The LORD
The term "LORD" in this context is derived from the Hebrew word "Yahweh," which is the personal name of God revealed to Moses in the burning bush (Exodus 3:14). This name signifies God's eternal existence and His covenantal faithfulness to His people. In the context of Psalm 23, it emphasizes the personal relationship between God and the believer, highlighting His role as a covenant-keeping God who is intimately involved in the lives of His followers.

is my shepherd
The imagery of a shepherd is rich with meaning in the biblical context. In ancient Israel, a shepherd was responsible for the care, guidance, and protection of the sheep. The Hebrew word "ro'eh" conveys the idea of one who tends, feeds, and leads. This metaphor portrays God as a caring and protective guide, who knows His sheep intimately and provides for their every need. The shepherd's role is not just functional but relational, indicating a deep, personal connection between God and the believer.

I shall not want
The phrase "I shall not want" speaks to the sufficiency and provision of God. The Hebrew word "chaser" means to lack or be in need. In this context, it conveys the assurance that with the LORD as our shepherd, we will not lack anything essential. This is not a promise of material wealth but a guarantee of God's provision for our spiritual, emotional, and physical needs. It reflects a deep trust in God's ability to provide and care for His people, echoing the sentiment found in Philippians 4:19, where Paul assures that God will supply all our needs according to His riches in glory.

He makes me lie down
The phrase "He makes me lie down" suggests a divine initiative and guidance. The Hebrew root for "makes me lie down" is "רָבַץ" (rāḇaṣ), which conveys the idea of resting or reclining. In the context of ancient shepherding, a shepherd would ensure that sheep were safe and comfortable enough to rest. This implies God's active role in providing peace and security for His people, ensuring that they can find rest in His presence. Historically, this reflects the pastoral lifestyle of ancient Israel, where shepherds were responsible for the well-being of their flocks, symbolizing God's care and provision.

in green pastures
The term "green pastures" is derived from the Hebrew "נְאוֹת דֶּשֶׁא" (nə'ōṯ deše'), which literally means "pastures of tender grass." This imagery evokes a sense of abundance and nourishment. In the arid climate of the Near East, finding lush, green pastures was a sign of blessing and provision. Spiritually, this represents the sustenance and spiritual nourishment that God provides. The green pastures symbolize the Word of God and His promises, which feed and sustain the believer's soul.

He leads me beside
The phrase "He leads me beside" indicates guidance and direction. The Hebrew word "נָהַל" (nāhal) means to lead or guide gently. This reflects the careful and considerate nature of God's leadership. In the historical context of shepherding, a shepherd would lead his sheep to places where they could safely drink and rest. This highlights God's role as a gentle guide, leading His people with wisdom and care.

still waters
"Still waters" comes from the Hebrew "מֵי מְנֻחוֹת" (mê menūḥōṯ), which translates to "waters of rest." This phrase suggests tranquility and peace. In the ancient world, water was a precious resource, and finding calm, clean water was essential for survival. Spiritually, still waters represent the peace and refreshment that God provides. They symbolize the Holy Spirit, who brings peace and renewal to the believer's heart. The imagery of still waters emphasizes God's ability to calm the storms of life and provide a place of rest and restoration.

He restores my soul
The phrase "He restores my soul" speaks to the rejuvenating and life-giving power of God. The Hebrew word for "restores" is "שׁוּב" (shuv), which means to return, turn back, or bring back to a former state. This suggests a renewal or revival of the inner being, emphasizing God's role as a restorer of life and vitality. In the context of ancient Israel, the soul, or "נֶפֶשׁ" (nephesh), was considered the essence of life, encompassing one's emotions, desires, and will. This restoration is not merely physical but deeply spiritual, indicating a return to a state of peace and wholeness that only God can provide. Historically, this reflects the shepherd's role in caring for and nurturing the sheep, ensuring they are healthy and content.

