In the fourteenth year
This phrase sets a specific historical context, marking the time during King Hezekiah's reign. The fourteenth year is significant as it situates the events within a timeline that aligns with other historical records. Hezekiah's reign is noted for religious reforms and a return to the worship of Yahweh. The number fourteen in Hebrew culture often symbolizes deliverance or salvation, which foreshadows the divine intervention that will occur later in the narrative.

of King Hezekiah’s reign
Hezekiah was a king of Judah known for his faithfulness to God and his efforts to purify the worship practices of his people. His reign is characterized by a return to the covenantal faithfulness that God desired from His people. Hezekiah's leadership is often contrasted with the idolatry and unfaithfulness of previous kings, making him a model of godly leadership. His reign is a reminder of the importance of aligning national leadership with divine principles.

Sennacherib king of Assyria
Sennacherib was a powerful Assyrian ruler known for his military campaigns and conquests. The Assyrian Empire was a dominant force in the ancient Near East, and Sennacherib's invasion of Judah was part of his broader strategy to expand his empire. Historically, Assyria was known for its brutal military tactics and its policy of deporting conquered peoples, which instilled fear in its adversaries. Sennacherib's presence in the narrative highlights the threat faced by Judah and sets the stage for God's deliverance.

attacked all the fortified cities of Judah
The fortified cities of Judah were strategically important for defense and represented the strength and security of the nation. The attack on these cities signifies a direct threat to the heart of Judah and its people. In the ancient world, fortified cities were essential for protection against invaders, and their capture would have been a significant blow to the kingdom. This phrase underscores the severity of the Assyrian threat and the dire situation faced by Hezekiah and his people.

and captured them
The capture of Judah's fortified cities by Sennacherib's forces indicates a moment of crisis and vulnerability for the nation. This phrase highlights the overwhelming power of the Assyrian army and the apparent helplessness of Judah in the face of such might. However, it also sets the stage for a demonstration of God's power and faithfulness, as the narrative will later reveal divine intervention on behalf of His people. The capture serves as a reminder of the consequences of relying solely on human strength and the need for divine reliance.

the king of Assyria
The title "king of Assyria" refers to Sennacherib, a powerful ruler known for his military campaigns and expansion of the Assyrian Empire. Historically, Assyria was a dominant force in the ancient Near East, known for its advanced military strategies and brutal conquests. The mention of the king underscores the political and military threat facing Judah, highlighting the dire situation for King Hezekiah and his people.

sent the Rabshakeh
The term "Rabshakeh" is a title rather than a personal name, likely meaning "chief cupbearer" or "field commander." This official was a high-ranking Assyrian officer, entrusted with delivering messages and negotiating on behalf of the king. His role in this narrative emphasizes the seriousness of the Assyrian threat, as he was chosen to communicate directly with the leaders of Jerusalem.

with a great army
The phrase "with a great army" indicates the formidable military force accompanying the Rabshakeh. This detail serves to intimidate and demonstrate the overwhelming power of Assyria. Historically, Assyrian armies were known for their size, discipline, and advanced weaponry, making them a fearsome adversary.

from Lachish
Lachish was a significant city in Judah, strategically important and heavily fortified. Its mention here is crucial, as it had recently fallen to the Assyrians, showcasing their military prowess and the imminent threat to Jerusalem. Archaeological evidence, such as the Lachish Reliefs, provides insight into the siege and capture of the city, underscoring the historical accuracy of the biblical account.

to King Hezekiah
King Hezekiah was the ruler of Judah during this period, known for his religious reforms and efforts to resist Assyrian domination. His leadership is central to the narrative, as he faces the challenge of defending Jerusalem against a superior military force. Hezekiah's faith and reliance on God are pivotal themes in the subsequent chapters.

at Jerusalem
Jerusalem, the capital of Judah, holds immense religious and political significance. It is the city of David, the location of the Temple, and the spiritual heart of the Jewish people. The Assyrian threat to Jerusalem is not just a military concern but also a spiritual crisis, as the city represents God's presence among His people.

And he stood by the aqueduct of the upper pool
The "aqueduct of the upper pool" refers to a water supply system crucial for the city's survival, especially during a siege. This location is significant, as it symbolizes the practical and strategic concerns of the impending conflict. The aqueduct's mention highlights the Assyrians' understanding of the city's vulnerabilities.

on the road to the Launderer’s Field
The "road to the Launderer’s Field" provides a specific geographical marker, grounding the narrative in a real and identifiable location. This detail adds authenticity to the account and situates the events within the everyday life of Jerusalem's inhabitants. The Launderer’s Field, likely a place for washing clothes, underscores the normalcy disrupted by the looming threat.

Then Eliakim son of Hilkiah
Eliakim, whose name means "God will establish," is a significant figure in the narrative of Judah's history. As the son of Hilkiah, he holds a position of authority and trust, serving as the palace administrator. This role is akin to a modern-day chief of staff, indicating his influence and responsibility in the kingdom. The mention of his lineage, "son of Hilkiah," underscores the importance of heritage and divine appointment in leadership roles within the biblical context. Eliakim's presence in this verse sets the stage for a confrontation with the Assyrian threat, highlighting the reliance on God-established leaders during times of national crisis.

along with Shebna
Shebna, whose name may mean "vigorous" or "youthful," is another key official in King Hezekiah's court. Previously, in Isaiah 22, Shebna is depicted as a steward who is rebuked by God for his pride and self-serving actions. His inclusion here, alongside Eliakim, suggests a complex dynamic within the leadership of Judah. Despite his earlier reprimand, Shebna's presence indicates a continued role in the administration, perhaps as a scribe or secretary. This highlights the theme of redemption and the possibility of restoration even for those who have faltered, a recurring motif in the biblical narrative.

