As the LORD had commanded
This phrase underscores the divine authority and origin of the commands given to Moses and subsequently to Joshua. The Hebrew root for "commanded" is צָוָה (tsavah), which implies a direct order or charge. This highlights the importance of obedience to God's will, as His commands are not mere suggestions but divine mandates. The historical context here is crucial, as it reflects the covenant relationship between God and Israel, where obedience to God's commands was essential for receiving His blessings and fulfilling His promises.

His servant Moses
Moses is referred to as "His servant," which is a title of honor and humility. The Hebrew word for "servant" is עֶבֶד (eved), indicating one who serves a master. Moses' role as a servant of the LORD emphasizes his faithfulness and dedication to God's mission. Historically, Moses is seen as the great lawgiver and leader who brought the Israelites out of Egypt, and his obedience set a precedent for future leaders like Joshua.

so Moses commanded Joshua
This phrase indicates the transfer of leadership and responsibility from Moses to Joshua. The continuity of command is crucial, as it ensures that God's instructions are carried out without deviation. The relationship between Moses and Joshua is one of mentorship and discipleship, where Joshua learns to lead by following Moses' example. This reflects the biblical principle of passing on faith and leadership to the next generation.

and Joshua did it
Joshua's obedience is highlighted here, showing his faithfulness to the commands given to him. The Hebrew root for "did" is עָשָׂה (asah), meaning to accomplish or perform. Joshua's actions demonstrate his commitment to fulfilling God's will, serving as a model of obedience and faith for believers. His leadership is marked by action and adherence to God's instructions, which is essential for the success of Israel's mission in the Promised Land.

he left nothing undone
This phrase emphasizes Joshua's thoroughness and completeness in carrying out God's commands. The Hebrew word for "undone" is שָׂר (sar), which can mean to turn aside or leave incomplete. Joshua's meticulous obedience ensures that every aspect of God's instructions is fulfilled, reflecting the importance of complete obedience in the life of a believer. This serves as a reminder that partial obedience is not sufficient in the eyes of God.

of all that the LORD had commanded Moses
The repetition of the phrase underscores the comprehensive nature of God's commands and the expectation of full compliance. It highlights the continuity of God's plan from Moses to Joshua and the importance of adhering to divine instructions. This serves as a reminder of the unchanging nature of God's word and the necessity for believers to remain faithful to His commands throughout generations.

So Joshua took all this land
This phrase marks a significant achievement in the conquest narrative of the Israelites. The Hebrew root for "took" is לָקַח (laqach), which implies not just taking possession but also receiving what has been promised. This reflects the fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham regarding the land of Canaan. Historically, this conquest was a pivotal moment for the Israelites, as it established them in the Promised Land, a land flowing with milk and honey, as described in earlier scriptures.

the hill country
The "hill country" refers to the central mountainous region of Canaan, which includes areas like Hebron and Jerusalem. This region was strategically important due to its elevation, providing natural defense and fertile land. The Hebrew term for "hill country" is הַר (har), which often signifies a place of encounter with God, as seen in the lives of the patriarchs. The conquest of this area symbolizes the Israelites' overcoming of formidable challenges through divine assistance.

all the Negev
The Negev is a desert region in the southern part of Israel. The Hebrew word נֶגֶב (negev) means "dry" or "parched," reflecting the arid nature of this land. Despite its harsh conditions, the Negev was crucial for the Israelites as it served as a buffer zone against southern enemies and provided grazing land for livestock. The inclusion of the Negev in the conquest narrative underscores God's provision and the transformation of barren places into areas of sustenance.

all the land of Goshen
This is not to be confused with the Egyptian Goshen. The land of Goshen here likely refers to a region in Canaan, possibly in the southern part of the hill country. The name Goshen may derive from a root meaning "to draw near," indicating its proximity to other significant territories. This highlights the comprehensive nature of Joshua's conquest, ensuring that no part of the Promised Land was left unconquered.