He guides me in paths of righteousness
The phrase "He guides me in paths of righteousness" highlights God's direction and leadership in the believer's life. The Hebrew word for "guides" is "נָחָה" (nachah), which means to lead or guide with care. This implies a gentle and purposeful direction, akin to a shepherd leading his flock. The "paths of righteousness" refer to the moral and ethical ways that align with God's will. The Hebrew word "צֶדֶק" (tsedeq) for "righteousness" denotes justice, rightness, and ethical conduct. In the historical context of the Bible, walking in righteousness was seen as living in accordance with God's laws and commands, ensuring a life that is pleasing to Him. This guidance is not just about making right choices but living a life that reflects God's character and holiness.

for the sake of His name
The phrase "for the sake of His name" underscores the motivation behind God's guidance and restoration. In Hebrew, "שֵׁם" (shem) means name, but it also signifies reputation, character, and authority. God's actions are done to uphold His holy name, reflecting His nature and promises. In the ancient Near Eastern culture, a name was more than a label; it represented one's identity and essence. Thus, God's guidance and restoration are not only acts of love and care but also a demonstration of His faithfulness and commitment to His covenant. This phrase assures believers that God's actions are consistent with His character, and His name is a guarantee of His reliability and trustworthiness.

Even though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death
This phrase begins with a profound acknowledgment of life's inevitable trials and tribulations. The Hebrew word for "valley" is "גֵּיא" (gei), often used to describe a deep ravine or gorge, symbolizing a place of danger or despair. The "shadow of death" is translated from "צַלְמָוֶת" (tsalmaveth), a term that conveys extreme darkness or deep gloom. Historically, valleys were places where travelers were vulnerable to threats, both from natural elements and from bandits. Spiritually, this phrase reassures believers that even in the darkest times, they are not alone. The imagery of walking "through" suggests movement and progress, indicating that these trials are temporary and not the final destination.

I will fear no evil
The declaration "I will fear no evil" is a powerful statement of faith and trust. The Hebrew word for "fear" is "יָרֵא" (yare), which can mean to be afraid or to stand in awe. Here, it signifies a refusal to be intimidated by the presence of evil. "Evil" in Hebrew is "רָע" (ra), encompassing anything harmful or malignant. This phrase reflects a deep confidence in God's protection, emphasizing that the believer's security is not in the absence of danger but in the presence of God.

for You are with me
This phrase is the cornerstone of the verse, providing the reason for the psalmist's lack of fear. The presence of God is the ultimate source of comfort and courage. The Hebrew word "עִמָּדִי" (immadi) means "with me," indicating a personal and intimate relationship. This assurance of God's presence is a recurring theme throughout Scripture, reminding believers that God is not distant or detached but actively involved in their lives. Historically, this reflects the covenant relationship between God and His people, where God's presence was a sign of His faithfulness and commitment.

Your rod and Your staff
The "rod" and "staff" are symbols of God's guidance and protection. The Hebrew word for "rod" is "שֵׁבֶט" (shevet), which can refer to a scepter or a tool for discipline. It signifies authority and correction, ensuring the sheep stay on the right path. The "staff," or "מִשְׁעֶנֶת" (mishenet), is a support or walking stick, used by shepherds to guide and rescue sheep. Together, these tools represent the dual aspects of God's care: discipline and support. Archaeologically, shepherds in ancient Israel were known to carry these implements, underscoring the authenticity of the imagery.

they comfort me
The concluding phrase "they comfort me" speaks to the peace and reassurance found in God's guidance. The Hebrew word "נִחֲמוּנִי" (nichamuni) means to console or comfort, suggesting a deep sense of relief and security. This comfort is not passive but active, as the believer experiences God's presence and protection in tangible ways. Scripturally, this echoes the broader biblical narrative of God as a shepherd who cares for His flock, providing for their needs and ensuring their safety. This comfort is a testament to the believer's trust in God's unchanging nature and His promises.