and Joah
Joah, whose name means "Yahweh is brother," serves as the recorder or chronicler. His role is crucial for documenting the events and communications between the Assyrian representatives and the leaders of Judah. The inclusion of Joah emphasizes the importance of accurate record-keeping and the preservation of history, which is a vital aspect of biblical tradition. His presence ensures that the unfolding events are faithfully captured for future generations, underscoring the value placed on truth and accountability in leadership.

went out to him
This phrase signifies the act of approaching the Assyrian envoy, Rabshakeh, who represents the formidable military power of Assyria. The decision of these three officials to "go out" reflects a strategic and diplomatic response to the external threat. It demonstrates a willingness to engage in dialogue and negotiation, rather than resorting immediately to conflict. This action can be seen as an expression of faith and courage, trusting in God's guidance while facing a seemingly insurmountable adversary. The phrase encapsulates the tension between human agency and divine sovereignty, a central theme in the book of Isaiah.

The Rabshakeh said to them
The term "Rabshakeh" refers to a high-ranking Assyrian official, likely a chief cupbearer or a military commander. In the context of ancient Near Eastern politics, such officials were often entrusted with significant diplomatic and military responsibilities. The Rabshakeh's role here is to serve as the voice of the Assyrian king, bringing a message intended to intimidate and demoralize. Historically, the Assyrian Empire was known for its military prowess and psychological warfare, often using fear as a tool to subdue nations. This introduction sets the stage for a confrontation not just between armies, but between ideologies and faiths.

Tell Hezekiah
Hezekiah was the king of Judah, known for his faithfulness to God and his efforts to reform the religious practices of his people. His reign is marked by a return to the worship of Yahweh and the removal of idolatrous practices. The mention of Hezekiah by name is significant, as it personalizes the message and directly challenges his leadership and faith. In the biblical narrative, Hezekiah represents a godly leader who trusts in the Lord, contrasting with the arrogance and blasphemy of the Assyrian empire.

This is what the great king, the king of Assyria, says
The phrase "the great king, the king of Assyria" is a self-aggrandizing title that reflects the Assyrian monarch's view of himself as the supreme ruler of the known world. Historically, Assyrian kings like Sennacherib were known for their expansive conquests and their belief in their divine right to rule. This title is meant to assert dominance and instill fear, positioning the Assyrian king as an almost god-like figure. In contrast, the biblical narrative consistently emphasizes that true greatness and authority belong to God alone.

On what are you basing this confidence of yours?
This question is a direct challenge to the faith and resolve of Hezekiah and the people of Judah. The Hebrew root for "confidence" (בִּטָּחוֹן, "bittachon") implies trust and reliance, often used in the context of faith in God. The Rabshakeh's question is rhetorical, intended to undermine the confidence of Judah by suggesting that their trust is misplaced. From a scriptural perspective, this moment is a test of faith, highlighting the tension between reliance on worldly power and trust in divine providence. The challenge posed by the Rabshakeh invites reflection on the source of true security and the nature of faith in the face of overwhelming odds.

You claim to have a strategy and strength for war
This phrase addresses the false confidence of Judah in their own military capabilities. The Hebrew word for "strategy" (עֵצָה, 'etsah) often implies counsel or wisdom, suggesting that Judah believed they had a well-thought-out plan. Historically, this reflects the period when King Hezekiah of Judah was facing the threat of the Assyrian Empire under Sennacherib. The "strength for war" (כֹּחַ לַמִּלְחָמָה, koach lamilchamah) indicates reliance on physical might and military alliances, possibly with Egypt, which was a common temptation for Israel and Judah. From a conservative Christian perspective, this serves as a reminder that true strength and wisdom come from reliance on God rather than human efforts or alliances.

but these are empty words
The phrase "empty words" (דְּבָרִים שָׂפָה, devarim safah) underscores the futility of Judah's confidence. The Hebrew term for "empty" can also mean vain or worthless, highlighting the ineffectiveness of their plans without divine support. This is a call to recognize the limitations of human endeavors when they are not aligned with God's will. Historically, the Assyrian threat was overwhelming, and Judah's reliance on their own plans was indeed futile without God's intervention. This serves as a spiritual lesson on the importance of seeking God's guidance and trusting in His power rather than our own.

In whom are you now trusting
This rhetorical question challenges Judah to examine the object of their trust. The Hebrew root for "trusting" (בָּטַח, batach) conveys a sense of security and confidence. The historical context reveals that Judah was tempted to trust in political alliances, particularly with Egypt, rather than in God. From a conservative Christian viewpoint, this question is timeless, urging believers to reflect on where they place their trust. It emphasizes the necessity of faith in God as the ultimate source of security and deliverance.

that you have rebelled against me?
The term "rebelled" (מָרָד, marad) indicates a deliberate act of defiance against authority. In this context, it refers to Judah's rebellion against Assyrian dominance, but more profoundly, it signifies a spiritual rebellion against God by not trusting in Him. Historically, this rebellion was not just political but also spiritual, as Judah's actions reflected a lack of faith in God's promises. For conservative Christians, this serves as a caution against the rebellion of the heart, urging believers to remain faithful and obedient to God's commands, trusting in His sovereignty and provision.