the foothills
The Hebrew term for "foothills" is שְׁפֵלָה (shephelah), referring to the lowland region between the hill country and the coastal plain. This area was agriculturally rich and strategically important for trade and military movements. The conquest of the foothills demonstrates the Israelites' control over vital economic and military routes, further establishing their presence in the land.

the Arabah
The Arabah is the rift valley running from the Sea of Galilee to the Dead Sea and further south. The Hebrew word עֲרָבָה (arabah) can mean "desert" or "plain," indicating the varied geography of this region. The Arabah's inclusion in the conquest narrative signifies the Israelites' dominion over diverse landscapes, from fertile plains to arid deserts, showcasing the extent of God's promise.

and the mountains of Israel with their foothills
This phrase emphasizes the totality of the conquest, covering both the elevated regions and their surrounding areas. The "mountains of Israel" symbolize strength and divine presence, as mountains often serve as places of revelation and covenant in the Bible. The mention of "foothills" again highlights the strategic and economic importance of these regions. Together, they represent the completeness of God's promise being realized through Joshua's leadership.

from Mount Halak
Mount Halak, meaning "the smooth mountain," is believed to be located in the southern part of Canaan. The name itself suggests a terrain that is less rugged, perhaps symbolizing the ease with which God’s people, under Joshua’s leadership, would conquer the land. This phrase sets the geographical starting point of Joshua's campaign, emphasizing the vastness of the territory God promised to Israel. It serves as a reminder of God's faithfulness in fulfilling His promises, as He leads His people from one victory to another.

which ascends to Seir
Seir is a mountainous region associated with the descendants of Esau, the Edomites. The phrase "ascends to Seir" indicates a movement towards a significant boundary, marking the extent of the conquest. Historically, Seir was a land of rugged terrain, symbolizing the challenges and obstacles that the Israelites would face. Yet, it also signifies the overcoming of these challenges through divine assistance, as God empowers His people to extend their territory.

as far as Baal-gad
Baal-gad was a city located in the Valley of Lebanon, at the foot of Mount Hermon. The name "Baal-gad" combines "Baal," a Canaanite deity, with "Gad," meaning fortune or troop. This location represents the northernmost point of Joshua's conquests, illustrating the comprehensive nature of Israel's victories. It underscores the theme of God’s sovereignty over all false gods and the futility of idolatry in the face of the one true God.

in the Valley of Lebanon
The Valley of Lebanon is a fertile and strategic area, known for its lush landscapes and significant trade routes. Mentioning this valley highlights the richness of the land that God was giving to Israel. It serves as a metaphor for the abundance and blessings that come from following God’s commands and trusting in His provision.

below Mount Hermon
Mount Hermon is a prominent mountain in the region, often associated with majesty and divine presence. Its mention here signifies the awe-inspiring nature of God’s creation and His power over all the earth. The location "below Mount Hermon" indicates the vastness of the territory under Israelite control, showcasing the fulfillment of God’s promise to Abraham regarding the land.

He captured all their kings
This phrase emphasizes the completeness of Joshua’s military success. Capturing the kings symbolizes the defeat of the political and military leadership of the Canaanite cities, ensuring the stability and security of the Israelite settlement. It reflects God’s judgment on the wickedness of these nations and His justice in delivering them into Israel’s hands.

and struck them down
The act of striking down the kings signifies the decisive nature of the victory. It is a demonstration of God’s power working through Joshua and the Israelites. This phrase also serves as a reminder of the seriousness of sin and the consequences of opposing God’s will.

putting them to death
The execution of the kings represents the finality of God’s judgment against the Canaanite rulers. It underscores the holiness and righteousness of God, who cannot tolerate sin. This act is a sobering reminder of the importance of obedience to God and the ultimate triumph of His purposes. It also foreshadows the ultimate victory over sin and death through Jesus Christ, who conquers all spiritual enemies.