You prepare a table before me
This phrase begins with the imagery of God as a gracious host. The Hebrew word for "prepare" is "ערך" (arak), which conveys the idea of setting in order or arranging. In ancient Near Eastern culture, hosting a meal was a significant act of hospitality and honor. The table symbolizes abundance and provision, suggesting that God provides for our needs even in the presence of adversity. This reflects the historical context where sharing a meal was a sign of peace and covenant.

in the presence of my enemies
The Hebrew word for "enemies" is "צָרַר" (tsarar), which can mean adversaries or those who cause distress. The phrase indicates that God's provision and protection are so complete that even when surrounded by those who wish harm, the believer can experience peace and abundance. This is a powerful testament to God's sovereignty and the assurance that His care transcends circumstances.

You anoint my head with oil
Anointing with oil in biblical times was a sign of blessing, consecration, and healing. The Hebrew word "דָּשֵׁן" (dashen) implies making fat or prosperous, indicating abundance. Oil was used to refresh and honor guests, symbolizing joy and the Holy Spirit's presence. This act signifies God's favor and the outpouring of His Spirit, marking the believer as chosen and cherished.

my cup overflows
The imagery of an overflowing cup represents abundance and satisfaction. The Hebrew word "רְוָיָה" (revayah) suggests saturation or being filled to the brim. This phrase emphasizes the superabundance of God's blessings, both materially and spiritually. It reflects the historical context of hospitality, where a full cup was a sign of generosity and welcome, illustrating the boundless nature of God's grace and provision.

Surely goodness and mercy
The Hebrew word for "surely" is "אַךְ" (akh), which conveys a sense of certainty and assurance. This word sets the tone for the entire verse, emphasizing the unwavering confidence the psalmist has in God's promises. "Goodness" is translated from the Hebrew word "טוֹב" (tov), which encompasses the idea of moral goodness, prosperity, and well-being. It reflects God's benevolent nature and His desire to bestow blessings upon His people. "Mercy" comes from the Hebrew word "חֶסֶד" (chesed), a rich term that signifies steadfast love, kindness, and covenantal loyalty. This word is often used to describe God's faithful love towards His covenant people, highlighting His commitment to them despite their shortcomings.

will follow me
The phrase "will follow" is derived from the Hebrew verb "רָדַף" (radaph), which means to pursue or chase. This imagery suggests that God's goodness and mercy are not passive but actively pursuing the believer. It conveys the idea that God's blessings and love are relentless, always seeking to overtake and envelop the faithful. This pursuit is not temporary but continuous, indicating the perpetual nature of God's care and provision.

all the days of my life
This phrase underscores the constancy and permanence of God's goodness and mercy. "All the days" implies every single day without exception, reinforcing the idea that God's blessings are not sporadic but consistent throughout the believer's life. The Hebrew word for "life" is "חַי" (chai), which encompasses not just physical existence but a life lived in relationship with God. This suggests that the psalmist's experience of God's goodness and mercy is not limited to earthly life but extends into the spiritual realm.

and I will dwell
The verb "dwell" is translated from the Hebrew "יָשַׁב" (yashab), which means to sit, remain, or abide. This word conveys a sense of permanence and stability, suggesting that the psalmist's relationship with God is not transient but enduring. It implies a settled, ongoing communion with God, reflecting the security and peace found in His presence.

in the house of the LORD
The "house of the LORD" refers to the temple, the dwelling place of God among His people. In a broader sense, it symbolizes the presence of God and the community of believers. The Hebrew word for "house" is "בַּיִת" (bayit), which can also mean family or household, indicating a place of belonging and intimacy. This phrase highlights the privilege of being in close fellowship with God, enjoying His presence and worshiping Him.

forever
The Hebrew word "לְאֹרֶךְ" (le'orekh) is often translated as "forever" or "for length of days." It signifies an unending duration, pointing to the eternal nature of the psalmist's relationship with God. This word assures believers of the everlasting security and joy found in God's presence, both in this life and in the life to come. It encapsulates the hope of eternal life, a central tenet of the Christian faith, where believers will dwell with God eternally.