Look now
This phrase serves as a call to attention, urging the listener to consider the present situation with urgency and clarity. In the Hebrew text, the word "look" is often translated from "hineh," which is an imperative to behold or observe. It is a divine invitation to see things from God's perspective, emphasizing the importance of discernment and awareness in spiritual matters.

you are depending on Egypt
The act of depending or trusting in Egypt is a central theme here. Historically, Egypt was a powerful nation, often seen as a potential ally against Assyrian aggression. However, the Hebrew root "batach" implies a sense of false security or misplaced trust. The Israelites are being cautioned against relying on worldly powers instead of God, a recurring theme throughout the Old Testament.

that splintered reed of a staff
This metaphor paints a vivid picture of Egypt's unreliability. A "reed" in the ancient Near Eastern context was a common plant along the Nile, often used for making various tools and items. However, a "splintered" reed suggests fragility and danger. Leaning on such a staff would not provide support but rather cause harm. This imagery underscores the futility and peril of trusting in human strength over divine providence.

which pierces the hand of anyone who leans on it
The consequence of relying on Egypt is depicted as injury rather than support. The Hebrew word for "pierces" can also mean to wound or injure, indicating that what seems like a source of help can actually cause pain. This serves as a warning that alliances with ungodly nations or entities can lead to spiritual and physical harm.

such is Pharaoh king of Egypt
Pharaoh, as the ruler of Egypt, symbolizes the epitome of earthly power and authority. Yet, in this context, he is portrayed as unreliable. Historically, Pharaohs were often seen as god-like figures, but the Bible consistently challenges this notion, reminding believers that true sovereignty belongs to God alone.

to all who depend on him
This phrase extends the warning to anyone who might consider placing their trust in Egypt. It is a universal caution against the temptation to seek security in anything other than God. The broader scriptural context emphasizes that reliance on human leaders or nations, rather than on God, leads to disappointment and failure.

But if you say to me
This phrase introduces a hypothetical argument, suggesting a dialogue or challenge. The context here is a confrontation between the Assyrian envoy, Rabshakeh, and the representatives of King Hezekiah. The phrase sets the stage for a rhetorical question, emphasizing the tension and the challenge to the faith of the people of Judah. Historically, this reflects the Assyrian strategy of psychological warfare, attempting to undermine the confidence of the Israelites in their God.

‘We trust in the LORD our God,’
The word "trust" in Hebrew is "batach," which conveys a sense of confidence and reliance. This trust is not merely intellectual assent but a deep-seated faith in God's character and promises. The phrase underscores the central theme of faith in the face of adversity, a recurring motif in the book of Isaiah. The Assyrians are questioning the validity of this trust, probing the Israelites' commitment to their God amidst the threat of invasion.

is He not the One whose high places and altars Hezekiah has removed
This refers to King Hezekiah's religious reforms, where he removed the high places and altars that were used for idol worship, as recorded in 2 Kings 18:4. The Assyrian envoy is attempting to twist these reforms into a negative action, suggesting that Hezekiah's actions have angered God. Historically, high places were often associated with syncretistic worship practices, and Hezekiah's removal of them was an effort to centralize worship in Jerusalem and purify the religious practices of Judah.

saying to Judah and Jerusalem
This phrase highlights the specific audience of Hezekiah's reforms: the people of Judah and the inhabitants of Jerusalem. It emphasizes the national scope of the religious reforms and the centralization of worship. The historical context here is significant, as Jerusalem was the political and spiritual center of Judah, and Hezekiah's reforms were aimed at unifying the nation under the worship of Yahweh alone.

‘You must worship before this altar’?
The "altar" refers to the altar in the temple in Jerusalem, the designated place for sacrifices and worship according to the Mosaic Law. This centralization of worship was a return to the covenantal stipulations given to Israel. The Assyrian envoy's question is meant to cast doubt on the legitimacy of Hezekiah's reforms, suggesting that by removing the high places, Hezekiah has limited the people's access to God. However, from a conservative Christian perspective, this centralization is seen as a return to true worship and obedience to God's commands, reinforcing the importance of worshiping God in the manner He prescribed.

Now, therefore
This phrase serves as a transition, indicating a conclusion or a challenge based on previous statements. In the context of Isaiah 36, the Assyrian field commander, the Rabshakeh, is speaking to the representatives of King Hezekiah of Judah. The phrase suggests a moment of decision, urging the listener to consider the implications of the Assyrian offer. Historically, this reflects the pressure Judah faced from the powerful Assyrian empire, which was known for its military might and strategic diplomacy.

make a bargain
The Hebrew root for "bargain" here implies a sense of negotiation or agreement. The Rabshakeh is attempting to persuade Judah to submit to Assyrian rule through a seemingly generous offer. This reflects the common ancient Near Eastern practice of vassal treaties, where smaller states would align with a dominant power for protection, often at the cost of their autonomy. Spiritually, this can be seen as a test of faith, challenging Judah to rely on God rather than human alliances.

with my master, the king of Assyria
The phrase emphasizes the authority and power of the Assyrian king, Sennacherib, who was known for his military campaigns and expansionist policies. The Rabshakeh's reference to "my master" underscores his loyalty and the hierarchical structure of the Assyrian empire. For the people of Judah, this was a reminder of the formidable force they faced, yet it also set the stage for demonstrating God's sovereignty over earthly powers.

I will give you two thousand horses
This offer is both a taunt and a test. Horses were a symbol of military strength and prestige in the ancient world, and the Assyrians were known for their cavalry. The offer of two thousand horses was meant to highlight Judah's weakness, as they likely lacked the resources and trained men to utilize such a gift. This reflects the broader theme of reliance on God rather than military might, as seen throughout the prophetic literature.

if you can put riders on them
This conditional statement further mocks Judah's military capabilities. The implication is that even if given the resources, Judah would be unable to effectively use them due to a lack of trained personnel. Historically, this underscores the disparity between the Assyrian military machine and the smaller, less equipped forces of Judah. Spiritually, it serves as a reminder of the futility of relying on human strength alone, pointing instead to the need for divine intervention and trust in God's provision.