Joshua waged war
The phrase "Joshua waged war" indicates a proactive and determined effort by Joshua, the leader of the Israelites, to fulfill God's command to conquer the Promised Land. The Hebrew root for "waged war" is "לחם" (lacham), which conveys the idea of engaging in battle or fighting. This reflects Joshua's role as a military leader and a faithful servant of God, who was committed to the divine mandate given to him. Historically, this period of conquest was marked by strategic military campaigns, demonstrating Joshua's reliance on God's guidance and strength.

against all these kings
The phrase "against all these kings" highlights the scope and scale of the conflict. The "kings" refer to the various Canaanite rulers who controlled city-states throughout the region. Each king represented a distinct political and military entity, often with fortified cities and armies. The mention of "all these kings" underscores the comprehensive nature of the conquest, as Joshua systematically defeated each one. This reflects the fulfillment of God's promise to give the land to the Israelites, as well as the divine judgment against the Canaanite nations for their idolatry and wickedness.

for a long period of time
The phrase "for a long period of time" indicates that the conquest was not a swift or easy process. The Hebrew word "ימים" (yamim) can be translated as "days," but in this context, it signifies an extended duration. This suggests perseverance and endurance on Joshua's part, as well as the Israelites' commitment to God's plan despite challenges and resistance. The prolonged nature of the campaign also allowed for the complete subjugation of the land, ensuring that the Israelites could settle and establish themselves according to God's covenant. This serves as a reminder of the importance of patience and faithfulness in fulfilling God's purposes.

No city made peace
This phrase highlights the resistance of the Canaanite cities against the Israelites. The Hebrew root for "peace" is "shalom," which implies not just the absence of conflict but a state of wholeness and harmony. The refusal of these cities to seek peace with Israel can be seen as a rejection of the opportunity for reconciliation and integration into the blessings of God's covenant people. Historically, this reflects the hardened hearts of the Canaanites, who chose to oppose God's plan rather than submit to it.

with the Israelites
The term "Israelites" refers to the descendants of Jacob, also known as Israel. This designation emphasizes their identity as God's chosen people, set apart to fulfill His promises. The Israelites' conquest of Canaan was not merely a territorial expansion but a divine mandate to establish a nation through which God would reveal Himself to the world. The resistance of the Canaanite cities underscores the spiritual battle between God's purposes and human rebellion.

except the Hivites living in Gibeon
The Hivites, specifically those from Gibeon, are noted as the exception. The Hebrew term for "Hivites" is "Chivvi," one of the Canaanite tribes. The Gibeonites' decision to make peace with Israel, as recorded earlier in Joshua 9, was a strategic move to ensure their survival. This act of seeking peace, albeit through deception, ultimately led to their preservation and integration into Israel. It serves as a reminder of God's mercy and the possibility of redemption for those who seek Him, even imperfectly.

all others were taken in battle
This phrase indicates the comprehensive nature of the conquest. The Hebrew word for "battle" is "milchamah," which encompasses the idea of warfare and struggle. The complete subjugation of these cities demonstrates the fulfillment of God's promise to give the land to the Israelites. It also reflects the seriousness of God's judgment against the Canaanites for their persistent idolatry and wickedness. The conquest serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of opposing God's will and the ultimate triumph of His purposes.

For it was of the LORD
This phrase emphasizes the divine sovereignty and purpose behind the events described. The Hebrew word for "LORD" here is "Yahweh," the covenant name of God, which signifies His eternal presence and faithfulness. This underscores that the unfolding events are not random but are orchestrated by God Himself, aligning with His divine plan and promises to Israel. It reflects the biblical theme that God is actively involved in the affairs of nations and individuals, guiding history according to His will.

to harden their hearts
The concept of God hardening hearts is a profound theological theme found throughout Scripture. The Hebrew word used here is "chazaq," which means to strengthen or make firm. In the biblical context, it implies that God allows individuals to persist in their chosen path of rebellion, solidifying their resistance to His will. This hardening is both a judgment and a means to fulfill His purposes, as seen in the case of Pharaoh in Exodus. It serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of persistent disobedience and the seriousness of divine judgment.