For how can you repel
The phrase "For how can you repel" challenges the listener's ability to resist or defend against an adversary. In the Hebrew context, the word for "repel" suggests a sense of turning back or pushing away. This rhetorical question underscores the futility of relying on one's own strength or inadequate allies. Historically, this is a taunt from the Assyrian field commander, emphasizing Judah's vulnerability. Spiritually, it serves as a reminder of the importance of relying on God rather than human power.

a single captain
The term "a single captain" refers to a low-ranking officer, emphasizing the perceived weakness of Judah's military capability. In the ancient Near Eastern military hierarchy, a captain was not a high-ranking official, which further belittles Judah's strength. This phrase highlights the arrogance of the Assyrian army and serves as a metaphor for the overwhelming odds faced by those who trust in worldly powers rather than divine intervention.

among the least of my master’s servants
This phrase indicates the low status of the captain within the Assyrian army, yet even such a minor figure is portrayed as a formidable challenge for Judah. The "master" here refers to the Assyrian king, likely Sennacherib, whose power was feared across the region. Theologically, this underscores the theme of humility and the danger of underestimating one's adversaries, while also pointing to the ultimate sovereignty of God over all earthly powers.

when you rely on Egypt
"Rely on Egypt" reflects Judah's political strategy of seeking an alliance with Egypt for military support. Historically, Egypt was seen as a powerful ally, but often unreliable. Theologically, this reliance is criticized throughout the Bible as a lack of faith in God's protection. It serves as a cautionary tale against placing trust in human alliances over divine providence.

for chariots and horsemen
Chariots and horsemen were symbols of military strength and technological advancement in ancient warfare. The reliance on such military assets signifies a dependence on human might rather than divine aid. Biblically, this reliance is often contrasted with the power of God, who does not require such implements to achieve His purposes. This phrase invites reflection on where true strength and security are found, encouraging believers to trust in God's provision and protection.

So now
This phrase marks a transition, indicating a shift in the narrative or argument. In the context of Isaiah 36, it introduces the words of the Assyrian field commander, Rabshakeh, as he addresses the people of Jerusalem. The phrase suggests immediacy and urgency, drawing attention to the present situation. Historically, this was a time of great tension as the Assyrian army threatened Judah, and the phrase underscores the pressing nature of the Assyrian threat.

have I really come
This rhetorical question is posed by Rabshakeh, the Assyrian envoy, to challenge the confidence of the people of Judah. The question implies a sense of incredulity or disbelief, as if to say, "Is it not obvious?" It is a tactic to sow doubt and fear, suggesting that the Assyrian campaign is divinely sanctioned. The Hebrew root here conveys a sense of purpose and mission, emphasizing the Assyrian belief in their divine mandate.

up against this land
The phrase refers specifically to the land of Judah, which was under threat from the Assyrian empire. Historically, the Assyrians were known for their military campaigns and conquests, and "this land" signifies the immediate target of their aggression. The geographical and historical context highlights the vulnerability of Judah, a small kingdom facing a formidable empire.

to destroy it
This phrase reveals the Assyrian intent of total conquest and annihilation. The Hebrew root for "destroy" often implies complete devastation, leaving nothing behind. In the biblical narrative, this reflects the existential threat faced by Judah and serves as a test of faith for the people. Theologically, it raises questions about divine justice and protection, challenging the Israelites to trust in God's sovereignty.

without the LORD’s approval?
Rabshakeh's question here is a provocative claim that their military actions are sanctioned by Yahweh, the God of Israel. This is a strategic psychological tactic aimed at undermining the morale of the Judeans by suggesting that their own God has abandoned them. Theologically, it challenges the covenant relationship between God and His people, prompting reflection on divine will and human agency.

The LORD Himself said to me
This bold assertion by Rabshakeh is intended to lend divine authority to his words. By claiming direct communication from Yahweh, he seeks to legitimize the Assyrian campaign. In the broader scriptural context, such claims are often scrutinized, as true prophetic messages are consistent with God's revealed character and covenant promises. This statement invites the audience to discern true from false prophecy.

‘Go up against this land and destroy it.’”
This direct quote attributed to the LORD by Rabshakeh is a manipulation of divine speech. The phrase "Go up" is a common biblical expression for military campaigns, often used in contexts where God commands His people to take action. However, in this instance, it is a distortion meant to intimidate. Theologically, it serves as a reminder of the importance of discerning God's true voice amidst the noise of false claims and threats. Historically, it reflects the Assyrian strategy of psychological warfare, aiming to weaken the resolve of their enemies through fear and doubt.

Then Eliakim, Shebna, and Joah
These three men were officials in the court of King Hezekiah of Judah. Eliakim was the palace administrator, Shebna was the secretary, and Joah was the recorder. Their presence signifies the importance of the negotiations taking place. Historically, these roles were crucial in the administration of the kingdom, reflecting a structured and organized government. Their involvement underscores the gravity of the situation, as they were trusted advisors and representatives of the king.

said to the Rabshakeh
The Rabshakeh was a high-ranking Assyrian military officer, likely a chief cupbearer or field commander. His role was to communicate the demands of the Assyrian king, Sennacherib. The Assyrian Empire was a dominant force during this period, known for its military prowess and expansionist policies. The Rabshakeh's presence at Jerusalem's walls was a direct threat, symbolizing the might and intimidation tactics of Assyria.

Please speak to your servants in Aramaic
Aramaic was the diplomatic and trade language of the Near East at the time, understood by educated and official classes. By requesting the Rabshakeh to speak in Aramaic, the officials aimed to keep the conversation private, away from the ears of the common people. This reflects a strategic move to prevent panic and maintain control over the situation. Aramaic's use here highlights the cultural and linguistic interactions in the ancient Near East.

since we understand it
This phrase indicates the officials' education and their ability to engage in international diplomacy. It underscores the importance of language as a tool of power and negotiation. Their understanding of Aramaic allowed them to communicate on equal footing with foreign powers, showcasing the sophistication and preparedness of Hezekiah's court.

Do not speak to us in Hebrew
Hebrew was the language of the people of Judah, the common tongue spoken by the inhabitants of Jerusalem. By asking the Rabshakeh not to speak in Hebrew, the officials sought to prevent the Assyrian message from reaching the general populace, which could incite fear and unrest. This request highlights the tension between transparency and control in leadership, as well as the power of language to influence public sentiment.

in the hearing of the people on the wall
The people on the wall were likely soldiers and citizens who were defending the city and would be directly affected by the outcome of these negotiations. The officials' concern for what the people heard reflects a deep awareness of the psychological impact of words during a siege. It underscores the precariousness of the situation and the need to manage information carefully to maintain morale and order within the besieged city.

But the Rabshakeh replied
The term "Rabshakeh" refers to a high-ranking Assyrian military official or chief cupbearer. In the context of ancient Near Eastern politics, the Rabshakeh was a significant figure, often entrusted with diplomatic missions. His role here is to deliver a message of intimidation and psychological warfare. Historically, the Assyrians were known for their brutal military campaigns and psychological tactics, aiming to demoralize their enemies before battle.

Has my master sent me
The "master" here refers to the Assyrian king, Sennacherib. This phrase underscores the authority and power of the Assyrian empire, which was one of the most formidable forces of the ancient world. The Rabshakeh's words are not his own but are delivered under the king's command, emphasizing the weight and seriousness of the message.

to speak these words
The "words" spoken by the Rabshakeh are intended to instill fear and doubt. In the ancient world, words were powerful tools of influence and control. The Assyrians were adept at using rhetoric to weaken the resolve of their adversaries, often preceding physical conquest with psychological manipulation.

only to your master and to you
This phrase highlights the intended audience of the message: the leaders of Judah, including King Hezekiah. The Rabshakeh's strategy is to isolate the leadership, making them feel the weight of responsibility for the impending siege. It is a tactic to sow division and fear among the ranks of Judah's defenders.

and not to the men sitting on the wall
The "men sitting on the wall" refers to the soldiers and citizens of Jerusalem who are directly involved in the city's defense. By addressing them, the Rabshakeh aims to bypass the leadership and speak directly to the people, undermining the authority of Hezekiah and spreading panic among the populace.

who, like you, will have to eat their own dung and drink their own urine
This graphic imagery is a vivid depiction of the horrors of siege warfare, where food and water become scarce, leading to desperate measures for survival. The Assyrians were known for their ruthless sieges, and this statement is designed to convey the futility of resistance and the dire consequences of defying Assyrian power. It serves as a stark warning of the suffering that awaits if Jerusalem does not surrender.

Then the Rabshakeh stood
The term "Rabshakeh" refers to a high-ranking Assyrian official, likely a chief cupbearer or a military commander. In the context of ancient Near Eastern politics, such officials were often entrusted with significant diplomatic and military responsibilities. The act of standing signifies authority and readiness to deliver an important message. Historically, the Assyrian Empire was known for its military prowess and administrative efficiency, and the Rabshakeh's presence underscores the seriousness of the Assyrian threat to Judah.

and called out loudly in Hebrew
The choice to speak in Hebrew is strategic, aimed at ensuring that the message is understood by the common people of Jerusalem. This tactic is intended to instill fear and doubt among the inhabitants, bypassing the Judean officials. The use of the Hebrew language highlights the psychological warfare employed by the Assyrians, as they sought to undermine the confidence of the people in their leaders and in God's protection. This moment reflects the broader theme of communication and influence in times of conflict.

Hear the words of the great king
The phrase "the great king" is a title often used by Assyrian monarchs to assert their dominance and superiority. It reflects the Assyrian ideology of kingship, where the king was seen as a representative of the gods on earth, wielding immense power and authority. In the biblical narrative, this title contrasts with the understanding of God as the ultimate sovereign, challenging the Israelites to discern whose authority they will trust and follow.

the king of Assyria
The Assyrian Empire, at its height, was a formidable force in the ancient Near East, known for its military conquests and advanced administrative systems. The mention of the "king of Assyria" serves as a reminder of the geopolitical realities facing Judah. Historically, Assyrian kings like Sennacherib were known for their campaigns against rebellious states, and their inscriptions often boasted of their victories and the subjugation of foreign lands. This reference sets the stage for the confrontation between Assyrian might and the faith of the people of Judah in their God.

This is what the king says
This phrase introduces the words of the Assyrian king, Sennacherib, through his representative, the Rabshakeh. The historical context here is crucial. The Assyrian Empire was a dominant force during this period, and their military campaigns were feared across the ancient Near East. The phrase underscores the authority and intimidation that the Assyrian king sought to project. In a spiritual sense, it serves as a reminder of the worldly powers that often challenge the faith of God's people.

Do not let Hezekiah deceive you
The Rabshakeh's message is a direct attack on the leadership and faith of King Hezekiah. The Hebrew root for "deceive" (נָשָׁא, nasha) implies leading astray or causing to err. This reflects the psychological warfare employed by the Assyrians, aiming to sow doubt and fear among the people of Judah. From a conservative Christian perspective, this phrase can be seen as a call to discernment, urging believers to remain steadfast in their faith and not be swayed by voices that contradict God's promises.

for he cannot deliver you
The assertion that Hezekiah cannot deliver the people is both a literal and spiritual challenge. Historically, the Assyrians had a formidable reputation, having conquered many nations. The Hebrew word for "deliver" (נָצַל, natsal) means to rescue or save. This statement is designed to undermine the confidence of the Judeans in their king and, by extension, in their God. However, from a biblical standpoint, it sets the stage for God's miraculous intervention, highlighting the theme that true deliverance comes from the Lord, not human strength or strategy. This serves as an inspirational reminder of God's sovereignty and faithfulness, encouraging believers to trust in His power to save, even when circumstances seem insurmountable.