to engage Israel in battle
This phrase indicates the purpose behind the hardening of hearts: to bring about a confrontation with Israel. The historical context here is the conquest of Canaan, where God had commanded Israel to take possession of the land. The battles were not merely military campaigns but were seen as acts of divine judgment against the Canaanite nations for their wickedness. This engagement in battle was part of God's plan to establish Israel in the Promised Land, fulfilling His covenant promises to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.

so that they would be completely destroyed
The phrase "completely destroyed" translates the Hebrew term "cherem," which refers to something devoted to destruction as an offering to God. This concept is central to the conquest narrative, where certain cities and peoples were to be utterly destroyed as an act of divine judgment. It reflects the holiness and justice of God, who cannot tolerate sin and idolatry. This destruction was not arbitrary but was a response to the moral corruption and abominations practiced by the Canaanites, as detailed in Leviticus and Deuteronomy.

without mercy
The absence of mercy in this context highlights the severity of God's judgment. The Hebrew word "lo" (not) combined with "racham" (mercy) underscores the totality of the judgment decreed by God. This phrase serves as a stark reminder of the holiness of God and the seriousness of sin. While God is merciful and compassionate, there comes a point where persistent rebellion leads to judgment. It also foreshadows the ultimate judgment that will come upon the world, urging believers to live in obedience and reverence.

as the LORD had commanded Moses
This final phrase ties the events back to the commands given to Moses, reinforcing the continuity of God's plan from the Exodus to the conquest of Canaan. The reference to Moses, the great lawgiver and leader, underscores the authority and legitimacy of Joshua's actions. It highlights the faithfulness of God in fulfilling His promises and the importance of obedience to His commands. This continuity assures believers of God's unchanging nature and His commitment to His covenant people throughout history.

At that time
This phrase situates the events within a specific period in the conquest of Canaan. It indicates a continuation of Joshua's military campaigns, emphasizing the divine timing and orchestration of these events. The Hebrew word for "time" (עֵת, 'et) often signifies an appointed or significant moment, suggesting that Joshua's actions were in alignment with God's divine plan.

Joshua went
The name "Joshua" (יְהוֹשֻׁעַ, Yehoshua) means "The LORD is salvation." Joshua's leadership is a typology of Christ, leading God's people into the Promised Land. His going forth signifies obedience and faithfulness to God's command, embodying the role of a divinely appointed leader who acts decisively in fulfilling God's promises.

eliminated the Anakim
The Anakim were a race of giants, descendants of Anak, known for their formidable size and strength. Their presence in the land was a source of fear for the Israelites (Numbers 13:33). The Hebrew root for "eliminated" (כָּרַת, karat) means to cut off or destroy, indicating a complete removal. This act symbolizes the triumph of faith over fear and the fulfillment of God's promise to give Israel the land, despite seemingly insurmountable obstacles.

from the hill country of Hebron, Debir, Anab
These locations were significant Canaanite strongholds. Hebron, in particular, was a city of great antiquity and importance, later becoming the inheritance of Caleb (Joshua 14:13-15). The mention of these specific places highlights the thoroughness of Joshua's campaign and the strategic dismantling of enemy strongholds, demonstrating God's power to deliver His people and establish them in the land.

and from all the hill country of Judah and of Israel
This phrase underscores the comprehensive nature of the conquest. The hill country of Judah and Israel represents the heartland of the Promised Land. By securing these areas, Joshua ensured the establishment of Israel's future tribal territories. It signifies the fulfillment of God's covenant promises to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob regarding the land.

Joshua devoted them and their cities to destruction
The term "devoted to destruction" (חֵרֶם, cherem) refers to the complete consecration of something to God, often through destruction. This was a common practice in ancient warfare, signifying that the victory was the LORD's and that the spoils were not for personal gain. It reflects the seriousness of God's judgment against the Canaanite nations for their idolatry and wickedness, and the necessity of purifying the land for Israel's inheritance. This act of devotion underscores the holiness of God and the call for His people to be set apart from the surrounding nations.