Do not let Hezekiah persuade you
The phrase begins with a warning against the influence of King Hezekiah. In the historical context, Hezekiah was the king of Judah, known for his faithfulness to God and his efforts to reform the religious practices of his people. The Hebrew root for "persuade" (פתה, patah) can mean to entice or deceive, suggesting that the speaker, the Assyrian envoy, is attempting to undermine Hezekiah's credibility. This reflects the broader spiritual battle between faith in God and the intimidation tactics of worldly powers.

to trust in the LORD
Trusting in the LORD is a central theme throughout the Bible, emphasizing reliance on God's power and promises rather than human strength or wisdom. The Hebrew word for "trust" (בטח, batach) conveys a sense of security and confidence. In the context of Isaiah, this trust is a call to the people of Judah to remain steadfast in their faith despite the overwhelming threat posed by the Assyrian army. It is a reminder of the covenant relationship between God and His people, where trust is foundational.

when he says, ‘The LORD will surely deliver us
Hezekiah's declaration of deliverance is rooted in the promises of God. The Hebrew word for "deliver" (נצל, natsal) implies rescue or salvation, often used in contexts where God intervenes on behalf of His people. This assurance of deliverance is not based on human capability but on divine intervention. Historically, this reflects the miraculous deliverance of Jerusalem from the Assyrian siege, as recorded later in Isaiah 37. It serves as a testament to God's faithfulness and power to save.

this city will not be given into the hand of the king of Assyria
The phrase underscores the specific promise of protection for Jerusalem. The "city" refers to Jerusalem, the spiritual and political center of Judah. The "hand of the king of Assyria" symbolizes the oppressive power and military might of the Assyrian empire, which was a dominant force in the ancient Near East. The assurance that the city will not fall into Assyrian hands highlights God's sovereignty over nations and His ability to protect His chosen people against seemingly insurmountable odds. This promise is a call to faith, encouraging believers to trust in God's ultimate control over history and His commitment to His people.

Do not listen to Hezekiah
This phrase is a direct command from the Assyrian field commander, Rabshakeh, attempting to undermine the authority of King Hezekiah of Judah. The historical context here is crucial; the Assyrian Empire was a dominant force, and their military campaigns were often accompanied by psychological warfare. The Hebrew root for "listen" (שָׁמַע, shama) implies not just hearing but obeying or heeding. The Assyrians were trying to sow doubt and fear, encouraging the people to disregard their king's leadership and trust in God.

for this is what the king of Assyria says
The phrase emphasizes the authority and power of the Assyrian king, Sennacherib. In the ancient Near East, kings were often seen as representatives of their gods, and their words carried immense weight. The Assyrian king's message was intended to intimidate and coerce. Historically, Assyria was known for its brutal military tactics and propaganda, which often included messages like this to demoralize opponents.

Make peace with me
The Hebrew phrase here can be translated as "make a blessing with me," which is an ironic twist given the context. The Assyrians were offering a false sense of security, promising peace in exchange for submission. This reflects a common tactic in ancient diplomacy, where powerful empires would offer terms that seemed beneficial but ultimately led to subjugation and loss of autonomy.

and come out to me
This invitation to "come out" implies surrender and submission. The Assyrians were not just seeking a truce but complete control. The historical context shows that such invitations were often preludes to exile or worse. The phrase underscores the choice facing the people of Judah: trust in God and their king or submit to a foreign power.

Then every one of you will eat from his own vine and fig tree
This promise of prosperity is deeply rooted in the agrarian culture of ancient Israel. The vine and fig tree symbolize peace, security, and abundance (see Micah 4:4). The Assyrians were offering a return to normalcy and prosperity, but it was a deceptive promise. Biblically, true peace and prosperity come from obedience to God, not submission to earthly powers.

and drink water from his own cistern
Water was a precious resource in the ancient Near East, and having one's own cistern meant self-sufficiency and stability. The Assyrians were promising autonomy, but historically, such promises were rarely kept. Theologically, this phrase can remind believers that true provision comes from God, who is the living water (John 4:10-14).

until I come
This phrase signifies a promise or a threat of impending action. In the historical context, this is part of the Assyrian king's message to the people of Judah, suggesting a forced relocation. The Hebrew root for "come" (בּוֹא, bo) often implies arrival with purpose, whether for blessing or judgment. Here, it reflects the Assyrian king's intention to control and relocate the people, a common practice in ancient conquests to prevent rebellion.

and take you away
The phrase indicates a forced removal, a common tactic used by empires like Assyria to weaken conquered peoples by displacing them. The Hebrew word for "take away" (לָקַח, laqach) can mean to seize or capture, emphasizing the lack of choice for the people of Judah. This reflects the historical reality of exile, a theme that resonates throughout the Bible as both a physical and spiritual consequence of turning away from God.

to a land like your own
This phrase is a deceptive promise of equivalence. The Assyrian king attempts to persuade the people by suggesting that the new land will be as good as their own. Historically, this was a tactic to minimize resistance by offering a semblance of normalcy. However, the underlying message is one of loss and displacement, as no land could truly replace the Promised Land given by God to the Israelites.

a land of grain and new wine
This description evokes images of abundance and prosperity. Grain and wine are staples of sustenance and joy in biblical times, often symbolizing God's provision and blessing. The Hebrew words for "grain" (דָּגָן, dagan) and "new wine" (תִּירוֹשׁ, tirosh) are frequently used in Scripture to denote fertility and divine favor. The Assyrian king's promise is thus a counterfeit of God's true blessings, highlighting the spiritual danger of seeking fulfillment outside of God's covenant.

a land of bread and vineyards
Bread and vineyards further emphasize sustenance and abundance. Bread (לֶחֶם, lechem) is a basic necessity, while vineyards (כֶּרֶם, kerem) represent wealth and celebration. In the biblical narrative, these elements are often associated with God's covenant blessings. The Assyrian king's offer is a reminder of the temptation to seek security and prosperity apart from God's provision, a recurring challenge for God's people throughout history.