No Anakim were left
The Anakim were a race of giants mentioned in the Bible, known for their formidable size and strength. The Hebrew root for "Anakim" is "עֲנָקִים" (Anakim), which is derived from "anak," meaning "neck" or "chain," possibly referring to their imposing stature. Historically, the Anakim were considered a significant threat to the Israelites, as seen in the report of the spies in Numbers 13:33. The complete removal of the Anakim from the land signifies God's faithfulness in fulfilling His promise to give the Israelites victory over their enemies. This victory is a testament to God's power and the fulfillment of His covenant with Israel.

in the land of the Israelites
This phrase emphasizes the territorial inheritance promised to the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. The "land of the Israelites" refers to the Promised Land, a central theme in the Old Testament, symbolizing God's promise and faithfulness. The conquest and settlement of this land were crucial for establishing Israel as a nation under God's rule. The removal of the Anakim from this land underscores the divine mandate for Israel to inhabit and govern the land according to God's laws and purposes.

only in Gaza, Gath, and Ashdod
These cities were part of the Philistine pentapolis, located in the coastal region of Canaan. The mention of these cities indicates that while the Anakim were driven out of the central and northern parts of the land, they found refuge in these Philistine strongholds. Archaeologically, these cities have been identified with significant remains, confirming their historical importance. The survival of the Anakim in these areas foreshadows future conflicts between Israel and the Philistines, as seen in the account of David and Goliath, who was from Gath.

did any survive
The survival of the Anakim in these specific locations suggests a partial fulfillment of the conquest. While Joshua and the Israelites achieved significant victories, some remnants of their enemies remained, which would later challenge Israel's faithfulness and reliance on God. This phrase serves as a reminder of the ongoing spiritual and physical battles that God's people face. It highlights the need for continued vigilance and dependence on God to overcome the remnants of sin and opposition in their lives. The survival of the Anakim in these cities also sets the stage for future narratives in the biblical text, where God's people must continue to trust in His promises and power.

So Joshua took the entire land
This phrase marks the culmination of Joshua's military campaigns in Canaan. The Hebrew word for "took" is "לָקַח" (laqach), which implies not just possession but also a divinely ordained acquisition. This is not merely a military conquest but a fulfillment of God's promise to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. The "entire land" signifies the comprehensive nature of God's promise, emphasizing that no part of the land was left unconquered, symbolizing God's complete faithfulness.

according to all that the LORD had spoken to Moses
This phrase underscores the continuity of God's covenantal promises. The Hebrew word for "spoken" is "דָּבַר" (dabar), which conveys the power and authority of God's word. It highlights that Joshua's actions were in direct obedience to divine instructions given to Moses, reinforcing the idea that God's plans transcend individual leaders and generations. This continuity assures believers of the reliability and unchanging nature of God's word.

and Joshua gave it as an inheritance to Israel
The concept of "inheritance" is central to the Israelite identity, rooted in the Hebrew word "נַחֲלָה" (nachalah). This term is not just about land but about a divinely granted legacy, a tangible sign of God's covenant with His people. Joshua's role in distributing the land signifies the transition from conquest to settlement, from promise to possession, and reflects the faithfulness of God in providing for His people.

according to their tribal allotments
The division of the land "according to their tribal allotments" reflects the ordered and purposeful nature of God's plan for Israel. Each tribe receiving its portion signifies the fulfillment of Jacob's blessings to his sons in Genesis. This distribution underscores the unity and diversity within the nation of Israel, as each tribe had a unique role and place within the larger community, symbolizing the body of Christ where each member has a distinct function.

Then the land had rest from war
The Hebrew word for "rest" is "שָׁקַט" (shaqat), which implies peace and tranquility after turmoil. This rest is not just the absence of conflict but a deeper, divinely granted peace that comes from living in accordance with God's will. It foreshadows the ultimate rest found in Christ, as described in Hebrews 4, where believers are invited to enter God's rest through faith. This peace is a testament to God's sovereignty and the fulfillment of His promises, encouraging believers to trust in His provision and timing.