Do not let
This phrase is a direct command, indicating an attempt to exert control or influence over the listener. In the context of Isaiah 36, the Assyrian envoy is trying to undermine the confidence of the people of Judah in their king, Hezekiah, and ultimately in their God. The Hebrew root here suggests a prohibition or warning, emphasizing the urgency and seriousness of the message. Historically, this reflects the psychological warfare tactics used by the Assyrians to weaken the morale of their enemies.

Hezekiah
Hezekiah was the king of Judah during a time of great threat from the Assyrian empire. His name means "The LORD strengthens," which is significant in this context as it underscores the faith and reliance on God that Hezekiah exemplified. Hezekiah's leadership and reforms were pivotal in turning the people back to the worship of Yahweh, and his trust in God is a central theme in the narrative of his reign.

mislead you
The term "mislead" implies deception or leading astray. The Assyrian envoy is accusing Hezekiah of giving false hope to his people. In the Hebrew, the word carries connotations of causing someone to wander or stray, which is a common theme in the Old Testament when describing the spiritual state of Israel when they turn away from God. This accusation is meant to sow doubt and fear among the people of Judah.

when he says
This phrase introduces the specific claim or promise made by Hezekiah. It highlights the direct speech and personal assurance given by the king to his people. The historical context here is crucial, as it reflects the tension between the words of a faithful leader and the intimidating threats of a powerful enemy.

‘The LORD will deliver us.’
This declaration is a statement of faith and trust in God's power and willingness to save His people. The Hebrew word for "deliver" is often used in the context of salvation and rescue, particularly in situations of dire need. This reflects the covenant relationship between God and Israel, where God promises to be their protector and savior. The phrase is a testament to Hezekiah's faith and serves as an encouragement to the people to trust in God's deliverance.

Has any of the gods of the nations
This rhetorical question is designed to challenge the uniqueness and power of Yahweh compared to the gods of other nations. The Assyrians are attempting to equate the God of Israel with the idols of the surrounding nations, which historically were often seen as powerless in the face of Assyrian might. This reflects the common ancient Near Eastern belief in the territoriality of gods, where each nation had its own deity.

delivered his land
The phrase "delivered his land" refers to the protection and preservation of a nation's territory from conquest. In the ancient world, the ability of a god to protect its people was seen as a measure of its power. The Assyrian envoy is pointing out the failure of other gods to protect their lands as a way to undermine confidence in Yahweh's ability to do so.

from the hand of the king of Assyria?
The "hand" symbolizes power and control, and the "king of Assyria" represents the dominant military and political force of the time. The Assyrians were known for their military prowess and brutal conquests, and their king was seen as an almost invincible figure. This question is meant to instill fear and resignation, suggesting that resistance is futile against such a formidable opponent. Historically, the Assyrian empire was indeed a significant threat, having conquered many nations and cities, which adds weight to their taunts.

Where are the gods of Hamath and Arpad?
The phrase "Where are the gods of Hamath and Arpad?" challenges the power and presence of the deities worshiped in these ancient cities. Hamath and Arpad were significant cities in Syria, often mentioned in the context of Assyrian conquests. The Hebrew word for "gods" here is "elohim," which can refer to divine beings or idols. Historically, these cities fell to the Assyrians, demonstrating the impotence of their gods against the might of the Assyrian empire. This rhetorical question underscores the futility of relying on false gods, contrasting them with the omnipotent God of Israel. It serves as a reminder of the sovereignty of the God of Israel, who is not limited by geography or political power.

Where are the gods of Sepharvaim?
Sepharvaim was another city-state that succumbed to Assyrian domination. The mention of its gods further emphasizes the theme of divine impotence in the face of Assyrian aggression. The historical context reveals that the Assyrians often relocated conquered peoples, including those from Sepharvaim, to prevent rebellion. This relocation included the introduction of their gods into new territories, yet these gods could not protect their own people. The rhetorical question highlights the contrast between the false security offered by these idols and the true security found in the God of Israel. It serves as a call to trust in the one true God, who is not bound by human limitations.

Have they delivered Samaria from my hand?
Samaria, the capital of the Northern Kingdom of Israel, had already fallen to the Assyrians in 722 BC. The phrase "Have they delivered Samaria from my hand?" is a taunt by the Assyrian king, questioning the ability of any god to save a nation from Assyrian conquest. The historical fall of Samaria was a result of Israel's disobedience and idolatry, as recorded in 2 Kings 17. This rhetorical question serves as a stark reminder of the consequences of turning away from God. It challenges the audience to consider the futility of relying on anything other than the God of Israel for deliverance. The verse as a whole calls believers to recognize the supremacy of God over all earthly powers and to place their trust solely in Him.

Who among all the gods
This phrase challenges the power and existence of other deities worshiped by the nations surrounding Israel. In the ancient Near Eastern context, polytheism was prevalent, with each nation having its own pantheon of gods. The Hebrew word for "gods" here is "elohim," which can refer to divine beings or judges. The rhetorical question posed by the Assyrian king's representative, Rabshakeh, is meant to undermine the faith of the Israelites by suggesting that their God, Yahweh, is no different from these powerless idols. This sets the stage for a demonstration of Yahweh's unique sovereignty and power.

of these lands
The phrase refers to the territories conquered by the Assyrian empire. Historically, Assyria was a dominant military power during the 8th century BC, known for its extensive conquests and subjugation of various nations. The reference to "these lands" emphasizes the widespread nature of Assyrian victories and the perceived futility of resistance. It highlights the historical context of Assyria's expansion and the pressure faced by Jerusalem as it stood seemingly alone against a formidable empire.

has delivered his land from my hand
This phrase underscores the Assyrian king's belief in his invincibility and the futility of resistance against his might. The Hebrew word for "delivered" is "natsal," which means to snatch away or rescue. The Assyrian king is essentially boasting that no other god has been able to rescue their people from his grasp. This statement is a direct challenge to the power of Yahweh, setting up a confrontation between the earthly power of Assyria and the divine power of the God of Israel.

that the LORD should deliver Jerusalem
Here, "the LORD" refers to Yahweh, the covenant God of Israel. The use of the divine name emphasizes the personal and covenantal relationship between God and His people. The Assyrian envoy's challenge is not just against a city but against the God who has historically delivered His people. The Hebrew word for "deliver" is again "natsal," reinforcing the theme of divine rescue. This phrase is a pivotal moment of faith for the Israelites, as it questions whether Yahweh will act on behalf of Jerusalem as He has in the past.

from my hand?
The "hand" symbolizes power and control in biblical literature. The Assyrian king's "hand" represents his military might and authority. The question posed is whether Yahweh can overpower the Assyrian king's control. This phrase encapsulates the central conflict of the narrative: the apparent power of human empires versus the sovereign power of God. It invites the reader to reflect on the ultimate source of deliverance and the nature of true power, encouraging faith in God's ability to save against all odds.

But the people remained silent
The Hebrew root for "remained silent" is "ḥāraš," which conveys a sense of being still or holding one's peace. In the context of ancient Israel, silence was often a powerful response, signifying trust and obedience. The people of Judah, under the leadership of King Hezekiah, chose silence as an act of faith and discipline. This silence can be seen as a form of resistance against the psychological warfare waged by the Assyrian envoy, Rabshakeh. In a broader spiritual sense, this silence reflects a deep trust in God’s sovereignty and a refusal to be swayed by fear or intimidation.

and did not answer a word
The phrase "did not answer a word" emphasizes the completeness of their silence. In the face of provocation, the people’s restraint is remarkable. This restraint is not born out of weakness but from a strategic and spiritual decision. Historically, this moment underscores the importance of listening to godly leadership and the wisdom of not engaging with those who seek to undermine faith. In a spiritual context, it reminds believers of the power of holding one's tongue and the strength found in quiet confidence in God.

for Hezekiah had commanded
King Hezekiah, whose name means "God has strengthened," was a reformer king who sought to bring Judah back to the worship of Yahweh. His command reflects his wisdom and understanding of the situation. Hezekiah’s leadership is characterized by his reliance on God, and his command to remain silent is a strategic move to prevent panic and maintain unity among the people. This highlights the importance of godly leadership and the impact of wise counsel in times of crisis.

Do not answer him
The directive "Do not answer him" is a clear instruction to avoid engaging with the enemy. This command is rooted in the understanding that not every challenge requires a response, especially when the intent is to provoke fear or doubt. In the biblical narrative, this instruction serves as a reminder of the importance of discernment and the need to choose battles wisely. Spiritually, it encourages believers to focus on God’s promises rather than the taunts of the enemy, reinforcing the idea that sometimes silence is the most powerful testimony of faith.

Then Eliakim son of Hilkiah the palace administrator
Eliakim, whose name means "God will establish," serves as a significant figure in the court of King Hezekiah. As the son of Hilkiah, he holds the esteemed position of palace administrator, indicating his high rank and responsibility in the kingdom of Judah. The role of a palace administrator was crucial, as it involved managing the king's household and affairs, reflecting a position of trust and influence. Historically, this position would have required a deep understanding of both political and spiritual matters, aligning with the conservative Christian view that God places His people in positions of authority to fulfill His purposes.

Shebna the scribe
Shebna, identified as the scribe, held a vital role in the administration of the kingdom. The scribe was responsible for recording events, drafting official documents, and maintaining communication. In the Hebrew context, the role of a scribe was not merely clerical but also involved significant advisory capacity. The conservative Christian perspective sees the scribe as a guardian of truth and tradition, ensuring that the king's decrees and God's laws were accurately preserved and communicated.

and Joah son of Asaph the recorder
Joah, the son of Asaph, served as the recorder, a position that involved chronicling the events of the kingdom. The recorder's role was to ensure that the history and important decisions of the reign were documented for future generations. Asaph, Joah's father, is a name associated with the Levitical singers, suggesting a heritage of worship and dedication to God. This connection underscores the importance of maintaining a record of God's dealings with His people, a theme cherished in conservative Christian thought as a testament to God's faithfulness throughout history.

went to Hezekiah
The act of going to Hezekiah signifies the urgency and gravity of the situation. Hezekiah, the king of Judah, is known for his faithfulness to God and his efforts to reform the nation spiritually. In this context, the delegation's approach to Hezekiah highlights the need for wise and godly leadership in times of crisis. Conservative Christians view Hezekiah as a model of a righteous leader who seeks God's guidance in the face of adversity.

with their clothes torn
The tearing of clothes is a traditional expression of mourning, distress, or repentance in the Hebrew culture. This act symbolizes the deep anguish and desperation felt by Eliakim, Shebna, and Joah in response to the threats posed by the Assyrian envoy, the Rabshakeh. From a conservative Christian perspective, this gesture reflects a humble acknowledgment of human frailty and a plea for divine intervention, emphasizing the importance of turning to God in times of trouble.

and relayed to him the words of the Rabshakeh
The words of the Rabshakeh, the Assyrian field commander, were intended to intimidate and demoralize the people of Judah. By relaying these words to Hezekiah, the officials demonstrate transparency and the need for collective wisdom in addressing the threat. The conservative Christian view sees this as a reminder of the spiritual warfare believers face, where the enemy seeks to sow doubt and fear. It underscores the necessity of seeking God's counsel and standing firm in faith against external pressures.